Global Workshop on Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) April 2015 Berlin, Germany MEETING REPORT

Transcription

1 Glbal Wrkshp n Intended Natinally Determined Cntributins (INDCs) April 2015 Berlin, Germany MEETING REPORT 1

2 Executive Summary Fllwing a series f Reginal Technical Dialgues by the United Natins Develpment Prgramme (UNDP) and the UN Framewrk Cnventin n Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat, the first Glbal Wrkshp n Intended Natinally Determined Cntributins (INDCs) was held in Berlin frm April The bjectives f the wrkshp were t prvide a frum fr exchanging cuntry experiences with the design and preparatin f INDCs; t discuss technical issues and plitical prcesses related t INDCs; t identify INDC-related challenges that are arising in cuntries; and t discuss lessns learned and pssible slutins fr timely submissin f INDCs. In Berlin, apprximately 80 gvernment representatives frm mre than 50 cuntries frm all regins f the wrld came tgether fr the first time t exchange their experiences in preparing their INDCs. Abut 25 experts frm internatinal rganisatins such as UNDP, United Natins Envirnment Prgramme (UNEP), the UNFCCC Secretariat, and the Wrld Bank, as well as frm implementing rganisatins, renwned research institutes, and cnsultancies als cntributed their expertise. The wrkshp was rganised by the UNDP Lw Emissin Capacity Building (LECB) Prgramme and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internatinale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and financed by the German Federal Ministry f Envirnment, Nature Cnservatin, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), the Eurpean Cmmissin, and the Ministry f Freign Affairs f Australia. Participants acknwledged the timeliness f this wrkshp, given cuntries n-ging preparatins f their INDCs and recent submissins by sme cuntries. The wrkshp included three days f thematic presentatins n issues such as design ptins fr INDCs, priritizatin f sectrs, upfrnt infrmatin, INDCs in the cntext f natinal develpment, adaptatin, and quantificatin f greenhuse gas (GHG) and nn-ghg utcmes, amng thers. Participants als tk part in plenary discussins, peer-t-peer exchanges, and interactive wrk in breakut grups. Key takeaways f the wrkshp include: As a centerpiece f the legally binding agreement t be finalized in Paris, INDCs shuld be ambitius yet realistics in terms f implementatin; shuld be transparent in explaining assumptins; and shuld clearly describe why they are fair and ambitius. As a precnditin fr the pints listed abve, INDCs shuld be backed by high-level plitical supprt. Strng plitical leadership is an enrmus advantage in accelerating the design and develpment f an INDC, as well as in linking technical wrk with the plitical crdinatin and apprval prcess. Many cuntries are still facing challenges in linking these prcesses and securing stakehlder participatin because INDC leadership at a high level is yet t be secured. Addressing these challenges is even mre critical when cnsidering the shrt time left t cmplete their INDCs especially fr thse cuntries that intend t submit their cntributins by June 2015 prir t the Bnn sessins f the UNFCCC. As the UNFCCC secretariat will be cmpiling a synthesis reprt f INDCs submitted by 1 Octber 2015, cuntries are encuraged t submit their INDC in due time in rder t secure a meaningful cmpilatin that culd infrm Parties n the prgress twards the belw 2 degrees bjective. INDCs shuld be embedded int existing dmestic develpment strategies t ensure plitical buy-in and advance develpment gals. Further, quantificatin f nn-ghg benefits such as emplyment, air quality, and ecnmic grwth can help increase plitical supprt. 2

