EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS

Transcription

1 EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 994 In this issue: annual averages Revised seasonally adjusted labor force series Data on union affiliation Median weekly earnings for detailed occupations Employee absences

2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Robert B. Reich, Secretary January 994 Vol. 4 No. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner E&E Employment and Earnings (ISSN 3684), is prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publications and Special Studies. The data are collected by the Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) and State employment security agencies, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief description of the cooperative statistical programs of the BLS with these agencies is presented in the Explanatory Notes. The State agencies are listed on the inside back cover. Employment and Earnings may be ordered from: New Orders, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 37954, Pittsburgh, PA Phone (22) Subscription price per year $3 domestic and $38.75 foreign. Single copy $3 domestic and $6 foreign. Prices are subject to change by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Correspondence concerning subscriptions, including address changes and missing issues, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 242. Phone (22) POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Employment and Earnings, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 242. Calendar of Features In addition to the monthly data appearing regularly in Employment and Earnings, special features appear in most of the issues as shown below. Household data Annual averages Union affiliation Earnings by detailed occupation Employee absences Revised seasonally adjusted series Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data, persons not in labor force, persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans, family relationship data, weekly earnings data, and metropolitannonmetropolitan and povertynonpoverty area data Establishment data Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan., Feb. Jan., Apr., July, Communications on material in this publication should be addressed to: Editors, Employment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 222. Specific questions concerning the data in this publication should be directed as follows: Household data, (22) or 6378; national establishment data, ; State and area establishment data, ; productivity data, 66566; and State and area labor force data, Second class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Information in this publication will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone (22) 66STAT; TDD phone: (22) ; TDD message referral phone: Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. National annual averages: Industry divisions (preliminary) Industry detail Women employees National data revised to reflect new benchmarks and new seasonal adjustment factors Jan. Mar., June Mar., June June Revised historical national data Bulletin State and area annual averages Area definitions State and area labor force data Annual averages May May May The most recent publication was issued in August as Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 9893, BLS Bulletin 2429, and is available from: New Orders, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 37954, Pittsburgh, PA , at $33 a copy, GPO Stock Number

3 Employment and Earnings Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker Editors' Note With this issue, seasonally adjusted unemployment and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey (household survey) have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors which incorporate the experience through December. As a result, seasonally adjusted data for the past 5 years are subject to revision. Revised current data appear in tables Al, 2, 3, and Revised monthly data covering the revision period for over 4 series will appear in next month's issue. The article beginning on page 9 discusses the effects of the revisions, describes the seasonal adjustment method, and includes the new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the major civilian labor force series for JanuaryJune 994. Beginning with data for January 994, there will be a number of changes which affect data comparisons. See page 8 for additional information. Contents List of statistical tables 2 Employment and unemployment developments, December 7 Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series 9 Statistical tables: Historical Household data 3 Establishment data: Employment 85 Hours and earnings 3 Not seasonally adjusted Household data 6 Quarterly averages 63 Establishment data: Employment: National 86 State and area 2 Hours and earnings: National 34 State and area 6 State and area labor force data 75 Seasonally adjusted Household data 43 Quarterly average 52 Establishment data: Employment: National 99 State 4 Hours and earnings 57 Productivity data 65 Regional labor force data 68 State labor force data 7 Annual averages 82 Explanatory notes 26 Page

4 Monthly Household Data Page Employment Status Al. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 96 to date 3 A2. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 982 to date 4 A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 96 to date 5 A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 6 A5. Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex 9 A6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 2 A7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 2 A8. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 23 A9. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race 24 A. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship 25 Characteristics of the Al. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 26 A2. persons by occupation and sex 27 A3. persons by industry and sex 28 A4. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race 29 A5. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 3 A6. persons by duration of unemployment t 3 Al7. persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 3 A8. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 32 A9. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used 33 A2. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used 33 Characteristics of the A2. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex 34 A22. civilians by occupation, sex, and age 35 A23. civilians by occupation, race, and sex 36 A24. civilians by age, sex, and class of worker 37 A25. civilians by industry and occupation 38 A26. civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status 38 A27. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry 39 A28. Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status 39 A29. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status 4 A3. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and fullor parttime status 4 A3. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status 42 Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment Data A32. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed Forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 43 A33. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 44 A34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted 45 A35. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 47 A36. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 48 A37. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 48 A38. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 49 A39. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 5 A4. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 5 A4. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 5

5 Quarterly Household Data Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment Data A42. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed Forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 52 A43. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 53 A44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted 54 A45. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 56 A46. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 57 A47. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 58 A48. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 58 A49. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 59 A5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 6 A5. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 6 A52. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 6 Persons Not in the Labor Force A53. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and race, seasonally adjusted 62 A54. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age 63 A55. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex 64 A56. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 65 A57. Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next 2 months by sex, age, and race 66 Race and HispanicOrigin Data A58. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 67 A59. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age 68 A6. civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin 69 A6. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories 7 A62. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 7 A63. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 7 A64. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 72 A65. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 72 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data A66. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 73 A67. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin Family Relationship and Weekly Earnings Data A68. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 74 A69. persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 75 A7. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 76 A7. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin A72. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings 78 A73. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 79 A74. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 8 A75. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 8 Metropolitannonmetropolitan and Povertynonpoverty Area Data A76. A77. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 82 Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic origin 84 Page

6 Monthly Establishment Data Page EmploymentNational Bl. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 943 to date 85 B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 86 B3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 98 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 99 B5. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted B6. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 2 B7. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted 3 EmploymentStates and Areas B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted 4 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 2 Hours and EarningsNational Cl. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date 3 C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 34 C2a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing 54 C3. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 55 C4. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (982) dollars 56 C5. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 57 C6. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 58 C7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted 59 Hours and EarningsStates and Areas C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas 6 Productivity Data C9. Nonfarm employee hours by major industry, seasonally adjusted 65 C. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted 66 Cll. Percent changes from the preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted annual rates 67 Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data Dl. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted 68 D2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted 7 D3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas 75

7 Annual AveragesHousehold Data Employment Status. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 93 to date Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 96 to date Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race 9 8. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship 92 Characteristics of the 9. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 93. persons by occupation and sex 94. persons by industry and sex persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment persons by duration of unemployment persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used 2 8. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used 2 Characteristics of the 9. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex civilians by occupation, sex, and age civilians by occupation, race, and sex civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin civilians by age, sex, and class of worker civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker civilians by industry, sex, and occupation civilians by industry, race, and occupation civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, and race civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full or parttime status Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status 223 Person Not in the Labor Force 35. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next 2 months by sex, age, and race 227 Race and HispanicOrigin Data 39. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Unemployment rates, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 233 Page

8 Annual AveragesHousehold Data Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data 47. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 235 Family Relationship and Weekly Earnings Data 49. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex 243 Union Affiliation Data 57. wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, full or parttime status, and union affiliation wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and union affiliation Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation 25 Employee Absences Data 6. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, marital status, and presence and age of children Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and industry 253 Metropolitannonmetropolitan and Povertynonpoverty Area Data 63. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic orgin 256 Page Annual Averages Establishment Data EmploymentNational 65. Employment on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacting group Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 259 Hours and EarningsNational 67. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 26

9 Employment and Unemployment Developments, December The Nation's employment situation continued to improve in December. Employment rose further and the rate of unemployment percent while little changed from November's percent (as revised), has declined substantially over the past year. The number of payroll jobs, as measured by the survey of employers, rose by 83, in December (after seasonal adjustment) to. million. employment, as measured through the survey of households, increased by 329, to a seasonally adjusted level of 2.7 million. Both series showed substantial growth in. Unemployment Both the unemployment rate, percent, and the number of unemployed persons, 8.2 million, were little changed in December, though both measures have generally been trending downward since mid. Over the past year, the jobless rate has declined by nearly a full percentage point, and the unemployed total has fallen by nearly. million persons. (See table A33.) The jobless rates for adult men ( percent) and adult women ( percent) showed little or no change in December. However, the rate for adult men improved steadily in the second half of, while that for adult women leveled off, following declines earlier in the year. The unemployment rates for teenagers (7.8 percent), whites ( percent), and Hispanics (.5 percent) showed little or no change in December, while the rate for blacks edged down to.5 percent. (See tables A33 and A34.) About out of every 5 persons who was unemployed in December had been without work for 6 months or longer. This ratio has declined very little since it reached a recent high point in the fall of. (See table A4.) The number of persons at work part time for economic reasons sometimes referred to as the u partially unemployed" was little changed in December at million. While down somewhat in recent months, this series has shown no substantive improvement over the past 2 years. (See table A35.) employment and the labor force employment rose by 329, in December, marking the third consecutive month of robust employment growth. Over the past year, employment has risen by about 2/2 million. The employmentpopulation ratio (the proportion of the workingage population with jobs) edged upward over the fall months to 62. percent in December. (See table A33.) The civilian labor force rose in December to 28.9 million. Over the past year, the labor force grew by.5 million. Adult women made up about threefifths of this increase, and adult men accounted for the remainder, as the size of the teenage labor force was unchanged. The labor force participation rate was 6 percent in December, about the same as a year earlier. (See table A33.) Discouraged workers The number of discouraged workers persons who indicate that they want to work but are not looking for a job because they think their search would be unproductive was about unchanged in the fourth quarter at. million. The discouraged worker total has held at about this level for over 2 years. (See table A53.) Industry payroll employment Nonfarm payroll employment continued to rise in December, growing by 83, to. million, seasonally adjusted. Over the past year, nonfarm employment has increased by nearly 2 million. (See table B4.) After 2 months of growth totaling 37,, manufacturing employment was essentially unchanged in December. There were, however, increases within durable goods, where automobiles and electronics added, and 7, jobs, respectively. There were also gains in the constructionrelated lumber and furniture industries. This was somewhat mitigated by continued job losses in the defensedependent aircraft and instruments industries. Among nondurable goods industries, apparel and chemicals continued their patterns of monthly declines. Construction employment, which had grown markedly in the prior 2 months, held steady in December, despite a laterthanaverage survey reference period that probably captured more seasonal layoffs than usual. A large increase in mining employment attributable to the return to work of striking coal miners was partly offset by losses in its oil and gas component. The services industry added 68, jobs in December, after seasonal adjustment. The largest gain took place in personnel supply. Employment gains in health services were smaller than average; hospital employment has not grown since the spring.

10 Retail trade rebounded from a small loss in November and added 32, jobs in December, the majority of them in eating and drinking establishments and auto dealerships. Over the year, retail job growth has totaled 4,. The finance industry had substantial job gains for the fourth consecutive month, with increases totaling 5, since August. Some of the December gains in transportation and government were probably temporary, as air freight companies and the postal service added more workers than normal to meet the holiday rush. Wholesale trade continued the rebound that began in late summer, which has totaled 3, jobs since August. Weekly hours The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in December at 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and overtime hours held at highs of and hours, respectively. (See table C5.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls was up by.2 percent to 2 (982= ) in December. The manufacturing index held steady at 2., as both employment and hours were flat. (See table C6.) Hourly and weekly earnings Average hourly and weekly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls each increased by.2 percent in December, after seasonal adjustment. Before seasonal adjustment, average hourly earnings edged up cent to $.97 and average weekly earnings were up by $2.54 to $38.66 in December. Over the year, hourly earnings increased by 2.5 percent and weekly earnings by 3. percent. (See tables Cl and C7.) Planned Changes for the Household Survey Data With the release of data for January 994, estimates from the Current Population Survey (household survey) will reflect the results of a major redesign of the survey. The redesign was undertaken to obtain more accurate and comprehensive information on the labor force. As part of this effort, the survey questionnaire was revamped to include many new and revised questions regarding individuals 7 employment and unemployment activities, and a fully automated data collection environment is being introduced. In addition to the survey changes, the January data will incorporate the introduction of population estimates carried forward from the 99 census, adjusted for the estimated population undercount. The redesign will necessitate changes in the presentation of household survey data. Several new series will be created; others will no longer be published. Coincident with the introduction of the results of the redesign, several organizational changes will be implemented, effective with the February 994 issue. These include expanded tables of contents and the addition of summary tables, charts, and a tabular index. Moreover, seasonally adjusted data will be presented before the not seasonally adjusted data, and the current B and C tables will be merged as B tables. It is anticipated that these changes will facilitate data location and make Employment and Earnings more "user friendly." A comprehensive discussion of the effects of these changes will appear in the February 994 issue of Employment and Earnings. Scheduled Release Dates Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on the following dates: Reference month Release date Reference month Release date January February 4 April May 6 February March 4 May June 3 March April June July 8

11 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series Robert J. Mclntire The purpose of seasonal adjustment is to eliminate from economic time series the influence of weather, holidays, the opening and closing of schools, and other such seasonal events in order to make it easier to observe and analyze the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. The seasonally which the adjustment process endeavors to eliminate is represented by seasonal factors. The seasonal factors used for current adjustment are estimates of how much the original unadjusted values can be expected to deviate from underlying trendcycle levels due to annually recurring behavior as projected from average seasonal patterns in the recent past. Robert J. Mclntire is an economist and Chief of the Data Development Staff, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Even though seasonally involves regularly recurring patterns, it does tend to change over time, creating a need for periodic reestimation of factors and revision of recently adjusted estimates. By including more recent data in the estimation process, the revision process can provide better estimates of how much the original, unadjusted estimates actually deviated from underlying trendcycle levels during the recent period, thereby improving the historical seasonally adjusted data for that period. In addition, the new information is incorporated to produce the new projected factors to be used for current seasonal adjustment. Therefore, at the end of each calendar year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reestimates the seasonality of the unemployment, employment, and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey by including another full year of data in the estimation process. Based Table. Current seasonal adjustment factors for the 2 major civilian labor force components, JanuaryJune 994 Procedure and series January February March April May June Multiplicative adjustment (Divide factor into original value) Agricultural employment: Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Nonagricultural employment: Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Unemployment: Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Additive adjustment (Subtract factor from original value) Nonagricultural employment: Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Unemployment: Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years

12 on this annual reestimation, BLS issues the projected factors for the first 6 months of the new year as well as revised estimates of historical seasonally adjusted data for the last 5 years. Each year's data are generally subject to five revision cycles before the values are considered final. The fifth and final revisions in the earliest of the 5 years are usually quite small, while the firsttime revisions in the most recent year are generally much more substantial, although even these rarely alter the essential trends observed in the initial major estimates. This year's revisions incorporate data through December and provide revised estimates for January 989 through December for all previously seasonally adjusted labor force series. Table contains the new projected seasonal factors to be applied during the first 6 months of 994 to the 2 component series used in the computation of the seasonally adjusted civilian labor force and unemployment rate. (See the section on aggregation procedures later in the article.) Projected factors for the last 6 months of 994 will be published in the July issue of this publication. Effect of revisions One of the criteria used to evaluate alternative methods of seasonal adjustment is how close initial estimates are to subsequent revisions. Policymakers and analysts must make determinations based on current information, and so it is important that the initial estimates of current factors for the seasonal adjustment of major economic series produce estimates of level and change that are as close as possible to the improved estimates that will be made after more data have become available. Even though the revisions currently being released for the 99 seasonally adjusted data are not final, the first revisions are, as mentioned above, usually the most substantial of the five that will be made and often indicate the direction any subsequent revisions will take. Therefore, it is appropriate to compare these first revisions with the initial estimates. Table 2 shows the civilian unemployment rate for as first computed and as revised, as well as the change due to revision. Rounded to one decimal place as published, the rate changed in 4 of the 2 months, with the absolute effect of the changes never exceeding. percentage point in any of those months. Compared to the initial estimates, the revised rates suggest slightly smoother behavior for the rate during the year. Adjustment methods and procedures The official seasonal adjustment procedure for the labor force series is the Xll ARIMA program, which was developed at Statistics Canada during the 97's as an extension of and improvement to the widely used Xll method developed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the 96's. The Xll ARIMA method improves current estimates for most series by allowing recent observations, especially those of the last 6 months, to weigh more heavily in the estimates of current and recent seasonal factors than did the Xll alone. The method provides this improvement through the use of ARIMA models to extend the data series by 2 months. The Xll algorithm for seasonal adjustment is then applied to the extended series. ARIMA models. ARIMA projections are based only on the past experience observed in a series itself. ARIMA models have proved to have good properties for shortterm projection or extrapolation of a large class of time series, especially in a seasonal adjustment context, since the extrapolations tend to track intrayear movements quite well. The ARIMA models in the Xll ARIMA program used to seasonally adjust the labor force series are of the BoxJenkins type. 2 They can generally be described with the notation: Where: (p,d,q)(p,d,q) TRANSFORMATION, () p is the number of regular (nonseasonal) autoregressive parameters (2) d is the number of regular differences (3) q is the number of regular moving average parameters (4) P is the number of seasonal autoregressive parameters (5) D is the number of seasonal differences (6) Q is the number of seasonal moving average parameters (7) TRANSFORMATION may be NONE, LOG, or POWER(n). While the lettered elements within the parentheses of the model specifications can theoretically take on many values, in practice, only small values are useful. For each labor force series which has been extended based on an ARIMA model, the model has been specifically chosen as well suited to the particular series, based on a set of established criteria. The criteria essentially require a model to: () fit the series well, (2) have low average forecasting errors in the last 3 years prior to the projected year, and (3) produce residuals (the differences between the ob The primary documentation for the Xll ARIMA procedure is the The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No E, January 983). (ARIMA is an acronym for AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average.) The Xll method is described in the The Xll Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program, by Julius Shiskin, Alan Young, and John Musgrave (Technical Paper No. 5, Bureau of the Census, 967). 2 For a more detailed discussion of ARIMA models, refer to previously cited Dagum (983) and to G.E.P. Box and G.M. Jenkins, Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control (San Francisco, Holden Day, 97); and C.W.J. Granger and P. Newbold, Forecasting Economic Time Series (New York, Academic Press, 977).

13 Table 2. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in and change due to revision January... February.. March April May June July August September October... November. December. Month As first computed 7. As revised 7. Change.... This rate reflects the use of seasonal factors projected for December as published in the July issue of Employment and Earnings and was subject to revision before regular publication of December data. served values and the values forecast by the model for the observed period) which follow a random pattern. Acceptable ARIMA models have been identified and were used for 89 of the 25 labor force series which were directly adjusted at the end of, including all 2 major civilian labor force components, whose AEIMA models are shown in table 3. The 26 remaining series for which acceptable models have not been identified were simply run through the Xll part of the program without any ARIMA extrapolations. Xll procedures. The procedures used for adjusting the labor force series within the Xll part of the process were the same as those followed last year. A year time period, including data from January 984 through December, was used for the adjustment of all the labor force series. The Xll method of seasonal adjustment contained in the Xll ARIMA procedure assumes that the original series, including the 2 extrapolated observations if an ARIMA model has been applied, is either the product or the sum of three components trendcycle, seasonal, and irregular. The method uses either a ratioto or difference frommovingaverage approach to estimate the components, depending on whether the multiplicative or additive model is used. The seasonally adjusted series values are computed by dividing each month's original value by the corresponding seasonal factor if the multiplicative model is used, or by subtracting the factor if the additive model is used. Of the 2 major civilian labor force components, the 4 teenage unemployment and nonagricultural employment series were adjusted using the additive model, and the other 8 series with the multiplicative model. Of all the 25 directly adjusted series, 5 were adjusted with the additive model, including most teenage employment and unemployment series, for which the seasonal components were found to be fairly independent of the trendcycle. Movingholiday adjustment. Three of the series directly adjusted with multiplicative models were seasonally adjusted using the movingholiday extension of Xll ARIMA which was developed at BLS. These three series, all relating to persons "at work" (that is, excluding those employed persons "with a job not at work"), had tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data related to the timing of Easter. The series are: ( and 2) at work on parttime schedules for noneconomic reasons, usually work part time, all industries and nonagricultural industries, both of which are published monthly in seasonally adjusted form; and (3) at work on fulltime schedules, nonagricultural industries, a formerly published seasonally adjusted series. A detailed discussion of the nature of the Easter effect in these series and of the procedure used to control for it as part of the seasonal adjustment process was included in the January 99 version of this article. Sixmonth updates. The current official practice for the seasonal adjustment of the labor force series involves the running of all directly adjusted series through Xll ARIMA twice each year, after receipt of June and December data, with 6 months of projected factors drawn from each run and historical revisions drawn from the endofyear run. This practice allows, among other things, the prior publication of seasonal factors, which historically has been regarded by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and other statistical agencies as an important way of ensuring the openness of their seasonal adjustment procedures, especially where very sensitive indicators such as the unem Table 3. ARIMA models used in endof seasonal adjustment for the 2 major civilian labor force components Series Agricultural employment: Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Nonagricultural employment: Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Unemployment: Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Model (,,)(,,) (,,4)(,,) (,,2)(,,) (2,,2)(,,) (,,)(,,) (,,4X,,) (2,,X,,) (2,,X,,) (,,3)(,,) (,,3)(,,) (,,2)(,,) (,,2X,,) Transformation LOG LOG NONE NONE LOG LOG NONE NONE LOG LOG NONE NONE

14 ployment rate have been involved. A number of research studies, including a 987 paper on the labor force series, 3 have indicated that the alternative practice of concurrent adjustment, where the seasonal adjustment procedure is run with all available data each month and factors cannot be published ahead of time, generally produces initial seasonally adjusted estimates requiring smaller revisions than those produced by adjustment using projected factors. The BLS is continuing to evaluate concurrent adjustment for the labor force series. Aggregation procedures BLS maintains and publishes several hundred seasonally adjusted labor force series in addition to the 25 directly adjusted series discussed above. These additional series are produced by arithmetically combining or aggregating the directly adjusted series with each other or, in some cases, with series on population or resident Armed Forces levels, which are not seasonally adjusted because they are not considered to have any significant seasonal variation. For example, the seasonally adjusted levels of total unemployment, civilian employment, and civilian labor force, and the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for all civilian workers, are all produced by aggregation of some or all of the seasonally adjusted results for the 2 major civilian labor force components. The seasonally adjusted level of total unemployment is the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of unemployment for the four agesex groups men and women 6 to 9, and men and women 2 years and over. Seasonally adjusted civilian employment is the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of employment for the eight employment components the same four agesex groups as noted above employed in nonagricultural and agricultural industries. The seasonally adjusted civilian labor force is the sum of all 2 components. The seasonally adjusted civilian unemployment rate is calculated by taking the total seasonally adjusted unemployment level as a percent of the total seasonally adjusted civilian labor force. The principal reason for producing many of the major seasonally adjusted estimates for the labor force by aggregation rather than by direct adjustment is that this approach ensures that the major seasonally adjusted totals 3 G.R. Methee and R.J. Mclntire, "An Evaluation of Concurrent Seasonal Adjustment for the Major Labor Force Series," in the 987 Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association; copies of a more complete version of the paper can be obtained directly from the authors at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. will be arithmetically consistent with at least one major set of components. If the totals were directly adjusted along with the components, such consistency would not, in all likelihood, occur, since the Xll is not a sumpreserving procedure; that is, the sum of the result for two or more directly adjusted series will not generally be the same as the result of directly adjusting the sum of the unadjusted versions of the same series. Another factor is that it would generally be inappropriate to apply seasonal factors computed for an aggregate series to the components of the aggregate. The various labor force components tend to have significantly different patterns of seasonal variation; for example, teenage unemployment tends to peak in June, while unemployment of adult men tends to peak in the winter months of January and February. In order to estimate properly these varying seasonal patterns, it is necessary to adjust the components directly. Of course, one of the implications of producing seasonally adjusted estimates for many major series by aggregation is that exact factors cannot be projected for those series. However, implicit seasonal adjustment factors can be calculated after the fact by taking the ratio of the unadjusted aggregate to the seasonally adjusted aggregate, or, for additive implicit factors, the difference between those two aggregates. Availability of revised series This issue of Employment and Earnings contains revised data for the last 3 months and quarters for many seasonally adjusted labor force series. Next month's issue will provide the revisions for a few hundred of the seasonally adjusted monthly labor force series most in demand. The revisions replace the data published in the February issue for and the seasonally adjusted estimates for published during the past year. The seasonally adjusted data last published for 988 and earlier years were not further revised. Additional data for any of the several hundred seasonally adjusted labor force series, as well as the January June 994 factors for any of the directly adjusted series beyond the 2 major components, can be obtained from BLS upon request. Requests for data or inquiries concerning seasonal adjustment methods or the availability of machine readable files of labor force data should be addressed to the Data Development Staff, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC

15 HISTORICAL A. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 96 to date (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Year and month Noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Resident Armed Forces Civilian Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages I ,6 2,67 22,24 24,422 26,53 28,459 3,8 32,92 34,28 36,573 7,489 72,359 72,675 73,839 75,9 76,4 77,892 79,565 8,99 82, ,639 67,646 68,763 69,768 7,323 73,34 75,7 76,59 78,73 8,4,86,9 2,6 2,6 2,8,946 2,22 2,28 2,253 2,238 65,778 65,746 66,72 67,762 69,35 7,88 72,895 74,372 75,92 77,92 5,458 5,2 4,944 4,687 4,523 4,36 3,979 3,844 3,87 3,66 6,38 6,546 6,759 63,76 64,782 66,726 68,95 7,527 72,3 74,296 3,852 4,74 3,9 4,7 3,786 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,87 2, ,67 48,32 49,539 5,583 5,394 52,58 52,288 52,527 53,29 53, ,23 42,89 45,939 48,87 5,84 54,83 57,88 6,689 63,54 66,46 84,889 86,355 88,847 9,23 93,67 95,453 97,826,665 3,882 6, ,796 8,34 83,966 86,838 88,55 87,524 9,42 93,673 97,679,42 2,8,973,83,774,72,678,668,656,63,597 78,678 79,367 82,53 85,64 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,7 96,48 98,824 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,47 3,55 3,48 3,33 3,283 3,387 3,347 75,25 75,972 78,669 8,594 83,279 82,438 85,42 88,734 92,66 95,477 4,93 5,6 4,882 4,365 5,56 7,929 7,46 6,99 6,22 6, ,35 55,834 57,9 57,667 58,7 59,377 59,99 6,25 59,659 59, Q ,349 7,775 73,939 75,89 78,8 79,92 82,293 84,49 86,322 88,8 8,544,35,872 3,226 5,24 7,67 9,54 2,62 23,378 25, ,97 2,42,94 2,5 6,72 8,856,33 4,77 6,677 9,3,64,645,668,676,697,76,76,737,79 f688 99,33,397 99,526,834 5,5 7,5 9,597 2,44 4,968 7,342 3,364 3,368 3,4 3,383 3,32 3,79 3,63 3,28 3,69 3,99 95,938 97,3 96,25 97,45,685 3,97 6,434 9,232,8 4,42 7,637 8,273,678,77 8,539 8,32 8,237 7,425 6,7 6, ,86 6,46 62,67 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62, ,686 9,329 93,42 95,34 26,424 26,867 28,548 29, ,55 8,44 9,64 2,79,637,564,566,485 7,94 6,877 7,598 9,36 3,86 3,233 3,27 3,74 4,728 3,644 4,39 6,232 6,874 8,426 9,384 8,734 63,262 64,462 64,593 65,59 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : December 94,26 28, ,672,57 8,55 3,222 4,933 9,34 65,4 : January February March April May June July August September October November December 94,59 94,298 94,456 94,68 94,767 94,933 95,4 95,275 95,453 95,626 95,79 95,933 28,739 28,92 28,937 29,3 29,559 29,533 29,573 29,86 29,59 3,55 3,32 3, ,693 9,954 2,59 2,77 2,664 2,664 2,84 2,74 2,5 2,46 2,82 22,22,55,52,497,492,484,477,47,482,482,475,47,46 8,78 8,442 8,562 8,585 9,8 9,87 9,37 9,692 9,568 9,94 2,332 2,66 3,82 3,6 3,99 3,7 3,74 3,3 3,43 3,5 3,93 3,2 3,4 3,96 4,996 5,326 5,463 5,54 6,6 6,56 6,327 6,687 6,475 6,92 7,28 7,565 9,46 8,958 8,878 8,954 8,895 8,869 8,732 8,642 8,54 8,639 8,33 8,237 65,42 65,386 65,59 65,587 65,28 65,4 65,53 65,459 65,863 65,57 65,659 65,574 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. 2 The populatipn and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted household survey data shown in tables A, 2, 3 and 3253 have been revised based on the experience through December. Data for are subject to revision. See the article in this issue for additional information. 3

16 HISTORICAL A2. Employment status of the nonlnstltutional population 6 years and over by sex, 982 to date (Numbers in thousands) Labor force and month Noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Resident Armed Forces Civilian Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent rrf labor force Not in labor force Annual averages MEN ,52 84,64 85,56 86,25 87,349 88,476 89,44 9,283 63,979 64,58 65,386 65,967 66,973 67,784 68,474 69, ,8 58,32 6,642 6,447 62,443 63,684 64,82 65,835,529,533,55,556,55,577,547,52 56,27 56,787 59,9 59,89 6,892 62, ,35 2, ,668 2,535 2, ,493 2, ,83 56,423 57,356 58,38 59,564 6,78 6,82 6,79 6,26 4,744 4,52 4,53 4, 3,655 3, ,73 9,484 9,77 2,58 2,376 2,692 2,93 2, , 9,22 9,95 92,945 93,949 69,75 69,8 7,588 7, ,96 64,992 65,29 66,3,472,399,44,329 64,435 63,593 63,85 64,7 2,57 2, ,438 6,928 6,4 6,27 62,263 3,799 4,87 5,38 4, ,47 22,4 22,356 22,987 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : December 93,42 7, ,538,36 64, ,65 5,2 22,68 : January February March Aoril May June Jy y August September October November December 93,488 93,563 93,646 93,73 93,89 93,896 93,986 94,76 94,69 94,26 94,347 94,42 7,572 7,75 7,844 7,852 7,33 7,6 7,47 7,74 7,96 7,39 7,44 7, ,595 65,684 65,697 65,754 66,7 65,965 66,45 66,23 66,82 66,29 66,458 66,564,358,355,342,338,33,323,37,327,326,39, ,237 64,329 64,355 64,46 64, , , ,46 2,447 2, ,352 2,455 2,376 2,48 2,46 6,77 6,88 6,94 6,955 62,24 62,244 62,337 62,552 62,3 62,595 62,663 62,798 4,977 5,67 5,47 5,98 5,6 5,4 5,2 4,943 4,824 4,849 4,586 4, ,96 22,82 22,82 22,879 22,776 22,89 22,939 22,92 23,263 23,2 23,33 23,33 Annual averages WOMEN 9,887 9,827 92,924 93,886 94,944 96,3 96,98 97,798 47,894 48,646 49,855 5,2 52,568 53,88 54,94 56, ,395 44,9 46,6 47, ,494 5,858 53, ,256 44,47 45,95 47,259 48,76 5,334 5,696 53, ,59 43,367 45,262 46,65 48,54 49,668 5,2 52,34 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,79 3, ,46 3, ,993 43,8 43,68 42, ,95 42,4 4, ,564 99,378,97,85 56,79 57,57 57,96 58, ,644 53,448 53,955 54, ,479 53,284 53,793 54, ,8 52,62 53,2 53,97 3,75 3,69 4,5 3,8 4,845 42,32 42,237 42,522 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : December,66 58, , , ,38 4, ,359 :* January February March April May june July August September October November December,67,734,89,887,959,37,9,99,284,366,444,52 58,67 58,6 58,93 58,79 58,526 58,527 58,526 58,642 58,684 58,96 59,88 59, ,98 54,27 54,362 54,323 54,647 54,699 54,796 54,943 54,968 55,26 55,344 55, ,94 54,3 54,27 54,69 54,493 54,545 54,642 54,788 54,82 54,97 55,88 55, ,289 53,58 53,559 53,559 53,866 53,92 53,99 54,35 54,74 54,325 54,555 54,767 4,69 3,89 3,73 3,856 3,879 3,828 3,73 3,699 3,76 3,79 3,744 3,683 42,54 42,573 42,76 42,78 42,433 42,5 42,593 42,557 42,6 42, Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. 2 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 4

17 HISTORICAL A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 96 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year and month Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rates Men Women Annual averages I ,245 8,77 2,53 22,46 24,485 26,53 28,58 29,874 32,28 34,335 69,628 7,459 7,64 7,833 73,9 74,455 75,77 77,347 78,737 8, ,778 65,746 66,72 67,762 69,35 7,88 72,895 74,372 75,92 77,92 3,852 4,74 3,9 4,7 3,786 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,87 2, ,85 4,26 44,26 47,96 5,2 53,53 56,5 59,33 6,9 64,863 82,77 84,382 87,34 89,429 9,949 93,775 96,58 99,9 2,25 4, ,678 79,367 82,53 85,64 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,7 96,48 98,824 4,93 5,6 4,882 4,365 5,56 7,929 7,46 6,99 6,22 6, ' ,745 7,3 72,27 74,25 76,383 78,26 8,587 82,753 84,63 86,393 6,94 8,67,24,55 3,544 5,46 7,834 9,865 2,669 23, ,33,397 99,526,834 5,5 7,5 9,597 2,44 4,968 7,342 7,637 8,273,678,77 8,539 8,32 8,237 7,425 6,7 6, ,49 89,765 9,576 93,55 24,787 25,33 26,982 28, ,94 6,877 7,598 9,36 6,874 8,426 9,384 8, Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : December 92,59 27, ,55 9, : January February March April May June July August September October November December 92,644 92,786 92,959 93,26 93,283 93,456 93,633 93,793 93,97 94,5 94,32 94,472 27,224 27,4 27,44 27,539 28,75 28,56 28,2 28,334 28,8 28,58 28,662 28, ,78 8,442 8,562 8,585 9,8 9,87 9,37 9,692 9,568 9,94 2,332 2,66 9,46 8,958 8,878 8,954 8,895 8,869 8,732 8,642 8,54 8,639 8,33 8, Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