3 The Lima COP decisin and INDC submissins t date prvide guidance fr cuntries n the types f upfrnt infrmatin that facilitate transparency f INDCs. The natinally determined nature f INDC design leads t different cntributin types and is reflective f different natinal circumstances and shuld allw fr every cuntry t submit a cntributin. While many cuntries plan t include an adaptatin cmpnent in their INDCs, sme d nt cnsider INDCs t be the right vehicle fr cmmunicating adaptatin effrts. Cuntries can build n past effrts (Lw Emissin Develpment Strategies (LEDS), Natinally Apprpriate Mitigatin Actins (NAMAs), natinal cmmunicatins, technlgy needs assessments, etc.) t design their INDCs. In sme cases, existing infrmatin can be used, requiring little new data and analysis. Mnitring, Reprting and Verificatin (MRV) in relatin t INDCs shuld build n past effrts, such as GHG inventries, Biennial Update Reprts (BUR), and MRV systems fr NAMAs. Linking GHG emissins reductins with cst assessments and finance ptins is seen as a challenge by many cuntries but is cnsidered essential t ensure implementatin f INDCs. Synergies between adaptatin and mitigatin can ffer cuntries win-win pprtunities in the cntext f INDC design. Day 1 14 April 2015 Day 1 f the wrkshp prvided participants with an verview f INDCs in the glbal climate change framewrk, fcusing n their imprtance as a mechanism t bth reprt intended cntributins and cmmunicate ambitin. The preliminary sessins were used t set the stage fr subsequent sessins and included presentatins and discussins n the relevance f INDCs in the Climate Change Framewrk befre launching int an verview f the UNDP/WRI Guidance Dcument n INDCs and presentatins by cuntries that have already submitted their INDCs t the UNFCCC Secretariat (EU and Mexic) and Chile wh has develped a draft INDC that is currently under review by stakehlders. Sessin 1: Welcme, Wrkshp Objectives, and Scene-Setting Mr. Steffen Menzel welcmed participants n behalf f the Federal Ministry fr the Envirnment, Nature Cnservatin, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) f Germany. He nted that the large number f participants underscred the imprtance f Intended Natinally Determined Cntributins (INDCs) as the crnerstnes f the upcming climate change agreement in Paris. Ms. Anja Wucke (GIZ) gave an verview f German INDC supprt activities and the Glbal INDC Prject in particular, which prvides in-depth supprt fr 16 cuntries and shrt-term supprt fr 10 cuntries upn request. The prject is financed by the Internatinal Climate Initiative (IKI) f the BMUB and carried ut by GIZ. The means f implementatin at the natinal level include technical wrkshps, stakehlder dialgues, and dnr crdinatin activities, whereas at the glbal level, peer-t-peer exchange, cnceptual guidance, and webinars are facilitated. Subsequently, Mr. Yamil Bnduki (UNDP) shared the key takeaways frm UNDP s six Reginal Technical Dialgues n INDCs, which invlved mre than 500 participants in ttal. The main challenges in the preparatin f INDCs include the shrt time frame, decisins f scpe, securing high level endrsement, the when and hw f stakehlder invlvement, and the lack f data. Peer-t- 3

4 peer exchange and the sharing f lessn learnt have prven t be valuable in increasing participants understanding f INDCs and in addressing challenges encuntered during the curse f INDC preparatin. Sessin 2: Glbal Cntext f INDCs Ms. Rita Schwarzelühr-Sutter (Parliamentary State Secretary f BMUB) emphasized that INDCs and the glbal agreement are key t cmbatting climate change successfully and keeping glbal warming belw 2 C. She emphasized the imprtance f this wrkshp as a milestne twards a new climate change agreement at COP 21. Germany is prepared t accept its respnsibility in the internatinal climate prcess. It was amng the first cuntries actively supprting partner cuntries in its INDC preparatin and will cntinue t make a fair cntributin t climate financing in the future, t. She referred t the Energiewende s (main strategy: 80% f electricity generatin frm renewable energy surces by 2050) multiple c-benefits, such as emplyment, technlgical change, and cmpetitiveness. She als encuraged participants t see climate actin nt as a burden, but rather as an pprtunity fr investment and technlgical innvatin that can lead t a sustainable develpment path and lng-term cmpetitiveness. Sessin 3: INDC Preparatin Guidance and Link t Natinal Cntexts Dr. Dennis Tirpak (Wrld Resurces Institute, WRI) gave an verview f the UNDP/WRI Guidance n Designing and Preparing INDCs. There exist a variety f ptins fr expressing cntributins (mst bradly under the categries f actins and utcmes); this variety prvides flexibility fr cuntries with diverse circumstances t submit meaningful INDCs. Data and analysis serve as the fundatin f INDCs and can help ensure that cntributins are achievable/realistic, aligned with natinal pririties, and in line with the belw 2 degrees bjective. Cuntries ften have a cnsiderable amunt f data and analysis already available (e.g., GHG inventries, natinal cmmunicatins, studies, etc.) and shuld begin with this infrmatin befre initiating new, smetimes-unnecessary effrts. Dr. Tirpak explained methdlgies cntained in the guidance, elabrated n the Lima COP decisin n upfrnt infrmatin t be included in INDCs, and prvided recmmendatins n hw t build plitical buy-in fr INDCs. Participants were als invited t jin WRI s Open Bk prject, an initiative t enhance transparency f INDCs (cntact: Kelly Levin). Discussin Participants discussed the time cnstraint f submitting INDCs prir t 1 Octber 2015 in rder t be included in the UNFCCC Secretariat s synthesis reprt f submitted INDCs. Appealing t cuntries fr a timely submissin, Mr. Claudi Frner (UNFCCC) mentined that cuntries that d submit their INDCs in time can use this pprtunity in rder t cmmunicate t their natinal develpment pririties as well sending a psitive signal in regard t the internatinal climate prcess. Participants mentined that the preparatin f INDCs shuld build n existing plitical pririties and prcesses, institutinal arrangements, and data and make the best use f available resurces. T cme frward with INDCs, a pragmatic apprach shuld be chsen that strives fr reliable substance and transparent infrmatin n the ne hand, and ne that enables timely submissin n the ther hand. The UNFCCC prcess n INDCs will mst likely allw fr adapting the INDCs after the first rund f frmal submissins has taken place. Dr. Tirpak encuraged cuntries nt t delay the INDC just because f missing data. Mr. Bnduki suggested cmmunicating thse gaps clearly and indicating hw they culd be filled. The underlying assumptins culd be prved later with additinal internatinal expertise. T keep mmentum beynd the climate negtiatins in Paris, high-level plitical backing is crucial. In additin, having the legislative bdy n bard will help t make the implementatin f INDCs real regardless f any administrative changes. Accrding t Dr. Höhne (NewClimate Institute) and a 4

5 recent survey, sign-ff n INDC prcesses in cuntries will mstly cme frm the parliament, minister, r head-f-state level. Sessin 4: Learning frm Cuntries Experiences in Preparing INDCs Mr. Jacb Werksman (Eurpean Cmmissin) presented the Eurpean Unin s submitted INDC. Facing the challenge f glbal warming, he pinted ut that all cuntries shuld be as ambitius as pssible, but that rich cuntries must take the lead. He emphasized that the prcess f agreeing n the INDC within the EU had nt been easy due t the diversity f the 28 member states. Mr. Werksman underlined that the EU target is perceived as fair and ambitius because it puts the EU n a pathway t a lw-carbn ecnmy. The respndent Mr. Stephen M. King uyu (Kenya) was surprised that the EU had nt included adaptatin in their INDC even thugh sme member states are highly vulnerable. He highlighted the different circumstances between the EU and develping cuntries in preparing their INDC. Fr instance, the EU already has legally binding rules fr their 2020 targets in place, while ther cuntries d nt have thse prvisins in place. Kenya is in a psitin t build their INDC n varius climate change measures (e.g., a cmprehensive climate change plicy currently under develpment) and is receiving sufficient funding frm dnrs in cntrast t sme ther develping cuntries. Mr. King uyu als underlined in this cntext, that any mitigatin measures in develping cuntries need t be aligned with develpment plans and pririties at the natinal level, including adaptatin. Mr. Fernand Farías frm Chile presented that analytical and technical wrk dne in the past years (e.g., baseline emissin trajectries and scenaris fr , as well as macrecnmic mdelling results) have served as an imprtant crnerstne fr develping its draft INDC and emphasized the imprtance f sectral appraches. Key t success was the mandate fr the natinal INDC-prcess n the highest plitical level in cmbinatin with a cncrete timeline t ensure that data cllectin and analysis, as well as public cnsultatin, stay within a certain timeframe. In additin t the Spanish versin, French and English translatins f the draft INDC are available. As a respndent t Chile, Mr. Samir Tantawi (Egypt) attested t the imprtance f sectral appraches fr INDC develpment; Egypt has develped NAMA ptins resulting frm sectral analysis that will be used fr INDC develpment. Mr. Tantawi further underlined the imprtance f including adaptatin in INDCs t signal t the internatinal cmmunity the level f vulnerability. Means f implementatin, finance, and capacity building were als deemed imprtant elements f INDCs. The strng link between Biennial Update Reprts (BURs), Natinal Cmmunicatins (NCs), and INDCs was pinted ut Egypt will publish its 3 rd NC by the end f In presenting Mexic s submitted INDC, Dr. Daniel Buira (Mexic) prvided insight int methdlgical cnsideratins: the chice between a static and a dynamic Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenari, Mexic s cnsideratin f Black Carbn in its INDC as imprtant shrt lived pllutant, and the cnsideratin f LULUCF in the mitigatin target (but nt in the baseline due t a lack f data). The presentatin highlighted a target f uncnditinal reductin f GHG emissins by 22% cmpared t the BAU by 2050, which culd reach 36% with certain cnditins, with net emissin reductins starting in Mexic s INDC als include adaptatin gals. Lessn learnt frm Mexic s prcess include that deeper cuts in emissins are difficult t agree upn at the natinal level but need invlvement f lcal levels and require investment in structural changes in rder t avid harm t ecnmic grwth in the lng run. Discussin Inclusin f adaptatin int INDC: The EU psitin is that INDCs are nt necessarily a gd vehicle fr including adaptatin because the prcesses f cmparing and aggregating, including MRV, make sense fr mitigatin, but nt necessarily fr adaptatin. 5