18 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 94,472 3,335 6,78 6,556 7,47,38 4,65 8,969 22,97 4,763 2,627 9,36 29,48 6,33 3,67 2,39,869,7 3,32 9,996 8,66 2,79 28,4 6,398 2,62 3,797 3,22 93,328 34,4 5,997 8,43 34,69 8,286 6,333 24,39 3,88,5,855 7,323 4,532 3,599 2, ,636 5,393 2,77 3,27 2,45 88,358 32,235 4,88 7,354 32,85 7,248 5,567 23,38 3,25,93,365 7,7 4,348 3,475 2, ,764, ,75 4,97 2,66,7,49,84,38 766, ,7 6,937 4,78 2,759 4,249 7,98 6,665 2,97 3,693 6,44 3,34 2,84 5,7 2,55 2,666 9,84 3,546 5,638 27,72 7,872 7,696 2,52 23, ,248,89 4,92,785 2,47 3,728 2,2,69 2,899,464,435 3,463,583,88 7, 2,82,938 3,92 9,68 6,46 3,89 2,57 2,7, , , , , , ,692, , , ,68,46 3,274 9,225 5,465 5,45 8,3 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 93,6 6,743 3,463 3,28 8,576 54,67 2,263 9,333,93 2,6,669 9,39 4,346 7,935 6,4 9,968 5,87 4,782 3,59 4,556 3,799 4,84 69,39 3,246,35,94 6,938 5,533 8,955 8,725,23 8,63 9,94 8,672 2,964 7,299 5,665 6,54 3,967 2,573 2,6, ,99 2,654,7,585 6,276 47,783 7,769 8,9 9,65 7,64 9,389 8,225 2,399 6,978 5,42 6,23 3,768 2,462,977, , ,75, ,798 3,497 2,58,339,638 4,37, , , ,429,22 2,29,97 3,359 3,259 4, ,859 3,26 2,62,44, , , , , , ,92,45 3,53 3,92 4,7 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over.,356 6,592 3,36 3,276 8,893 56,638 2,82 9,636,66 2,72,958 9,745 5,34 8,378 6,756,7 5,683 5,388 8,6 5,44 4,87 7,95 59,82 3,52,297,855 6,282 42,795 5,445 7,272 8,73 6,5 8,345 7,66,345 6,58 4,836 5,35 3,356,959, ,77 2,739,7,632 5,77 4,576 4,466 6,762 7,74 5,2 7,859 7,342,99 6,238 4,67 5,35 3,249,886, , , ,273 3,44 2,2,42 2,6 3,843 5,357 2,364 2,993 4,697 2,63 2,84 3,789,92 5,756 2,326 3,429 6,624 4,54 4,437 7,673 22, ,25,43 4,55,734 2,32 3,588 2,46,543 2,787,44,382 3,44,555,848 6,966 2,38,93 3,5 4,749 2,84,828,3, , , , ,93 54,363 8,8 2,3 2,358 4,4 6

19 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons WHITE 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 64,56,645 5,44 5,24 4,28 93,6 34,58 5,634 8,424 34,359 8,52 6,26 25,84 3,955,229 8,7 9,334 8,836 27,972 8,844 7,636,492 9,576 5,533 2,269 3,264,47 79,327 28,889 3,372 5,57 29,454 5,5 3,955 2,984,93 9,53,46 6,4 4,5 3,263, ,733 4,797,942 2,854,25 75,558 27,28 2,532 4,747 28,84 4,79 3,365 2,94,464 8,73,3 6,58 3,855 3,6, , ,769, , ,939 5,2 3,35,977 3,8 4,274 5,69 2,263 2,96 4,94 2,653 2,252 4,2 2,24 2,76 7,764 2,933 4,83 24,79 6,95 6,85,989 9, ,979 3,433,444,989 3,6,779,327 2,44,22,22 2,979,349,63 6,478,854,766 2,857 7,6 4,5 2,938,562, , , , , , , ,4,7 2,834 7,26 4,82 4,89 7,55 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 79,46 5,42 2,77 2,633 6,979 46,538 7,22 7,793 9,229 7,33 9,83 8,5 2,383 6,885 5,498 8,7 4,53 4,98,796 4,59 3,385 4,352 59,876 2,89,36,673 5,794 43,585 6,48 7,389 8,759 6,97 8,583 7,54,34 6,44 4,936 5,84 3,55 2,288,885, ,463 2, ,45 5,34 4,439 5,226 6,9 8,35 5,36 8,54 7,62,897 6,57 4,739 5,545 3,35 2,95,83, , , ,54 2,593, ,85 2, , , , ,99 9,9 2,97 2,885 4, ,644 2,399, , , , ,392 75,677 9,367 2,8 2,758 3,798 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 85, 5,242 2,634 2,68 7,49 47,63 7,36 7,84 9,94 7,225 9,69 8,57 2,8 7,7 5,73 9,469 4,83 4,639 6,76 4,784 4,252 7,4 49,7 2,723,33,59 5,254 35,742 2,74 5,983 6,758 3,357 6,97 6,44 9,644 5,527 4,7 4,62 2,886,77, ,269 2, ,449 4,9 34,9 2,54 5,622 6,432 2,768 6,565 6,23 9,297 5,36 3,99 4,467 2,88,66, , , ,399 2,59,5,8,896,32 4,295,859 2,436 3,868 2,52,76 3,57,543,64 4,867,945 2,922 4,798 3,944 3,92 6,933 9, ,733 3,355,45,94 3,8,728,29 2,36,8,79 2,93,328,64 6,358,89,742 2,796 3,473 2,, , , , ,62 455,57 7,759,99 2,5 3,77 7

20 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons BLACK 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 22,54 2,8,86,22 2,494 3, 5,3 2,544 2,766 4,689 2,566 2,23 3,,638,374 2,2,67,34 2, ,7 3, ,654,272 4,94 2,3 2,9 3,79 2,79,72 2,288,297 99, , ,374 9,338 3,748,772,976 3,45,874,576 2,4,24 936, , ) 8,569, ,738, , , , , ,763, , , , Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over.,68, ,63 5,87 2,422,6,26 2,2,59 953, , , ,927 2,85,9,76, , , ,47, , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 2,337, ,33 7,39 2,888,383,55 2,577,46,7, , , , ,345 2,9 994,5 2,7,6 9, , ,867, ,3, , , , , , , , Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 8

21 A5. Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex (Numbers in thousands) December NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Age and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not Hi labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 29,956 2,69,376,35 3,342 7,77 7,7 3,334 3,673 6,44 3,474 2,93 4,296 2,358,938 2,869,536,334 3,348,52 969,226 8, ,73 4, 5,52 2,626 2,886 5,64 2,786 2,378 3,325,877,448, , ,84 2,8 4,955 2,348 2,67 4,73 2,529 2,22 3,4,752,363, , ,62 2,645 4,893 2,38 2,585 4,676 2,5 2,76 3,76,735,34, , , ,32,825,43 782,68 3,76, , , , ,63 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 3,7, ,597 8,32 3,24,54,72 2,927,586,342,963,5 93, , , ,44 6,948 2,87,336,47 2,56,358,58, , ,343 2,543,28,334 2,298,235,63, , ,22 2,482,68,34 2,25,26, ) O 4, , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 6,256, ,744 9,575 3,766,795,97 3,477,889,588 2,333,37,25, , , ,29 7,53 2,74,29,45 2,648,428,22, , ,457 2,42,4,272 2,433,294,38, , ,444 2,4,4,27 2,426,294,32, , ,522, , Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 9

22 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A6. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstltutlonal population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Men, 2 years and Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 92,59 26,92 6 8,73 2,93 5,42 8,829 65,67 94,472 28,4 6 2,636 2,837 7,8 7,764 66,7 85,369 65,59 7 6,26 2,84 58,942 4,383 9,86 86,373 66, ,265 2,46 6,9 3,87 2,3 93,96 54, , ,36 3,39 38,963 94,764 55, , ,43 2,952 38,833 3,8 6, , ,64, ,785 3,335 6, , ,25,5 6,937 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 63,259 8,39 6,847 2,733 99,4 6,543 54,869 64,56 9, ,733 2,69,4 5,844 54,939 73,372 56, ,359 2,23 5,336 3,376 6,636 74,4 57, ,2,956 52,46 2,965 6,947 79,37 46, , ,324 2, ,52 79,857 46, , ,3 2, ,88,57 5, , , ,8,645 5, , , ,2 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 22,3 3, ,959 38,82, ,279 22,54 3,935 2, ,263,529. 8,569 8,942 6, , , ,522 9,8 6, , , ,684,8 6, , , ,48,278 6, ,7 3 6, ,454 2, ,339 2, ,43 2

23 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) December Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 6,3,498 5,532 7,556 4,324 3, ,768 3,73 3,65, ,483 3,38 2, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 7,865 8,65 6,955,2 3,9 4,548 3,474, ,52 4,247 3,22,35 23, ,398 3,85 2, Men, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 8,69 5,363 2,86 3,722 2,9, ,27,755, ,576,57, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 4,25 3,953 3,47 536,56 2,6, ,286,984, ,23,363, Women, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 7,862 5,35 2,727 3,835 2,26, ,497,948, ,97,8, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 3,65 4,22 3, ,448 2,387, ,234 2,263, ,85,722, White, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 2,82 8,355 4,448 6,5 3,782 2, ,957 3,36 2,64, ,843 3,37, Men Women 6,523 6,279 3,82 3, ,863 3, ,263 2, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 6,37 6,666 5,646,9 2,587 3,923 2, ,227 3,73 2, , ,28 2,75 2, Black, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 2,32, Men Women,64, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students, Hispanic origin, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years,488, Men Women High school College Fulltime students Parttime students ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 2

24 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 4,774 2,837,937 2,63 2, ,67,69 8,98 8,782,7 7,665, ,35,39 383,8, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 3,26 6,746 3,326,487 2,5 5,66 2,995, ,575 4,892 2,824,379,97 3,985 2,356, Men, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 7,5,38 5,77 6,463,38 5, , ,76 4, , Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates,648 3,365,528 6,35 3,68, ,79 2,633, ,3, Women, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 7,624,457 6,67 5, , ,2 79 4,22 3, ,364, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates,568 3,38, ,548, ,259, ,675, White, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years,97 2,29 9,68,69,75 8, ,45,48 7,565 7,57,4 6,53, ,62, Men Women. 5,858 6,2 5,42 4, ,83 4,242 4,26 3, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 2,48 5,369 2,789,332,638 4,6 2,53, ,32 4,76 2,42,245,2 3,352 2,24, Black, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 2,29 462,828,6 27, ,283 66, Men Women.,48, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 58, Hispanic origin, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 2,47 465,582,5 297, , ,62, Men Women., Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,. NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and 22 college students into that group. Educational attainment levels, beginning January, have been revised to reflect degrees or diplomas received rather than years of school completed. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

25 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 35 years and over 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 5 years and over 7,89 6, ,487 2,797,764 7,99 5, , 3, 2,73 7,6 5, ,283 2,66,34 7,8 5,34 586,943 2,8,668 6,59 5, ,29 2,49,28 6,676 5,7 546,89 2,75, NONVETERANS, 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 9,849 8,87 6,495 4,483 2,866 9,6 7,53 4,77 8,58 8,362 6,6 4,87 9,294 8,5 6,53 4,29 7,463 7,825 5,769 3,869 8,337 8,67 6,89 4,8, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. 23

26 24 Digitized for FRASER NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race (In thousands) December Sex, age, and race Full time Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons, usually work full time Part time Voluntary Part time for economic reasons, usually work part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL, 6 years and over, 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 98,995,439 3,325 97,556 8,628 88,928 77,932,997 96,99,363 6,258 95,627 8,399 87,227 76,58,72 2, ,93 229,7, ,642 3,955 2,63,89 7,687 3,48 4,269,427 3,843 7,557 3,625 2,6,69 3,93 2,7,23 7,824 3,45 4, , ,4 2, , , ,59 4, , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 57, ,794 4,8 5,983 45,39 6,593 56, ,582 4,683 5,9 44,492 6,48,253 42,2 28, ,284,83 5,47,465 4,6 2,393,63 5,682,67 4,2,6 2,85,396,455,62 43,46 34, , , ,988 2, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 4, ,763 3,88 36,945 32,542 4,43 4, ,44 3,77 36,328 32,5 4, ,357 2,42 2,25,952,263 8,34 2,229,875,955 9,99,54 8,379 6,428,95 2, ,296 42,884, , , ,7, White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, ,57 4,9 45,46 39,532 5,885 49, ,493 3,98 44,53 38,797 5,76,57 43, ,86,59 4,595,24 3,38,97,474 4,953,474 3, ,494,47,347,233 7, , , ,345 2, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 34, ,68 3,247 3,82 27,6 3,84 34, ,56 3,72 3,334 26,68 3, ,679,92,767,654 9,3 7,2 2,,662,757 8,95,38 7,597 5,8,786 2,7 55, ,56, ,858 93, ,49, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , ,634 4, , ,2 52 4,5 4, \ Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , ,663 4, , , ,552 4, ,228 76, persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time.

27 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Family relationship Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons, 6 years and over, ,322 6,8 5,824 8,75 8,563 3,234 2,322 Husbands With employed wife With unemployed wife With wife not in labor force 4,3 27,66,96, ,775 26, ,33, ,9 2, , , ,25 2,8 79 8,64 Wives With employed husband With unemployed husband With husband not in labor force 3,694 27,642,4 2, ,468 26, ,88, ,625, ,7 4,29 9, , ,329, ,958 Relatives in marriedcouple families 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over,988 3,98 4,292 3, ,697 3,477 3,933 3,287, ,855 4,439,647, ,476 4,85, , Women who maintain families 7, , ,349 2, ,256 Relatives in families maintained by women 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 5,545,224,53 2, , ,336 2, ,6, , ,74, , Men who maintain families 2, , Relatives in families maintained by men..., 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over, , , , , Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Estimates shown in this table for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. 25

28 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 6,58 2, ,252 4,399, , ,77, ,386 3,365,334 72, White, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,848, ,558 3,43,4 56, ,695, ,43, Black, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) , 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,574, ,45, ,684, ,44, White, 25 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,82, ,476, ,987, , Black, 25 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married)

29 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A2. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Men Women, 6 years and over 8,829 7,764 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 2, ,42, Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,73, , O O Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers, , O 8.2 Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 27

30 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Industry Men Women, 6 years and over 8,829 7,764 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 6,858 6, Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery and computing equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries, , Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries ,839 33,525 36, , , , , , Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers No previous work experience

31 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason for unemployment unemployed Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 8,829 5,42,276 3, ,7 8 7,764 4,492,45 3, , ,383 3, , ,87 2,74 757, ,39, ,36 372, ,952, , , , ,543 3,949,63 2,886 7, ,844 3, ,57 647,27 42,893, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants

32 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) December unemployed Duration of unemployment Reason, sex, and age Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over, 6 years and over... 7, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4,492,45 3, , Men, 2 years and over 3, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,74 757, Women, 2 years and over 2, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants, , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, Job losers... On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants Data not shown where base is less than 75,. A6. persons by duration of unemployment Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution 6 vears and over 8,829 7,764 7,233 6,433 R tn 4 weeks tn 4 wppks 5 to 26 weeks 97 to 5 weeks *SP weeks and over 2,757 2,736, ,336,434,9 749,52 2,764 2,297, ,73,7, ,975 2,245, ,3,266, ,53 2,96,888, , , AvorAnp fm^n) duration in weeks MpHian duration in weeks

33 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Sex, age, race, and marital status Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over December, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,764,5,75 2,66,84, , , , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, , , , , O Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , White, 6 years and over Men Women 5,844 3,43 2,43 2,95, , , Black, 6 years and over Men Women, Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married), , Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),334 72, Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 3

34 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Occupation and industry Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over December OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 867,837,88,69, INDUSTRY Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Public administration , ,7 2, No previous work experience Includes wage and salary workers only. 32

35 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used December Sex, age, and race Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,764,5,75 2,66,84, ,547 96,26,783, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , O O White, 6 years and over... Men Women 5,844 3,43 2,43 4,79 2,699 2, Black, 6 years and over. Men Women, , Data not shown where base is less than 75,. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 3 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than because many jobseekers use more than one method. A2. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used December Sex and reason Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used 6 vears and over loh losers Job leavers New entrants 7,764 4, , ,547 3,33 83, Men 6 vears and over =. loh losers Joh leavers New entrants 4,399 2, ,589 2, Women 6 vears and over Job losers lob leavers Reentrants 3,365, , ,958,95 4, Data on the number of jobseekers and the jobsearch methods used exclude persons on layoff. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 3 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than because many jobseekers use more than one method. 33

36 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A2. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex (In thousands) Men Women Industry and age All industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,73 5,26 2,7 3,253 2, 86,29 32,328 3,875 2,826,252 6,792 4,46 3,422 2,636 5,393 2,77 3,27 2,45 88,358 32,235 32,85 23,38,365 7,7 4,348 3,475 63,89 2,683,,682 6,32 46,57 7,72 7,59,69 6,26 3,759 2,52,976 64,99 2,654,7,585 6,276 47,783 7,769 7,64 2,399 6,23 3,768 2,462,977 54,264 2,577,6,57 5,79 39,459 4,67 4,76,36 4,992 3,33,959,446 55,77 2,739,7,632 5,77 4,576 4,466 5,2,99 5,35 3,249,886,497 Agriculture 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 2, , , , , , , , Nonagricultural industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 5,42 5,64,93 3,33,84 84,252 3,586 3,283 2,382,85 6,59 4,26 3,6 7,8 5,25 2,3 3,37,762 86,55 3,499 32,47 22,95,989 6,82 4,78 3,249 6,47 2, ,594 6,74 45,99 7,42 6,692,364 5,98 3,59 2,327,75 62,658 2,539,8,52 6,63 46,358 7,8 7,7 2,7 5,92 3,69 2,3,778 53,672 2, ,54 5,74 39,53 4,444 4,59,8 4,933 3,,934,49 55,42 2,7,94,67 5,699 4,92 4,39 5,75,797 5,7 3,22,868,47 34

37 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A22. civilians by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Men Women Occupation Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 6 years and over 3,679 4,8 647,278 3,886 6,869, , , ,6 6 years and over 2 years and over 6 years and over 2 years and over 8,73 2,636 63,89 64,99 6,26 62,265 54,264 55,77 5,688 52,978 32,92 5,62 65,838 4,23 7,38,687, , , ,24 6,523 8, ,39,84 7,98, , ,45 7,83 8, ,677,92 8,29, , ,42 6,45 8, ,368,837 7,862, , ,4 7,2 8, ,646,92 8,79, , ,8 5,56 6, ,887 2,45 8, , , ,6 5,837 6, ,6 2,23 9, , , ,99 5,4 6, ,855 2,4 8, , , ,26 5,79 6, ,34 2,96 9, , ,3 73 2,59 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Manufacturing industries Durable goods Nondurable goods Nonmanufacturing industries Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 36,846 4,69,499,22,447 4,35 3,865 2,232,685 6, , ,245 2, ,65 6, ,2 3,94 5,567 2,77 2,95 2,6 3,223 4,465 4,8 3,959 7,3 7,54 6,88 3,353 2,734,452 4,874 3,73,6 4, ,3 3,74,33,94 37,425 3,927,568,35,223 4,96 4,285 2,387,447 6, , ,998 2, ,32 6, ,3 3,79 5,848 2,32 2,98 2,64 3,373 4,46 4,82 4,9 7,269 7,52 6,93 3,39 2,72,48 5,38 4,3,7 4, ,968 2,933,65,869 3,85 2, ,397 2,56,34,322 2, , ,375 6,645 39,87 4,8 2, ,74 5 2,8 4,335 4,725 3,2 2,778 4,569 3,62 2,33, ,49 3,293,26 3, ,222 2, ,64 3,4, ,477 2,654,39,2 2, , ,53 6,795 44,763 4,988 2,465 3, ,2 4,32 4,77 3,2 3,28 4,652 3,772 2,44, ,657 3,585,72 3, ,82 2,492 95,577 2,553, ,99 2,483,3,299, , ,226 5,8 26,78 3,994,72 228,67 457,875 4,256 4,634 2,985 2,22 4,448 3,53 2,247, ,364 3,247,7 3, ,677 2, ,475 2,774, ,63 2,63,382,,89 5 3, ,388 6,6 3,744 4,23, , ,93 4,222 4,637 3,73 2,26 4,496 3,685 2,35, ,565 3,54,6 3,45 6 2,545 2,345 9,436 23,66 2,36, ,954, , , ,84 2, ,23 9, ,395 3,22,83,246 2,99, ,253 2,97 2,468,4, ,24,98, ,439, , , ,97, ,52 9, ,72 3,383 2,,23 2,34, ,24 2,86 2, , ,337 2,9 t, ,92, , , ,77 2, ,93 8, ,62 2,698,766,7,969, ,3 2,95 2,424,3, ,596,958, ,434, , , ,822, ,232 8, ,892 2,83,928,62,988, ,76 2,8 2,28 966,

38 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A23. civilians by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race 'Men Women TOTAL, 6 years and over (thousands). Percent 8,73 2,636 63,89 64,99 54,264 55,77 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. Farming, forestry, and fishing White, 6 years and over (thousands). Percent,847 3,733 55,74 56,463 46,33 47,269 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black, 6 years and over (thousands). Percent,959 2,46 5,838 6, 6,22 6,45 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing

39 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A24. civilians by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) December Nonagricultural industries Agriculture Age and sex Wage and salary workers Private household workers Government Other Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,552 5,72 2,79 3,93,486 29,682 29,333 2,72 9,572 5,996 3,576 2,594, , ,68 4,9 5,763 4,962 2,77, ,783 4,796,98 2,888,298 25,338 23,367 5,574 7,343 4,59 2,752 2,67 9, ,779 2,754 2,42, , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 56,838 2,54,4,5 5,96 6,72 5,264,74 4,986 3,83,93, , ,983 2,435 2, ,46 2, ,434 5,49 4,73 2,83 8,533 4,43 2,523,52,48 5, ,,84, , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 5,74 2,668,75,592 5,57 3,6 4,69 9,97 4,586 2,93,673, , ,27 3,328 2,766, ,367 2,49 955,454 4,88,265,554 7,4 3,299 2,68, ,

40 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A25. civilians by industry and occupation (In thousands) Industry employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical December Service occupations Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 2, ,9 9,58,48 8,99 8,575 25,4 4,494 2,97 7,94 42,676,6 4,66 29,25 5, ,49,479,,72 2,65 467,598 2,23 5,45 5,46 3,423, ,643, ,28 3,28, ,32 3 2,39, ,97,885 9,3,965,4, ,66, ,288 2,87 72,485 2,92 6,96 3 6,947 5,229, , , , ,496 5,282, ,66 3,898 2,669,229,222,455 36,39 6,996, ,93 3,39 2, ,56, , ,938 37, , Includes protective service, not shown separately. A26. civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status (In thousands) All industries Nonagricultural industries Reason not working and sex Wage and salary workers Paid absences Unpaid absences, 6 years and over... Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute All other reasons 4,6,239, ,265 3,943,36,32 7 2,98 3,854,22, ,29 3,825,283, ,55, ( 2 ) 257, () 257, , Men, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3 2, , , , Women, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3, , , , Excludes private household workers. 2 Pay status not available separately for bad weather and industrial dispute; these categories are included in all other reasons. 3 Includes bad weather and industrial dispute, not shown separately. NOTE: Estimates for "all other reasons" by pay status may be biased because of high response variance; data should be used with caution. 38

41 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A27. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry December Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, 6 years and over 6,693 2,79 3,974 to 34 hours to 4 hours 5 to 4 hours 5 to 29 hours 3 to 34 hours 28,7 72 4,796 4,32 8, , ,625 3,842 8, hours and over 35 to 39 hours 4 hours 4 hours and over 4 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 6 hours and over 88,523 7,387 44,87 36,265 2,69 4,32,64, ,722 7,249 44,58 35,35,888 3,75 9, Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules A28. Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status (Numbers in thousands) December Reason for working less than 35 hours All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time, 6 years and over 28,7 7,557 2,63 27,252 7,93 2,6 Economic reasons Slack work Material shortages or repairs to plant and equipment New job started during week Job terminated during week Could find only parttime work 6,9 3, ,656 2,5, ,85,429 2,656 5,787 3, ,585,845, ,942,357 2,585 Other reasons Does not want, or unavailable for, fulltime work Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute Legal or religious holiday Full time for this job All other reasons 22,8 3,49,48 2, ,676 2,843 5,552,48, ,653 6,528 3,49 7,676,9 2,466 3,82,4 2, ,646 2,7 5,348,4, ,582 6,8 3,82 62,646,28 Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons Worked 3 to 34 hours: Economic reasons Other reasons,938 6, ,52,63 3,353,866 6, ,975,46 3,276 39

42 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A29. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Industry at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 4 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over 3,974 5,787 6,8 92,7 56,755,888 23, Wage and salary workers 5,2 5,88 4,54 85,572 53,96,255 2, Mining Construction 5, ,675 3,47 572, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 8,5,893 7, ,442,456 6,986,397 5,944 4,453 2,738,677,6 4,37 2,835, Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 7,852 22,877 7,83 295, , ,64 5,875 6,346 4,66 9,87 4, ,363 75,933 4,326, Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 37,278,3 36,247 5,657 2,58 78, , , , ,83 5,346 8, ,433 3,866 3, , , , Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8, , , , ,

43 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Sex, age, race, and marital status at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 4 hours or less 4 hours or more hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 3,974 5,32 2,56 3,76 8,843,46 97,382 6,76 32,628 3,48 5, ,4 94 4,496 2,98, ,8 3,432,896,536 2,686 2,56,69 5,59 3,69,482 92,7,33 99,24 9,757 8,4 82,77 53,269 28,34,42 56,755, ,738 5,66 5,22 3,9 7, , ,9 2,424 32,595 2,358, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 6,752 2,494,5,489 58,259 5,96 52,352 33,346 7,339,667 2, , ,44, ,76, ,56,72 2, , ,29 4,427 47,864 3, 6, , ,24 2,864 25,376 6,82 8, , ,52,563 22,489 4,89 7, O Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 53,222 2,638,5,587 5,584 5,554 45,3 28,36 5,289,38 3, , ,452, ,4, ,69,445 7,725 4,53 2, , ,465 3,62 34,853 22,27 2, , ,498 2,752 24,746 5,732 8,63 42, ,967 86,7 6,538 3, RACE White, 6 years and over Men Women 97,86 52,75 45,9 4,627 2,9 2,537 4,293 4,392 9,9 78,886 46,233 32,653 46,885 23,996 22,889 32, 22,237 9, Black, 6 years and over Men Women,885 5,74 6, , ,69 4,827 4,862 7,457 3,55 3,942 2,233, MARITAL STATUS Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 38,39 6,827 5,535,83 344,96, ,2 35,574 6,53,326 8,269 3,38 7,65 7,36 2,773 4, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 29,784,763 2,675, ,248,326 3,468 22,94 8,664 8,259 6,28 5,858 5,875 5,886 2,86 2, Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 4

44 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Occupation and sex at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 4 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over 3,92 5,775 6,9 92,37 56,675,885 23, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. 3,924 5,6 6,763 36,339 3,778 4,53 8,29 6,t ,29 3,273 2,79 6,672 7,293 4,89 4, , , , , , ,235 6, ,2 2,979 4, , , ,85 4,2 4,65 28,32 3,22,69 4,4,8 333,88 7,94,669 3,9 6,572 4,48 3,79 5, 7,84 8,7 8,536 2,5 5,473,949 7,33 24,3 6,3 6,966 8,742 4,429 2,5 2,38 3,469,775,694 3, ,453, ,778 2,3, ,55 5,6 4,354 6, 645 3,764,69, ,24 2,926 3,54,26, Men, 6 years and over 6,554 2,65 5,2 52,937 28,669 7,245 7, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. 6,676 8,72 7,956 3,,89 7,32 3,887 6,595 4,695 4,859,62 2,582 4,528 4,433 3, , ,38 2,78 38, ,477 8,276 7,2,228,7 6,245 3,272 4,798 5,556 3,228,67,762 4,225 3,92 2,636 7,6 3,528 3,532 5,625,24 2,545 2,56 3, ,37 6,3 6,377 2,62,855,9, , ,65, ,558 3,752 2,86 3, , ,757 2,77 886, ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Women, 6 years and over. 53,349 3,7,79 39, 28,6 4,64 6, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. 5,248 6,44 8,87 23,239,887 7,2 4,42 9, ,44,88 4,9 2, , , , , ,637 5, ,8 2,52 3, , ,68 5,745 6,863 7,74,49 4,445,38 5, , ,37 2, ,4 3,556 4,485 2,92,9 2,927 8,893 4, , ,365, , , , ,956,48,548 2, , Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 42

45 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A32. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and sex TOTAL Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population 2 employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 94,26 28, ,672,57 8,55 3,222 4,933 9,34 65,4 94,59 28, ,693,55 8,78 3,82 4,996 9,46 65,42 94,298 28,92 6 9,954,52 8,442 3,6 5,326 8,958 65,386 94,456 28, ,59,497 8,562 3,99 5,463 8,878 65,59 94,68 29,3 6 2,77,492 8,585 3,7 5,54 8,954 65,587 94,767 29, , ,484 9,8 3,74 6,6 8,895 65,28 94,933 29, ,664,477 9,87 3,3 6,56 8,869 65,4 95,4 29, ,84,47 9,37 3,43 6,327 8,732 65,53 95,275 29,86 6 2,74 62.,482 9,692 3,5 6,687 8,642 65,459 95,453 29,59 6 2,5,482 9,568 3,93 6,475 8,54 65,863 95,626 3,55 6 2,46 62.,475 9,94 3,2 6,92 8,639 65,57 95,79 3,32 6 2, ,47 2,332 3,4 7,28 8,33 65,659 95,933 3, , ,46 2,66 3,96 7,565 8,237 65,574 Men Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population 2 employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 93,42 7, , ,36 64,78 5,2 22,68 93,488 7, , ,358 64,237 4, ,96 93,563 7, , ,355 64,329 5,67 22,82 93,646 7, , ,342 64,355 5,47 22,82 93,73 7, , ,338 64,46 5,98 22,879 93,89 7, ,7,33 64,687 5, J76 93,896 7,6 7 65, ,323 64,642 5, ,89 93,986 7, ,45 7.3,37 64,728 5,2 22,939 94,76 7, ,23,327 64,94 4,943 22,92 94,69 7, ,82 7.2,326 64,756 4,824 23,263 94,26 7, ,29 7.3,39 64,97 4,849 23,2 94,347 7, ,458,34 65,44 4,586 23,33 94,42 7,8 7 66, ,35 65,259 4,554 23,33 Women Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population 2 employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force,66 58, , ,977 4, ,359,67 58, , ,94 4,69 42,54,734 58, , ,3 3,89 42,573,89 58, , ,27 3,73 42,76,887 58, , ,69 3,856 42,78,959 58, , ,493 3,879 42,433,37 58, , ,545 3,828 42,5,9 58, , ,642 3,73 42,593,99 58, , ,788 3,699 42,557,284 58, , ,82 3,76 42,6,366 58, , ,97 3,79 42,45,444 59, , ,88 3,744 42,356,52 59, , ,42 3,683 42,27 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 2 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 3 employment as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 4 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces). NOTE: The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A32 through A4 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 43

46 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A33. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. i Dec Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Unemployment rate Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Agriculture Nonagricultural industries... Unemployment rate Not in labor force Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 92,59 27, ,55 9,34 92,6 69, , ,563 6,65 5, ,68 85,369 65, , ,346 58,968 4,448 9,67 92,644 27, ,78 9, ,3 69, , ,53 6,77 4,977 22,96 85,445 65, , ,328 59,9 4,24 9,787,449,54 58,9 58, ,977 53, ,38 53,289 4,3 4, ,359 42,54 93,96 54, , ,752 3,537 39,65 94,7 54, ,73 3,475 39,224 92,786 92,959 93,26 27,4 27,44 27, ,442 8,958 92,28 69, , ,5 6,88 5,67 22,82 85,554 65,82 7 6, ,295 59,82 4,325 9,752,577 58, , ,58 3,89 42,573 94,88 54, , ,95 3,295 39,34 8,562 8,878 92,34 69, , ,45 6,94 5,47 22,82 85,664 65,96 7 6, ,26 59,237 4,48 9,748,654 57, , ,559 3,73 42,76 94,48 54, , , 3,43 39,389 8,585 8,954 92,393 69, , ,46 6,955 5,98 22,879 85,73 65,92 7 6, ,273 59,34 4,288 9,829,733 58, , ,559 3,856 42,78 94,24 54, , ,949 3,28 39,4 93,283 28,75 6 9,8 8,895 92,479 69, , ,447 62,24 5,6 22,776 85,86 66, , ,246 59,63 4,285 9,682,85 58, , ,866 3,879 42,433 94,264 55, ,8 3,239 39,248 93,456 93,633 93,793 28,56 28,2 28, ,87 8, ,573 69, , ,398 62,244 5,4 22,89 85,872 66,87 7 6, ,22 59,585 4,282 9,785,883 58, , ,92 3,828 42,5 94,35 55, , ,279 3,257 39,83 9,37 8,732 92,669 69, , ,39 62,337 5,2 22,939 85,95 66,4 7 6, ,235 59,634 4,27 9,8,965 58, , ,99 3,73 42,593 94,425 55, , ,285 3,99 39,325 9,692 8,642 92,749 69, , ,352 62,552 4, ,92 86, , ,93 59,83 4,25 9,78,44 58, , ,35 3,699 42,557 94,49 55, , ,47 3,65 39,24 93,97 28,8 6 9,568 8,54 92,843 69, , ,455 62,3 4,824 23,263 86,75 66,38 7 6, ,264 59,637 4,37 2,37,28 58, , ,74 3,76 42,6 94,575 55, , ,476 3,79 39,324 94,5 28,58 6 9,94 8,639 92,94 69, , ,376 62,595 4,849 23,2 86,56 66, , ,223 59,949 4,34 9,85,2 58, , ,325 3,79 42,45 94,656 55, , ,642 3,29 39,94 94,32 28, ,332 8,33 93,33 69, , ,48 62,663 4,586 23,33 86,245 66, , ,334 59,98 3,883 2,47,288 58, , ,555 3,744 42,356 94,79 55, , ,826 3,98 39,88 94,472 28, , ,237 93,6 69, , ,46 62,798 4, ,373 66, , ,3 6,44 3,877 2,52,356 59, , ,767 3,683 42,27 94,764 55, , ,32 3,52 38,98 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2, Agriculture Nonagricultural industries... Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,8 6, , ,23, ,369 3,9 6,783 5, ,23, ,48 3,43 6,824 5, ,229, ,39 3,47 6,765 5, ,225, ,382 3,8 6,823 5, ,224, ,358 3,23 6, , , ,278 3,27 6,837 5, ,292, ,433 3,258 6,862 5, ,48, ,396 3,3 6,864 5, ,44,262 8.< 6,43 3,32 6,89 5, ,362, ,52 3,339 6,8 5. 5, ,329, ,527 3,367 6,843 5, ,4, ,52' 3,335 6, , ,389, ,54 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 44

47 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin WHITE Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 63,259 8,86 6, ,97 63,343 8, , ,75 63,429 8, , , ,543 8, , , ,649 8,79 6 2, , ,748 9, , , ,857 9, , , ,97 9, , ,558 64,74 9, , ,467 64,9 9, , ,398 64,39,9 6 3, , ,42 9,84 6 3, ,42 64,56,6 6 3, ,29 Men, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 56, , ,4 56, , ,38 56, , ,39 57, , ,387 56, , ,263 57, , ,264 57, , ,257 57, , ,296 57, , ,2 57, , ,49 57, , ,246 57, , ,844 57, , ,997 Women, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 46, , ,568 46, ,68 5 2,49 46, , ,398 46, , , , , ,376 46, ,96 5 2, , ,8 5 2,45 46, ,93 5 2, , , ,323 46, ,27 5 2,337 46, , ,487 46, , , , , ,38 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate Men Women 5, , , , , , , , , , ,86 5 4, ,78 5 4, ,8 5 4, , , , , ,99 5 4,96 4, ,93 5 4, , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 22,3 3, ,954 5,979 22,57 3, , , ,84 4, ,57 5, ,27 3, ,99 5, ,249 3, ,965 5, ,28 3, ,4 5, ,33 3, ,76 54., ,346 3, ,34 5, ,375 3, , , ,48 3, ,22 5, ,442 3, ,292 5, ,475 4, ,297 5, ,54 4, , ,64.5 Men, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , , , ,46 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Women, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 45

48 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin BLACK Continued Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate Men Women HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 5,46, , ,54.3 5,5, , ,6.4 5,54, ,3 58.6,6.3 5,585,3 6 9, ,59.2 5,635, , ,78.5 5,68, , ,2. 5,729, , ,64.3 5,777, , ,25.8 5,824,33 6 9,3 58.8, ,87, , ,39. 5,97, , ,22.4 5,967, , ,99.4 6,4, , ,2.5 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 46

49 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A35. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. CHARACTERISTIC Married men, spouse present... Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families... 8,55 4,674 3,35 6,63 8,78 4,678 3,273 6,599 8,442 4,837 3,429 6,654 8,562 4,862 3,583 6,76 8,585 4,935 3,94 6,923 9,8 4,57 3,393 6,84 9,87 4,958 3,34 6,772 9,37 4,877 3,322 6,86 9,692 4,792 3,536 6,84 9,568 4,826 3,59 6,833 9,94 4,86 3,64 6,784 2,332 4,842 3,872 6,74 2,66 4,95 3,5 6,693 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,544 36,669 6,249 3,288 6,96 3,492 3,833 36,435 6,348 3,23 7,4 3,49 3,85 36,699 6,49 2,989 7,22 3,328 32,24 36,438 6,432 2,999 7,36 3,385 3,7 36,526 6,483 3,4 7,73 3,3 32,56 36,764 6,57 3,3 7,76 3,348 32,8 36,844 6,55 3,4 6,896 3,299 32,37 37,7 6,466 3,28 6,859 3,286 32,476 36,92 6,47 3,726 6,892 3,262 32,538 36,832 6,547 3,487 6,968 3,39 32,635 36,965 6,599 3,43 6,996 3,287 32,739 36,974 6,688 3,597 6,958 3,389 32,764 37,243 6,734 3,445 7,29 3,325 INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,692,48 2 5,924 8,7 87,87,6 86,7 8,7 225,648, ,942 8,44 87,5,73 86,428 8, ,69,367j 26 6,58 8,497 87,66;,85 86,576! 9,47 222,592, ,45 8,57 87,898,27 86,77 8,842 28,63, ,235 8,524 87,7,8 86,63 8,97 233,64,365 6,75 8,577 88,74,95 87,79 9,8 97,62, ,887 8,553 88,334,59 87,275 9,2 5,626, ,57 8,435 88,622,8 87,54 9,93 23,566,32 7,37 8,527 88,843,28 87,75 9,26 245,667,39 9 7,33 8,57 88,824,23 87,7 8,949 25,657, ,727 8,476 89,25,79 88,72 8,96 229,79,3 89 7,975 8,493 89,482,3 88,379 9, 223,724, ,247 8,53 89,744,4 88,64 9,53 27 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time 6,344 3,96 2,868 4,865 6,85 3,2 2,799 4,444 6,299 3,67 2,895 4,82 6,6 2,899 2,84 4,392 6,48; 3,54 2,958 4,799 6,97 2,988 2,897 4,385 6,248 3,83 2,863 4,98 6,29 2,926 2,789 4,446 6,45 3,44 2,966 4,663 6,89 2,966 2,879 4,293 6,49 3,85 2,986 5,83 6,29 3,2 2,888 4,657 6,435 3,378 2,842 5,272 6,92 3,22 2,77 4,847 6,45 3,99 2,986 5,2 6,23 2,92 2,93 4,77 6,469 3,22 2,935 5,26 6,26 3,49 2,856 4,84 6,394 3,67 2,937 5,82 6,73 3,6 2,879 4,757 6,22 3,72 2,872 5,2 5,957 2,927 2,773 4,788 6,26 3,37 2,8 5,29 5,94 2,95 2,79 4,858 6,27 3,99 2,828 5,373 5,934 2,922 2,739 4,99 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 47

50 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A36. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over... 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over... 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 8,55 8,78 8,442 8,562 8,585 9,8 9,87 9,37 9,692 9,568 9,94 2,332 2,66 7,682 5,483 2,83 3,387 2,99,494 85,875 4,663 64,78 9,266 2,864,9,766 6,42 54,99 46,643 8,28 53,977 8,46 2,69 992,62 5,797 45,585 39,232 6,383 7,69 5,452 2,67 3,358 2,57,548 85,93 4,626 64,237 9,26 2,89,57,746 6,397 55,7 46,739 8,3 53,94 8,393 2,633,,62 5,76 45,53 39,9 6,326 7,65 5,486 2,2 3,379 2,64,822 86,39 4,83 64,329 9,269 2,852,9,753 6,47 55,83 46,73 8,384 54,3 8,38 2,634, ,747 45,739 39,39 6,446 7,629 5,448 2,69 3,379 2,8,939 86,3 4,649 64,355 9,244 2,857,9,753 6,387 55, 46,83 8,276 54,27 8,385 2, ,794 45,839 39,498 6,373 7,545 5,438 2,56 3,386 2,7 7,75 5,554 2, ,72 5,57 2,82 3,394 2,25 7,752 5,6 2,53 3,425 2,52,945,443,56,68 86,37 4,6 83 4,733 86,73 4,76 86,947 4,587 64,46 9, 2,82,63,745 6,299 55,242 47, ,69 8,444 2, , ,73 39, ,687 9,85 2,838,7,72 6,347 55,53 47,58 8,293 54,493 8,565 2,76,79,652 5,849 45,94 39,472 6,44 64,642 9,84 2,837,8,742 6,347 55,484 47,78 8,284 54,545 8,528 2,67,2,652 5,858 46,32 39,553 6,476 64,728 9,99 2,859,2,729 6, ,87 54,642 8,553 2,74,4,696 5,82 46,7 39,626 6,4 7,688 5,62 2,85 3,4 2,86 2,6 87,24 4,83 64,94 9, ,347 55,667 47,366 8,288 54,788 8,443 2,74,55,667 5, ,838 6,542 7,679 5,595 2,93 3,42 2,84,899 87,275 4,62 64,756 9,82 2,855,2,745 6,327 55,58 47,386 8,99 54,82 8,497 2,74,73,667 5,757 46,38 39,889 6,43 7,648 5,526 2,62 3,375 2,22 2,3 87,479 4,787 64,97 9,79 2,799,6,7 6,38 55,823 47,496 8,38 54,97 8,469 2,727,56,674 5,742 46,487 39,983 6,469 7,663 5,594 2,94 3,46 2,69 2,665 87,968 4,86 65,44 9,7 2,829, ,342 55,97 47,79 8,24 55,88 8,492 2,765,6,7 5,727 46,695 4,77 6,565 7,79 5,586 2,24 3,35 2,23 2, , ,65 2,85,52,67 6,35 56,89 47,86 8,253 55,42 8,544 2,77,88,68 5,773 46,887 4,337 6,578 NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A37. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (in thousands) Sex and age Jan. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over... 9,34 9, ,878 8,954 8,895 8,869 8,732 8,642 8,54 8, ,237 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,886, ,557 6,42 5,744 2,85, ,52 6, ,855, ,57 6,77 5, ,778, ,7 5, , ,449 6, 5, ,899, ,528 5, ,747, ,47 6,4 5, , ,42 6, ,695, ,433 5,942 5, ,574, ,35 5,978 5, ,66, ,33 6,6 5, , ,747 5, ,48, ,272 5,75 5,6 657 Men, 6 years and over 5,2 4, , ,6 5,4 5,2 4,943 4,824 4,849 4,586 4,554 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over ,587 3,75 426, ,7 43, ,465 3,74 43, ,552 3,27 42, ,46 3,42 393, ,39 2,972 4, ,46 3,7 379, ,458 3,39 4, , ,9 462, ,365 2,96 47, ,4 2,755 39, ,7 2,774 4 Women, 6 years and over 4,3 4,69 3,89 3,73 3,856 3, ,73 3,699 3,76 3,79 3,744 3,683 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years....".. 55 years and over, ,833 2, , ,83 2, , ,62 2,334 27, ,3 233, ,64 2, , ,587 2, , , ,582 2,356 24, , , , , ,65 2,48 282, , , ,579 2, N O T E: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 48

51 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A38. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Sex and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 7. 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 49

52 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A39. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Category CHARACTERISTIC Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. (all civilian workers) Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Fulltime workers Parttime workers 5 weeks and over Labor force time lost OCCUPATION 3 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 3 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

53 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Weeks of unemployment DURATION Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 3,4 2,674 3,542,538 2,4 3,262 2,543 3,293,372,92 3,232 2,549 3,74,284,89 3,48 2,583 3,,275,835 3,39 2,537 2,986,3,675 3,242 2,526 3,46,27,776 3,232 2,758 3,25,257,768 3,223 2,543 3,7,258,749 3,46 2,68 3,,259,74 3,52 2,457 3,47,297,75 3,56 2,49 3,3,284,746 2,946 2,4 2,97,26,755 3,63 2,247 2,864,5,74 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A4. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers On lavoff Other iob losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,76,8 3, , ,934,72 3, , ,799,8 3,78,2 2, ,856,96 3,76,6 2, ,862,68 3, , ,752,44 3, , ,845,3 3, , ,872,83 3, ,7 87 4,864,9 3, , ,699,2 3, , ,779,26 3, , , , , ,442,6 3, ,8 797 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemdloved Job losers On layoff Other iob losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

54 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A42. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and sex TOTAL Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population 2 employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 9,297 26, , ,6 7,498 3,2 4,297 7,476 63,722 9,67 26, , ,559 6,876 3,77 3,698 8,48 64,89 9,996 26, ,45 62.,473 6,978 3,246 3,732 8,446 64,99 9,593 26, ,4,65 6,795 3,269 3,526 8,424 64,759 92,56 27,87 6 8,435,68 6,827 3,29 3,68 8,752 64,87 92,478 27,89 6 8,69,59 7, 3,87 3,94 9,2 64,587 92,884 28, ,4,574 7,567 3,22 4,347 9,57 64,236 93,353 28,9 6 9,328,567 7,76 3,222 4,54 9,573 64,452 93,852 28, ,484,533 7,95 3,93 4,757 9,279 65,89 94,34 28, ,92,58 8,394 3,32 5,262 8,96 65,44 94,773 29, ,468,484 8,984 3,59 5,925 8,96 65,398 95,277 29,66 6 2,22 62.,478 9,543 3,47 6,496 8,638 65,68 95,783 3,82 6 2, ,469 2,3 3,77 7,234 8,42 65,62 Men Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population 2 employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 9,425 69, , ,44 64,236 4,227 2,52 9,69 69, ,8 7.,42 63,679 4,645 2,883 9,737 69, , ,39 63,63 4,842 2,963 92,3 69, , ,44 63,523 4,877 22,262 92,355 69, , ,434 63,52 4, ,442 92,585 7, ,876 7.,49 63,457 5, ,396 92,87 7,7 7 65,26 7.3,44 63,82 5, ,6 93,59 7, ,3 7.2,48 63,893 5, ,35 93,328 7, ,48 7.,376 64,42 5, ,68 93,566 7, , ,352 64,37 5,64 22,843 93,82 7, ,92 7.3,33 64,582 5, ,849 94,77 7, ,9 7.3,323 64,796 4,923 23,35 94,343 7, 7 66,437,33 65,25 4,663 23,242 Women Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population 2 employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 98,872 56, , ,26 3,249 42,2 99,62 56, , ,97 3,52 42,26 99,259 57, , ,365 3,64 42,37 99,49 56, , ,272 3,548 42,496 99,7 57, , ,36 3,795 42,427 99,893 57, , ,644 3,888 42,9,77 57, , ,765 4,22 42,3,294 58, , ,868 4, ,47,525 58, , ,99 3,987 42,47,738 58, , ,87 3,897 42,598,96 58, , ,42 3,854 42,55,2 58, , ,747 3,75 42,583,44 59, , ,87 3,739 42,359 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 2 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 3 employment as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 4 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces). NOTE: The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A42 through A53 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 52

55 A43. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,696 24, , ,476 89,985 68, ,236 2,529 6,77 4,227 2,52 83,5 64, ,29 7 2,36 58,84 3,557 8,49 98,7 56,5 5 53, ,59 3,249 42,2 9,954 53, , ,764 2, ,84 89,2 25, ,876 8,48 9,27 68, , ,54 6,75 4,645 2,883 83,376 64, , ,35 58,357 3, ,773 98,95 56, , ,524 3,52 42,26 92,23 53, , ,77 2,96 38,94 89,523 25, ,978 8,446 9,48 68, ,63 2,575 6,38 4, ,963 83,65 64, , ,373 58,354 4,9 8,85 99,6 56, , ,694 3,64 42,37 92,453 53, , ,925 3,37 38,863 89,978 25,29 6 6, ,424 9,662 68,4 7 63, ,583 6,94 4, ,262 83,943 64, , ,389 58,324 4,74 9,56 99,36 56, , ,586 3,548 42,496 92,724 53, , , 2,973 39,4 9,449 25, ,827 8,752 9,92 68, , ,59 6,2 4,958 22,442 84,254 64, , ,352 58,382 4,249 9,27 99,528 57, 5 53, ,66 3,795 42,427 92,955 53, , ,947 3,99 39,5 9,888 26,3 6 7, 9,2 9,65 68, , ,484 6,973 5, ,396 84,535 65, , ,328 58,368 4,556 9,283 99,723 57, , ,94 3,888 42,9 93,96 54, , ,326 3, ,895 9,3 27,74 6 7, , ,393 69, , ,527 6,275 5, ,6 84,756 65, , ,365 58,693 4,75 8,983 99,97 57, , ,73 4,22 42,3 93,45 54, , ,59 3,4 38,827 9,786 27, ,76 9, ,652 69, , ,567 6,326 5, ,35 85, 65, , ,379 58,73 4, ,235,35 57, , ,24 4, ,47 93,633 54, , ,66 3,52 38,855 92,39 27,23 6 7,95 9,279 9,952 69, , ,548 6,494 5, ,68 85,262 65, , ,34 58,854 4,558 9,59,367 57, , ,263 3,987 42,47 93,86 54, , ,74 3,42 39,33 92,796 27, ,394 8,96 92,24 69, , ,497 6,8 5,64 22,843 85,554 65, , ,295 59,7 4,328 9,762,582 57, , ,452 3,897 42,598 94,8 54, , ,873 3,34 39,39 93,288 27,89 6 8,984 8,96 92,482 69, , ,435 62,46 5,52 22,849 85,86 66,4 7 6, ,246 59,5 4,285 9,765,87 58, , ,779 3,854 42,55 94,264 54, , ,36 3,259 39,277 93,799 28, ,543 8,638 92,754 69, , ,399 62,397 4, ,35 86,9 66,33 7 6, ,23 59,695 4,28 9,876,45 58, , , 3,75 42,583 94,497 55, , ,4 3,8 39,297 94,35 28,73 6 2,3 8,42 93,3 69, , ,439 62,685 4,663 23,242 86,258 66, , ,286 6,25 3,965 9,983,285 58, , ,549 3,739 42,359 94,7 55, , ,833 3,9 39,88 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,637 7, , ,79,2 6,464 3,532 7, , ,635, ,374 3,42 6, , ,453, ,43 3,32 6, , ,22, ,6 3,239 6,792 5, ,289, ,447 3,57 6,747 5,42 2 5,22, ,4 3,49 6, , ,35, ,426 3,44 6,78 5, ,49, ,363 3,96 6, , ,89, ,447 3,6 6,79 5, ,29, ,369 3,28 6,862 5, ,28, ,356 3,293 6,848 5, ,39, ,445 3,347 6, , ,376, ,53 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information.

56 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 6,83 7,258 6, , ,95 7,298 6, ,223 6,357 7,69 6, ,452 6,646 7,399 6, ,48 6,947 7,693 6, ,692 62,223 8,49 6, ,964 62,486 8,565 6, ,6 62,788 8,76 6, ,9 63,35 8,689 6, ,927 63,438 8,86 6 2, ,697 63,75 9,33 6 2, , ,78 9,5 6 3, ,474 64,45 9, , ,362 Men, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Unemployment rate 56, , ,68 56, , , 56, , ,24 56, , ,33 56, , ,349 56, , ,537 56, , ,653 56, , ,592 56, , , , , ,335 57, , ,26 57, , ,28 57, , ,29 Women, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Unemployment rate 44, ,969 5,962 45, ,9 5 2,6 45, ,74 5 2,247 45, ,74 5 2,28 45, ,33 5 2,344 45, , ,433 45, , ,458 46, , ,597 46, , ,498 46, , ,49 46, , ,4 46, ,88 5 2,338 46, ,39 5 2, Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Unemployment rate Men Women 6,65 5 5, ,5 5 5, ,2 5 5, , , ,88 5 4,88 46., , , ,75 5 4,7 4, , ,75 4, ,73 5 4, , , ,8 5 4, , , , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 2,46 3, ,877 5, ,493 3,54 63.,9 5, ,568 3, ,852 5, ,656 3, ,886 5, ,744 3, ,83 5, ,828 3, ,834 5,93 2,99 3, ,894 5,979 2,997 4, ,34 5, ,96 3,93 63., , ,86 3, ,4 54.,894 22,28 3, ,6 54., ,376 3, ,87 5, ,474 4, ,329 5, Men, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Unemployment rate 6,35 7 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,493 5, Women, 2 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2. Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 54

57 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin BLACK Continued Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate Men Women HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2.. Unemployment rate 4,474 9, , ,593 9, , ,7 9, , ,829 9, , ,7.2 4,948 9, , ,.2 5,66,2 6 8,92 59.,9.2 5,84,5 6 8, ,46.3 5,33,84 6 8, ,96.7 5,42,29 6 9, ,84.6 5,542, , 58.6,6.3 5,682, ,2 58.7,54.3 5,824,38 6 9, ,6.2 5,966, , ,38.7 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 55

58 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A45. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Full and part time status, sex, and age EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Parttime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 97,62 57,85 56,54 39,826 38,934 2,73 9,883 6,435 4,65 3,448,48 3,797 96,82 57,79 55,982 39,642 38,85 2,5 2,79 6,55 4,699 3,55,537 3,843 96,633 56,99 55,899 39,636 38,797,937 2,34 6,584 4,85 3,77,752 3,747 96,528 56,86 55,822 39,63 38,892,85 2,379 6,736 4,92 3,654,735 3,725 96,353 56,77 55,74 39,662 38,924,725 2,423 6,782 5,3 3,654,695 3,75 96,624 56,662 55,592 4,33 39,295,737 2,429 6,82 5,4 3,68,72 3,623 97,5 57,5 56,4 4,62 39,372,79 2,435 6,737 5,29 3,683,798 3,68 97,77 56,859 55,895 4,49 39,42,763 2,794 7,5 5,26 3,73,83 3,72 97,273 57,56 56,6 4,283 39,556,7 2,625 7,5 5,74 3,63,77 3,68 97,78 57,323 56,286 4,444 39,732,7 2,628 6,976 5,77 3,653,76 3,69 98,3 57,444 56,446 4,657 39,97,777 2,823 7,8 5,295 3,723,822 3,76 98,588 57,725 56,684 4,835 4,75,829 2, 7,8 5,267 3,96,93 3,84 99,34 58,85 56,986 4,252 4,492,826 2,6 7,87 5,34 3,947,955 3,737 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 6 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 6,4 3,682 3,325 2,48 2, ,72 4,2 3,79 2,642 2, ,93 4,2 3,855 2,689 2, ,952 4,229 3,94 2,69 2, ,22 4,325 3,966 2,86 2, ,624 4,793 4,29 2,957 2, ,859 4,786 4,436 3,35 2, ,94 4,679 4,385 3,94 2, ,6 4,555 4,26 3,3 2, ,337 4,479 4,64 2,929 2, ,27 4,342 4,2 2,96 2, , 4,255 3,938 2,846 2, ,837 4,45 3,7 2,794 2, Looking for parttime work... Men, 6 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, , , , , , , , , , , , , NOTE: persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time; unemployed persons are classified according to whether they are seeking full or parttime jobs. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 56

59 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A46. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category CHARACTERISTIC Married men, spouse present... Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families... 7,498 4,745 29,764 6,366 6,876 4,459 29,63 6,427 6,978 4,346 29,729 6,46 6,795 4,5 29,89 6,475 6,827 4,389 29,846 6,5 7, 4,72 29,9 6,576 7,567 4,29 3,75 6,555 7,76 4,33 3,244 6,585 7,95 4,536 3,29 6,65 8,394 4,792 3,428 6,67 8,984 4,983 3,39 6,833 9,543 4,832 3,456 6,826 2,3 4,87 3,855 6,727 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,7 36,465 5,873 3,434 7,653 3,384 3,826 36,228 5,822 3,424 7,74 3,439 3,924 36,57 5,97 3,27 7,53 3,5 3,977 36,3 6,2 3,9 7,286 3,474 3,32 35,978 6, 2,985 7,64 3,44 3,974 36,789 6,8 2,956 6,92 3,423 3,4 36,942 6,38 3,72 6,949 3,43 3,32 36,838 6,57 3,234 6,982 3,488 3,46 36,683 6,5 3,29 6,977 3,53 3,963 36,524 6,4 3,4 7,53 3,374 3,979 36,7 6,523 3,28 7,48 3,39 32,46 36,968 6,494 3,498 6,96 3,289 32,73 37,6 6,674 3,49 7,54 3,334 INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,686,43 7 5,6 7,665 87,495,3 86,48 8, ,67, ,66 7,826 86, ,853 8,86 229,698,44 4,58 7,966 86, ,578 8,97 23,699, ,464 7,859 86,65,28 85,577 8,877 23,653, ,444 7,947 86, ,54 8,888 23,68, ,2 7,782 87,32,78 86,243 8,62 228,78, ,547 7,932 87,65,4 86,5 8,528 25,76,43 5,678 8,374 87,34,59 86,45 8, ,668, ,829 8,259 87,57,4 86,466 8,683 22,62, ,72 8,485 87,687,95 86,592 8, ,62, ,624 8,55 88,73,87 86,986 9,84 93,62, ,253 8,49 88,763, 87,652 9,23 233,7, ,983 8,49 89,492,29 88,364 9,8 223 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time 5,485 2,827 2,33 5,45 5,225 2,647 2,258 4,629 5,828 3,28 2,325 5,37 5,533 2,933 2,255 4,623 5,948 3,99 2,48 5,9 5,684 3,4 2,398 4,694 6,8 3,76 2,64 4,99 5,793 2,988 2,58 4,53 6,359 3,34 2,723 4,896 6,99 3,32 2,649 4,423 6,527 3,258 2,93 4,624 6,235 3,73 2,85 4,73 6,3 3,23 2,793 4,827 6,2 3,8 2,79 4,42 6,273 3,25 2,795 4,98 6,27 3,49 2,72 4,465 6,447 3,72 2,978 4,86 6,87 2,996 2,93 4,392 6,322 3, 2,95 4,843 6,8 2,938 2,842 4,48 6,443 3,236 2,93 5,6 6,2 3,66 2,846 4,599 6,438 3,56 2,953 5,73 6,2 2,992 2,889 4,759 6,82 3,69 2,837 5,288 5,932 2,98 2,744 4,852 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 57

60 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A47. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age 99 99, 6 years and over... 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over... 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,498 6,876 6,978 6,795 6,827 7, 7,567 7,76 7,95 8,394 8,984 9,543 2,3 8,482 5,972 2,2 3,758 2,5 99, 84, ,236 9,648 3,7,6,944 6,54 54,592 46,82 8,59 53,26 8,834 2,865,49, ,67 6,36 8,259 5,868 2,25 3,656 2,39 98, , ,5,866 6, ,97 8,765 2,85,64,789 5,95 44,443 38,72 6,35 7, ,5 3,545 2,29 99,4 84,34 4, ,6,777 6, ,92 8,339 53,365 8,6 2,82,44,767 5, ,429 6,33 7,6 5,435 2,44 3,47 2,66 99, , , , ,272 8,388 2, ,648 5,487 2,9 3,44 2,6 99,78 84, ,52 9,6 2,787,56,738 6,373 54,365 46, , , ,29 7,563 5,42 2,37 3,392 2,43 99,547 84,789 4,76 63, ,286 54, ,379 7,49 5,34 2, ,5,62 85,322 4,7 63,82 9, ,37,7 6,338 54,75 46,35 8,372 53, ,, ,6 3 7,56 7,595 7,629 7,669 5,386 5,44 5,462 5,5 2,74 2, , 3,322 3,386 3,372 3, , ,2,364.77, , ,666 4,72 4, ,83 2,784,68,78 6,399 54,75 46,45 8,262 53,868 8,378 2,63,7, ,242 2,847,76, ,86 46,553 8,277 53, ,557 39,8 9 64, ,843,85,75 6,4 55,67 46,76 8,32 54,87 8,386 2,69 994,62 5,767 45,73 39,333 6,382 64,582 9,57 2,826,87, , ,52 2,674, ,838 45,892 39, , ,838 87,42 4,676 64,796 9,29 2,87, ,338 55,595 47,358 8,225 54, ,56, ,452 7,673 5,569 2,99 3,377 2,5 2, ,88 65,25 9,72 2,84,3,692 6,357 55,96 47,76 8, ,52 2, ,69 4,66 6,537 NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A48. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age 99 I II 99 III I II III I II III 7,476 8,48 8,446 8,424 8,752 9,2 9,57 9, ,96 8, to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 vears 25 to 54 years , ,685, ,395 5,47 4, ,749, , , ,65 5, ,87, , , ,532 6,352 5, ,99, ,537 6,586 5, ,833, ,524 6,43 5, , ,45 5, , , ,4 87 5, ,555, ,37 5, Men. 6 years and over 4,227 4, ,877 4,958 5,32 5,485 5,454 5,292 5, to 24 years 6 to 9 years 8 to 9 vears 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years , , ,37 2, , , ,283 2,95 379, ,368 3,8 37, ,67 3, , ,82 3,33 486, , , , , ,5 3,9 49, ,437 3, , , ,226 2,83 46 Woman 6 vears and over 3, ,64 3,548 3,795 3,888 4,22 4,9 3,987 3,897 3,854 3,75 3,739 6 to 9 years ft to 9 vears 2 to 24 vears 25 to 54 years, , , ,334 2,9 26, ,4 2,8 222, ,368 2,59 2, , , ,68 2, , ,766 2,47 28, , , , , ,644 2, , ,635 2, , , , NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 58

61 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A49. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Sex and age 99 99, 6 years and over to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years. 25 years and over '. 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 7. 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 59

62 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Category CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Fulltime workers Parttime workers 5 weeks and over Labor force time lost OCCUPATION 3 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 3 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 6

63 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A5. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Weeks of unemployment DURATION Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 3,294 2,425, ,45 2,74,993, ,393 2,783 2,32,259,52 3,35 2,676 2,38,235,45 3,34 2,77 2,679,366,33 3,252 2,799 3,42,446,696 3,335 2,735 3,382,44,968 3,337 2,787 3,5,424 2,77 3,39 2,693 3,438,44,997 3,24 2,558 3,92,3,882 3,26 2,67 3,9,279,74 3,7 2,536 3,8,27,747 3,55 2,38 2,955,27,738 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A52. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment 99 I II 99 III I II III I II III NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers On layoff Other iob losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,784,32 2,652,4 2, 673 4,428,355 3, ,2 69 4,588,332 3,256, 2, ,639,73 3, , ,84,25 3, , ,23,267 3, , ,425,253 4, , ,35,268 4,82,9 2, ,2,9 4, , ,863,83 3, , ,82,4 3, ,28 9 4,82,62 3, , , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemdloved Job losers On lavoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 6

64 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A53. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and race, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Reason, sex, and race III III TOTAL not in labor force.. Do not want a job now. Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job Jobmarket factors... Personal factors Other reasons 63,722 58,44 6,72 5,73 23,57 8,56 4,22 5,563, , ,87 64,89 58,33 6,64 4,953 23,25 9,53 4,434 5,633, , ,38 64,99 58,736 6,825 4,932 23,358 9, 4,59 5,57,358 96, ,96 64,759 58,968 6,97 4,984 23,26 9,42 4,47 5,778, ,78, ,7 64,87 58,85 6,78 5,98 22,879 9,552 4,54 5,998,44,2,329, ,6 64,587 58,329 6,844 5,33 22, 9,743 4,599 6,4,535,25,34, ,4 64,236 58,56 6,6 5,8 2,98 9,977 4,57 6,29,76,39,25, ,3 64,452 58,27 6,64 5,67 2,52 2,393 4,64 6,99,462,84,8, 88 33,263 65,89 58,93 6,827 5,7 2,233 2,853 4,846 6,258,586,95,27, , ,23 6,785 5,367 2,273 2,848 4,75 6,32,53,94,324, ,23 65,398 59,222 6,949 5,427 2,257 2,937 4,652 6,387,54,68,328, ,94 65,68 59,5 6,928 5,62 2,645 2,27 4,77 6,473,72,42,34, ,99 65,62 59,395 6,935 5,627 2,426 2,483 4,924 6,22,54,79,287, ,224 not in labor force... 2,52 2,883 2,963 22,262 22,442 22,396 22,6 22,35 22,68 22,843 22,849 23,35 23,242 Do not want a job now. 9,468 9,668 2,68 2,49 2,2 2,45 9,876 2,8 2,378 2,45 2,597 2,646 2,78 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Think cannot get a job. O Other reasons, , , , , , , , , , , , , Women not in labor force... Do not want a job now. Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 42,2 38,577 3, , ,26 38,664 3, , ,37 38,668 3, , ,496 38,89 3, , ,427 38,65 3, , ,9 38,284 3, , ,28 3, , ,47 38,253 3, , ,47 38,55 4, , ,598 38,68 3, ,625 3, , ,583 38,55 4, , ,359 38,687 3, , White not in labor force. 53,572 53,797 53,748 54,247 54,254 54,74 53,92 54,82 54,446 54,622 54,68 54,568 54,472 Do not want a job now. 49,565 49,658 49,986 5,85 49,936 49,548 49,475 49, ,5 5, Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities Think cannot get a job Other reasons 3, , , ,23, ,328, ,387, ,58, ,52, ,564, ,565, , 4.634, ,657, , Black not in labor force. 7,879 7,952 8,22 8,2 8,96 8,9 8,36 7, ,288 8,37 8, Do not want a job now... 6,46 6,686 6,622 6,792 6,788 6,662 6,56 6,65 6,726 6,87 6,969 6, Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job. Other reasons, , , , , , , < , includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 62