6 One participant expressed cncern abut the lack f clear agreements regarding upfrnt infrmatin (UFI) ( may include ), which may lead t significant differences in the types f infrmatin prvided. An agreement regarding UFI wuld be needed in rder t build trust. Grup wrk Participants split int fur breakut grups t analyze the upfrnt infrmatin f tw fictinal INDCs, specifically evaluating their ambitin, and clarity. Key takeaways: T be transparent and clear, INDCs shuld specify infrmatin n: sectrs included, definitin f sectrs (IPCC 1996 r 2006), which GHGs are included, perid f implementatin, underlying assumptins and methdlgy, and, in cases where BAU scenaris are used, t explain whether these are static r dynamic scenaris. Scenaris shuld indicate which measures they take int accunt. In rder t increase mitigatin cmmitments, mre infrmatin n statistical frecast and n ther macrecnmic drivers (nt nly GDP) is needed. Sme cuntries need new inventries r better data. Many cuntries agreed that fairness and ambitin shuld be explained in relatin t indicatrs such as ther cuntries targets, per-capita emissins, the cuntry s current share f glbal GHG emissins, the cuntries histrical shares, etc. Needed supprt (nt nly financial) shuld be mentined explicitly if pssible. It shuld be defined what can be dne with and withut additinal supprt, including the required circumstances t make the cnditinal ffer wrk. Day 2 15 April 2015 During Day 2 f the wrkshp presenters and participants dve deeper int technical themes related t INDC preparatin, including examining INDCs in the cntext f natinal develpment pririties, cvering the priritizatin f sectrs, quantificatin f emissins reductins in the cntext f INDCs, selecting reference pints, assessing csts f mitigatin actins, and assessing INDCs in the cntext f advancing natinal develpment. Each presentatin was fllwed by a reactin frm a peer wh briefly explained their experience, befre pening the flr fr questins and discussin. The day culminated in a panel f clleagues wh presented additinal INDC resurces and then engaged the audience in a discussin f what further resurces are needed. Sessin 1: Priritizatin f Sectrs fr INDCs Mr. El Hadji Mbaye Diagne (Senegal) presented the prcess f priritizatin f sectrs fr INDCs in his cuntry. It was principally based n infrmatin cntained in existing dcuments such as technlgy needs assessment (TNA), BURs, and Natinal Cmmunicatins, as well as n prjectins f GHG emissins taking int accunt existing plans, prgrammes and prjects, thereby demnstrating the ability and imprtance f building ff f existing fundatins instead f reinventing the wheel. He gave the advice t take int accunt interactins f plicies, plans and prjects, and particularly effects n the develpment bjectives (energy access and fd selfsufficiency). Careful ecnmic and scial analysis is needed t assess cst f measures (lw marginal abatement cst and high acceptance amng peple and gvernment). The respndent Mr. Vahakn Kabakian (Lebann) emphasized the imprtance f an inter-ministerial cmmittee with high-level endrsement and relevant stakehlders. Apart frm stcktaking f existing prgrammes, technical studies, and an analysis f c-benefits, he advised t include nly 6