65 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A54. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age (In thousands) Age Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 59 years 6 years and over TOTAL not in labor force 65,374 65,825 6,783 6,852 4,224 4,22 2,335 2,473 33,32 33,288 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Jobmarket factors Personal factors Other reasons 59,349 8,32 5,7 2, 2,657 4,2 6,25,557,5,59, ,96 59,833 8,434 5,639 2,282 2,289 4,89 5,993,462,59,223, ,73 5,724 5, , ,78 5, , ,43 2, ,438, ,98,58 2,955, ,933 3, ,6,35 3,25, ,64 3, ,23 2 2,6 9,477 2, , ,282 8,93 2, Men not in labor force 22,982 23,558 3,34 3,443,547,582 4,996 5,25 3,35 3,282 Do not want a job now Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Think cannot get a job Other reasons 2,83 4,3 2, ,677 2,99 2, ,28 4,26 2,96 336,89,93 2, ,748 2, ,847 2, ,298, ,33, ,45 395, , ,53 429, ,35, , , ,95 6,9 49, Women not in labor force Do not want a job now Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 42,392 38,58 4,289 2,492 2,754 8,979 2,3 3, , ,267 38,625 4,29 2,733 9,946 9,469 2,258 3, , ,479 2,977 2, I 3,49 2,933 2, ,677 2,5, ,63 2, ,339 3, ,38,293 7,493 2, ,222 3,952 76,42 5,75 2, ,897 9,49 4,33 9,328 8, ,6 9,65 8,263 8,782 9, Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail in tables A54 and A55 may not add to notinlaborforce totals because of differences in the weighting patterns used in aggregating these data. 63

66 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A55. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex (In thousands) Age Sex Reason, race, and Hispanic origin 6 to 24 years 25 to 59 years 6 years and over Men Women WHITE not in labor force.. 54,74 54,78 8,26 8,74 7,22 7,75 29,295 29,458 9,2 9,332 35,694 35,375 Do not want a job now. Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 5,3 6,37 4,44 8,26 8,383 3,253 4,356, ,25 6,282 4,273 7,56 8,97 3,262 4,4, ,952 5, , ,89 5, , , ,252 8, ,36 2, , ,33 8, ,384 2, ,58 7,72 8,473 7, ,89 2,825 8,32 8, ,44 3,95 2,99 223,44,582, ,556 3,45 2,84 263,564,4, ,87 3,275,945 8,38 7,943,67 2, ,694 3,37 2,89 7,253 8,353,862 2, BLACK not in labor force.. 8,2 8,53 2,4 2,244 3,76 3,95 2,983 3,64 3,94 3,333 5,6 5,7 Do not want a job now. Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability... Home responsibility Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 6,87,337,2,978, , ,24,442,84,98, , ,623, ,735, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , HISPANIC ORIGIN not in labor force.. 5,265 5,433,356,427 2,459 2,55,45,52,52,67 3,764 3,827 Do not want a job now. Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the other races are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 64

67 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A56. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think cannot get Jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (in thousands) 4th Quarter Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years Age 25 to 59 years 6 years and over Race and Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Men Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Women Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 65

68 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A57. Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next 2 months by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Age Race Workseeking intentions, work history, and sex 6 to 24 years 25 to 59 years 6 years and over White Black TOTAL Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next 2 months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous 2 months... 55,352,23,66,78 2,423 4,762 55,952 9,873,66,8 2,52 4,585 5,974 5,33, ,836 6,73 4,89, ,828 7,67 4, ,5,693 7,22 4, ,68,575 32, , ,846 7,82,54 88,922 3,864 46,997 7,653,87 84,959 3,766 6,448, ,785, Men Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next 2 months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous 2 months... 9,38 3, ,4 9,5 4, ,234 2,487 2, ,4 2,548 2, ,569 3,872, ,983, , , ,966 3, ,752 6,2 3, ,846 2, , Women Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next 2 months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous 2 months... 36,23 6, ,725 2,658 36,44 5, ,698 2,35 3,487 2, ,434 3,625 2, ,258 3,95 3, ,7,26 3,39 3, ,29,8 9, , ,88 4, ,355 2,2 3,877 4, ,326,92 3,968, ,5,

69 A58. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Employment status, sex, and age White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 92,39 26, ,86 3,89 5,97 8,759 65,374 94,35 28, ,57 2,989 7,582 7,98 65,825 63,35 8,42 6,928 2,873 99,55 6,493 54,74 64,45 9,78 6 3,753 2,785,968 5,955 54,78 22,96 3, ,2 55,857,884 8,2 22,474 3, , ,243,59.4 8,53 5,42,56 6 9, 486 8,525,45.3 5,265 5,966, , ,97,.5 5,433 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,952 68, ,23 2,472 6,55 4,948 22,982 93,3 69, ,28 2,377 62,75 4,344 23,558 78,63 59,6 7 55,86 2,285 53,576 3,749 9,2 79,358 6, ,73 2,96 54,57 3,323 9,332 9,959 6, , , ,94,52 6,89 6 6,5 23 5, ,333 7,66 6, , , ,52 7,93 6, , , ,67 Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 85,262 65, ,36 2,32 59,5 4,269 9,677 86,258 66, ,437 2,258 6,79 3,76 2,5 73,33 56, ,479 2,34 5,345 3,279 6,545 73,959 57, ,36 2,82 52,234 2,835 6,88 8,925 6, , , ,459 9,92 6,482 5,8 2 5, ,6 6,898 5, ,2 49 4, ,22 7,72 5, , , ,22 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force,367 57, , ,546 3,8 42,392,285 59, , ,83 3, ,267 84,55 48, , ,479 2,744 35,694 85,57 49, , ,46 2,632 35,375 2,37 7, ,27 2 6, ,6 2,322 7, , , ,7 7,762 3,998 3,53 4 3, ,764 8,36 4, , , ,827 Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 93,86 54, , ,78 3,285 38,93 94,7 55, , ,95 3,74 38,858 79,324 46, , ,293 2, , 79,82 46, , ,7 2,269 32,885,92 6, , , ,392,265 6, ,5 4 6, ,456 7,2 3, , , ,38 7,276 3, , , ,367 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,96 6, , ,4, ,783 3,347 6, , ,28, ,852,58 5,449 4,6 84 4, ,58,635 5, , , ,5 2, ,349 2, ,437, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Digitized for FRASER 67

70 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A59. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 5,42,56 6 9, 486 8,525,45.3 5,265 5,966, , ,97,.5 5,433 9,622 6, , , ,77 9,852 6, , , ,86, , Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population, Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,66 6, , , ,52 7,93 6, , , ,67 4,92 4, , , ,56 4, , , Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,898 5, ,2 49 4, ,22 7,72 5, , , ,22 4,42 3, , , ,563 3, , , Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,762 3,998 3,53 4 3, ,764 8,36 4, , , ,827 4,7 2,399 2, , ,32 4,796 2, ,22 5 2, , Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population =. Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,2 3, , , ,38 7,276 3, , , ,367 4,67 2, ,934 35, ,979 4,26 2,38 5 2,6 47 2,3 258., Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, , , ft 35 5 ft ft ft ft 2 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 6,. 68

71 A6. civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Category White Black Hispanic origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 8,86 64,23 54,63 2,57 65,28 55,443,928 55,86 46,67 3,753 56,73 47,5 2,2 5,885 6,27 2,38 6,5 6,375 9, 5,498 3,53 9,432 5,695 3,737 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 3,643 4,86 6,827 32,96 5,59 7,36 28,38 3,457 4,86 29,333 4, 5,332 2,94 884,2 2,93,3,9, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 36,659 4,46 4,9 8,44 37,2 3,898 4,429 8,695 32,39 3,537 2,69 5,8 32,277 3,324 2,98 6,35 3, ,96 3,46 386,6 2,59 2, ,96 2, ,245 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 6, ,67 3,6 6, ,99 3,535 2, ,644,236 2,96 75,668,543 2, ,252 2, ,39, ,466, ,547 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,34 4,468 4,883 3,989 3,622 4,543 5,76 4,4,92 4,2 4,47 3,42 2,23 4,88 4,634 3,48, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,25 7,548 4,926 4, ,4 7,283 7,54 5,28 4, ,982 4,6 6,4 4,22 3, ,37 4,85 6,75 4,325 3, ,34 2,564, ,579, ,54, ,5, Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,324 3,69 3,25 2, MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,68, ,4 8,528 87,586,83 86,53 8,78 23,652, ,265 8,752 89,53,4 88,49 9,2 25,458, ,862 5,96 75, ,93 8,5 88,52, ,55 5,25 77, ,4 8, ,43 2,742 8, , ,784 2,79 8, , ,58,5 7, , ,489,37 7, , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 95,65 6,238 6,882 97,67 5,982 7,422 8,797 5,77 5,54 83,369 4,839 5,545 9,842 92,249,96 889,295 7, , persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 69

72 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A6. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rlcan, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories (In thousands) Category Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 9, 5,498 3,53 9,432 5,695 3,737 5,67 3,587 2,84 5,925 3,74 2, OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 2, ,96 2, ,245, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,466, ,547, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 2,54, ,5, , , Farming, forestry, and fishing MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers ,58,5 7, , ,489,37 7, , , , , , , , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS 2 Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 7, , , , Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 2 persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 7

73 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A62. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over... 8,86 2,57,928 3,753 2,2 2,38 9, 9,432 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5,28,944 3,264 2,3,875 86,53 4,722 5,356 2,95 3,26 2,56 3,6 88,299 4,86 4,6,764 2,836,353 86,975 74,2 2,973 4,769,894 2,876,24 88,742 75,558 3, ,38,26 8,953, ,359,593 9,337, ,26 7,255 6, ,282 7,654 6,93 75 Men, 6 years and over 64,23 65,28 55,86 56,73 5,885 6,5 5,498 5,695 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,76 992,74 6,35 54,965 46,78 8,257 2,69,5,64 6,39 56,8 47,87 8,248 2, ,487 5,425 48,53 4,77 7,337 2, ,442 5,375 48,942 4,546 7, ,968 4, ,2 4, ,429 4, ,64 4, Women, 6 years and over 54,63 55,443 46,67 47,5 6,27 6,375 3,53 3,737 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,52 952,549 5,75 45,9 39,445 6,465 2,665,46,69 5,737 47,4 4,428 6,63 2,29 87,349 4,927 38,92 33,285 5,636 2, ,434 4,867 39,8 34,3 5, ,292 4, ,474 4, ,826 2, ,3 2, NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. A63. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Civilian workers) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over

74 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A64. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Weeks of unemployment DURATION, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 8,759 2,974 2,635 3,5,273,877 7,98 2,879 2,33 2,79,75,634 6,493 2,276,938 2, ,353 5,955 2,232,74, ,87, , , , Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over PERCENT DISTRIBUTION NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. A65. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment White Black Hispanic origin NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED, 6 years and over Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 8,759 4,927,97 3, , ,98 4, ,37 946, ,493 3, ,879 74, ,955 3, ,48 738,43 497, , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 72

75 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A66. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 35 years and over 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 5 years and over 7,883 6, ,52 2,77,733 7,98 5, ,3 2,998 2,37 7,37 5, ,329 2,63,34 7,35 5,384 65,979 2,8,65 6,652 5, ,8 2,498,252 5,5 563,852 2,699, NONVETERANS, 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 9,83 8,859 6,446 4,499 2,87 9,3 7,3 4,7 8,478 8,349 6,32 4,97 9,3 8,5 6,55 4,285 7,475 7,846 5,738 3,89 8,39 8,86 6,22 4,92, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. A67. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin, 35 to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 5,5 5,65 4, ,73 4,845 4, ,9 5,963 5, ,677 6,628 5, ,7,77, ,4,756, ,878,747, , to 39 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate O 7,633 7,269 6, , to 44 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,255 2,7,986 2,96,789, ,86 4, , , to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,525 2, ,79 2,54 2, ,82 3,58 3, ,94 3,657 3, Data not shown where base is less than 6.. NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August and May Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the # "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 73

76 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A68. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) With unemployment: With unemployment: Type of family, race, and Hispanic origin families With no employed person in family Percent of families: With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time families With no employed person in family Percent of families: With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL families With children under 8 years of age... Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age... 66,985 32,4 52,59 23,849,733 7,6 3,93,42 6,25 3,439 4,245 2,397, ,57 32,68 52,358 23,94,788 7,77 3,37,563 5,69 3,94 3,792 2,7, White families With children under 8 years of age... Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age... 57,39 26,737 46,763 2,35 7,87 4,6 2,469,3 4,636 2,54 3,522, ,39 26,867 47,2 2,89 7,735 4,52 2,643,257 4,245 2,38 3,68, Black families With children under 8 years of age... Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age... 7,658 4,379 3,523,774 3,564 2, , O O O 7,7 4,42 3,56,774 3,69 2, , O O O O O Hispanic origin families With children under 8 years of age... Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age.. Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age... Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age.. 5,239 3,338 3,549 2,296, O ,52 3,493 3,78 2,387, O O O O Data not shown where base is less than 6,. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 74

77 A69. persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Percent of unemployed: Percent of unemployed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 6,964,78,7,42 879, ,244,52 895,35 796, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men , ( 2 ) ( 2 ) White unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 5,89, ,69 732, ,643,25 724,3 675, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Black unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families, , Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men i 2 ) Hispanic origin unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 4 (*) 2 2. ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) (*) Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in families where the husband, wife or, other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 6,. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 75

78 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A7. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) Percent of employed: Percent of employed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time TOTAL employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 94,8 38,463 2,648 29,73 5,645, ,25 38,887 2,944 3,28 5,969, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 6,643 4,345 4,587 2,236,48, ,746 4,49 4,725 2,393,275, White employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 8,452 34,622 9,296 26,497 3,75 9, ,324 34,999 9,54 27,2 4,2 9, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 4,63 2,982 3,356, , ,626 2,976 3,385,93,48, Black employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 8,987 2,474,474 2,49, ,235 2,489,498 2,67, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men,88,247, ,883,297, Hispanic origin employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 7,88 2,769,97,726,64, ,564 2,95 2,98,848,23, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 76

79 A7. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin Number of families Median weekly earnings TOTAL families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Other family member Two or more earners Husband and wife Husband and other family member(s) Wife and other family member(s) Other family members only Families maintained by women One earner Householder Other family member Two or more earners Families maintained by men One earner Two or more earners 44,398 34,384 2,87 8,545 2, ,296 9,956, ,66 5,345 4,28,65 2,35 2,354, ,869 34,564 2,97 8,758 2, ,367 2,253, ,869 5,565 4,557,8 2,34 2,436, $ $ , White families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 37,545 3,34,77 7,78 2,344 9,633 7,68 5,335,87 37,83 3,52,755 7,825 2,322 9,765 7,93 5,386, , Black families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 5,239 2, ,864,657 2, ,363 2, ,857,686 2, Hispanic origin families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 3,83 2,736, ,539, ,95 2,87, ,589, Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 77

80 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A72. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings (Numbers in thousands) Type of family and relationship of unemployed members to wage and salary earners Number of families Median weekly earnings Marriedcouple families 3,58 2,729 $493 $53 Husband unemployed Wife only earner Wife and other earner(s) Other earner(s) only, ft Wife unemployed Husband only earner Husband and other earner(s) Other eamer(s) only ft Other member(s) unemployed Husband or wife earner Both husband and wife earners Other combinations of earners ft Families maintained by women Householder unemployed Other member(s) unemployed ft 37 Families maintained by men Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. 2 Data not shown where base is less than,. 78

81 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY DATA A73. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 83,93 85,795 $45 $47 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 47,858 5,29 42,639 48,78 5,32 43, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 36,73 4,38 32,36 37,4 4,48 32, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families 3,56 9,47 5,9,86 3,434 9,9 5,373, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 5,654 3,755 9,288 7,72 5,67 3,675 9,8 8, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,423 4,33 3,92 72,777 42,57 3, Black Men Women 9,53 4,82 4,7 9,933 4,895 5, Hispanic origin Men Women 7,96 4,56 2,535 7,223 4,64 2, The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 79

82 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A74. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 2,267 2,58 $3 $35 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 6,45 3,535 2,96 6,54 3,49 3, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 3,86 4,63 9,752 3,994 4,86 9, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families,74 7,,9 7,668 6,924, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 3,38 3,449,239 2,65 3,26 3,65,44 2, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,624 5,53 2,2 7,894 5,483 2, Black Men Women, ,248,9 733, Hispanic origin Men Women, , The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 8

83 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY DATA A75. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex Occupation and sex Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings TOTAL Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 23,588,394 2,94 25,67 3,526 7,898 4,93 8, ,67 6,738,58 3,737 3,222 3,559 4,2 6,79 3,98 3,494,354 24,289,758 2,53 25,877 3,24 8,9 4,526 9,468 34,96 7,22,94 3,8 3,56 3,599 3,95 6,788 3,875 3,242,342 $ $ Men Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 2,2 6,334 5,866 9,82,924 4,747 3,4 4,25 4,482 2,765 9,66 3,635 3,97 2,829,732 4,26 3,685 2,92,23 2,47 6,576 5,895 9,733,692 4,6 3,43 4,838 39,656 3,42 9,98 3,67 3,46 2,849,573 4,293 3,624 2,657, Women Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing,388 5,6 6,328 5,85,62 3,5,52 4, , ,389 2, ,88 5,82 6,636 6,44,549 3,499,96 4, , ,332 2, Data not shown where base is less than,. 8

84 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A76. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Central cities Suburbs TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 92,39 26, ,86 8,759 65,374 94,35 28, ,57 7,98 65,825 49,582 99, ,726 7, ,88 5, ,84 6,323 5,69 57,774 37, ,22 3, ,549 37, ,737 2,58 9, ,99 29,364 93, ,586 29,55 Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 85,262 65, ,36 4,269 9,677 86,258 66, ,437 3,76 2,5 66,23 5, ,5 3, , ,5 2,987 5,93 25,96 9,32 7 7, ,64 25,276 9, , ,248 4, ,555 8,663 4, , Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 93,86 54, ,662 3,285 38,93 94,7 55, ,778 3,74 38,858 73,34 43, , ,897 73, , ,743 28,799 6, ,338, ,489 6,38 5 5,279,4 2,7 44,56 26, ,475 7, ,87 26,463,47 7,572 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,96 6, ,28, ,783 3,347 6, ,356, ,852,54 4, ,94,7 4, , ,233 3,879,766 4, ,3 3,784,685 4, ,99 6,75 3, , ,387 3, , White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 63,35 8,42 6,928 6, ,74 64,45 9,78 6 3,753 5,955 54,78 24,759 83, ,772 5, ,95 25,645 84, ,629 4, , ,6,856 4,487 4,976 27, ,29,659 4,288 82,355 55, ,72 3,226 26, , ,97 26,433 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 22,96 3, ,2,884 8,2 22,474 3, ,38,59.4 8,53 8,52, ,49,68 6,754 9,6, ,577, ,68 2, ,33, 4, , , ,73 6,233 4, , ,88 6,544 4, , ,995 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 5,42,56 6 9,,45.3 5,265 5,966, ,432,.5 5, ,383,47. 4, , ,72,2.5 4,998 7,795 4,97 6 4, ,824 8,33 5,87 6 4, ,946 6,476 4, , ,6 6,

85 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A76. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Nonmetropolitan areas Urban areas Rural areas Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 42,737 27,8 6 25,46,722 5,556 43,83 27, ,732,595 5,756 39,458 92, ,47 6,75 47,236 4,653 93, ,222 6,6 47,424 52,86 34, ,76 2,7 8,38 53,662 35, ,349,92 8,4 Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,5 4,99 7 3, ,95 9,28 4, , ,22 6,58 47,6 7 43,837 3,279 3,942 6,842 47, ,729 2,86 4,297 24,24 8, , ,735 24,46 8, , ,88 Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 2,546, , ,6 2,779, , ,5 69,6 4, ,3 2,557 28,446 69,45 4, ,837 2,348 28,267 24,854 4, , ,468 25,258 4, ,94 726,59 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,42, ,29 263,589 3,76, ,37 25,69 9,394 4, , ,848 9,359 4, , ,86 3,83, , ,935 3,988,996 5., ,992 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 38,375 24, ,56,4 3,89 38,77 24, ,458,326 3,987 4,246 76,56 6 7,423 4,733 38,9 4,68 76, ,545 4,252 37,82 48,889 32, ,55,76 6,624 49,797 32, ,28,73 6,886 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,575 2, , ,446 3,457 2, , ,435 9,38 2, 63.,322, ,28 9,549 2, ,787, ,335 3,58,886, ,72 2,925,757 6., ,68 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force, , ,3 9, ,74,49.4 4,88 4,59 9, , ,22, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 98 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of 984. Beginning with the first quarter of, separate data are no longer available for farm and nonfarm areas. 83

86 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A77. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Employment status, race, and Hispanic origin Poverty areas Nonpoverty Poverty Nonpoverty areas Poverty Nonpoverty TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Both sexes, 6 to 9 years... Men Women Not in labor force 26,637 5, ,48, ,45 26,35 4,9 5 3,382, ,45 65,682, ,76 7, ,959 67,964 3, ,89 6, ,375 6,963 9,48 5 8,97, ,482 6,87 9, ,69, ,52 32,69 9, ,529 5, ,336 34,425 9, ,67 5, ,549 9,674 5, , ,933 9,544 5, , ,93 33,64 2,44 6 2,77,264,622 33,539 2,73 6 2,59,94,826 White Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Both sexes, 6 to 9 years... Men Women Not in labor force 6,253 9, , ,649 6,27 9, , ,676 46,882 98, ,39 5, ,65 48,28, ,9 5, ,32 8,983 5, , ,767 8,986 5, , ,779 5,776 78, ,86 4,552 37,38 6,659 79, ,69 4, ,942 7,269 4, , ,882 7,222 4, , ,897 3,6 2,79 6 9,54,26,927 3,549 2, ,39,68 4.6,9 Black Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Both sexes, 6 to 9 years.. Men Women Not in labor force 9,339 5, 5 4, ,33 9,4 4, , ,285 2,756 8, ,862, ,87 3,469 9, , ,28 7,27 3, , ,39 6,99 3,65 3, ,385,33 7, , ,363 2,27 8, , ,683 2,32,94 5, O O 939 2,5, O O9, O O O 57, O O O 535 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over... Both sexes, 6 to 9 years.., Men Women Not in labor force 4,438 2, , ,939 4,593 2, , ,7,983 7, , ,326,373 7, , , 3,427 4,5 2, , ,777 4,7 2, , ,87,22 7, , ,63,569 7, , , O O O O O O O O 245 Data not shown where base is less than 6,. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 98 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of

87 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL EMPLOYMENT B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 943 to date (In thousands) Goodsproducing Serviceproducing Year and month private Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesa'e trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and Services real Government Federal State Local ,434 4,864 4,374 4,652 43,857 44,866 43,754 45,97 47,89 48,793 5,22 48,99 5,64 52,369 52,853 5,324 53,268 36,356 35,822 34,43 36,56 38,382 39,26 37,897 39,7 4,43 42,85 43,556 42,238 43,727 45,9 45,239 43,483 45,86 2,4 9,328 7,57 7,248 8,59 8,774 7,565 8,56 9,959 2,98 2,74 9,75 2,53 2,4 2,964 9,53 2, ,587,8,47,683 2,9 2,98 2,94 2,364 2,637 2,668 2,659 2,646 2,839 3,39 2,962 2,87 3,4 7,62 7,328 5,524 4,73 5,545 5,582 4,44 5,24 6,393 6,632 7,549 6,34 6,882 7,243 7,74 5,945 6,675 22,32 22,536 22,867 24,44 25,348 26,92 26,89 26,69 27,86 28,595 29,28 29,239 3,28 3,266 3,889 3,8 32,857 Annual averages 3,647 3,829 3,96 4,6 4,66 4, 4,34 4,226 4,248 4,29 4,84 4,4 4,244 4,24 3,976 4,,828,85,955 2,298 2,478 2,62 2,6 2,643 2,735 2,82 2,862 2,875 2,934 3,27 3,37 2,989 3,92 5,54 5,28 5,359 6,77 6,477 6,659 6,654 6,743 7,7 7,84 7,385 7,36 7,6 7,83 7,848 7,76 8,35,48,46,48,675,728,8,828,888,956 2,35 2, 2,2 2,298 2,389 2,438 2,48 2,549 4,3 4,45 4,222 4,697 5,25 5,8 5,239 5,356 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,24 6,497 6,78 6,765 7,87 2,95 2,928 2,88 2,254,892,863,98,928 2,32 2,42 2,35 2,88 2,87 2,29 2,27 2,9 2,233 () O,68,25,328,45,484 () O ) ) 3,558 3,89 4,7 4,232 4, ,89 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 6,765 63,9 65,83 67,897 7,384 45,836 45,44 46,66 47,429 48,686 5,689 53,6 54,43 56,58 58,89 2,434 9,857 2,45 2,64 2,5 2,926 23,58 23,38 23,737 24, ,926 2,859 2,948 3, 3,97 3,232 3,37 3,248 3,35 3,575 6,796 6,326 6,853 6,995 7,274 8,62 9,24 9,447 9,78 2,67 33,755 34,42 35,98 36,3 37,278 38,839 4,743 42,495 44,6 46,23 4,4 3,93 3,96 3,93 3,95 4,36 4,58 4,268 4,38 4,442 3,53 3,42 3,27 3,258 3,347 3,477 3,68 3,7 3,79 3, ,95 8,359 8,52 8,82 9,239 9,637 9,96,38,785 2,628 2,688 2,754 2,83 2,9 2,977 3,58 3,85 3,337 3,52 7,378 7,69 7,982 8,277 8,66 9,36 9,498,45,567,69 2,27 2,279 2,34 2,358 2,348 2,378 2,564 2,79 2,737 2,758,536,67,668,747,856 2,4 2,32 2,442 2,533 4,547 4,78 4,88 5,2 5,392 5,7 6,8 6,37 6,66 6, ,88 7,24 73,675 76,79 78,265 76,945 79,382 82,47 86,697 89,823 58,325 58,33 6,34 63,58 64,95 62,259 64,5 67,344 7,26 73,876 23,578 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,6 23,352 24,346 25,585 26, ,588 3,74 3,889 4,97 4,2 3,525 3,576 3,85 4,229 4,463 9,367 8,623 9,5 2,54 2,77 8,323 8,997 9,682 2,55 2,4 47,32 48,278 5,7 5,897 53,47 54,345 56,3 58,25 6,3 63,363 4,55 4,476 4,54 4,656 4,725 4,542 4,582 4,73 4,923 5,36 4,6 4,4 4,27 4,29 4,447 4,43 4,562 4,723 4,985 5,22,34,338,822 2,35 2,539 2,63 3,93 3,792 4,556 4,972 3,645 3,772 3,98 4,46 4,48 4,65 4,27 4,467 4,724 4,975,548,797 2,276 2,857 3,44 3,892 4,55 5,32 6,252 7,2 2,73 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,664 2,747 2,859 2,923 3,39 3,79 3,273 3,377 3,474 3,54 7,58 7,437 7,79 8,46 8,47 8,758 8,865 9,23 9,446 9, ,46 9,52 89,544 9,52 94,48 97,387 99,344,958 5,2 7,895 74,66 75,2 73,77 74,282 78,384 8,992 82,65 84,948 87,824 9,7 25,658 25,497 23,82 23,33 24,78 24,842 24,533 24,674 25,25 25,254,27,39, ,346 4,88 3,94 3,946 4,38 4,668 4,8 4,958 5,98 5,7 2,285 2,7 8,78 8,432 9,372 9,248 8,947 8,999 9,34 9,39 64,748 65,655 65,732 66,82 72,544 74,8 77,284 8,86 82,642 5,46 5,65 5,8 4,952 5,56 5,233 5,247 5,362 5,54 5,625 5,292 5,375 5,295 5,283 5,568 5,727 5,76 5,848 6,3 6,87 5,8 5,7 5,58 5,587 6,52 7,35 7,88 8,422 9,23 9,475 5,6 5,298 5,34 5,466 5,684 5,948 6,273 6,533 6,63 6,668 7,89 8,65 9,2 9,664 2,746 2,927 22,957 24, 25,54 26,97 2,866 2,772 2,739 2,774 2,87 2,875 2,899 2,943 2,97 2,988 3,6 3,64 3,64 3,662 3,734 3,832 3,893 3,967 4,76 4,82 9,765 9,69 9,458 9,434 9,482 9,687 9,9,,339, P.. 9,49 8,256 8,59,7 9,5 89,854 89,866 9,33 24,95 23,745 23,42 22, ,2 4,65 4,47 4,573 9,76 8,46 8,4 7,82 84,54 84,5 85,377 87,97 5,793 5,762 5,79 5,7 6,73 6,8 6,45 6,4 9,6 9,284 9,346 9,734 6,79 6,646 6,57 6,65 27,934 28,336 29,53 3,93 3,85 2,966 2,969 2,94 4,35 4,355 4,43 4,467,94,8,28,46 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted : December : January February March April May June July August September October November* December" 9,79 9,235 9,539 9,565 9,82,58,,338,35,52.664,866,49 9,33 9,48 9,762 9,777 9,2 9,239 9,278 9,497 9,478 9, ,96 92,8 22,985 23, 23,69 23,6 22,98 23,6 22,94 22,948 22,93 22,886 22,934 22,992 23, ,459 4,454 4,55 4,48 4,57 4,577 4,574 4,593 4,593 4,592 4,629 4,663 4,662 7,93 7,936 7,954 7,935 7,863 7,827 7,77 7,76 7,78 7,698 7,79 7,735 7,737 86,94 86,234 86,47 86,549 86,84 87,52 87,6 87,39 87,42 87,66 87,73 87,874 88,47 5,77 5,79 5,725 5,724 5,72 5,79 5,7 5,79 5,69 5,692 5,693 5,73 5,76 6,62 6,86 6,97 6,3 6, 6,25 6, 6,26 6,7 6,7 6,22 6,28 6,38 9,46 9,523 9,629 9,64 9,648 9,72 9,75 9,79 9,795 9,836 9,846 9,833 9,865 6,575 6,578 6,577 6,574 6,585 6,588 6,59 6,64 6,62 6,66 6,632 6,654 6,668 29,524 29,573 29,665 29,756 29,977 3,99 3,75 3,32 3,38 3,433 3,534 3,65 3,79 2,968 2,945 2,944 2,938 2,923 2,92 2,9 2,896 2,96 2,9 2,9 2,893 2,92 4,43 4,435 4,439 4,443 4,458 4,462 4,45 4,477 4,47 4,57 4,488 4,489 4,497,367,375,394,47,49,445,47,468,45,54,54,523,542 Not available. 2 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 959. This inclusion resulted in an increase of 22, (.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 959 benchmark month. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 989) are subject to revision. 85

88 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P. 9,865 9,856,53,83,83 private. 9,698 9,783 92,374 92,494 92,55 73,742 73,833 75,348 75,456 75,455 Mining Metal mining... Iron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining ' Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas. Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels. Crushed and broken stone Sand and gravel Chemical and fertilizer minerals Construction. 4,572 4,383 4,874 4,775 4,578 3,523 3,344 3,89 3,79 3,523 General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction , , , , , Heavy construction, except building... Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning. Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work , , , , , , , , Manufacturing 7,994 7,928 7,835 7,83 7,745 2,237 2,88 2,27 2,84 2,3 Durable goods.,86,52,44,52,4 6,788 6,767 6,749 6,759 6,76 Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture. Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings , See footnotes at end of table. 86

89 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC uode All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Furniture and fixtures Continued Office furniture * Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Mineral wool Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 87

90 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Fabricated metal products Continued Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.. Valves and pipe fittings, nee... Misc. fabricated wire products Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, ,9, , , , ,9.9, , , , , Electronic and other electrical equipment... Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers... Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 88

91 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC uode All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Electronic and other electrical equipment Continued Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment All Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Guided missiles and space vehicles Miscellaneous transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers , , , , , , , , , ,9 64 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , See footnotes at end of table. 89

92 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed Industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , ,88, ,776, ,79, ,75, ,74,6 5,449, ,42, ,458, ,425, ,369,8.5 Tobacco products. Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics. Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks... Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts... Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee ,2.i ; ; ! ; ; See footnotes at end of table. 9

93 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC UQ6 All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Continued Apparel and other textile products Continued Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services , , , , , Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , , , , , , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee ' See footnotes at end of table. 9

94 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Continued Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic... Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities. 5,744 5,759 5,748 5,745 5,767 4,82 4,83 4,823 4,86 4,835 Transportation. 3,53 3,549 3,558 3,559 3,583 Railroad transportation. Class I railroads Local and interurban passenger transit. Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs Intercity and rural bus transportation.. School buses Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air. Public warehousing and storage ,632.9,52.2 2,658.,53.2 2,658.7, ,66, ,68,42,3 7.7,45.7,343.7,44,33 8.3,448.9, Water transportation Water transportation of freight, nee Water transportation services Transportation by air Air transportation, scheduled Air transportation, scheduled Airports, flying fields, and services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement. Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications and public utilities. 2,24 2,2 2,9 2,86 2,84 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio. Radio and television broadcasting Radio broadcasting stations Television broadcasting stations Cable and other pay television services , , , , Electric, gas, and sanitary services. Electric services Gas production and distribution... Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade 6,82 6,68 6,46 6,48 6,45 4,899 4,884 4,964 4,965 4,955 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Automobiles and other motor vehicles Motor vehicle supplies and new parts., Furniture and home furnishings Furniture Home furnishings , , , , ,57 2, , , , See footnotes at end of table. 92