7 sectrs that can be mnitred and t take int accunt future macrecnmic scenaris such as that Lebann might becme an il and gas prducing cuntry. Discussin: A representative frm Clima East was pleased t hear that apart frm Senegal tw mre cuntries linked TNA with their multicriteria analysis fr the INDC priritizatin f mitigatin measures. T achieve a smth plitical prcess, plitical buy-in is critical. It is advisable t launch the INDC preparatin at a very high level and t have the technical cmmittee based n existing institutinal arrangements. An inclusive prcess is key t balancing develpment and climate change bjectives. Sme cuntries expressed the pinin that lw-emissin develpment strategies (LEDS) and natinally apprpriate mitigatin actins (NAMAs) shuld be aligned with the INDC. Senegal explained that due t a lack f resurces they had previusly (based n the TNA) assessed nly tw sectrs fr mitigatin and tw fr adaptatin, but wuld take mre sectrs int cnsideratin fr the INDC. Sessin 2: Quantificatin f Emissin Reductins in the Cntext f INDCs In Csta Rica, as presented by Mr. Pascal Girt, the natinal strategy fr climate change, NAMAs, NAP, and the Natinal Develpment Plan are the starting pints fr INDC preparatins. With the aim f tracking emissin reductins Csta Rica s INDC is merged with the MRV architecture t the Natinal Infrmatin Registry (SINAMECC). He presented a general timeline and milestnes that may be cnsidered t assess emissin reductins achieved by sectr in the cntext f Csta Rica s Carbn Neutrality gal. This included simulatins and emissins scenaris t 2030 under a hypthesis f carbn neutrality. The respndent Mr. Tsaranu frm Mldva explained that their emissins fllwed the typical pattern f frmer sviet states with a massive decrease after He elabrated hw Mldva had develped three emissin scenaris (a BAU, a scenari with measures already decided, and a scenari with additinal measures) and set targets fr each f the seven main mitigatin sectrs. A cumulative reductin target has been develped and needs t be apprved n the basis f a stakehlder cnsultatin. Subsequently, the US and Nrway gave insights int the preparatin prcess f their submitted INDCs. The US INDC (26-28% reductin belw 2005 levels by 2025) seeks mitigatin principally based n regulatins (e.g. transprt/fuel standards, building efficiency, HFCs). In each sectr all relevant institutins were brught tgether t define the maximum mitigatin ptential. Taking a participatry apprach t INDC develpment, Nrway tried t reach a cnsensus in parliament fr their INDC t ensure cntinuity, sustainability, and public backing f climate actins. The relevant ministries wrte a white paper which was submitted t parliament. Eighty percent f emissins are already subject t allwances r ther regulatin. Nrway has the same target as the EU (-40%) and envisages engaging in an agreement with the EU. Discussin: Asked fr further explanatin n hw the different targets (C-Neutrality, sectral reductin targets, etc.) were integrated, Csta Rica stated that this was the key challenge and that they had therefre built a new institutinal structure t engage all sectrs. The verall plitical gal f C-Neutrality was hwever useful t galvanize public actin and private investment. Regarding calculating the impact f additinal regulatins, the US stated that prjectins are nt certain especially in the lng term. Targets had t be set despite uncertainty regarding 7

8 the impacts f plicies/regulatins, which are hard t assess upfrnt. As a cnsequence, the US chse t prvide a 2025 target against a 2030 target because f greater shrt-term cnfidence n impact f regulatins. Sessin 3: Selecting INDC Reference Pints and Assessing Csts f Mitigatin Actins Mr. Kakhaber Mdivani frm Gergia explained that his cuntry is cnsidering cmbining tw kinds f targets t increase accuracy and cmparability, as they are facing the special situatin f frmer sviet cuntries with declining emissins after With the aim f enhancing the plitical feasibility f the prcess, a multi-stakehlder platfrm fr internal and external cmmunicatin within the entire institutinal set-up was established. The respndent Mr. Mhamed Bussaid (Mrcc) elabrated n hw his cuntry mved frm its Natinal Cmmunicatin and Green Investment Plan t its INDC by develping scenaris with previusly selected mitigatin actins that had been validated by the sectrs. This was dne by refining ecnmic analyses and prjectins, and by determining the cntributin frm the natinal budget as well as the need fr internatinal supprt (internatinal finance in general and freign direct investments in climate change prjects specifically). He cncluded that ecnmic analyses are useful fr the level f ambitin, but that ambitin is ultimately a plitical decisin. As the INDC needs plitical validatin and cmmitment, ne lessn learned was that the validatin prcess itself is a capacity building fr all invlved actrs. Discussin Mrcc s apprach f wrking with experts frm sectrs, then appraching the decisin makers, and discussing again with stakehlders was useful t have an infrmed decisin making prcess. Many participants agreed that it is crucial t link the plitical and the technical prcess. Mldva reduces the risk by establishing wrking grups that prepare prpsals and submit them t the decisin making prcess, which encmpasses five stages. The first draft is scheduled t be finished at the end f May, fllwed by ne mnth f plitical apprval. In Chile, six ministries shared the mandate fr the technical wrk. The steering cmmittee with members frm all f them met every fur mnths t guide the prcess. A public sectr rund table started t meet and transfrmed the technical results int the INDC. The Eurpean Cmmissin shared that, after identifying with mdels where the EU needs t be in 2030 (-40%), an impact assessment and interactin between the gvernance levels including public cnsultatin were undertaken. Sessin 4: INDCs in the Cntext f Advancing Natinal Develpment Ms. Syamsidar Thamrin (Indnesia) prvided insights int her cuntry s experience in embedding its INDC int their LEDS. The main cmpnents f the Natinal Mitigatin Actin Plan (based n the natinal develpment strategy) are being revised and used as a basis fr the plitical prcess between the president and the ministries t finalize the INDC. A hlistic systems perspective, implicatins ver time and cnstraints are included in the scenaris t avid negative impacts n peple s welfare. In the Dminican Republic, as presented by Misés Álvarez, the fcus is n three sectrs f the LEDS (energy, transprt, and frestry) with sectral actin plans each and three quick win sectrs: cement, waste, and turism. Fr the selectin f majr prgrams fr these sectrs, an assessment f the abatement impact and the c-benefits such as new permanent jbs, ecnmic impact, and ther 8