95 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Wholesale trade Continued Durable goods Continued Lumber and other construction materials Lumber, plywood, and millwork Construction materials, nee Professional and commercial equipment Office equipment Computers, peripherals and software Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Electrical apparatus and equipment Electrical appliances, television and radio sets Electronic parts and equipment Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment Hardware Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Construction and mining machinery Farm and garden machinery Industrial machinery and equipment Industrial supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Scrap and waste materials Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Stationery and office supplies Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Groceries, general line Meats and meat products Fresh fruits and vegetables Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum products, nee Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Beer and ale Wine and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Farm supplies , , , , ,628 2, , , , Retail trade 9,698 2,2 9,866 2,3 2,42 7,388 7,696 7,479 7,733 7,999 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores ,56. 2, ,65 2, ,386. 2, ,59.4 2, , ,43.2 2, ,49 2, ,229.6, ,35 2, Food stores Grocery stores Meat and fish markets Dairy products stores Retail bakeries ,2. 2, ,23 2, ,234. 2, ,249. 2, ,27 2, , , ,63. 2, , ,962. 2, Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers 55 55, , , , ,62.6, ,64 73, , See footnotes at end of table. 93

96 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Retail trade Continued Automotive dealers and service stations Continued Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores... Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores , , , , , , Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores... Radio, television, and electronic stores. Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places. 58 6,67.9 6,65 6,89 6, ,99.3 5,98 6,7.9 6,22 6,2.6 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Liquor stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Sporting goods and bicycle shops Book stores Stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods Nonstore retailers Catalog and mailorder houses Merchandising machine operators Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Florists, tobacco stores, and newsstands ,3,4 2, , , , , , , , Finance, insurance, and real estate 3 6,543 6,559 6,63 6,628 6,65 4,732 4,747 4,89 4,824 4,845 Finance 3,6 3,75 3,229 3,245 3,263 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee. Savings institutions Federal savings institutions Savings institutions, except federal... Credit unions , ,94., ,3.5, ,, ,9.3, ,29.,5, ,52.9, ,52, ,53.7, Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Business credit institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Security brokers and dealers Commodity contracts brokers, dealers, and exchanges Security and commodity services , Holding and other investment offices. Holding offices See footnotes at end of table. 94

97 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Finance, insurance, and real estate Continued Insurance 63,64 2,5 2,5 2,5 2, 2,6 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Title insurance , , , , , , , , Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Real estate operators and lessors Real estate agents and managers Subdividers and developers , , , , ,272 Services 29,445 29,453 3,692 3,666 3,639 25,7 25,7 26,823 26,792 26,74 Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places Hotels and motels 7 7,52.3,478.8,53.,474.,58,539.,54,499.7,54.7,33.2,298.,35,3 Personal services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Photographic studios, portrait Beauty shops Funeral service and crematories Miscellaneous personal services , , , , , Business services Advertising Advertising agencies Credit reporting and collection Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Heavy construction equipment rental Personnel supply services Employment agencies Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Prepackaged software Computer integrated systems design Data processing and preparation Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Photofinishing laboratories , ,8.3 23, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,4. 2,79.5 4, , , , , , , , , , , , Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops , See footnotes at end of table. 95

98 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed Industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Continued Automotive services, except repair Carwashes Miscellaneous repair services. Electrical repair shops Motion pictures Motion picture production and services. Motion picture theaters Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services.. Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs , , , , , Health services 8 Offices and clinics of medical doctors 8 Offices and clinics of dentists 82 Offices and clinics of other health practitioners 84 Offices and clinics of chiropractors and optometrists... 84,2 Nursing and personal care facilities 85 Skilled nursing care facilities 85 Intermediate care facilities 852 Nursing and personal care, nee 859 Hospitals 86 General medical and surgical hospitals 862 Psychiatric hospitals 863 Specialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric 869 Medical and dental laboratories 87 Home health care services 88 8,669.6, ,57.5, ,79 3, ,72.7, ,57, , , ,96.5, ,64.6, ,88.4 3, ,98, ,648., ,87.6 3, ,.4 7,7.6, , ,728.5, , ,938.4, , ,95, , ,89. 3,48 3, ,49 3, Legal services Educational services Elementary and secondary schools. Colleges and universities Vocational schools ,84 48, , , , ,6 7, ,93. 7,879. Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee , , , , ,3.7, , , , Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Business associations Professional organizations Labor organizations Civic and social associations , ,939.8, , , Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services.. Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping , , , , ,53, , , , See footnotes at end of table. 96

99 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Services Continued Engineering and management services Continued Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Public relations services Services, nee Government 9,67 9,73 9,57 9,39 9,253 Federal Government 4 2,925 2,965 2,886 2,879 2,92 Executive, by agency 4 Department of Defense Postal Service 5 Other executive agencies Legislative Judicial 2, , , , , , Federal Government, by industry: Manufacturing activities Ship building and repairing Transportation and public utilities, except Postal Service Services Hospitals State government Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions Local government Transportation and public utilities Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions , ,952.7,7, ,66. 4, ,9,7, ,6 4,596 4,958.7,743.7, ,623. 4,69 4,988.7,74.6, , , ,488. 3,53.7 3,55 4,578,773 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $5,, or more. 3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. 4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to civilian employment only and exclude the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. 5 Includes rural mail carriers. Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 97

100 ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry Sept. Aug. Sept. 52,523 52,978 52,63 53,48 53,972 private 42,66 42,72 43,328 43,45 43,54 Goodsproducing 6,574 6,546 6,474 6,47 6,455 Mining Construction Manufacturing 5,966 5,942 5,864 5,863 5,847 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2, , , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3, , , , , Serviceproducing 45,949 46,432 46,57 47, 47,57 Transportation and public utilities,685,688,654,685,692 Wholesale trade,857,865,864,873,887 Retail trade,326,32,54,5,498 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,69 4,57 4,22 4,96 4,88 Services 7,995 8,25 8,6 8,69 8,82 Government Federal... State Local 9,97,224 2,79 6,54,276,23 2,259 6,84 9,33,25 2,3 5,985,65,26 2,22 6,647,432,99 2,294 6,939 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 98

101 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p p 9,79 9,235 9,539 9,565 9,82,58,,338,35,52,664,866,49 private 9,33 9,48 9,762 9,777 9,2 9,239 9,278 9,497 9,478 9,58 9,76 9,96 92,8 Goodsproducing 22,985 23, 23,69 23,6 22,98 23,6 22,94 22,948 22,93 22,886 22,934 22,992 23,2 Mining Oil and gas extraction Construction General building contractors 4,459,47 4,454,49 4,55,58 4,48,49 4,57,62 4,577,67 4,574,63 4,593,6 4,593,5 4,592,5 4,629,62 4,663,77 4,662,82 Manufacturing 7,93 7,936 7,954 7,935 7,863 7,827 7,77 7,76 7,78 7,698 7,79 7,735 7,737 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing, ,3,99,54, , ,38,98,57, , ,32,97,52, , ,32,94,525, , ,36,94,59, , ,3,92,53, , ,36,9,58, , ,34,898,56, , ,33,89,56, , ,34,893,57, , ,37,892,59, , ,32,897,55, , ,35,897,522, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products... Leather and leather products 7,777, ,5, ,784, ,499, ,79, ,52, ,79, ,53, ,773, ,53, ,78, ,56, ,76, ,53, ,764, ,56, ,744, ,57, ,724, ,57, ,72, ,53, ,722, ,55, ,7, ,53, Serviceproducing 86,94 86,234 86,47 86,549 86,84 87,52 87,6 87,39 87,42 87,66 87,73 87,874 88,47 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Trucking and warehousing Transportation by air Communications and public utilities 5,77 3,495,6 73 2,22 5,79 3,58, ,2 5,725 3,55, ,2 5,724 3,53, ,2 5,72 3,53, ,27 5,79 3,55, ,24 5,7 3,5, ,2 5,79 3,54, ,95 5,69 3,497, ,93 5,692 3,53, ,89 5,693 3,55, ,88 5,73 3,57, ,86 5,76 3,53, ,86 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,62 3,464 2,598 6,86 3,476 2,6 6,97 3,48 2,67 6,3 3,482 2,62 6, 3,488 2,622 6,25 3,489 2,636 6, 3,488 2,622 6,26 3,497 2,629 6,7 3,488 2,69 6,7 3,497 2,62 6,22 3,499 2,623 6,28 3,55 2,623 6,38 3,53 2,625 Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations Apparel and accessory stores Eating and drinking places 9,46 2,42 3,75,9,34 6,73 9,523 2,382 3,86 2,3,35 6,737 9,629 2,42 3,95 2,3,46 6,765 9,64 2,394 3,98 2,8,43 6,743 9,648 2,378 3,99 2,2,38 6,83 9,72 2,368 3,25 2,26,44 6,843 9,75 2,356 3,22 2,29,45 6,865 9,79 2,366 3,27 2,33,44 6,892 9,795 2,359 3,226 2,4,45 6,92 9,836 2,364 3,22 2,46,43 6,927 9,846 2,365 3,228 2,53,35 6,929 9,833 2,354 3,24 2,62,28 6,945 9,865 2,34 3,25 2,75,37 6,968 See footnotes at end of table. 99

102 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major Industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p p Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Insurance Real estate Services Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Personnel supply services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Hospitals Legal services Educational services Social services Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Government Federal State Local 6,575 3,77 2,4 2,6,282 29, ,566,5 5,56, ,54 8,698 3,8 92,77 2,6 74,95 2,494 8,766 2,968 4,43,367 6,578 3,84 2, 2,,283 29, ,565,98 5,52, ,48 8,72 3,84 924,72 2,3 74,952 2,492 8,755 2,945 4,435,375 6,577 3,84 2,9 2,8,285 29,665 5,566,87 5,555, ,46 8,754 3,8 926,73 2,22 74,952 2,494 8,777 2,944 4,439,394 6,574 3,85 2, 2,9,28 29, ,563,86 5,598, ,48 8,784 3,8 928,736 2,32 73,95 2,53 8,788 2,938 4,443,47 6,585 3,95 2,3 2,8,282 29,977 55,564,9 5,665, ,26 8,89 3,83 93,742 2,45 75,956 2,59 8,8 2,923 4,458,49 6,588 3,97 2, 2,,28 3,99 59,572,2 5,696, ,2 8,847 3,825 93,745 2,5 76,955 2,522 8,89 2,92 4,462,445 6,59 3,2 2,7 2,2,277 3,75 5,58,23 5,72, ,98 8,86 3,89 929,735 2,68 76,965 2,527 8,823 2,9 4,45,47 6,64 3,24 2,9 2,4,276 3,32 52,584,26 5,772, ,29 8,885 3, ,752 2,98 76,964 2,528 8,84 2,896 4,477,468 6,62 3,25 2,6 2,4,273 3,38 56,577,23 5,8 2, ,22 8,92 3,82 93,747 2, 77,963 2,527 8,827 2,96 4,47,45 3,226 2,7 2,3,277 3, ,584,4 5,84 2, ,94 8,933 3,82 933,757 2,92 77,962 2,54 8,922 2,9 4,57,54 6,632 3,242 2,22 2,,279 3, ,596,6 5,92 2, ,72 8,96 3,88 932,755 2,86 78,964 2,536 8,93 2,9 4,488,54 6,654 3,255 2,26 2,5,284 3,65 536,588,6 5,943 2, ,75 8,984 3,88 933,77 2,99 78,969 2,542 8,95 2,893 4,489,523 6,668 3,266 2,29 2,8,284 3,79 535,593,3 5,978 2, ,68 9,2 3,89 933,779 2,5 77,963 2,544 8,94 2,92 4,497,542 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 989 forward are subject to revision.

103 B5. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 52,589 52,667 52,732 52,86 52,937 52,943 53,3 53,254 53,37 53,468 53,433 53,55 53,567 private 42,5 42,538 42,6 42,69 42,79 42,784 42,937 43,75 43,3 43,2 43,93 43,26 43,336 Goodsproducing 6,483 6,483 6,483 6,492 6,498 6,489 6,472 6,46 6,433 6,432 6,44 6,39 6,389 Mining Construction Manufacturing 5,887 5,886 5,889 5,896 5,9 5,895 5,878 5,868 5,839 5,834 5,87 5,792 5,789 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Federal State Local 2, , ,6,675,85,293 4,7 8,37,79,26 2,29 6,654 2, , ,84,674,856,279 4,67 8,79,29,29 2,27 6,73 2, , ,249,674,855,294 4,67 8,37,22,228 2,23 6,68 2, , ,324,677,868,33 4,69 8,53,26,22 2,26 6,689 2, , ,439,679,869,38 4,66 8,98,46,222 2,28 6,76 2, , ,454,68,869,348 4,62 8,236,59,22 2,22 6,79 2, , ,63,678,874,37 4,7 8,373,66,26 2,223 6,727 2, , ,793,679,876,45 4,78 8,476,79,22 2,226 6,74 2, , ,874,68,867,43 4,78 8,53,24,27 2,223 6,774 2, , ,36,68,87,45 4,89 8,587,258,2 2,243 6,85 2, , ,29,674,862,44 4,92 8,62,24,25 2,242 6,793 2, , ,5,675,866,459 4,2 8,67,244,24 2,25 6,79 2, , ,78,679,874,467 4,2 8,726,23,23 2,245 6,783 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 989 forward are subject to revision.

104 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B6. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p private Goodsproducing Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, Insurance, and real estate Services 73,38 6, ,44 2,83 6, ,48 967, ,426, ,349 4,779 4,88 7,46 4,762 25,782 73,543 6, ,399 2,2 6, ,49 964, ,435, ,52 4,793 4,94 7,2 4,769 25,825 73,83 6, ,463 2,234 6, ,49 97, ,444, ,7 4,8 4,95 7,34 4,769 25,9 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 73,827 6, ,433 2,23 6, ,47 973, ,448, ,739 4,794 4,923 7,274 4,769 25,979 p 74,4 6, ,467 2,78 6, ,48 97, ,433, ,946 4,792 4,924 7,32 4,767 26,6 74,29 6, ,534 2,55 6, ,48 967, ,437, ,76 4,79 4,935 7,37 4,775 26,35 74,296 6, ,528 2,5 6, ,5 963, ,49, ,232 4,783 4,922 7,396 4,78 26,35 74,53 6, ,548 2,6 6, ,5 962, ,422, ,429 4,784 4,938 7,42 4,797 26,49 74,493 6, ,544 2,7 6, ,44 959, ,43, ,46 4,763 4,927 7,43 4,8 26,54 74,577 6, ,544 2,74 6, ,48 962, ,392, ,538 4,76 4,932 7,446 4,84 26,585 74,779 6, ,579 2,9 6, ,52 966, ,389, ,69 4,77 4,939 7,462 4,828 26,69 74,934 6, ,6 2,25 6, ,56 969, ,4, ,78 4,773 4,945 7,454 4,843 26,765 75,4 6, ,599 2,25 6, ,59 979, ,376, ,853 4,782 4,95 7,44 4,86 26,82 = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 989 forward are subject to revision. 2

105 ESTABLISHMENT DATA DIFFUSION INDEXES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over month span: p P5 Over 3month span: P P Over 6month span: P P Over 2month span: P P Manufacturing payrolls, 39 industries Over month span: p p 5 Over 3month span: p p Over 6month span: P p Over 2month span: P P Based on seasonally adjusted data for, 3, and 6month spans and unadjusted data for the 2month span. Data are centered within the span. P = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 5 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 989) are subject to revision. 3

106 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major Industry, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New HamDShire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina ^nuth Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virainia Wisconsin Wyoming Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P ,6,6., ,37 3, ,222. 2,553.4,256.,2.6,522.5, ,72.3 2,77.5 3, , , , ,69 3, ,85,22.9,28.6 5,7 42.3, , ,8 2, ,363. 2, , ,39.3,6., , , ,22.3 2,55,252.6, , ,7. 2, , , , , ,863., ,7 49.3, ,24 7, ,849. 2, ,36 2, ,3.4,65., ,4.7 3, ,23 2,57.3,26.4,28.9,53, ,8 2, , , , , ,72 3, ,2.,28 5, , , , , ,3.8,69.9, , ,24 2,5,26., , ,83.5 2,78 3,98 2, , , ,73. 3, ,88, , , ,8.,622.7, ,42 3, ,23.8 2,562.,26.7,32.5, , 2,77 6 2, , , , , , , ,85 2, ,38 2, , ,,6, ,45.9 3, ,23 2, ,32.7,528.5, ,7 2, ,95.5 2, , , , ,87.3,22., , ,264. 7, ,86.5 2, , ,98,63.5, ,44 3, ,234. 2,558.5,25,29.6,52, ,7 2, , , , ,47.6 7,78.3 3, ,86,27.9,28 5, , , , ,85 2, , , , ,959.4,63.5, ,4 3, ,2 2,56,25,32.,528.9, ,6 2, ,95.2 2, , , ,68 3, ,863.2,22.2, , , , , , , ,38 2, , ,97,639.3, , , ,5,2,3,53.3, ,68.2 2, ,95 2, , , ,7 3, ,85,24.7, , ,27.7 7, , , ,393. 2, , ,96.,6, ,48.3 3, , ,56.2,25,28.,527.6, ,59. 2,75 3,93 2, , ,38 6 7, , ,85,22, , ,55 3 2, , , , , , ,92.,64, ,48. 3, ,258.,3, ,75 5 2, , , ,68.9 3, ,859.,29.9,29 5, , , , , ,657.7, , , ,58,26,,536., ,6 2,774. 3, , , , ,7. 3, ,869.7,2,3.4 5,8 48., , , ,87.5 2, , , , ,89.6,65, ,5 3, , ,59,268.3,4.6,53, ,64.6 2,78.2 3,99.6 2, , ,4 62 7,7.3 3,2 28 4,8,2,3 5,9 4, ,29 7, ,87 2, , See footnotes at end of table. 4 Digitized for FRASER

107 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Construction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii 2 Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky.... Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota MississiDDi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New HamDShire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oreaon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virainia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 5

108 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentuckv Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New HamDshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washinaton West Virginia Wisconsin Wvomina Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Manufacturing , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 6 Digitized for FRASER

109 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Transportation and public utilities Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland , Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin.... Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 7

110 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Wholesale and retail trade Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado ConnGCticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland 33., , , , , , , , , , , , fi, Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New HarrtDshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oreaon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina 42.3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virainia Wisconsin Wyoming , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 8

111 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Finance, insurance, and real estate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marvland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota MississiDDi. Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersev New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah.. Vermont Virginia Washinoton West Virainia Wisconsin Wvomina See footnotes at end of table. 9

112 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas. California Colorado ConnGcticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.... Michigan Minnesota MississiDDi. Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New HarrtDshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsvlvania. Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota ^ Tennessee Utah.. Vermont Virainia Washinaton West Virginia Wisconsin Wvomina.'<«. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Services , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for FRASER

113 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Government Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georaia , , , , , , , , , , , , , Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New HamDshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina 6.6, , , , , , , , , , , , , South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin. Wyoming 6 35, , , , , , , , , , , , , Includes mining, not shown separately. Mining is combined with construction. p = preliminary. NOTE: All State data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. Ill

114 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area P P * Alabama Birmingham.. Huntsville Mobile Montgomery. Tuscaloosa.., , , () ) O Alaska Anchorage Arizona... Phoenix. Tucson... Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock. Pine Bluff,559.9, ,583., ,59, ) V) () ) California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc.. Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa Colorado BoulderLongmont. Denver Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden. Stamford Waterbury 2,6, , , , ,97.5, , , , ,99, , , , : 2 ) () O( 2 ) V) V) C 2 ) ; 2 ) () O ) : 2 ) V) 8. C 2 ) () O ) Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia. Washington MSA , , , Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach.. Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach. 5, , , ).2 3. I.6 ) I.6 ) > See footnotes at end of table. 2

115 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major Industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and xjblic utilities P Wholesale and retail trade? Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona Phoenix Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa, , , , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Denver Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington MSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach , , , See footnotes at end of table. 3

116 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate? Services P Government P Alabama Huntsville Mobile Alaska Arizona Tucson FavettevilleSDrinadale Fort Smith ittle RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Modesto Oakland San Dieao San Jose ^anta BarbaraSanta MariaLomDOC ValleioFairfieldNaDa , , , , , , , , , Colorado Connecticut RridnenortMilford Hartford New Britain NIAW HavanMeriden Waterbury Wilminntnn District of Columbia Wa^hinntnn MSA Florida Fort aurierdalehollvwood Pomoano Beach Fort MversCaoe Coral Gainesville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bav MiamiHialeah Tallahassee TamnaSt PetersburaClearwater Woct Palm Rfiach Rnca Raton Ddlrav Boach , , , See footnotes at end of table. 4

117 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major Industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Mining ( Construction State and area?? P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta Columbus MaconWarner Robins, Savannah 3,42.2, , , ,38.9^ , ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (*) ft ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Hawaii Honolulu O ) V) Idaho Boise City ) Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul... Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute 5, , , , , , , , , ).6 ) V) ) ).9 o ).7.4 O.5 o ).4.7 O ).4 O Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls, , , ) V) ) o ) 2.2 V) Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita, , , ) Kentucky LexingtonFayette Louisville Owensboro, , , Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge HoumaThibodaux Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport, , , See footnotes at end of table. 5

118 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls In States and selected areas by major Industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade? Georgia Athens Atlanta Columbus Macon Warner Robins Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois Phamnaian Urbana Rantoul Davenport Rock IslandMoline joliet Kankakee Roekford Snrinafield , , , Indiana RkhartGoshen Fort Wavne Garv Hammond Kokomo Lafavette West Lafavette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute lowd Des Moines Iowa Citv Sioux Citv WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Topeka Wichita Kentucky Louisvilte Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Houma Thibodaux Lafayette ake Charles New Orleans ShrGVGDort See footnotes at end of table. 6

119 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , Services , * , Governmeni " Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta Columbus MaconWarner Robins Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul... Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky LexingtonFayette Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge HoumaThibodaux Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport See footnotes at end of table. 7 Digitized for FRASER

120 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Mining Constructor> State and area " * P Maine Portland ft Maryland Baltimore MSA Baltimore Citv Suburban MarvlandDC r 2,9, ,8.3, ,8, ) Massachusetts Brockton Fall River FitchburgLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester " 2,82.8, ,8.4, ,84., ft.2.4 ft ft ft..2.2 ( 2 ) ft ft ) ft ft ft ft Michigan Rattle Creek... Detroit Flint Kalamazoo Lansina East Lansina ^flninaw Bav Citv Midland 3, , , , , , ).7 o ) V) 8.3 ) O ). 8.2 ). ) ) Minnesota Duiuth MinneaDolisSt Paul St Cloud 2,2 2.4, , , ,28 2.3, ft Mississippi , Missouri Kansas Citv St Louis Springfield 2, , ,37 8., , ,7 33. O Montana Nebraska Omaha O V) V) Nevada New HannDShire ).5 ) New Jersey Atlantic Citv MiHHipcoy Somerset Hunterdon Newark VinelandMillvilleBridaeton 3, , , O ) ) O V) C) O See footnotes at end of table. 8

121 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls In States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing * Transportation and Dublic utilities P Wholesale and retail trade ? , , Maine LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore MSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts Boston Brockton Fall River FitchburgLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor Detroit Flint ; Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua... PortsmouthDoverRochester... New Jersey Atlantic City BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton See footnotes at end of table. 9 Digitized for FRASER

122 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls In States and selected areas by major Industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate? Services P Government P Maine Portland Maryland Baltimore MSA Baltimore Citv Suburban MarvlandD C Massachusetts B ckton Fall River LawrenceHaverhill Lowell Pittsfield Cnrinnfiplri Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor. Detroit Pljnt, Jackson # LansinaEast Lansina SaainawBav CitvMidland ao , , Minnesota Duluth MinnpanolisSt Paul St Cloud Mississippi Missouri Kansas Citv St Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada ** New Hamnshira Man/^hactAr Nashua Portsmouth DoverRochester Atlantic Citv Jersey City MiririlASAvSomersetHunterdon Newark Vinplanri MillvilleBridaeton See footnotes at end of table. 2

123 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Mining ( Donstructiorl State and area * P P New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe V) New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County 7, ,58.7 3, , , ,47. 3,76 3, , ,52.9 3, , ) o ) V).4 ).7 ().5.4 ) V).7 O V).4 ) ) ( ) () () ) ) V) North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point.. RaleighDurham 3, , , <;> D ) () ( ) ) North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks ) o () ) ) () () V) Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren 4, , , Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa, , , Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem, , , Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh 5, , , , , , ) ) ) ) () O () V) ).4 o See footnotes at end of table. 2

124 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing , , , * , Transportation and public utilities # * * Wholesale and retail trade , , , , , , ? , , , New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point. RaleighDurham North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh See footnotes at end of table. 22 Digitized for FRASER

125 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , ,26, , , Services , ,27, , , ^ , ,28, , , , Governmeni , P , New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurham North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh See footnotes at end of table. 23 Digitized for FRASER

126 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major Industry Continued (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area P * * PennsylvaniaContinued ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York O.6 ) ).5 V).6 ) Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg, , , O.8 O ) ) South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls () Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 2, , , ) Abilene Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria.". BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 7, , , , , , , , , O ) ()..5.6 V) ) See footnotes at end of table. 24

127 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing? Transportation and Dublic utilities P Wholesale and retail trade? PennsylvaniaContinued Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York i Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia, GreenvilleSpartanburg South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls , , , See footnotes at end of table. 25

128 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate * Services P Government * PennsylvaniaContinued Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls , , , , , ,9.8.6., See footnotes at end of table. 26

129 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED lotai Mining Construction State and area " P P Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden O Vermont BarreMontpelier. Burlington ).6 O Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News... Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 2, , , ).4.7 O 2.6 O ) ) O Washington. Seattle 2,252.3, 2,27.3,32.9 2,27, West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland... ParkersburgMarietta.. Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah. Eau Claire Green Bay... JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2, , , V) ) ) ) 2.6 ) O 2.5 O V) V) Wyoming. Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez... Ponce San Juan ) ) Virgin Islands O O O See footnotes at end of table. 27

130 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing? Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade * Utah Salt Lake CitvOaden Vermont : Virainia Bristol Charlnttesville Danville NnrfnlkN/irninia Beach NewDOrt News Northern Virainia Washinaton Seattle West Virginia Huntinaton Ashland ParkersburaMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AoDletonOshkoshNeenah Kennsha Madison Racine Sheboygan Wyoming Puerto Rico Virain Islands See footnotes at end of table. 28

131 B9. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate * Services P Government P Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden MA Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington Seattle West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan Virgin Islands Combined witfi construction. 2 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 29

132 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major Industry, 964 to date Year and month Weekly hours private Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Mining Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Construction Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ P IMonthly data, not seasonally adjusted : December : January February March April May June J U V August September October November" December" $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table. 3

133 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Continued Year and month P : December : January February March April May jun@ July August SeDtember October November* December" Manufacturing Weekly hours Hourly earnings Hourly earnings, excluding overtime Weekly earnings Transportation and utilities Weekly hours Hourly earnings public Weekly earnings Wholesale trade Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted $ $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table. 32 Digitized for FRASER

134 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Continued Year and month Weekly hours Retail trade Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Finance, insurance, and real estate Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Services Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ I P IMonthly data, not seasonally adjusteci : December : January February March April May June July August SeDtember October November" December** $ $ $ $ $ $ Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 33

135 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P * private Mining Metal mining... Iron ores Copper ores, Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels. Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet nrwtal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members. Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture... Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixture* See footnotes at end of table. 34

136 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P private $.72 $.7 $.94 $.96 $.97 $ $369.5 $ $378.2 $38.66 Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures c See footnotes at end of table. 35

137 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products... Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating. Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products 34 Metal cans and shipping containers 34 Metal cans 34 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 342 Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws ,5 Hardware, nee 3429 Plumbing and heating, except electric 343 Plumbing fixture fittings and trim 3432 Heating equipment, except electric 3433 Fabricated structural metal products 344 Fabricated structural metal 344 Metal doors, sash, and trim 3442 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) 3443 Sheet metal work 3444 Architectural metal work 3446 Screw machine products, bolts, etc 345 Screw machine products 345 Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 3452 Metal forgings and stampings 346 Iron and steel forgings 3462 Automotive stampings 3465 Metal stampings, nee 3469 Metal services, nee 347 Plating and polishing 347 Metal coating and allied services 3479 Ordnance and accessories, nee 348 Ammunition, except for small arms, nee 3483 Misc. fabricated metal products 349 Valves and pipe fittings, nee 3494 Misc. fabricated wire products See footnotes at end of table. 36

138 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P " Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products $ $ $ $ $.93 $ $ $ $ $5 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products , See footnotes at end of table. 37

139 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, , Electronic and other electrical equipment.. Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus. Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers... Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment... Household audio and video equipment. Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories. Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies.. Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment See footnotes at end of table. 38

140 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, ,9 $ $ $ $ $2.98 $ $ $ $ $57 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment See footnotes at end of table. 39

141 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles. Sporting and athletic goods, nee... Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing.., Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products... Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table. 4

142 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts.. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers Instruments and rejated products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts $ $ O $ $ $ $ $ O $ $ $ O $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $72.99 $ $ $ $ $ $ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table. 4

143 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics. Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks... Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Menls and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts.. Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses... Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses. Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products. Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 42

144 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods v $ $ Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 43

145 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated. Envelopes Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations. Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting. Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities , Railroad transportation: Class I railroads See footnotes at end of table. 44

146 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services $ $47.86 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities Railroad transportation: Class I railroads See footnotes at end of table. 45

147 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air. Public warehousing and storage Water transportation: Water transportation services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement. Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services. Electric services Gas production and distribution... Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade Durable goods Mtftor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment. Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies. Lumber and other building materials... Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores General merchandise stores. Department stores See footnotes at end of table. 46

148 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage Water transportation: Water transportation services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade $ $456 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores General merchandise stores Department stores See footnotes at end of table. 47

149 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Continued Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores Food stores Grocery stores. Retail bakeries Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores. Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores. Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Finance, Insurance, and real estate Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee. Credit unions , Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance. Hospital and medical service plans.. Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels See footnotes at end of table. 48

150 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings Nov: P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Continued Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores $ 7.54 $ 7.55 $4 8. $ $ $ $ $ Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries Automotive dealers and service stations... New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores... Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Finance, insurance, and real estate $ $48 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee... Credit unions , Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels See footnotes at end of table. 49

151 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services. Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Heavy construction equipment rental Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers. Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops. General automotive repair shops. Automotive services, except repair. Carwashes , Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services. Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners. Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services. Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Membership organizations: Professional organizations See footnotes at end of table. 5

152 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Heavy construction equipment rental Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services : Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes , Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners.. Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Membership organizations: Professional organizations See footnotes at end of table. 5

153 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Public relations services Services, nee See footnotes at end of table. 52

154 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings " P Services Continued Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Public relations services $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Services, nee Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturingconstruction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 See table C2a for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing. 3 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $5,, or more. 4 Money payments only; tips, not included. 5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 53

155 A Note on Average Hourly Earnings in Aircraft (SIC 372) and Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (SIC 376) Manufacturing For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics average hourly earning series for production workers in aircraft manufacturing (sic 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles manufacturing (SIC 376) have been used to escalate labor costs in contracts between aerospace companies and their customers. Although the Bureau's series by definition take account of traditional wage rate changes, they do not capture "lumpsum payments to workers in lieu of general wage increases" which were negotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargaining agreements beginning in late 983. Because of special circumstances in the aerospace industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earnings series for SIC 372 and SIC 376 which include lumpsum payments. These series, beginning in October 983, the effective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreement using lumpsum payments, were published in the June 988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and year earlier data are presented in table C2a along with the average hourly earnings series produced as part of the Current Employment Statistics program. An explanation of the methodology used to derive these series appears in the Explanatory Notes of this publication. C2a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing Aircraft (SIC 372) Guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) Series P P Average hourly earnings, excluding lumpsum payments $8.9 $8.4 $8.82 $8.95 $ $3 $7.65 $7.64 Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum payments p = preliminary. 54

156 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls Industry " P Manufacturing $. $.9 $.2 $.27 $.36 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing O O O ft 8 oo Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products $.66 o Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 2 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 55

157 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C4. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (982) dollars Industry Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P private: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $.72 3 $.7 2 $.94 $.96 $.97 ft $ $ $ $ $38.66 ft Mining: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars , 9.75 $4.66 ft $659.7 ft Construction: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $ $553.5 ft Manufacturing: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $2. ft $58.8 ft Transportation and public utilities: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $3.77 ft $549 ft Wholesale trade: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $.85 ft $456 ft Retail trade: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $5 ft $24.62 ft Finance, insurance, and real estate: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $.6 ft $48 ft Services: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $.99 ft $357.8 ft Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate the earnings series. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 56

158 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C5. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. " " Mining private Construction Manufacturing Overtime hours Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate ft ft Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular ft ft ( 2 ) ft ft ( 2 ) ft ( 2 ) ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft 3 4 ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 989 forward are subject to revision. 57

159 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C6. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major Industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (982=) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p p private Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment... Motor vehicles and equipment... Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 989 forward are subject to revision. 58

160 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p p Averagei hourly earnings orlvate fin current dollars) $.68 $.73 $.74 $.78 $.77 $.82 $.8 $.8 $.86 $.86 $.92 $.93 $.95 Mining Construction Manufacturing Excludlna overtime 2 Transoortation and oublic utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance insurance and real estate Services private (in constant dollars) ( 4 ) Average weekly earnings private: In current dollars In constant (982) dollars ( 4 ) Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 3 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate these series. 4 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 989 forward are subject to revision. 59

161 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area? P P Alabama Mobile $ $ $ $ $ $ Alaska Arizona Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AnaelesLona Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura Salinas Seaside Monterev San Francisco ^anta Rarbara Santa Maria LorHDOC * Santa Rosa Petaluma..... Stockton ValleioFairfieldNaDa Colorado Denver Connecticut BridaeDort Milford Hartford New Britain Stamford Waterburv Wilminaton District of Columbia: Washinaton MSA Florida Georgia Atlanta Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Illinois Bloominaton Normal Phamnaian Urbana Rantoul DavfinDort Rock Island Moline Decatur joliet Kankakee akp Countv Peoria Rockford Snrinafield See footnotes at end of table. 6