9 nn-ghg-benefits is undertaken t guide the selectin, ensure the alignment with natinal develpment gals and increase plitical buy-in. Discussin: Indnesia plans t track the implementatin f its INDC thrugh an MRV system that invlves all levels f gvernment. In rder t ensure plitical supprt, Indnesia has invlved stakehlders (including the private sectr) early and thrughut the prcess, including in priritizing sectrs. Mr. Bnduki (UNDP) emphasized the imprtance f linking c-benefits. The Philippines shared that a Cst-Benefit-Analysis is being finalized t put value n nn-ghg-indicatrs. Fr the priritizatin the Climate Change Cmmissin tgether with gvernmental agencies weighed accrding t the criteria GHG mitigatin ptential, csts, and c-benefits. Sessin 5: Other INDC-Related Resurces A Guide t INDCs by the Climate & Develpment Knwledge Netwrk (CDKN) and Ricard- AEA Prvides guidance fr LDCs n what culd be included in INDCs, including practical examples and references t the UNFCCC text Prcess guidance fr Intended Natinally Determined Cntributins (INDCs) published by the Internatinal Partnership fr Mitigatin and MRV, develped by Ecfys, als in French and Spanish Outline f technical and plitical prcesses, incl. guidance n hw t engage key plitical decisin-makers. Prvides a variety f steps, activities and ptins accrding t capabilities/ circumstances f cuntries. Prvides cnvincing arguments fr pushing ambitin. Guiding Questins fr INDC Develpment t be published by GIZ Fr develpment and review f INDCs alng steps in the technical and plitical prcesses (duble helix mdel), incl. best practice examples Develped by the GIZ INDC Prject tgether with Ök-Institut, available fr dwnlad frm the website Internatinal Partnership fr Mitigatin and MRV. Checklist fr Establishing Pst-2020 Emissin Pathways by the Partnership fr Market Readiness (PMR) (t be published sn) Fur building blcks: Cuntry cntext, baseline pathways, alternative emissins pathways, and results presentatin; Includes guiding questins and sme suggestins n hw t chse available mdels/ methdlgies t apprach prblems, hw t deal with uncertainty, and hw t reprt results. Day 3 16 April 2015 Day 3 fcused n the inclusin f Adaptatin cmpnents in the INDC, befre mving int presentatins and discussins n MRV in the cntext f INDCs. Directly fllwing lunch, participants were intrduced t the results frm a UNDP cmmissined study by the NewClimate Institute which is actively assessing cllective prgress tward the 2 C Gal and Optins fr Revising INDCs t Enhance Ambitin in the future. The 3-day wrkshp came t a clse with a plenary discussin fcused n Internatinal Cperatin n INDCs, the needs f cuntries, and hw best t imprve resurces t respnd t cuntries needs. 9

10 Sessin 1: Adaptatin Cmpnents in INDCs In his presentatin f the UNDP/WRI Guidance n pssible adaptatin cmpnents, Mr. Michael Cmstck (UNDP) highlighted the high degree f flexibility fr including adaptatin in INDCs. In additin, he encuraged cuntries t use infrmatin that best fits their ratinale fr including adaptatin and nt t reinvent the wheel. Where a Natinal Adaptatin Plan (NAP) exists, this can be a prime surce f infrmatin fr the INDC. In cuntries withut NAPs, elabrating an adaptatin cmpnent fr the INDC can als lay the grundwrk fr adaptatin planning. Discussin Participants discussed whether r nt t include adaptatin in INDCs. Mr. Frner (UNFCCC) mentined the ptin f cmmunicating adaptatin infrmatin apart frm the INDC. The EU sees INDCs as a vehicle fr cmmunicating cmmitments, as ther channels (e.g. Natinal Cmmunicatins and BURs) are available fr sharing plicies and effrts. The EU wuld, hwever, respect if cuntries wish t include adaptatin cmpnents. Ecuadr stated that adaptatin is nt a cmmitment but a need and therefre wuld fit best in the INDC chapter n equity and fairness. The questin was raised f whether INDCs are vluntary r firm cmmitments, the latter f which wuld require a strategic decisin n what infrmatin t include. This differentiatin is crucial, as it is nt clear wh will bear the cst f the adaptatin measures. It was clarified by Mr. Cmstck that the guidance stresses the infrmatinal character f the adaptatin cmpnent. Anther set f questins fcused n the rle f lss and damage in the adaptatin cmpnent f INDC. Viet Nam included lss and damage in their adaptatin chapter. Mre guidance in terms f what t include as a LDC was requested by Chad. They asked fr guidance n hw the lcal/cmmunal level can be integrated int the INDC prcess. The next presentatin by Mr. Jsé Garibaldi frm Energía fcused n the synergies between adaptatin and mitigatin (e.g. frestry, climate smart agriculture, animal husbandry, landscape and water management, ecsystem management, etc.), based n a cmprehensive mdeling exercise. His main finding was that there are actins that cuntries can undertake t increase resilience while als lwering emissins (win-win effrts). T reach the 2 C gal substantial changes are needed these changes are easier fr lwer emissin cuntries with less develped fssil-based infrastructures as they are nt as lcked-in as cuntries with CO2-intensive infrastructure in place. Dr. Than Thuc (Vietnam) presented the adaptatin cmpnent f Vietnam s INDC, which includes detailed infrmatin n impacts, vulnerabilities, planned adaptatin measures until 2020 as well as adaptatin needs after 2020, an assessment f ecnmic benefits frm adaptatin investments and a sectin n lss and damage. In Viet Nam the INDC presented t the ministries cntained an additinal chapter n the advantages and disadvantages f the selected apprach (adaptatin and mitigatin) t cnvince the gvernment. This chapter will nt be part f the fficial submissin but was perceived as beneficial fr the plitical prcess. Discussin: In the fllwing discussin, ther cuntries shared their experiences and challenges. Fr Senegal, the timeframe f the INDC is insufficient fr the different cmplex steps (e.g. dwnscaling f glbal climate mdels), which Vietnam undertk in preparatin f the INDC. 10

11 Suth Africa reviewed existing plicies, plans etc. and then analyzed adaptin needs and crrespnding csts in priritized sectrs in relatin t selected extreme weather events. A summary f these reprts will be included in Suth Africa s INDC. Ecuadr asked fr cnsideratin f the fact that mitigatin and adaptatin can be intertwined in a way that the mitigatin ptential is affected by the impacts f climate change (e.g. hydr energy culd suffer frm a lack f precipitatin). As cuntries shwed a high interest in sharing experience, UNDP ffered t rganize a webinar. Cuntries willing t present are invited t cntact Mr. Bnduki. Sessin 2: Mnitring, Reprting and Verificatin (MRV) and Accunting fr INDCs Mr. Daniel Benefh Tutu (Ghana) shared insights int Ghana s use f an existing Mnitring and Evaluatin (M&E) system t build their MRV system, which may be used fr tracking the INDC. The main lessns learned included: 1) There is n need t start frm scratch, which means that already existing reprting systems shuld be used. 2) Cuntries shuld start with a basic MRV system paying attentin t what is already wrking and then extend and imprve it gradually. 3) Existing Annex 1 reprting t UNFCCC can serve fr learning. Ms. Anke Herld (Ök-Institut) gave an verview f the current debates cncerning accunting rules and MRV. Depending n the frm f the INDCs, further develpment f accunting rules after Paris may be necessary, e.g. fr black carbn. MRV will remain an imprtant issue. Transparent dcumentatin f the accunting rules and assumptins used is imprtant fr clarity f INDC. Discussin: Experience shws that it is beneficial t have a strnger rle f the gvernment / a gvernmental rganizatin in the executin f the MRV system. If the MRV is carried ut in prjects nly there is a risk f lsing expertise and data. Therefre capacity building is needed. In the case f Germany, the Federal Envirnmental Agency has the lead fr MRV, but refinements f the methdlgies are dne by Ök-Institut, wh in turn sends new results and data t the Federal Envirnmental Agency. T keep it simple the main fcus shuld be t appint ne institutin that pulls the infrmatin tgether and is capable f respnding where the cuntry stands in terms f INDC implementatin. In the absence f natinally determined rules fr MRV as part f the INDC, Suth Africa asked fr clarity in n accunting rules. In additin, a representative frm Clima East nted the gap in terms f linkage between MRV and INDC. Ms. Herld stated that the INDCs wuld determine the MRV appraches and that prbably several cycles f UNFCCC negtiatin wuld be needed t clarify this aspect. Senegal elabrated that they had used the CDM methdlgies fr including NAMAs and prjects in the inventry. They asked ther cuntries t state clearly whether they plan t include market mechanisms. Ukraine shwed interest in hw t measure c-benefits. Ök-Institut is currently wrking n a study t ffer sme substantial advice in this regard. Sessin 3: INDCs in the Cntext f the 2 C Gal and Revisin f INDCs t Enhance Ambitin after Paris 11