162 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area p P? Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute $ $ $ $ $ $ Iowa. Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Kansas Topeka Wichita Kentucky LexingtonFayette Louisville Louisiana Baton Rouge New Orleans Shreveport Maine LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore MSA Massachusetts Boston Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana See footnotes at end of table. 6

163 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Nebraska Lincoln Omaha $ $ $ $ $ $ Nevada New Hamoshlre Manchester Nashua PortsmouthDoverRochester New Mexico New York Alhanv Sehenectadv Trov Binghamton Buffalo Elmira NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York Citv Niagara Falls Oranae Countv Poughkeepsie Rockland Countv UticaRome Westchester Countv North Carolina Asheville PharlnttftGastonia Rock Hill ftraanehnrnwirmtnnsalemhiah Point Raleiah Durham North Dakota Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Davton SDtinafield Toledo YounastownWarren Oklahoma Oklahoma Citv « EuaeneSDrinafield Martfnrri Portland Salem > AllentownBethlehem HarrisburaLebanonCarlisle See footnotes at end of table. 62

164 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P PennsylvaniaContinued Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York $ $ $ $ $ $ Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro. Providence South Carolina South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Dallas Ft. WorthArlington Houston San Antonio Utah Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkosh Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 63

165 PRODUCTITY DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C9. Nonfarm employee hours by major industry, seasonally adjusted Millions of hours (annual rate) Percent change Industry r r P to p to r to P 25, , Private sector 67,57 67,56 67,6 2.. Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services,398 9,29 38,87 2,739 6,348,835 2,6 29,825 2,392 52, ,457 38,96 2,844 6,352,84 2,73 29,72 2,4 52,459,392 9,43 38,24 2,876 6,328,748 2,6 29,75 2,329 52, Government 38,3 37,628 38, hours paid for week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multiplied by 52. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers and are based largely on establishment data. See BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 244. chapter, "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors". SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 65

166 PRODUCTITY DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted (982=) Annual average Quarterly index Item Business sector Output per hour of all persons Output, Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Nonfarm business sector Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Durable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nondurable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nonfinancial corporations Output per allemployee hour Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour unit costs Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor costs Unit profits Implicit price deflator SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 66

167 PRODUCTITY DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Percent changes from the preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs and prices, adjusted annual rates illy Percent change f ronri Item Previous quarter Same quarter, previous year II III I II III II III I II III Business sector Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Nonfarm business sector Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Durable goods i Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nondurable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nonfinancial corporations Output per allemployee hour Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour unit costs Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor costs Unit profits Implicit price deflator SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 67

168 REGIONS AND DISIONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division NORTHEAST Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug. Sept. Civilian noninstitutional population 2. Unemployment rate 39,547 25,746 23,653 2, ,55 25,688 23,649 2, ,555 25,62 23,665, ,567 25,564 23,73,862 39,57 25,425 23,588,837 39,572 25,59 23,756,835 39,577 25,534 23,733, ,582 25,522 23,733,789 39,584 25,68 23,749,858 39,589 25,457 23,676,78 39,596 25,553 23,74, ,599 25,468 23,76,752 39,6 25,48 23,69,728 New England Civilian noninstitutional population 2. Unemployment rate,236 7,23 6, ,239 7,27 6, ,24 7,54 6, ,247 7,54 6, ,244 6,985 6, ,243 7,7 6,536 47,242 7,82 6, ,24 7,69 6,629 44,239 7,97 6,64 456,238 7,97 6,63 466,238 7,89 6, ,236 6,962 6,53 43,235 6,958 6, Middle Atlantic Civilian noninstitutional population 2. Unemployment rate 29,32 8,623 7,23, ,32 8,56 7,87, ,34 8,558 7,4, ,32 8,5 7,46,365 29,326 8,44 7,89,35 29,329 8,585 7,22,365 29,335 8,452 7,,353 29,34 8,453 7,4,348 29,345 8,5 7,9, ,35 8,36 7,45,35 29,358 8,464 7,7,347 29,363 8,56 7,85, ,366 8,46 7,55,35 7. SOUTH Civilian noninstitutional population 2. Unemployment rate 66,86 43,249 4,33 2,936 66,24 43,99 4,76 2,923 66,32 43,46 4,667 2,792 66,372 43,47 4,465 2,952 66,447 43,239 4,35 2,924 66,52 43,569 4,774 2,795 66,598 43,525 4,639 2,886 66,677 43,422 4,55 2,872 66,75 43,64 4,783 2,858 66,832 43,539 4,95 2,624 66,9 43,746 4,89 2,855 43,935 4,27 2,78 67,57 43,92 4,35 2,56 South Atlantic Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 34,37 22,577 2,4,437 34,355 22,588 2,,488 34,396 22,85 2,36,456 34,44 22,729 2,226,52 34,48 22,679 2,99,48 34,56 22,746 2,356, ,555 22,722 2,257,465 34,596 22,594 2,35,458 34,632 22,675 2,28,467 34,672 22,645 2,35,295 34,72 22,737 2,38,49 34,75 22,799 2,5,297 34,786 22,868 2,558,3 East South Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate,748 7,39 6,872 58,753 7,298 6,89 479,759 7,44 6,98 423,766 7,429 6, ,778 7,336 6, ,79 7,47 6, ,84 7,476 6, ,88 7, ,83 7,432 6, ,844 7,42 6, ,858 7,364 6, ,87 7,398 6,97 428,882 7,439 7, West South Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 2,22 3,283 2, ,33 3,22 2, ,47 3,24 2, ,64 3,26 2, ,89 3,224 2, ,23 3,352 2, ,239 3,327 2, ,264 3,384 2, ,288 3,534 2, ,35 3,473 2, ,34 3,644 2, ,367 3,738 2, ,39 3,64 2, See footnotes at end of table. 68

169 D. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) REGIONS AND DISIONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Census region and division Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug. Sept. Dec, MIDWEST Civilian noninstitutionai population 2 Unemployment rate 46,4 3,373 29,43,944 46,28 3,36 29,374,942 46,42 3,28 29,224,985 46,64 3,9 29,35,875 46,95 3,53 29,26,936 46,23 3,488 29,483 2,5 46,55 3,663 29,662 2, 46,9 3,679 29,83,849 46,29 3,776 3,34,742 46,253 3,66 29,745,87 46,287 3,767 29,854,93 46,37 3,844 3,23,822 46,346 3,967 3,48,88 East North Central Civilian noninstitutionai population 2 Unemployment rate 32,453 2,792 2,33,489 32,46 2,722 2,279,443 32,473 2,64 2,76,464 32,489 2,696 2,32,376 32,5 2,697 2,237,46 32,53 2,897 2,378,52 32,552 2,994 2,52,482 32,577 22, 2,632,378 32,595 22,64 2,749,36 32,69 2,84 2,47,433 32,644 2,947 2,58,429 32,664 22,48 2,68,368 32,684 22,244 2,898, West North Central Civilian noninstitutionai population 2 Unemployment rate 3,562 9,58 9, ,567 9,594 9, ,569 9,568 9, ,575 9,494 8, ,584 9,455 8, ,593 9,59 9, ,63 9,669 9,5 59 3,64 9,668 9, ,624 9,72 9, ,633 9,776 9, ,643 9,89 9, ,653 9,797 9, ,662 9,722 9, WEST Civilian noninstitutionai population 2 Unemployment rate 4,76 27,22 24,9 2, ,824 27,28 24,965 2, ,886 27,36 25,26 2, ,955 27,327 25,96 2, ,4 27,245 25,25 2, ,67 27,32 25,28 2, ,26 27,253 25,96 2, ,84 27,468 25,53 2, ,24 27,36 25,25 2,8 8. 4,297 27,443 25,2 2, ,357 27,55 25,354 2, ,45 27,53 25,49 2, 4,469 27,666 25,667,999 Mountain Civilian noninstitutionai population 2 Unemployment rate,274 6,9 6,47 44,286 6,945 6, ,296 6,848 6, ,3 6,934 6, ,332 6,892 6,46 432,353 7, 6,595 46,376 7,32 6,65 47,399 7,24 6,643 38,42 7,48 6,642 46,443 7,6 6,65 42,465 7,49 6,646 44,488 7, 6,74 397,59 7,4 6, Pacific Civilian noninstitutionai population 2 Unemployment rate 3,488 2,3 8,44, ,538 2,273 8,477, ,59 2,458 8,575, ,645 2,392 8,598, ,682 2,352 8,665, ,74 2,39 8,63, ,75 2,22 8,48, ,785 2,444 8,5, ,82 2,258 8,482, ,854 2,427 8,66, ,892 2,5 8,78, ,927 2,42 8,788, ,96 2,552 8,9, These estimates may differ from the results obtained from summing the official State estimates produced and published through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics(LAUS) program. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that compose the various census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 69

170 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Unemployment rate..,9,89.8,932.2,79 3,968., ,97., ,98.9, ,943.3, ,96,824., ,959.2, ,958.4,8 42.5,958.3, ,94., , Alaska Unemployment rate Arizona Unemployment rate...,73,68.7 2,742.2,6 2,77, ,73.4,6 2,739.3,6 2,78.2,59 2, ,72.4,6. 2.4, ,75.6, ,763.3, ,773.7, ,737.8, Arkansas Unemployment rate.,24.6, 8,2.7, ,8.,2 8.8,9.8,4 7,32.4,6. 7.5,3,68. 6,47.5,7 73.7,7.5, , 6,77.6,,6., ,6, ,6, California Unemployment rate. 5, ,75,52. 5,36 3,862.5, , ,8.4, ,45. 3,898.8, ,3 3,89, , , ,3 4,3.3, ,22.4 3,8, ,4.3 3,89, ,8 3,8, ,867., ,378. 3,877.6, , ,97.9, Colorado Unemployment rate.,768.5, ,77., ,82.9, ,784.6,68.,79, ,76, ,775.,67.,77, ,79,72.6 9,797.9,72.7 9,825.,72., Connecticut Unemployment rate.,796., ,78, ,759.7, ,74, ,749., ,7, , ,788.2, , ,87.5, ,78,673..8,77.3,66 4.,728., Unemployment rate District of Columbia Unemployment rate Florida Unemployment rate. 6, , ,586. 6, ,64 6, ,7 62*6 4 6, ,2 4 6, , ,79.3 6, ,83.3 6, ,68 6,2 6,58.5 6, ,63 6, , ,7 6, See footnotes at end of table. 7

171 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Georgia Unemployment rate... 3,263. 3, , ,3 2 3, , , , ,27 3, ,27 3, ,28 3, , , ,29.2 3, ,292. 3, ,33.2 3, , , ,34 3, Hawaii Unemployment rate Idal Unemployment rate Illinois Unemployment rate 6,37.7 5, ,2 5, ,6.9 5, ,39. 5, ,69.2 5, ,29.9 5, , 5, ,58.6 5, ,3.2 5, ,3.5 5, ,9.7 5, ,9.8 5, ,3 5, Indiana Unemployment rate 2,83. 2,64 8 2,82 2, , ,62 7 2,82.4 2, , , ,88 2, , , ,9 2,7 7 2,99.9 2,85 3 3,.9 2, ,987. 2,84 2, , , 2, Iowa Unemployment rate,55, ,55, ,56, ,573.3,5 67.5,57,5,56,49 68.,577.5,58.6,599.8,53 63.,59, ,59, ,63., ,6, ,59., Kansas Unemployment rate,328.9,273. 5,33.,27 5,339.9, ,344.6, ,338.9, ,33,267. 6,338.5, ,339.4, ,33,27.5 6,328.3,26 6,34.3, ,35, , Kentucky Unemployment rate,7, ,757.9,644.,769.7, ,769.3, ,766.,652.3,76,65.7,779.8, ,77.9,65,779.4,664.6,77,65 8.3,77.9,65,76,647.8,73, Louisiana Unemployment rate,898.9, ,88, ,893.7, ,9.9, ,878.4, ,86,73 3.,89, ,87,74 3.2,842.4, ,87.7, ,8,74. 2,867., ,893.3, Maine Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 7

172 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P Maryland Unemployment rate. 2,62.4 2, ,6 2, ,6.8 2,459. 2,63 2, ,62 2, ,6.2 2, , , , , , , ,586. 2, , , ,65 2, ,65.3 2, Massachusetts Unemployment rate... 3,29.4 2, , ,2.2 2, ,42.7 2, ,7.2 2,96 2 3,2.6 2, ,3.4 2, ,3 2, , 2, ,45. 2, ,68.5 2, ,79.5 2, ,57.9 2, Michigan Unemployment rate. 4,62 4, ,68.5 4, , , , , , , , , , , ,72 4, ,79.2 4, ,68 4, ,66 4, ,692. 4, , , Minnesota Unemployment rate. 2,44 2, ,46 2, ,5 2, ,484. 2, ,49. 2, ,49.9 2, , ,5 2,36 2,47 2, , , ,49.4 2, ,462. 2, , , Mississippi Unemployment rate.,87.7, ,79.9, ,7., ,7, ,9., ,9.3, ,98.,. 88., ,8,2.6 6,9, ,99.8,34.6 6,29.3, ,29.7, Missouri Unemployment rate. 2,68 2, ,66.7 2,5 4 2,653. 2, ,62. 2, ,63.5 2, ,68.6 2, , ,48 6 2, , ,68 2, , , , , ,75.4 2,59 5 2,7 2, Montana Unemployment rate Nebraska Unemployment rate Nevada Unemployment rate New Hampshire Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 72

173 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P New Jersey Unemployment rate 3, , ,8.2 3, , , ,9 3, ,92.8 3, ,93 3, ,.2 3, ,98 3, ,92.6 3, ,942. 3, ,93 3, ,937. 3, ,7.5 3, New Mexico Unemployment rate New York Unemployment rate 8,53. 7, ,58 7, ,6 7, , , ,6 7, , , ,57. 7, ,49.8 7, ,5.7 7, , , , , , 7, ,47 7, North Carolina Unemployment rate 3, , ,52.4 3,32 9 3,52 3, ,5 3, ,5 3, ,53.5 3, ,52 3, ,53.7 3, ,47 3, , , , , , , ,49 3,36. 3 North Dakota Unemployment rate , Ohio Unemployment rate 5,42.2 5, , , ,57.6 5, ,49 5,2 5, , , , ,44 5, , , ,52.8 5, ,5.8 5, , , , , ,49.2 5, Oklahoma Unemployment rate,54., ,54.6, ,536.,45.8 8,53.,4 79.7,522.4, ,5.3, ,49, ,42 9,52.2, ,54.6, ,53, ,528.9, ,552.3, Oregon Unemployment rate,54, ,53,42 2.,54,43 2.,566.,4,58.3, ,55, ,53.,48. 3.,569.6,45 2.6,56.9, ,564.,449.9,587.6, ,593.2,48.6.7,623.4,5 Pennsylvania Unemployment rate 6,5 5,6 4 6,3.6 5, ,2 5, ,8. 5, ,97 5, , , ,2.5 5, ,97 5, ,29.4 5, ,8 5, ,53.2 5,63 4 6, 5, ,2 5, Rhode Island Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 73

174 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P South Carolina Unemployment rate,78.7,675.,79.7, ,784.6, ,77, , ,763., ,799.6, ,792.4,66 2,79, ,87.,68 3.3,787.5, ,82.9, ,79, South Dakota Unemployment rate Tennessee Unemployment rate 2,46 2,3 4 2, , ,45 2, , , ,45 2,32.8 2,43. 2,26 6 2,46.8 2, , , ,47 2, ,48 2,34 3 2,479. 2, ,52.8 2, , , Texas Unemployment rate 8,74 8, , , , , ,7 8, ,72.9 8, ,7 8, ,75 8, , , 6 8, , , , , , ,93. 8, ,9. 8, Utah Unemployment rate Vermont Unemployment rate Virginia Unemployment rate 3,3 3, ,33.8 3, , , , , , ,23 6 3,42 3, ,4 3, , ,8 7 3, ,5 9. 3,33. 3, ,27 3, ,32.4 3, ,32.9 3, Washington Unemployment rate 2,62 2, , , ,62.4 2, ,647. 2, , , , , ,62.6 2, ,68.3 2, ,68.3 2, , 2, , , ,7 2, ,677. 2, West Virginia Unemployment rate Wisconsin Unemployment rate 2, , ,69.6 2, ,78.6 2, ,7 2, , ,67.9 2,7 2, , , , , ,69 2, ,68 2, ,697. 2,58.2 2,68.2 2, , , Wyoming Unemployment rate Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey. See the Explanatory Notes for Region, State, and Area labor force data. P = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 74

175 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force? P P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa, , , Alaska Anchorage Phoenix Tucson,74.6,5 32,768.9, ,74, Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff, , , California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa 5,39., , , , , ,39, ,382. 8, , , ,268.7, ,34 8.6, ,6 8 7, , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Denver, , , Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury, , , Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington 26 2, , , Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach 6, , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 75

176 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Gaarala Albanv Athens Atlanta MaconWarner Robins Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois Aurora Plain. Rloominaton Normal Phamnaian Urbana Rantoul... Chicago navannnrt Rock IslandMoline Joliet Kankakee Peoria Rockford Sorinafield Indians Anderson Rloominaton Elkhart Goshen Fvfln<n/ille Fort Wavne IndianaDolis Kokomo I afavettewest Lafavette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Wichita Kentuckv Louisville Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouae Lafavette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Portland 3, , , 3. 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ? 3, , , , , , , , , Number P Percent of labor force ? See footnotes at end of table. 76 Digitized for FRASER

177 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force P *? Maryland Baltimore 2,68.7,22 2,6,238. 2,64.7, Massachusetts Boston Fall River FitchburaLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 3,2.6, ,48.4, ,39.8, Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo Lansino East Lansino. Saainaw Bav CitvMidland 4, , , , , , Minnesota Duluth MinneaDolisSt Paul Rochester St Cloud 2,44, ,477., ,48, Mississippi Jackson, ,99.7 2, Missouri Kansas Citv St Louis LMA Springfield 2,67 86, , ,27. 2, , Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Rsno New HamDshire Manchester Nashua Portsmouth Dover Rochester Mew Jersev Atlantic Citv BergenPassaic Jersev Citv MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton Vineland MillvilleBridaeton 3, , , New Mexico AlbUGUGrQUG Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 77

178 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area New York AlbanvSchenectadv Trov Binahamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York New York Citv Oranae Countv Rochester Syracuse UticaRome North Carolina Asheville ChartotteGastoniaRock Hill fireensborowinstonsalemhiah Point.. Raleiah Durham North Dakota Bismarck FargcMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton Cleveland Columbus Toledo Younostown Warren Oklahoma Oklahoma CHv EuoeneSorinafield Medford Portland Pennsylvania Allontnwn RAthlpham Easton Altoona Marriohiira Ahanon Carlisle Lancaster Philadelphia Pittsburgh. * Reading Sharon WilliamsDort York Rhode Island " PawtiirkAtvVnonsocketAttleboro Providence e/mith Carolina Charleston Columbia South Dakota Sioux Falls 8, , ,939. 3, , , , , , ,453., , , ,3 3,9 3, , , , P ,33 3,862. 3, , Number Percent of labor force Oct " See footnotes at end of table. 78 Digitized for FRASER

179 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force P P P Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 2, , , Texas Abilene... Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana, Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 8, , , , , , , , , Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOdgen Vermont Burlington Virginia Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3, , , Washington Seattle 2,6,6. 2,72.6,7 2,653.2, West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2, , , Wyoming Casper Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey. See the Explanatory Notes for Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data. P = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. 79

180 Annual Averages

181 ANNUAL AVERAGES. Employment status of the civilian nontnstitutional population, 93 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year Civilian noninstitutional population I! j Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Persons 4 years of age and over o () o o () o 49,82 5,42 5, 5,59 52,23 52,87 53,44 54, 54,6 55,23 ) 45,48 42,4 38, ,89 42,26 44,4 46,3 44,22 45,75,34,29,7,9 9,9,, ,6 3 32, 28,77 28,67 3,99 32,5 34, ,53 36,4 4,34 8,2 2,6 2,83,34,6 9,3 7,7,39 9, D V) V) C) V) (') C) O C) ,84 99,9 98,64 94,64 93,2:2 94,9 3,7 6,8 55,64 55,9 56,4 55,54 54,63 53,86 57,52 6, ,52 5,35 53,75 54,47 53,96 52,82 55,25 57,82 9, ,25 9,8 8,95 8,58 8, ,98 4,25 44,5 45, ,24 46,93 49,557 8,2 5, ,7 67, , ,99 42,23 39, 38, ,55 45, ,827 3,68 3,994 59,35 6,62 6, Persons 8 years of age and over , ,89 7,629 7,658 49, ,993 2,3 2,276 3,637 42, , ,995 4,62 5,23 7,56 8, ,954 2,265 3,727 5,329 62, ,38 63,5 63, ,552 66,929 67,639 68, ,96 6, ,799 64,7 63, ,6 26 6,5 6,26 6,25 6, ,586 5,565 5,758 53,235 53,749 54,99 53,94 55,722 57, ,45 59,65 3,288 2,55,883,834 3,532 2,852 2,75 2,859 4,62 3, ,787 42,64 43,93 44,4 44, ,42 45,336 46,88 46 I ,245 8,77 2,53 22,46 24,485 26,53 28,58 29,874 32,28 34,335 69,628 7, ,455 75,77 77,347 78,737 8, , ,35 7,88 72,895 74,372 75,92 77, ,2 4,944 4,687 4, ,979 3,844 3,87 3,66 6, ,759 63,76 64,782 66, ,852 4,74 3,9 4,7 3,786 3,366 2, ,87 2, ,32 49, , ,288 52,527 53,29 53, ,85 4,26 44,26 47,96 5, ,5 59,33 6,9 64,863 82, ,34 89,429 9,949 93,775 96,58 99,9 2,25 4, ,678 79, , , , , , , ,438 85,42 88,734 92,66 95,477 4,93 5,6 4, , ,25 59,659 59, ,745 7, ,26 8,587 82,753 84,63 86,393 88, , ,94 8,67, , ,834 9, , , , ,5 9, ,94 6,877 7, , ,4 3, ,28 3,69 3,99 6 3, , , ,45,685 3,97 6,434 9,232,8 4, ,644 4,39 6, ,678,77 8,539 8,32 8, ,426 9,384 8, ,86 6,46 62,67 62,665 62,839 62, ,462 64,593 65,59 Not available. Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. 82

182 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 96 to date (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Year Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force ,286 56,83 57,92 58,847 59,782 6,262 6,95 6,847 62,898 46,653 46,6 47,29 47,679 48,255 48,47 48,987 49,533 5, ,656 44,77 44,657 45, ,99 47,479 48,4 48,88 Men 4,298 4,69 3,89 3,69 3,547 3,243 3,64 3,57 2,963 39,359 4,8 4,849 4,782 42,792 43,675 44,35 44,957 45,855 2,997 2,423 2,472 2,25,94,55,58,49, ,633,23,792,69,527,792,99 2,35 2, ,34 65,942 67,835 69,292 7,88 72,29 73,759 75,93 76,576 78,2 5,228 52,8 53,555 54,624 55,739 56,299 57,74 58,396 59,62 6, ,99 49,39 5,896 52,349 53,24 5,857 53,38 54,728 56,479 57,67 2,862 2,795 2,849 2,847 2,99 2,824 2,744 2,67 2,78 2,686 46,28 46,595 48,47 49,52 5,5 49,32 5,394 52,57 53,76 54,92 2,238 2,789 2,659 2,275 2,74 4,442 4,36 3,667 3,42 3, ,76 3,762 4,28 4,667 5,69 5,993 6,585 6,797 6,956 7, ,398 8,5 8,523 82,53 83,65 84,469 85,798 87,857 88,762 6,453 6,974 62,45 63,47 63,835 64,4 65,422 66,27 66,927 67, ,86 57,397 56,27 56,787 59,9 59,89 6,892 62,7 63,273 64,35 2,79 2,7 2,736 2,74 2,668 2,535 2,5 2,543 2,493 2,53 54,477 54,697 53,534 54,83 56,423 57,356 58,38 59,564 6,78 6,82 4,267 4,577 6,79 6,26 4,744 4,52 4,53 4, 3,655 3, ,945 8,537 9,73 9,484 9,77 2,58 2,376 2,692 2,93 2, ,65 9,552 9,54 92,62 68,234 68,4 69,64 69, ,435 63,593 63,85 64,7 2,57 2,552 2,534 2,438 6,928 6,4 6,27 62,263 3,799 4,87 5,38 4, ,47 22,4 22,356 22, ,484 63,32 64,494 65,637 66,73 67,795 68,968 7,79 7,436 23,86 24,4 24,74 25,42 26,2 27,299 28,36 29,24 3, ,9 22,525 23,5 23,83 24,748 25,976 26,893 27,87 29,84 Women ,87 2,65 22,227 23, 23,934 25,24 26,22 27,47 28,44,77,488,598,58,452,324,468,397,429 38,679 39,38 39,79 4,225 4,53 4,496 4,68 4,976 4, ,782 74,274 76,29 77,84 79,32 8,86 82,39 83,84 85,334 86,843 3,543 32,22 33,479 34,84 36,2 37,475 38,983 4,63 42,63 44, ,688 29,976 3,257 32,75 33,769 33,989 35,65 37,289 39,569 4, ,87 29,377 3,622 32,93 33,73 33,44 35,27 36,677 38,9 4, ,227 2,222 2,89 2,44 3,486 3,369 3,324 3,6 3, ,239 42,72 42,8 43, 43, 43,386 43,46 43,227 42,73 42, ,348 89,68 9,748 9,684 92,778 93,736 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,63 45,487 46,696 47,755 48,53 49,79 5,5 52,43 53,658 54,742 56, ,7 43, 43,256 44,47 45,95 47,259 48,76 5,334 5,696 53, ,46 42,333 42,59 43,367 45,262 46,65 48,54 49,668 5,2 52,34 3,37 3,696 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,79 3,77 3,324 3,46 3, ,86 42,922 42,993 43,8 43,68 42,686 42,376 42,95 42,4 4, ,399 99,24,35,93 56,554 56,893 57,798 58, ,479 53,284 53,793 54, ,8 52,62 53,2 53,97 3,75 3,69 4,5 3,8 4,845 42,32 42,237 42,522 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. 83

183 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstltutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 93,55 3,255 6,7 6,543 7,585,58 4,34 9,23 22, 4,339 2,433 8,96 28,854 5,962 2,892 2,37,773,264 3,66,48 8,54 2,576 28,4 6,826 2,722 4,4 3,558 92,27 34,465 5,994 8,47 34,264 8,8 6,56 23,542 3,396,46,867 7,237 4,63 3,52 2, ,36 5,53 2,42 3,388 2,37 86,92 32,7 4,8 7,297 32,42 7,43 5,359 22,42 2,763 9,649,3 6,896 4,45 3,49, ,734, ,42 5,35 2,358,83,75,862,65 797, ,59 6,429 3,99 2,439 4,27 8,237 6,85 3,2 3,64 6,75 3,325 2,75 2,567 2,746 9,7 3,536 5,634 27,646 8,6 7,69 2,3 24, ,346,39 4,372,985 2,387 3,87 2,62,655 2,95,46,49 3,69,656,953 7,58 2,29 2,5 3,68 7,866 4,85 3,24,646,78, , , , ,34, ,977, , , ,644,39 3,253 8,824 5,49 5,3 8,6 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 92,62 6,73 3,435 3,278 8,66 54,232 2,38 9,443,938 9,829,564 9,266 4,2 7,774 6, ,46 4,834 3,79 4,58 3,765 4,735 69,633 3,564,433 2,3 7,64 5,225 9,53 8,783,27 8,537 9,96 8,63 2,634 7,3 5,53 6,639 4,22 2,66 2,4, b.9 64,7 2,836,6,73 6,356 47,239 7,734 8,26 9,68 7,58 9,38 8,9,997 6,782 5,25 6,294 3,8 2,482,976, , ,986, , ,987 3,49 2,2,46,452 4,7, , , ,34,24 2,28,38 3,48 3,2 4, ,882 2,5, , , \ , , ,76 82,939,37 3,23 3,49 4,8 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over...,93 6,542 3,276 3,266 8,969 56,276 2,933 9,76,73 2,5,87 9,64 4,833 8,88 6,645,56 5,627 5,43 8,86 5,468 4,777 7,84 58,47 3,26,289,973 6,393 42,46 5,42 7,2 8,2 5,727 8,22 7,525,97 6,264 4,643 5,228 3,25 2,3, ,66 2,694,36,658 5,78 39,682 4,373 6,684 7,689 4,894 7,725 7,68,45 5,98 4,434 5,7 3,85,933, , ,364, ,522 3,28,987,293 2,576 4,23 5,522 2,55 2,972 4,783 2,668 2,5 3,926,924 2,2 5,828 2,42 3,47 6,68 4,589 4,399 7,62 23, ,3,84 4,252,93 2,32 3,7 2,95,66 2,86,47 3,533,62,93 7,343 2,244 2,3 3,96 3,985 2,35, , , , ,884 57,34 8,455 2,96 2,25 4,8 84

184 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons WHITE 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 63,92,579 5,349 5,23 4,288 93,66 34,285 5,822 8,463 34,57 8,2 6,45 24,724 3,78,6 8,7 9,247 8,923 27,88 8,867 7,586,364 9,359 5,83 2,37 3,459,36 78,594 28,996 3,42 5,575 29,9 5,357 3,833 2,47,626 8,78,385 6,39 4,77 3,89, ,82 4,887,922 2,965,369 74,525 27,256 2,537 4,72 27,777 4,56 3,27 9,49,4 8,377 9,936 6,35 3,9 3,95, , ,69, , ,562 4,748 2,977,77 2,928 4,472 5,289 2,42 2,888 4,866 2,654 2,22 4,36 2,8 2,235 7,785 2,938 4,847 24,629 7,29 6,736,863 2, ,4 9,67 3,57,553,963 3,64,782,38 2,487,22,267 3,9,42,688 6,775 2,33,843 2,899 5,783 3,598 2,395,23, , , , , , , ,8,7 2,836 6,822 4,76 4,7 7,36 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 79,8 5,369 2,74 2,627 7,53 46,25 7,24 7,88 9,244 6,973 9,8 7,965 2,53 6,76 5,393 8,695 4,46 4,235,73 4,63 3,358 4,292 6,5 3,35,24,796 6,2 43,359 6,27 7,447 8,77 6,43 8,539 7,54,99 6,273 4,826 5,86 3,54 2,322,873, ,397 2,5 99,5 5,448 4,43 5,2 6,938 8,273 5,248 8,9 7,57,584 5,993 4,59 5,588 3,37 2,27,88, , ,36, ,929 2,333,52 832,3 2, , ,834 92,94 9,84 3,5 2,844 3, ,867,868, , , , , ,697 9,35 2,849 2,722 3,744 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 84,84 5,2 2,67 2,63 7,236 46,86 7,6 7,942 9,29 7,84 9,4 8,79 2,57 6,947 5,624 9,475 4,787 6,4 4,84 4,228 7,73 49,28 2,795,32,664 5,339 35,234 2,779 5,974 6,85 3,48 6,88 6,329 9,38 5,353 3,955 4,524 2,769,755, ,45 2, ,456 4,92 33,48 2,45 5,599 6,446 2,529 6,469 6,6 8,97 5,2 3,787 4,349 2,665,684, , , ,633 2,45, ,897,582 4,382,968 2,44 3,936 2,86,75 3,263,594,669 4,95 2,8 2,933 4,788 4,23 3,893 6,872 9, ,959 3,442,522,92 3,9,738,35 2,427,93,234 3,54,396,658 6,649,87 2,842 2,96,73, , , , ,64 475,39 7,57,92,979 3,66 85

185 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons BLACK 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 22,329 2,99,77,22 2,486 2,889 5,39 2,567 2,752 4,66 2,533 2,83 2,953,593,36 2,83,52,3 2, , ,689,9 4,68,967 2,2 3,738 2,58,68 2,23, , , ,39 9,86 3,643,72,93 3,383,844,538 2,6,6 9, , , ,386, ,77, , , , , , , , Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over.,78, ,53 5,84 2,422,72,25 2,77,44 932, , , ,953 2,5,6,9, , , ,49, , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 2,25, ,334 7,75 2,897,395,52 2,54,389,5, , , , ,66 2,53 962,92,95,6 889, , ,667, , , , , , , , , Data not shown where base is less than 35,. 86

186 ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex (Numbers in thousands) Age and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 29,629 2,676,363,33 3,297 7,442 7,29 3,38 3,648 6,282 3,42 2,86 4,3 2,255,876 2,866,526,34 3,348,8 955,2 8, ,97 3,677 5,469 2,573 2,896 5,74 2,75 2,323 3,34,769,365, , ,768 2,396 4,85 2,274 2,577 4,625 2,484 2,4 2,92,649,272, , ,75 2,258 4,796 2,246 2,55 4,572 2,45 2,2 2,89,636,254, , , ,947,68,2 668,99 3,765, , , , ,67 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 3,54, ,563 7,982 3,257,562,695 2,856,556,3,869,4 855, , , ,43 6,865 2,836,336,5 2,494,367,27, , ,96 2,522,88,334 2,26,227,33, , ,75 2,472,62,3 2,26,2,6, , , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 6,89, ,733 9,46 3,772,88,953 3,426,865,56 2,262,24,2, , , ,55 6,82 2,633,237,396 2,579,384,96, , ,2 2,328,86,243 2,365,257,8, , ,82 2,324,84,24 2,356,25,5, , , ,648, , Data not shown where base is less than 35,. 87

187 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,576 26, ,598 3,27 4,39 9,384 64,593 93,55 28,4 6 9,36 3,74 6,232 8,734 65,59 84,89 65, ,9 2,355 58,664 4,69 9,253 85,97 66,69 7 6,865 2,263 59,62 4,24 9,838 93,524 54, , ,553 3,43 38,93 94,388 55, , ,33 3,234 39,242 3,6 6,75 5, ,74, ,4 3,255 6,826 5, ,37, ,429 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 62,658 8,526 6,479 2,987 98,492 7,47 54,32 63,92 9, ,82 2,864 99,948 6,547 54,562 73,3 56, ,245 2,74 5,7 3,566 6,22 73,7 57, ,897 2,9 5,86 3,28 6,596 79,2 45, , ,876 2,497 33,5 79,63 46, , ,454 2, ,28,56 5, , , ,762,579 5, , , ,748 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 2,958 3, ,933 53,78, ,67 22,329 3, , ,4, ,386 8,858 6, , , ,386 9,3 6, ,7 2 5, ,532,25 6, , , ,394,2 6, , , ,532 2, ,287 2, ,323 88

188 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 3,9 8,546 4,563 6,284 3,572 2, ,427 2,93 2,497, ,324 2,64, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 6,527 6,582 5,5,82 2,52 3,77 2, ,993 3,435 2, ,858 2,466 2, Men, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 6,595 4,35 2,245 3,3,792, ,628,437, ,72, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 3,465 3,3 2,66 47,35,753, ,53,575, , Women, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 6,54 4,95 2,39 3,8,78, ,8,494, ,252, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 3,62 3,452 2,84 62,63 2,8, ,86, ,366, White, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years,434 6,78 3,653 5,386 3,93 2, ,75 2,62 2, ,799 2,358, Men Women 5,27 5,64 2,658 2, ,35 2, ,89, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 5,85 5,349 4, ,55 3,23 2, ,765 2,985 2, ,652 2,47, Black, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years,92, Men Women High school College Fulltime students Parttime students, Hispanic origin, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years, Men Women High school College Fulltime students Parttime students See footnotes at end of table. 89

189 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years , , ,66,496 8, 2,633.3, ,26, , Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college, Less than a bachelor's degree CoHege graduates , ,87, ,33 5,35 3,536,366,492 4,6 2,835, Men, 6 to 24 years.. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years , , ,564,399 5,65 5, ,56, 56 64, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates , ,2, , Women, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years ,474,48 4, ,674,2 4, ,548, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college.. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates , , , ,653, White, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 33 3,798, , ,55 2, ,289, ,26 947,269, , Men Women. 7,5 7, , , Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 3,825 5, ,466 4,749 3,279, , Black, 6 to 24 years... 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years ,847 44, , ,9, Men Women..., Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates Hispanic origin, 6 to 24 years. 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 2, , , , ,76, Men Women..75, Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates, persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 9

190 ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Sex, age, and race Full time Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons, usually work full time Part time Voluntary Part time for economic reasons, usually work part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 98,439, ,52 96,653 8,923 87,73 76,835,896 96,443, ,42 94,76 8,663 86,97 75,42,685, ,893 26,633, ,868 3,744,858,886 7,24 3,24 3,9,86 3,824 6,55 3,22,695,526 3,295 2,44,854 7,5 3,353 4, , ,56 2, , ,557,8 5,377 4, , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 57,643,42 56,62 4,968 5,634 44,946 56, ,453 4,82 5,64 44,84 6,557,28 6, ,57,794 5,263,388 3,875 2,293,582 5,226,54 3,685,23 2,662,264,398, , ,22, , , ,23 2, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 4, ,5 3,955 36,96 3,889 4,28 4,8 7 39,37 3,85 35,456 3,328 4, ,8,95,86,825,35 7,793 2,243,29,68 9,6,48 8,92 6,236,955 2, ,25 47,844, , , ,47, White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, ,456 4,289 45,67 39,99 5,968 49, ,496 4,59 44,337 38,484 5,853, ,6,575 4,44,59 3,282,844,438 4,575,365 3,2 87 2,34,47,293,44 2, , , ,55 2, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over... 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 34, ,493 3,37 3,23 26,57 3,66 33, ,899 3,288 29,6 26,64 3, ,266,73,535,55 8,984 6,974 2,,92,5 8,69,24 7,477 5,72,775 2,74 23, ,57, ,6 67,893 38,575, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years years and over 5,2 8 5,3 57 4,623 4,3 52 5, , ,494 3, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , ,549 4, , , ,444 4, , persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 9

191 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Family relationship Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons, 6 years and over, ,576 6,96 5,783 9,649 7,59 2,92 2,54 Husbands With employed wife With unemployed wife With wife not in labor force 4,28 27,77,255, ,52 26,38,94,389,696, ,93 2,598 9, , ,342, ,354 Wives With employed husband With unemployed husband With husband not in labor force 3,4 27,32,2 2, ,675 26,38,39 2,598,366, ,8, ,95 4,926 9, , ,276, ,828 Relatives in marriedcouple families 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 2,49 4,36 4,52 3, ,869 3,625 4,5 3,229, ,42 4,3,493, ,392 3,235, , Women who maintain families 7, , ,479 2, ,264 Relatives in families maintained by women 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 5,834,353,533 2, ,84 972,283 2,549, ,5,57 626, ,524, , Men who maintain families 2, , Relatives in families maintained by men... 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over, , , , Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in marriedcouple families where the husband or wife is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Estimates shown in this table for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. 92

192 ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 5,38 2, ,499 4,932, , ,5, ,545 3,8,465 85, White, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,2,775 58,766 3,753, , ,926, ,793, Black, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married), , 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,734 2,3 726,6 3,396, ,75, ,62, White, 25 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,932, ,644, ,48, ,968, Black, 25 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married)

193 ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Men Women, 6 years and over 9,384 8, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 2, ,29 2, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,25, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 2, , O O. Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over Data not shown where base is less than 35,. 94

194 ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Industry Men Women, 6 years and over 9,384 8, Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 7,286 6, Mining Construction 55, Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Funiture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries, , Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries ,4 38, ,859 72, ,92 273,639 3,774 74, Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid famiy workers No previous work experience

195 ANNUAL AVERAGES 2. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason for unemployment total unemployed Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 9,384 5,29,246 4, , ,734 4,769,4 3, , ,69 3, , ,24 2, , ,43,69 353, , ,234,6 349, ,78 68, , ,47 4,7,54 3,64 759, ,547 3, ,75 74,54 582, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants

196 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) unemployed Duration of unemployment Reason, sex, and age Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over, 6 years and over... 8, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4,769,4 3, , Men, 2 years and over 4, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2, , Women, 2 years and over 3, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants,6 349, , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants persons by duration of unemployment Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution, 6 years and over 9,384 8,734 7,746 7,46 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to weeks to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 27 to 5 weeks 52 weeks and over 3,27 2,76, ,354,424,93 879,5 3,6 2,522, ,52,274,778 76, ,377 2,295, ,73,28, ,285 2,82, ,78,42, Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks

197 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Sex, age, race, and marital status Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,734,296,42 2,358,862, , , , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, ,39, , , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , White, 6 years and over Men Women 6,547 3,753 2,793 2,44,259,45,895, , Black, 6 years and over Men Women, Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married), , Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),465 85,

198 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Occupation and industry Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 983 2,75,359,4, INDUSTRY Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Public administration 24 88, ,924 2, No previous work experience Includes wage and salary workers only. 99

199 ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used Sex, age, and race Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,734,296,42 2,358,862, ,54,232,273,993, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, ,39, , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , White, 6 years and over... Men Women 6,547 3,753 2,793 5,54 3,6 2, Black, 6 years and over... Men Women, , NOTE: The jobseekers total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 3 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than because many jobseekers use more than one method. 2

200 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. Jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used Sex and reason Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 8,734 4, , ,54 3, , Men, 6 years and over Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4,932 3, ,26 2, Women, 6 years and over Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,8, , ,389,3 446, Data on the number of jobseekers and the jobsearch methods used exclude persons on layoff. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 3 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than because many jobseekers use more than one method. 2

201 ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex (In thousands) Industry and age Men Women All industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,598 5,398 2,5 3,349 2,57 85,35 32,44 3,662 2,246,267 6,792 4,474 3,427 9,36 5,53 2,42 3,388 2,37 86,92 32,7 32,42 22,42,3 6,896 4,45 3,49 63,85 2,786,52,733 6,357 46,34 7,847 7,67,426 6,34 3,782 2,532 2,8 64,7 2,836,6,73 6,356 47,239 7,734 7,58,997 6,294 3,8 2,482,976 53,793 2,63 997,65 5,799 39, 4,594 4,595 9,82 4,953 3,,942,49 54,66 2,694,36,658 5,78 39,682 4,373 4,894,45 5,7 3,85,933,433 Agriculture 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , , , , , Nonagricultural industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 4,39 5,74,939 3,235,835 83,4 3,675 3,965 2,77,839 6,576 4,263 3,32 6,232 5,37 2,4 3,276,837 85,8 3,36 3,7 2,956,93 6,69 4,24 3,29 6,27 2,66 962,645 6,93 44,85 7,25 6,53,7 5,969 3,6 2,359,75 62,263 2,66,2,64 6,4 45,77 7,46 6,968,656 5,983 3,646 2,337,735 53,2 2, ,59 5,742 38,56 4,424 4,435 9,7 4,87 2,965,94,38 53,97 2,657,2,636 5,723 39,248 4,25 4,733,3 4,948 3,45,93,394 22

202 ANNUAL AVERAGES 2. civilians by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Men Women Occupation 6 years and over 6 years and over 2 years and over 6 years and over 2 years and over 7,598 9,36 63,85 64,7 6,9 6,865 53,793 54,66 5,8 5,92 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 3,53 4,767 69,87 3,96 6,386, , , ,68 32,28 5, ,56 4,55 6,94,76, , , , 6,46 8, ,384,896 7,775, , ,8 6,839 8, ,578,965 7,96, , ,24 6,328 8, ,355,893 7,79, ,5 62,984 6,755 8, ,549,962 7,864, ,8 629,994 4,736 6, ,82 2,65 8, , , ,5 5,44 6, ,984 2,9 8, , , ,87 4,629 6, ,778 2,59 8, , , ,3 5,33 6, ,956 2,85 8, , , ,54 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical 36,88 4,253,57,6,576 3,99 3,879 2,247,57 6, , ,35 2, ,66 36,84 4,4,522,3,36 4,245 4,6 2,37,538 6, , ,74 2, ,775 3,269 2, ,252 2,529,348,229 2,3 32 3, ,424 3,3, ,389 2,552,378,25 2, , ,486 2,675 2, ,88 2,58,339,22, , ,272 2,73, ,5 2,538,37,27, , ,344 23,539 2,84, ,667, ,6 6 4, ,245 2, ,236 23,53 2,28, ,857, , , ,99 2, ,289 22,76 2,55, ,8, ,9 58 4, ,4 2, ,97 22,56 2,, ,989, , , ,5 2, ,977 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 6, ,96 3,24 5,459 2,5 2,988 2,573 6, ,52 3,457 5,69 2,23 2,959 2,594 6,494 37,745 4,72 2, , ,688 44,783 4,86 2,37 279,7 5 5,675 27,74 3,934,647 22, ,88 35,753 4,29, , , ,4 3,25,868,228 2, 9, ,596 3,32,934,248 2,92 8, ,636 2,73,84, , ,74 2,73,863,9,956 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,28 4,44 4,79 3,897 3,326 4,46 5,4 3,96 2, 4,293 4,72 3,5 2,85 4,26 4,99 3,5,794 4,25 4,63 2,965,967 4,79 4,8 2,977, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Manufacturing industries Durable goods Nondurable goods Nonmanufacturing industries Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 6,957 7,524 6,36 3,299 2,837,387 4,878 3,76,72 4, ,9 7,38 7,45 6,4 3,33 2,7,4 5,4 3,825,79 4, ,962 2,72 4,535 3,645 2,28, ,45 3,33,2 3, , 2,862 4,548 3,664 2,332, ,539 3,42,27 3, ,4,88 4,393 3,544 2,223, ,357 3,249,7 3, ,547 2,5 4,43 3,562 2,27, ,45 3,34, 3,6 59 2,57 4,237 2,989 2,492,8, ,76 2,868 2,35 97, ,9 2,93 2,45,9, ,6 2,85 2,34 953, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,456,232 2,224 3,326,7 2,56 2,95,42,864 2,84,3,8 2,668,34,635 2,58 996, All

203 ANNUAL AVERAGES 2. civilians by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Men Women TOTAL, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 7,598 9,36 63,85 64,7 53,793 54,66 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing White, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent,479 2,82 55,79 56,397 45,77 46,45 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent,933 2,46 5,846 5,957 6,87 6,89 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing

204 ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over 9, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations Officials and administrators, public administration Financial managers Personnel and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations Administrators, education and related fields Managers, medicine and health Managers, food serving and lodging establishments Managers, properties and real estate Funeral directors Managementrelated occupations Accountants and auditors Underwriters Other financial officers Management analysts Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products Construction inspectors Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction. 32,28 5, , ,55, Professional specialty Engineers, architects, and surveyors Architects Engineers Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Electrical and electronic engineers Industrial engineers Mechanical engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Computer systems analysts and scientists Operations and systems researchers and analysts Natural scientists Chemists, except biochemists Geologists and geodesists Biological and life scientists Medical scientists Health diagnosing occupations Physicians Dentists Health assessment and treating occupations Registered nurses Pharmacists Dietitians Therapists Respiratory therapists Physical therapists Speech therapists Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Prekindergarten and kindergarten Elementary school Secondary school Special education Counselors, educational and vocational Librarians, archivists, and curators Librarians Social scientists and urban planners Economists Psychologists Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers Recreation workers Clergy Lawyers and judges 6,94,859 '23, , ,62, ,397 5,668, , See footnotes at end of table. 25

205 ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Lawyers Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes Authors Technical writers Designers Musicians and composers Actors and directors Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers. Photographers Editors and reporters Public relations specialists Athletes 2, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Health record technologists and technicians Radiologic technicians Licensed practical nurses Engineering and related technologists and technicians. Electrical and electronic technicians Drafting occupations Surveying and mapping technicians Science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science... Airplane pilots and navigators Computer programmers Legal assistants 36,84 4,4, , Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Insurance sales Real estate sales Securities and financial services sales Advertising and related sales Sales occupations, other business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale. Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats Sales workers, apparel Sales workers, shoes Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings Sales workers, radio, television, hifi, and appliances Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Sales workers, parts Sales workers, other commodities Sales counter clerks Cashiers Street and doortodoor sales workers Salesrelated occupations Demonstrators, promoters, and models 4,245 4,6 2, ,538,54 6, , , Administrative support occupations, including clerical Supervisors, administrative support Supervisors, general office Supervisors, financial records processing Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks. Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Secretaries Stenographers TvDi&ts... i y}/ioi9 Information clerks 8, ,74 3, , See footnotes at end of table. 26

206 ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Interviewers Hotel clerks Transportation ticket and reservation agents Receptionists Records processing, except financial Order clerks Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Library clerks File clerks Records clerks Financial records processing Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing clerks Cost and rate clerks Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators... Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators... Communications equipment operators Telephone operators Mail and message distributing Postal clerks, except mail carriers Mail carriers, postal service Mail clerks, except postal service Messengers Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks. Dispatchers Production coordinators Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks Stock and inventory clerks Weighers, measurers, and checkers and samplers... Expediters Adjusters and investigators Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators Investigators and adjusters, except insurance Eligibility clerks, social welfare Bill and account collectors Miscellaneous administrative support General office clerks Bank tellers '.'. Dataentry keyers Statistical clerks Teachers' aides ,272, , , , Service occupations Private household Child care workers Cleaners and servants Protective service Supervisors Police and detectives Guards Firefighting and fire prevention occupations Firefighting occupations Police and detectives Police and detectives, public service Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers. Correctional institution officers Guards Guards and police, except public services 6, , Service occupations, except private household and protective service. Food preparation and service occupations Supervisors, food preparation and service Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Cooks Food counter, fountain and related occupations Kitchen workers, food preparation Waiters' and waitresses' assistants Miscellaneous food preparation , ,44, : See footnotes at end of table. 27

207 ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Health service occupations Dental assistants Health aides, except nursing Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Cleaning and building service occupations Supervisors Maids and housemen Janitors and cleaners Personal service occupations Supervisors Barbers Hairdressers and cosmetologists Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities. Public transportation attendants Welfare service aides Family child care providers Early childhood teachers' assistants 2, ,79 2, ,86 2, Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Supervisors Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers Automobile mechanics Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics Aircraft engine mechanics Small engine repairers Automobile body and related repairers Heavy equipment mechanics Industrial machinery repairers Electrical and electronic equipment repairers Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment. Data processing equipment repairers Telephone installers and repairers Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers, Office machine repairers Construction trades Supervisors Construction trades, except supervisors Brickmasons and stonemasons Tile setters, hard and soft Carpet installers Canoenters Drywall installers Electricians Electrical power installers and repairers Painters, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Concrete and terrazzo finishers Insulation workers Roofers Extractive occupations Precision production occupations Precision metalworking Tod and die makers Machinists Sheetmetalworkers Precision woodworking occupations Cabinet makers and bench carpenters Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers Dressmakers Upholsterers Precision workers, assorted materials Optical goods workers Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Precision food production occupations 3,326 4, ,96, , , , ,758, See footnotes at end of table. 28

208 ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Butchers and meat cutters Bakers Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers. Inspectors, testers, and graders Plant and system operators Water and sewage treatment plant operators Stationary engineers Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Machine operators and tenders, except precision Metalworking and plastic working machine operators...: Punching and stamping press machine operators Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators. Metal and plastic processing machine operators Molding and casting machine operators Woodworking machine operators Sawing machine operators Printing machine operators Printing press operators Typesetters and compositors Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators Winding and twisting machine operators Textile sewing machine operators Pressing machine operators Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators Machine operators, assorted materials Packaging and filling machine operators Mixing and blending machine operators Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators Painting and paint spraying machine operators Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food Slicing and cutting machine operators Photographic process machine operators Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations Welders and cutters Assemblers Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners Graders and sorters, except agricultural 7,38 7,45 4, , , , , Transportation and material moving occupations. Motor vehicle operators Supervisors Truck drivers Driverssales workers Bus drivers Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles. Rail transportation Water transportation Material moving equipment operators Operating engineers Crane and tower operators Excavating and loading machine operators Grader, dozer, and scraper operators Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators... 5,4 3, , , Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Helpers, construction and extractive occupations Helpers, construction trades Construction laborers Freight stock, and material handlers Stock handlers and baggers Machine feeders and offbearers Garage and service station related occupations. Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners Hand packers and packagers Laborers, except construction 4, ,85, , See footnotes at end of table. 29

209 ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Farmers Farm managers Other agricultural and related occupations Farm occupations, except managerial Farm workers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm. Animal caretakers, except farm Forestry and logging occupations Timber cutting and logging occupations Fishers, hunters, and trappers 3,326,7,32 38, , NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 5, employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. 2

210 ANNUAL AVERAGES 23. civilians by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) Nonagricultural industries Agriculture Age and sex Wage and salary workers Private household workers Government Other Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 7, 5,243 2, 3,232,577 29,493 28,95 9,739 9,565 5,94 3,66 2,489, , ,72 4,68 5,86 4,727 2,25, ,42 4,789,8 2,979,38 25,35 22,9 4,838 7,373 4,555 2,88,975 9, ,836 2,74 2,67, , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 56,295 2,67,3,64 5,952 5,978 5,52,229 5,74 3,34,94, , ,989 2,5 2, ,768 2,45 93,52 5,44 3,96 2,636 8,76 4,2 2,56,559,84 5, ,64,8, , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 5,76 2,626,8,68 5,625 3,55 3,753 9,5 4,49 2,77,72, , ,8 3,36 2,589, ,634 2, ,46 4,94,75,275 6,762 3,253,995, ,

211 ANNUAL AVERAGES 24. civilians in nonagrlcultural Industries by sex and class of worker (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers TOTAL Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair Personal, except private households... Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration 7,22 9,557,325 8,232 8,48 24,769 4,66 2,63 7,962 4,87,4 4,73 6,838 3,329 2,6 28,293 5,32 5,52 9,485 2,77 5, , ,638 9,2,58 8,44 8,98 22,794 4,243 8,552 7,282 37,689,6 36,583 5,55 2,633,83 26,464 5,24 5, 9,369 2,339 4, , , ,9, ,728, , , ,4 8,989,963 8,26 6,484 22,695 4,235 8,46 7,48 27,498,5 26,393 5,495 2,67,484 6,737 4,2 4,632,9,73 4, , ,89 349, ,62 8 4,54, , Men Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade > Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services '. Private households Other service industries Business and repair Personal, except private households... Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration 56 6,63 3,249 8,34 4,934 6,62 3,22 3,276 9,927 3,298 6, 46 5,855 4,435,89,99 8,888,97,25 3,2 5 2, , ,2 2,928 8, 4,828 5,74 2,39 2,988 9,5 2,842 3, ,65 3, ,34 8,27, , ,44 3, , ,245 3, , , , ,674 2,845 8,29 4,85 4,583 2, 2,982 9,9 2,75,548 42,46 3, , , , , ,93 4 2, Construction Manufacturing Women Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair Personal, except private households. Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals... Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration ,39 3, 3,298 2,49,566,33,236 4,664 25, ,848 2,43 2,4 86 9,45 3,835 4,36 6,473 2,259 2, , ,74 2,958 3,26 2,357,755,255 9,5 4,44 23, ,932 2,25, ,438 3,83 4,6 6,384,845 2, , ,946 6, , , , ,45 2,934 3,2,9,695,253 9,442 4,333 6, ,987,999,659 65,67 3,34 3,794,94,389 2, ,869 4,

212 ANNUAL AVERAGES 25. civilians by industry, sex, and occupation (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing TOTAL Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3, ,22 9,557,325 8,232 8,48 24,769 4,66 2,63 7,962 4,87,4 4,73 28,293 5, ,449,427, ,75 535,64 2,95 5,25 4 5,248 3,33, ,692, , ,869, , ,28, ,26,826 8,435, ,54, ,34 2, ,557 2,94 6,795 6,785 5,84, , , , ,382 5,, ,253 3,79 2,54,79,267, , ,28 2 2, ,4 3,33 2, ,993, , , , Men Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 2, ,63 3,249 8,34 4,934 6,62 3,22 3,276 9,927 3,298 6, 46 5,855 8,888 3, ,752, , ,2 2, ,587, , ,57 5,56 4, ,5,464 3,65, ,2 27 2, , ,62,57, ,85 3, 2,23,93, ,834, ,664 2,332, , ,458 37, , Women Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration ,39 3, 3,298 2,49,566,33,236 4,664 25, ,848 9,45 2, ,74 2,662 2,66, ,72 7 7,73 7, ,474 2,472,376 3 J , , , ,352,86 582,235 2,473 5, ,856 4,534, , , , ,762 3, ,35 97, Includes protective service, not shown separately. 23

213 ANNUAL AVERAGES 26. civilians by industry, race, and occupation (In thousands) Industry and race employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing WHITE Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 2, ,599 6,86 9,922 6,939 7,27 2,696 4,86 7,5 7,37 35, ,54 24,5 4, ,29, , ,442,92 4,72 3 4,78 2,969, , ,393 6,388, ,98 2,96, ,65,723 7,443, ,89,5 84,848 2,73 69,383 2,52 5, ,824 4,36, , , , ,335 3,787, ,927 3,257 2,25,7,8, ,793, ,85 2,734 2, , ,562 3, , BLACK Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration , ,7 2,76 276, , ,578 3, ,75 25,727, Includes protective service, not shown separately. 24

214 ANNUAL AVERAGES 27. civilians In nonagricultural industries by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Sex, age, and race Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration TOTAL, 6 years and over, 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,374 5, , ,96,599 7,597 5,36 2,28,325 7,55 852,33 8,99,32 8, , ,294 6, , , ,846 6, ,769 3,8 2,75 3,867 7,884 5,89 2,695 7, , ,7 5,986,84 4,73,326 39,377 3,936 35,44 3,3 5,3 5, , ,42 4,7 7 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over, 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,85 5, , ,997,83,95,333,582 8, ,9 62 7,568 6, , , ,346 3, , , ,638 4, ,22,54,698,982 9,77 8,278,439 3, , ,4 2, , ,278,67 3,67,46 2,255 3, , ,2 2,69 42 Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over ,39 6, ,682 4,983 3, 46 2, ,736 2, , , ,948 2, , , ,26 2, 96,566,54,53,886 8,67 6,9,256 4, , ,66 3, , ,99 2,33 2,77 8,75 3,55 2, , ,38 2,9 289 White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,297 4,666 63, ,49 944,464 9,45,49 7, , ,73 5, ,27 3 4, ,76 3, , , ,74 4,3 584,533,37,26,698 8,59 7,29,3 2, , ,678 2, , ,47,326,72 9,724,997 2, , ,629 2, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,696 4,9 65 2, , ,38 2, , , ,378 2,5 327,969 2,949 5,798,625 73,63,339 8,824,64 7,2 6,39,7 4, 77 4, ,59 3, 49 2, ,335,987 8,348 5,752 2,596,98 4,894,794, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over ,8 9,62 97, , ,594 6,533 27,326, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,646 2, Excludes private households. 25

215 ANNUAL AVERAGES 28. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Industry mployed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over. 9, Agriculture Agricultural production, crops Agricultural production, livestock Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services. Agricultural services, n.e.c 3,74 94, Mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel Construction 7, Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products, except furniture Logging Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork Wood buildings and mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products Glass and glass products Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Structural clay, pottery, and related products Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products Metal industries Primary metal industries Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling, and finishing mills Iron and steel foundries Primary aluminum industries Other primary metal industries Fabricated metal industries Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware Fabricated structural metal products Metal forging and stampings Ordnance Miscellaneous and not specified fabricated metal products Machinery and computing equipment Engines and turbines Farm machinery and equipment Construction and material handling machines Metal working machinery Computers and related equipment Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c. and not specified Electrical machinery, equipment and supplies Household appliances Radio, T.V., and communication equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies, n.e.c. and not specified Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment Aircraft and parts..a Ship and boat building and repairing Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Professional and photographic equipment, and watches Scientific and controlling instruments, Medical, dental, and optical instruments and supplies Photographic equipment and supplies Toys, amusements, and sporting goods Miscellaneous and not specified manufacturing industries 9,557, , , , ,9, ,25 2,289, : : : 5.; Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Dairy products Canned, frozen, and preserved fruits and vegetables Grain mill products 8,232, See footnotes at end of table. 26

216 ANNUAL AVERAGES 28. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Bakery products Sugar and confectionary products Beverage industries Miscellaneous and not specified food and kindred products.. Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Knitting mills Carpets and rugs Yarn, thread, and fabric mills Apparel and other finished textile products Apparel and accessories, except knit Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Paper and allied products Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills Miscellaneous paper and pulp products Paperboard containers and boxes Printing, publishing, and allied products Newspaper publishing and printing Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers Chemicals and allied products Plastics, synthetics, and resins Drugs Soaps and cosmetics Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Tires and inner tubes Other rubber products, and plastics footwear and belting Miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Footwear, except rubber and plastic , ,784 53,27, Transportation, communications, and other public utilities Transportation Railroads Bus service and urban transit Taxicab service Trucking service Warehousing and storage U.S. Postal Service Water transportation Air transportation Services incidental to transportation Communications Radio and television broadcasting and cable Telephone communications Utilities and sanitary services Electric light and power Gas and steam supply systems Electric and gas, and other combinations Water supply and irrigation Sanitary services 8,48 5, , , ,4, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles and equipment Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and construction materials Professional and commercial equipment and supplies Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Scrap and waste materials Miscellaneous wholesale trade, durable goods 24,769 4,66 2, See footnotes at end of table. 27

217 ANNUAL AVERAGES 28. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, chemicals, and allied products Apparel, fabrics, and notions Groceries and related products Farm productsraw materials Petroleum products Alcoholic beverages Farm supplies Miscellaneous nondurable goods and not specified wholesale trade 2, Retail trade Lumber and building material retailing Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries Food stores, n.e.c Motor vehicle dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Miscellaneous vehicle dealers Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Household appliance stores Radio, TV, and computer stores Music stores Eating and drinking places Drug stores Liquor stores Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores Book and stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores Catalog and mail order houses Vending machine operators Direct selling establishments Fuel dealers Retail florists Miscellaneous retail stores and not specified retail trade 2, , , , , Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking Savings institutions, including credit unions Credit agencies, n.e.c Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies Insurance Real estate, including real estateinsurance offices 7,962, ,383 2, Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair services Advertising Services to dwellings and other buildings Personnel supply services Computer and data processing services 4,87,4 4,73 6, See footnotes at end of table. 28

218 ANNUAL AVERAGES 28. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Detective and protective services Business services, n.e.c Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers Automobile parking and carwashes Automotive repair and related services Electrical repair shops Miscellaneous repair services Personal services, except private household. Hotels and motels Lodging places, except hotels and motels.. Laundry, cleaning, and garment services... Beauty shops Barber shops Funeral service and crematories Dressmaking shops Industry Entertainment and recreational services Theaters and motion pictures Video tape rental Bowling centers Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services. Professional and related services Hospitals Health services/except hospitals Offices and clinics of physicians Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of chiropractors Offices and clinics of optometrists Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c Nursing and personal care facilities Health services, n.e.c Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools Libraries Educational services, n.e.c Social services Job training and vocational rehabilitation services. Child day care services Family child care homes Residential care facilities, without nursing Social services, n.e.c Other professional services Legal services... Museums, art galleries, and zoos Labor unions Religious organizations Membership organizations, n.e.c Engineering, architectural, and surveying services. Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services... Research, development and testing services Management and public relations services Miscellaneous professional and related services... Forestry and fisheries Forestry Fishing, hunting, and trapping Public administration Executive and legislative offices General government, n.e.c Justice, public order, and safety Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy Administration of human resources programs Administration of environmental quality and housing programs. Administration of economic programs National security and international affairs NOTE: N.e.c. is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of industries which cannot be more specifically identified. Generally, data for industries with fewer than employed 475, , ,329, , ,364 28,293 5,32 5,52, ,752,443 9,485 6,372 2, , ,486, , , Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin , employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. 29

219 ANNUAL AVERAGES 29. civilians with a Job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status (In thousands) All industries Nonagricultural industries Reason not working and sex Wage and salary workers Paid absences Unpaid absences, 6 years and over... Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute All other reasons Men, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3 6,82 3,44, ,265 2,823, ,28 3,33, ,233 2,85, ,934 3,366, ,227 2,78, ,893 3,29, ,97 2,695, ,56 2, ( 2 ) <*> 34,45, ,9 2, ,422, , o , Women, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3 3,259, ,224, ,226, ,98, ,65, ,587, , , Excludes private household workers. 2 Pay status not available separately for bad weather and industrial dispute; these categories are included in all other reasons. 3 Includes bad weather and industrial dispute, not shown separately. NOTE: Estimates for "all other reasons" by pay status may be biased because of high response variance; data should be used with caution. 3. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, 6 years and over 3,278 2,938,34 to 34 hours to 4 hours 5 to 4 hours 5 to 29 hours 3 to 34 hours 27, ,542 3,852 8, , ,366 3,428 8, hours and over 35 to 39 hours 4 hours 4 hours and over 4 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 6 hours and over, 85,435 7,368 43,53 34,537,63 3,67 9,766 2, , ,358 7,226 42,883 33,25,38 2,784 9, Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules

220 3. Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Reason for working less than 35 hours All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time, 6 years and over 27,843 8,429 9,44 26,98 8,35 8,846 Economic reasons Slack work Material shortages or repairs to plant and equipment New job started during week Job terminated during week Could find only parttime work 6,348 3, ,98,996, ,352,445 2,98 6,6 2, ,832,896, ,2,378 2,832 Other reasons Does not want, or unavailable for, fulltime work Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute Legal or religious holiday Full time for this job All other reasons 2,495 2,89,783, ,4,692 2,633 6,433,783, ,4,636 5,62 2,89 83, ,876,865,762, ,36,664 2,526 6,239,762, ,36,59 4,637,865 72, Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons Worked 3 to 34 hours: Economic reasons Other reasons 2,33 6, ,563,35 3,77,97 6, ,483,8 3, 32. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Industry at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 4 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over,34 6,6 4,637 89,597 56,348,38 2, Wage and salary workers,92 5,36 2,925 8,952 54,99,782 8, Mining Construction 5, ,739 3,7 527, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 8,3,69 7, ,248,79 7,69,534 6,2 4,432 2,89,676,43 3,894 2,4, Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 7,642 2,99 6, , , ,987 5,269 6,2 4,22 9,28 4, ,8 733,83 3,96, Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 35,38,6 34,32 5,48 2,96 226, , , , ,636 5,56 8, ,938 3,8 2, , ,87 5 5, Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8, , , , ,

221 ANNUAL AVERAGES 33. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Sex, age, race, and marital status at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 4 hours or less 4 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over,34 5,34,96 3,73 5,26,422 93,784 6,83 3,83 2,87 6, , ,56 2,984,37 5 4,637 2,992,563,429,645 2,254 9,39 5,36 2,968,387 89,597,54 225,36 88,56 8,69 79,887 52,63 26,49,334 56,348,2 89,22 55,37 5,758 49,379 3,87 6, , ,99 2,4 3,58 2,256 9, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 59,568 2, ,592 56,989 5,929 5,6 32,82 6,657,6 2, , ,63, ,5, , , , ,338 4,5 46,838 3,558 5, , ,468 2,938 25,53 6,36 8, , ,87,562 2,38 4,98 6, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 5,772 2, ,58 48,27 5,493 42,724 27,282 4,72,27 3, , ,444, ,36, ,549,38 7,23 4,28 2, , ,78 3,669 33,49 2,55, , ,669 2,82 23,849 5,446 8,24 38, , ,2 6,59 3, RACE White, 6 years and over Men Women 94,835 5,777 43,58 4,95 2,293 2,658 3,7 3,926 9,44 76,84 45,558 3,256 46,74 24,449 22,266 3, 2,9 8, Black, 6 years and over Men Women,48 5,58 5, , ,428 4,76 4,667 7,29 3,447 3,843 2,38, MARITAL STATUS Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 37,58 6,547 5,44,83 373,292, ,744 34,95 5,863,45 8,483 3,29 7,367 6,469 2,572 4, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 28,35,248 2,489, ,39 5,82,246 3,77 2,754 8,253 8,372 5,373 5,728 6,6 5,38 2,525 2,