12 Dr. Höhne (NewClimate Institute) highlighted in his presentatin that achieving the 2 C target means phasing ut glbal GHG emissins by the middle r end f this century. The INDCs submitted s far have the ptential t significantly change the estimated temperature rise. But in this scenari emissins are still t high and leading t a 3 C range instead f 2 C. Multiple ptins are available t assess the fairness and ambitin f INDCs. A set f varius indicatrs wuld make the assessment mre transparent. Discussin: Csts f preparing and implementing INDCs need t be cmpared t the csts f inactin. The later climate actins are implemented, the higher the csts fr adaptatin. In additin, there are many benefits f mitigatin, fr instance reduced fssil fuel cmbustin leads t health benefits. Significant price drps and technlgical change will make mitigatin actins easier in the future. Cmmunicating hw fairness and ambitin f an INDC are assessed is key t understanding the ratinale behind it. On the ther hand, it was questined whether using metrics fr justifying fairness and ambitin is the mst useful way frward. Several participants saw pssibilities fr revisiting INDCs after Paris t increase ambitin. Dr. Höhne cncluded that it was preferable t have ambitius INDCs befre Paris, as this means less risk f nt finding an agreement. Breakut Grup Discussin Wrking grups were established t answer the fllwing 3 sets f questins. Questin 1: What ptins are cuntries cnsidering t track prgress tward their natinal cntributins? Hw can we facilitate understanding f INDC implementatin prgress in cuntries after Paris? Participants expressed that: - Natinally and internatinally, existing prcesses and structures shuld be used and/r built upn (e.g. GHG inventries, natinal cmmunicatins, NAMAs, etc.). - In case f INDCs requiring internatinal supprt fr implementatin the supprt prvided needs t be identified and tracked separately. - Tracking prgress f actins and c-benefits can be useful at the natinal level (e.g., shwing imprvements in health, mbility, jb creatin, etc.). - The way f tracking prgress culd be integrated int upfrnt infrmatin. Questin 2: What are the key factrs that cuntries will cnsider when deciding whether t implement additinal mitigatin measures after Paris (r when deciding whether the right mitigatin measures have been included in INDCs)? Hw can mitigatin measures further align with natinal pririties and prcesses in rder t unlck additinal effrts? Participants expressed that: - A clear understanding f financing needs is crucial t determine whether and what share f INDCs can be implemented with dmestic resurces and what actins can be undertaken with additinal supprt. - After Paris the ratificatin will be key; the way frward as well as additinal supprt needs will be identified. Questin 3: What will need t happen at the natinal level t be able t revise INDCs? What ptins are mst feasible fr cuntries? Participants expressed that: 12

13 - Plitical acceptance is key t strengthening INDCs and ensuring their implementatin. - At the internatinal level, there shuld be an intensive revisin prcess prir t Frm 2020 nwards reprting cycles taking place every 5 years shuld be agreed n. - There were varius psitins n the questin f whether cuntries shuld revise their INDCs. It was discussed whether a revisin prcess culd even result in cuntries submitting less ambitius INDCs. In additin, sme participants criticized an internatinal review prcess as nt being in line with the cncept f being natinally determined. Sessin 5: Key takeaways: Sharing varius experiences in preparatin f the INDCs results in the pprtunity t imprve the wn draft and t have a better INDC in the end. Existing tls and guidance are valuable resurces that help t structure INDCs cnceptually and in terms f the prcess t elabrate an INDC. T keep the plitical mmentum within the cuntries and n internatinal level strng, further actins need t be defined fr increasing ambitin fr the perid after Further supprt will be needed fr making INDCs mre ambitius. Predictability f the expected supprt will help raising the level f ambitin. The preparatin f the INDCs fllws a tw tier apprach that run in parallel: The technical prcess needs t be cmplemented by a plitical prcess t ensure high-level plitical backing. Resurces Chile s draft INDC: Designing and Preparing Intended Natinally Determined Cntributins (INDCs) WRI: _Versin_April_9.pdf WRI s pen bk prject: Prcess guidance fr Intended Natinally Determined Cntributins (INDCs) - Internatinal Partnership fr Mitigatin and MRV: tinally_determined_cntributins_indcs.pdf Checklist n Establishing Pst-2020 Emissin Pathways PMR: Guide t INDCs - CDKN and Ricard-AEA: INDC website f the Internatinal Partnership fr Mitigatin and MRV: 13

14 14