222 ANNUAL AVERAGES 34. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and sex at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 4 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over,5 6,59 4,6 89,445 56,49,387 2, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 3,379 4,725 5,655 35,8 3,834 3,657 7,688 5, ,23 2,778 2,686 6,96 7,88 4,685 4, , , , , , ,37 5, ,659 2,84 4, ,579 49, ,84 3,73 3,38 27,648 3,35,32 4,2 9, ,794 7,627,54 3,684 6,43 4,53 3,2 4,69 6,94 7,777 8,54 2,289 5,263,988 7,65 22,8 5,737 7, 8,754 4,43 2,45 2,296 3,338,752,586 3,42 457,323, ,665, ,82 5,38 3,774 5, ,546,59, ,7 2,748 2,956,26, Men, 6 years and over 59,222 2,799 4,439 5,984 28,9 6,99 6, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 6,3 8,577 7,527 2,837,99 7,5 3,778 6,46 43,682 4,68,67 2,269 4,374 4,269 3, , ,8 4 4, , 8,84 6,827,74,765 6,76 3,234 4,654 22,536 3,96,59,553 4,78 3,86 2,669 7,8 3,499 3,59 5,858,2 2,6 2,28 3, ,259 6,454 6,377 2,626,875,877, , ,532, ,88 3,74 2,484 3, , ,65 2, , (*) Women, 6 years and over 5,893 3,26,72 37,46 27,249 4,396 5, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 4,276 6,48 8,28 22,343,925 6,57 3,9 9, ,98,79 3,926 2, , , , ,43 52,522 4,65 326,929 2,395 2, , ,83 5,59 6,3 6,474,54 3,956,978 5, , ,3 2, ,673 3,45 4,259 2,682,69 2,652 8,86 3, , ,376, , , , ,624,334,29, Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. Data not shown where base is less than 35,. 223

223 ANNUAL AVERAGES 35. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age (In thousands) Age Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 59 years 6 years and over TOTAL not in labor force., 64,593 65,59 6,4 6,429 4,67 4,27 2,28 2,773 32,98 33,28 Do not want a job now. Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job. Jobmarket factors Personal factors Other reasons 58,43 6,723 5, 2,75 2,24 4,644 6,8,6,78,236, ,69 59,9 6,9 5,56 2,93 2,8 4,764 6,39,542,22,34, ,22 5,24 4, , ,262 4, , ,233, ,78, , ,848, ,93 3, ,24 3,24, ,42 3, ,98 2,89 9,79 9, ,5 9 2,25 9,37 2, not in labor force.. 22,356 22,987 3,3 3,49,455,452 4,784 5,3 3,4 3,256 Do not want a job now. Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity 2,79 3,283 2,555 39,53 2,32 2,62 3,363 2, ,826 2,22 2,54 2, ,534 2, , , , , ,37 3, , ,358 2, , , , Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 2, , , , Women not in labor force 42,237 42,522 3,37 3,28 2,62 2,576 6,424 6,642 9,895 2,25 Do not want a job now. Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 38,334 3,44 2,546 2,35 8,79 2,324 3, , ,589 3,538 2,753 2,463 9,29 2,543 3, , Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail in tables 35 and 36 may not add to notinlaborforce 2,699 2, ,728 2, , , ,6 547,37,427 65,559 2, ,246 62,43,275 55,784 2, ,542 7,63 9,65 8, ,583 6,246 8,954 9, totals because of differences in the weighting patters used in aggregating these data. 224

224 ANNUAL AVERAGES 36. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex (In thousands) Age Sex Reason, race, and Hispanic origin 6 to 24 years 25 to 59 years 6 years and over Men Women WHITE not in labor force 54,32 54,562 7,757 7,676 7,55 7,4 29,29 29,475 8,52 8,929 35,6 35,633 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 49,634 5,77 3,965 8,87 8,65 3,658 4,494, ,956 5,8 4,76 8,8 8,827 3,753 4,6, ,334 4, , ,298 4,49 23,3 762, , ,87 9, ,326 2, , ,38 8, ,494 2, ,62,654 8,8 7, ,833 5,745 8,27 8, ,867 2,469 2,8 272,346,772, ,75 2,58 2,95 33,575,683, ,768 2,67,957 8,599 7,79,886 2, ,78 2,6 2,8 7,767 8,252 2,7 2, BLACK not in labor force 8,67 8,386 2,97 2,9 3,32 3,242 2,938 3,25 2,997 3,67 5,7 5,22 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 6,64,, 2,47,72 79, ,98,29,52,999,85 85, , ,583, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , HISPANIC ORIGIN not in labor force 5,3 5,377,333,47 2,399 2,478,38,482,478,569 3,635 3,88 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the other races are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 225

225 ANNUAL AVERAGES 37. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get Jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years Age 25 to 59 years 6 years and over Race and Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Personal factors: Employers think too young or old... Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Men Personal factors: Employers think too young or old.., Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Women Personal factors: Employers think too young or old.. Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 226

226 ANNUAL AVERAGES 38. Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next 2 months by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Age Race Workseeking intentions, work history, and sex 6 to 24 years 25 to 59 years 6 years and over White Black TOTAL Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next 2 months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous 2 months... 55,38 9,455,62, 2,394 4,33 56,4 9,56,647,24 2,496 4,59 5,93 4,547, ,49 6,26 4,43, ,324 6,942 4, ,525,698 7,355 4, ,643,634 32, , ,88 7,3,3 827,8 3,542 47,37 7,238,7 866,879 3,387 6,347, ,622, Men Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next 2 months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous 2 months... 8,747 3, ,875 9,297 3, ,93 2,425 2, ,99 2,454 2, ,244 3,635, ,893, , , ,7 2, ,543 6,84 2, ,557 2, , Women Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next 2 months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous 2 months... 36,39 5, ,643 2,456 36,76 5, ,77 2,256 3,56 2, ,2 3,57 2, ,8 3,37 3, ,4,5 3,46 3, ,89,8 9, , ,7 4, ,24,999 3,233 4, ,295,83 3,98, ,89,

227 228 Digitized for FRASER ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,576 26, ,598 3,27 4,39 9,384 64,593 93,55 28,4 6 9,36 3,74 6,232 8,734 65,59 62,658 8,526 6,479 2,987 98,492 7,47 54,32 63,92 9, ,82 2,864 99,948 6,547 54,562 2,958 3, ,933 53,78, ,67 22,329 3, , ,4, ,386 5,244,3 6 8, ,56,6.4 5,3 5,753, , ,85,4.6 5,377 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,54 69, ,85 2,534 6,27 5, ,356 92,62 69, ,7 2,438 62,263 4, ,987 78,35 59, ,79 2,346 53,363 4,2 8,52 79,8 6, ,397 2,254 54,43 3,753 8,929 9,888 6, , ,78,46 2,997,78 6, , , ,67 7,569 6, , , ,478 7,825 6, , , ,569 Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 84,89 65, ,9 2,355 58,664 4,69 9,253 85,97 66,69 7 6,865 2,263 59,62 4,24 9,838 73,3 56, ,245 2,74 5,7 3,566 6,22 73,7 57, ,897 2,9 5,86 3,28 6,596 8,858 6, , , ,3 6, ,7 2 5, ,532 6,84 5, , , ,4 7,63 5, , , ,92 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force,35 57, , ,2 4,5 42,237,93 58, , ,97 3,8 42,522 84,37 48, , , ,6 84,84 49, , ,85 2,793 35, ,87 5 6, ,7 2,25 7, ,22 7,674 4, , , ,635 7,928 4, , , ,88 Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 93,524 54, , ,43 38,93 94,388 55, , ,33 3,234 39,242 79,2 45, , , ,5 79,63 46, , ,454 2, ,28,25 6, , , ,394, , , ,532 6,94 3, , , ,87 7,76 3, , , ,33 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,6 6,75 5, ,74, ,4 3,255 6,826 5, ,37, ,429,56 5, , , ,762,579 5, , , ,748 2, ,287 2, ,323, NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

228 ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 5,244,3 6 8, ,56,6.4 5,3 5,753, ,272 <m 8,85,4.6 5,377 9,368 6, , , ,49 9,693 6, , , ,94, , Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,569 6, , , ,478 7,825 6, , , ,569 4,86 3, , , ,958 4, , , Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,84 5, , , ,4 7,63 5, , , ,92 4,3 3, , , ,456 3, , , Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate, Not in labor force 7,674 4, , , ,635 7,928 4, , , ,88 4,563 2, , 48 2, ,735 2,456 2, , , Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,94 3, , , ,87 7,76 3, , , ,33 4,62 2,78 5,953 43, ,883 4, , , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, , , , (*) Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. Data not shown where base is less than

229 ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Category White Black Hispanic origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 7,598 63,85 53,793 9,36 64,7 54,66,479 55,79 45,77 2,82 56,397 46,45,933 5,846 6,87 2,46 5,957 6,89 8,97 5,388 3,584 9,272 5,63 3,669 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 3,53 4,767 6,386 32,28 5,376 6,94 27,948 3,438 4,5 28,859 3,888 4,97 2,9 855,54 2,4 959,8, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 36,88 4,253 3,99 8,636 36,84 4,4 4,245 8,555 32,62 3,63 2,564 5,968 32,82 3,437 2,89 5,836 3, ,62 3, ,8 2, ,253 2, ,269 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 6, ,96 3,24 6, ,52 3,457 2,6 682,664,265 2,969 72,728,52 2, ,269 2, ,329,87 7 5,496, ,58 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,28 4,44 4,79 3,897 3,326 4,46 5,4 3,96,767 4, 4,369 3,397,955 3,977 4,576 3, , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 6,957 7,524 4,878 4, ,9 7,38 7,45 5,4 4, ,962 3,844 6,7 4,59 3, ,6 3,9 5,992 4,86 3, ,95 2,556, ,535, ,993, ,54, Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,456 3,326 3,47 3, MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,696, ,54 8,86 87,454,6 86,338 8,69 232,637, , 8,54 88,57,5 87,42 9,3 28,539,337 9,43 4,73 75, ,842 7,878 2,484, ,545 4,996 76, ,682 8, ,362 2,734 8, , ,57 2,86 8, , ,53,28 7, , ,3,9 7, , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 95, 6,385 6,23 96,443 6,348 6,55 8,793 5,26 4,48 82,888 5,57 4,767 9,83 938,93,6 942,98 7, , persons "with a job but not at work" are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 23

230 42. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories (In thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Category Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 8,97 5,388 3,584 9,272 5,63 3,669 5,58 3,48 2, 5,85 3,628 2, OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 2, ,253 2, ,269, , b Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective,87 7 5,496, ,58, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers,993, ,54, , , Farming, forestry, and fishing MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers ,53,28 7, , ,3,9 7, , , , , ,29 7 4, , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS 2 Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 7, , , , Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 2 persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 23

231 ANNUAL AVERAGES 43. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over... 7,598 9,36,479 2,82,933 2,46 8,97 9,272 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5,398 2,5 3,349 2,57,43 85,35 4,693 5,53 2,42 3,388 2,37,64 86,92 4,72 4,76,84 2,92,455 86,263 73,37 2,957 4,887,922 2,965,369 87,556 74,525 3, ,28,78 8,857, ,39,353 9,86, ,268 7,22 6, ,265 7,52 6, Men, 6 years and over 63,85 64,7 55,79 56,397 5,846 5,957 5,388 5,63 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,786,52,733 6,357 54,662 46,34 8,322 2,836,6,73 6,356 55,58 47,239 8,27 2, ,52 5,462 47,783 4,377 7,46 2,5 99,5 5,448 48,449 4,43 7, ,945 4, ,52 4, ,339 3, ,536 4,22 44 Women, 6 years and over 53,793 54,66 45,77 46,45 6,87 6,89 3,584 3,669 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,63 997,65 5,799 45,38 39, 6,372 2,694,36,658 5,78 46,32 39,682 6,45 2, ,49 4,993 38,48 32,93 5,55 2, ,456 4,92 39,7 33,48 5, ,233 4, ,3 4, ,873 2, ,985 2, Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Civilian workers) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over

232 ANNUAL AVERAGES 45. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Weeks of unemployment White Black Hispanic origin DURATION, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 9,384 3,27 2,76 3,354,424,93 8,734 3,6 2,522 3,52,274,778 7,47 2,468 2,62 2,57,72,445 6,547 2,44,895 2, ,294, , , , Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment White Black Hispanic origin NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED, 6 years and over Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 9,384 5,29,246 4, , ,734 4,769,4 3, , ,47 4,7,54 3,64 759, ,547 3, ,75 74,54 582, , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 233

233 ANNUAL AVERAGES 47. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 35 years and over 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 5 years and over 7,862 6, ,682 2,638,65 7,93 5, ,275 2,927,98 7,7 5, ,5 2,483,29 7,57 5, ,27 2,734,59 6,677 5, ,364 2,358,49 6,696 5, ,6 2,66, NONVETERANS, 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 9,378 8,728 6,233 4,47 2,384 9,2 6,782 4,59 8,66 8,24 5,88 4,8 8,94 8,469 6,3 4,6 7,8 7,78 5,497 3,794 7,942 8,2 5,999 3,94, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces 234

234 ANNUAL AVERAGES 48. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin, 35 to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 5,597 5,28 5, ,32 4,987 4, ,564 5,66 4, ,38 6,356 5,59 765,939,648, ,5,726, ,793,633, ,965,788, to 39 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate ,56 7,69 6, ,745 7,359 7, to 44 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,43 2,266 2,46 2 2,36,94, ,3 5, 4, ,756 5,428 5, to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,398 2,272 2,66 6 2,653 2,492 2, ,749 3,448 3, ,879 3,569 3, Data not shown where base is less than 35,. NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 235

235 ANNUAL AVERAGES 49. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) With unemployment: With unemployment: Percent of families: Percent of families: Type of family, race, and Hispanic origin families With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time families With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 66,785 32,442 5,834 23,979,726 7,75 3,226,389 6,643 3,66 4,585 2,59, ,378 32,73 52,2 23,99,957 7,244 3,3,494 6,78 3,47 4,93 2,356, White families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 56,925 26,788 46,627 2,74 7,773 4,57 2,526,7 5,46 2,746 3,85 2, ,258 26,935 46,82 2,63 7,86 4,572 2,578,2 4,684 2,56 3,495, Black families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 7,624 4,389 3,499,83 3,577 2, , ,725 4,436 3,495,779 3,673 2, , Hispanic origin families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 5,66 3,334 3,484 2,294, O 5,373 3,46 3,636 2,34, O Data not shown where base is less than 35,. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 236

236 5. persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Percent of unemployed: Percent of unemployed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 7,46,98,53, , ,96,696,25,366 84, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women.. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 72 6, , White unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 5,565,63 954,24 75, ,4, ,56 67, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women.. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Black unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families, , Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women., Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men (*) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 6.9 Hispanic origin unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men (*) (*) ( 2 ) C 2 ) (*) 62.6 Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in marriedcouple families where the husband or wife is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 35,. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 237

237 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) Percent of employed: Percent of employed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time TOTAL employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age., Wives With children under 8 years of age., Relatives in marriedcouple families 93,754 38,274 2,722 29,33 5,552, ,576 38,52 2,83 29,675 5,73, Women who maintain families V.M children under 8 years of age Revives in families maintained by women. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 6,582 4,246 4,598 2,288,4, ,764 4,43 4,84 2,339,24, White employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age.. Wives With children under 8 years of age. Relatives in marriedcouple families 8,33 34,52 9,36 26,39 3,659 9, ,86 34,75 9,444 26,498 3,86 9, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 4,55 2,93 3,339,838 93, ,656 2,995 3,444, , Black employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age. Wives With children under 8 years of age.. Relatives in marriedcouple families 8,966 2,448,5 2,2, ,449,56 2,88, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men,82,225, ,878,273, Hispanic origin employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age. Wives With children under 8 years of age. Relatives in marriedcouple families 7,84 2,72,954,743,8, ,4 2,84 2,3,83, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women. Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in marriedcouple families where the husband or wife is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 238

238 ANNUAL AVERAGES 52. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin Number of families Median weekly earnings TOTAL families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Other family member Two or more earners Husband and wife Husband and other family member(s) Wife and other family member(s) Other family members only Families maintained by women One earner Householder Other family member Two or more earners Families maintained by men One earner Two or more earners 44,37 34,28 2,2 8,667 2, ,8 9,79, ,546 5,286 4,225,6 2,26 2,3, ,383 34,257 2,85 8,643 2, ,7 9,838, ,792 5,452 4,42,5 2,34 2,334,523 8 $ $ White families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 37,378 3,337,852 7,844 2,384 9,485 7,432 5,226,84 37,458 3,288,79 7,755 2,383 9,497 7,572 5,355, , Black families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 5,88 2, ,828,69 2, ,268 2, ,789,59 2, Hispanic origin families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 3,755 2,698, ,582, ,879 2,8, ,622, Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. 239

239 ANNUAL AVERAGES 53. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings (Numbers in thousands) Marriedcouple families Husband unemployed Wife only earner Wife and other eamer(s) Other earner(s) only Type of family and relationship of unemployed members to wage and salary earners Wife unemployed Husband only earner Husband and other eamer(s) Other earner(s) only Other member(s) unemployed Husband or wife earner Both husband and wife earners Other combinations of earners Families maintained by women Householder unemployed Other member(s) unemployed Number of families 3,229, , , ,56, , Median weekly earnings $ $ Families maintained by men Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 5,. 24

240 ANNUAL AVERAGES 54. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 84,43 85,2 $445 $463 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 47,877 5,57 42,36 48,384 5,556 42, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 36,266 4,339 3,927 36,827 4,324 32, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families 3,664 9,246 5,43,828 3,6 9,57 5,279, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 5,92 4,76 9,465 7,8 5,98 4,3 9,587 7, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,629 4,439 3,9 72,395 4,825 3, Black Men Women 9,537 4,766 4,77 9,729 4,855 4, Hispanic origin Men Women 6,986 4,39 2,596 7,6 4,495 2, The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 24

241 ANNUAL AVERAGES 55. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 9,545 9,856 $32 $35 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 6,258 3,279 2,978 6,392 3,33 3, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 3,287 3,9 9,377 3,465 4, 9, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families,76 6,882,9 49,7 6,822, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 3,89 3,32,24,966 3,24 3,47,26 2, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 6,995 5,293,72 7,248 5,36, Black Men Women,879 74,65, , Hispanic origin Men Women, , The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 242

242 ANNUAL AVERAGES 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings, 6 years and over 85,2 $463 48,384 $54 36,827 $395 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Administrators and officials, public administration Administrators, protective services Financial managers Personnel and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations Administrators, education and related fields Managers, medicine and health Managers, food serving and lodging and establishments... Managers, properties and real estate Managementrelated occupations Accountants and auditors Underwriters Other financial officers Management analysts Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products Construction inspectors Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction. 24,9, ,457, ,454 6, , ) ,636 5, , ) ) Professional specialty Engineers, architects, and surveyors Architects Engineers Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Electrical and electronic engineers Industrial engineers Mechanical engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Computer systems analysts and scientists Operations and systems researchers and analysts Natural scientists Chemists, except biochemists Biological and life scientists Medical scientists Health diagnosing occupations Physicians Health assessment and treating occupations Registered nurses Pharmacists Dietitians Therapists Respiratory therapists Physical therapists Speech therapists Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten Teachers, elementary school Teachers, secondary school Teachers, special education Counselors, educational and vocational Librarians, archivists, and curators Librarians Social scientists and urban planners Economists Psychologists Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers Recreation workers Clergy Lawyers and judges Lawyers 2,348,637 7, ,885, , ,489, , , ,7,64 5,843,488 54, ,24, ,3, ) 65 ) ) ,29,22 6, ,59, ,67 339, V) ,3,5 See footnotes at end of table. 243

243 ANNUAL AVERAGES 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes Technical writers Designers Actors and directors Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers. Photographers Editors and reporters Public relations specialists, * $ $ ) $ Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Health record technologists and technicians Radiologic technicians Licensed practical nurses Engineering and related technologists and technicians. Electrical and electronic technicians Drafting occupations Surveying and mapping technicians Science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science... Airplane pilots and navigators Computer programmers Legal assistants 25, , , , ,774, ) , ) 6,2, Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services... Insurance sales Real estate sales Securities and financial services sales Advertising and related sales Sales occupations, other business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats Sales workers, apparel Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings Sales workers, radio, television, hifi, and appliances. Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Sales workers, parts Sales workers, other commodities Sales counter clerks Cashiers Street and doortodoor sales workers 8,63 2,543, ,223 2, ,664, , , , O Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors General office Financial records processing Distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks Computer equipment operators Computer operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Secretaries Stenographers Typists Information clerks Interviewers Hotel clerks Transportation ticket and reservation agents Receptionists Records processing, except financial Order clerks Personnel clerks, except payroll andtimekeeping. File clerks Records clerks 4, ,295 2, , , (), ,243 2, See footnotes at end of table. 244

244 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median' weekly earnings Financial records processing Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing clerks Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators Communications equipment operators Telephone operators Mail and message distributing Postal clerks, except mail carriers Mail carriers, postal service Mail clerks, except postal service Messengers, Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks Dispatchers Production coordinators Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks Stock and inventory clerks Meter readers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers Expediters Adjusters and investigators Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators Investigators and adjusters, except insurance Eligibility clerks, social welfare Bill and account collectors Miscellaneous administrative support occupations General office clerks Bank tellers Dataentry keyers Teachers' aides Service occupations Private household Child care workers Cleaners and servants Protective services Supervisors Police and detectives Firefighting and fire prevention Firefighting Police and detectives Police and detectives, public service Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers Correctional institution officers Guards Guards and police, except public service.546, , , , , , $ ~« , , $ ) ) 35 O O ,372, , , $ ) ) ( I Service occupations, except private household and protective Food preparation and service occupations Supervisors Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Cooks, except short order Food counter, fountain, and related occupations Kitchen workers, food preparation Waiters' and waitresses' assistants Miscellaneous food preparation occupations Health service occupations Dental assistants Health aides, except nursing Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Cleaning and building service occupations Supervisors Maids and housemen Janitors and cleaners Personal service occupations Supervisors Hairdressers and cosmetologists Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities Public transportation attendants Early childhood teacher's assistants 7,9 2, , , ,89, , ,9, , , ,99, ,293 62, See footnotes at end of table. 245

245 ANNUAL AVERAGES 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Supervisors Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers Automobile mechanics 'Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics Aircraft engine mechanics Automobile body and related repairers Heavy equipment mechanics.industrial machinery repairers Electrical and electronic equipment repairers Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment. Data processing equipment repairers Telephone installers and repairers Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers HIIWFiI^Jl 9,,,,..«,,» ««" " """ " Construction trades. Supervisors Construction trades, except supervisors Brickmasons and stonemasons Electricians Electrical power installers and repairers Painters, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and apprentices Concrete and terrazzo finishers Insulation workers Extractive occupations Precision production occupations Supervisors Precision metalworking occupations Tool and die makers Machinists Sheetmetalworkers Precision woodworking occupations Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers Precision workers, assorted materials Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Precision food production occupations Butchers and meat cutters Bakers Precision inspectors, testers, arrd related workers Inspectors, testers, and graders Plant and system operators Water and sewage treatment plant operators Power plant operators Stationary engineers,49 3,78 2 3,57, , , ,33, $ ,69 3, ,385, , , ,63, $ $ ) ) O ) 67 O V) () ) ) () () ) Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Machine operators and tenders, except precision Metalworking and plastic working machine operators Punching and stamping press machine operators Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators.. Metal and plastic processing machine operators Molding and casting machine operators Woodworking machine operators Sawing machine operators Printing machine operators Printing press operators 4,9 6,78 4, ,685 4,242 2, ,335 2,539, See footnotes at end of table. 246

246 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators Textile sewing machine operators Pressing machine operators Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators Machine operators, assorted materials Packaging and filling machine operators Mixing and blending machine operators Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators Painting and paint spraying machine operators Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food Slicing and cutting machine operators Photographic process machine operators Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations Welders and cutters Assemblers Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers.. Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners Production testers.'. Graders and sorters, except agricultural Transportation and material moving occupations Truck drivers Driverssales workers Bus drivers Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles Rail transportation : Water transportation occupations Material moving equipment operators Operating engineers Crane and tower operators Excavating and loading machine operators Grader, do2er, and scraper operators Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators , ,656 56, ,926 2, , $ , U ,68 2, , $ ) $ ) O ) ) o Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Helpers, construction and extractive occupations Helpers, construction trades Construction laborers Freight, stock, and material handlers Stock handlers and baggers Machine feeders and offbearers Garage and service station related occupations Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners Hand packers and packagers Laborers, except construction Farming, forestry, and fishing Other agricultural and related occupations Farm occupations, except managerial Farmworkers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors, related agricultural Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm Animal caretakers, except farm Forestry and logging occupations 3, , ,34, , ,82, ) * Data not shown where base is less than 5,. 247

247 ANNUAL AVERAGES 57. wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, full or parttime status, and union affiliation (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and full or parttime status employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3,688 7,46 86,642 29,87 27,524 7,834 9,92 2,322 6, ,48 3,97 5,282 4,56, ,54,76 7,364 4,549 5,933 4,549 2, ,67 7,93 87,874 29,479 28,44 8,885 9,64 2,33 6,598, 5,588 3,838 5,3 4,364, ,646,65 7,48 4,384 5,932 4,856 2, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 54,35 8,797 45,338 6,82 4,234 9,69 4,767,86,3 62 9,5 2,554 3,58 2,476, ,28 7,48 2,825 3,445 2,74, ,776 8,869 45,96 5,96 4,548 9,57 4,685,42, ,463 2,47 3,49 2,596, ,39 699,34 2,674 3,422 2,828, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 49,554 8,25 4,34 3,789 3,29 8,765 4,325,35 6, ,97,46 2,24, , ,946,724 2,487, ,292 8,324 4,968 3,58 3,595 9,34 4,379,6 6, ,25,43 2,52, , ,4,7 2,5 2, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 6 years and over Men Women 88,624 46,732 4,892 3,46 8,56 4, ,48 9,349 5, ,643 47,86 42,458 3,62 8,495 5, ,262 9,277 5, Black, 6 years and over Men Women,46 5,48 5,936 2,433,39, ,763,448, ,62 5,588 6,24 2,435,298, ,772,444, Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women 8,34 4,954 3,386, , ,575 5,85 3,49, , FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS 3 Fulltime workers Parttime workers 84,43 9,545 4,975, ,886, ,2 9,856 5,7, ,999, Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full and parttime workers is based on hours usually worked. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and parttime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 248

248 ANNUAL AVERAGES 58. wage and salary workers by occupation, Industry, and union affiliation (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and industry employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 26,275 2,8 4,267 3, , , , ,68 2,453 4,75 4, , ,897,2 3, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 33,445 4,47,263 8,35 3, , , , ,429 3,95,442 8,36 3, , , , Service occupations Protective service Service, except protective service 4,898 2,69 2,83 2,7 8, , , ,37 2,78 3,93 2,27 873, , , Precision production, craft and repair,38 2, ,958 2,24 2, ,997 2 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 6,26 7,273 4,464 4,47 4,74,928,228, ,48 2,33,3, ,36 7,265 4,552 4,498 4,27,89, ,243,99,29, Farming, forestry, and fishing, , INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction,55 84, , , , ,472 84, , , , Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 9,76,945 8,3 3,749 2,329, ,5 2,487, ,7,79 7,92 3,592 2,228, ,86 2,362, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities 6,233 3,56 2,727,922, ,52, ,33 3,65 2,663,924, ,52, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade 2,347 4,28 7,29,42 279,23,542 3, ,655 3,896 7,759, ,99,52 33, Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers 6,658 25,575 8,44 44,487 6, ,8 7, ,783 26,235 8,68 3,5 7, ,83 8, Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and parttime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. 249

249 ANNUAL AVERAGES 59. Median weekly earnings of fuiltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and union affiliation Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Members of unions Represented by unions 2 Members of unions by a unions 2 Nonunion Represented Nonunion SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 6 years and over Men Women Black, 6 years and over Men Women Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulltime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 25

250 6. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation ANNUAL AVERAGES Occupation and industry Members of unions Represented by unions 2 Members of unions Nonunion Represented by unions 2 Nonunion OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Protective service Service, except protective service Precision production, craft and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction $ () $ () $ $ Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 5,. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulltime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. 25

251 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, marital status, and presence and age of children (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, marital status, and presence and age of youngest child employed Absence rate Illness Other reasons Lost worktime rate 2 Illness Other reasons, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 85,2,544 8,337 75,33 66,993 8, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 48, ,65 42,828 38,57 4, Married men, spouse present 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 3,663 2,948 9,423 9, All other men 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 6,72 5, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 36, ,685 32,53 28,937 3, Married women, spouse present 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 2,2 9,999 5,999 4, All other women 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 6,75 3,28 2,373, Absences refer to work missed due to illnesses or other personal reasons. Excluded is work missed due to vacation, holiday, labormanagement dispute, or bad weather resulting in an employer temporarily curtailing business activity. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total fulltime employment. To be counted as having had an absence, a person who usually works 35 hours or more per week must have been at work fewer than 35 hours or have not been at work at all during the survey reference week. 2 Hours absent as a percent of total hours usually worked. 3 Because of differences in definitions, estimates by marital status in this table are somewhat different from family relationship estimates shown in other tables for fulltime wage and salary workers. 252

252 ANNUAL AVERAGES 62. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and industry employed Absence rate Illness Other reasons Lost worktime rate 2 Illness Other reasons OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 24,9,742 2, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 25,894 3,36 8,63 4, Service occupations Precision production, craft and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 9,379,49 4,9, INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction,44 68, , Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods '. 7,844,465 7, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities 5,72 3,53 2, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade 4,592 3,596, Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers 5,968 9,46 5, Absences refer to work missed due to illnesses or other personal reasons. Excluded is work missed due to vacation, holiday, labormanagement dispute, or bad weather resulting in an employer temporarily curtailing business activity. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total fulltime employment. To be counted as having had an absence, a person who usually works 35 hours or more per week must have been at work fewer than 35 hours or have not been at work at all during the survey reference week. 2 Hours absent as a percent of total hours usually worked. 253

253 ANNUAL AVERAGES 63. Employment status of the civilian noninstltutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Central cities Suburbs TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,576 26, ,598 9,384 64,593 93,55 28,4 6 9,36 8,734 65,59 49,2, ,595 7, ,6 5,55, ,826 6,95 49,774 57,74 37, ,95 3, ,29 57,763 37, ,26 3, ,52 9,378 62, ,4 4,35 28,842 92,788 63, ,69 3,97 29,27 Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 84,89 65, ,9 4,69 9,253 85,97 66,69 7 6,865 4,24 9,838 66,5 5, ,5 3, ,354 66,853 52, ,652 3,39 4,8 25,26 9,87 7 7,543, ,94 25,29 9,98 7 7,586, ,93 4,925 32, ,462 2,48 8,44 4,56 32, ,66,877 8,68 Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate 93,524 54, ,8 3,43 38,93 94,388 55, ,92 3,234 39,242 73,72 43, ,549 2,732 29,79 73,66 43, ,62 2,558 3,4 28,753 6,5 5 5,273, ,242 28,694 6,4 5 5,292,9 2,292 44,39 26, ,275,494 7,549 44,967 27, ,77,449 7,748 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,6 6,75 5,398, ,4 3,255 6,826 5,53, ,429 9,997 5, ,4, ,96,37 5,5 4,2, ,922 3,862,825 4, ,38 3,777,76 4, ,7 6,35 3, , ,879 6,26 3, , ,95 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate ,526 6,479 7,47 54,32 63,92 9, ,82 6,547 54,562 24,56 84, ,72 5,45 4,335 25,23 84, ,574 5,6 4,578 42,55 28,3 6 26, 2,9 4,385 42,22 27, ,39,826 4,336 8,99 56, ,6 3, ,95 83, 56, ,534. 3,235 26,24 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 2,958 3, ,933, ,67 22,329 3, ,46, ,479,826 6,38,689 6,652 8,932, ,39, ,99 2,249 7, ,39,5 4,79 2,462 7, ,394,42. 5,26 6,23 4, , ,863 6,47 4, , ,964 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 5,244,3 6 8,97,6.4 5,3 5,753, ,272,4.6 5,377 4,77 9, ,363,76.4 4,739 4,585 9, ,598,34.7 4,953 7,94 5, 6 4, ,83 8,5 5, , ,972 6,263 4, , ,925 6,48 4, , ,98 254

254 ANNUAL AVERAGES 63. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstltutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Nonmetropolitan areas Urban Rural areas Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate * Not in labor force 42,456 26, ,3, ,532 42,999 27, ,48,782 5,736 39,35 92, ,4 7, ,786 4, ,278 6,665 47,437 52,225 34, ,88 2,23 7,87 53,7 35, ,28 2,69 8,73 Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,84 3,94 7 3, ,54 4,27 7 3, ,27 6,24 47, ,837 3,497 3,689 6,688 47, ,3 3,22 4,57 23,867 8,33 7 7,82, ,563 24,29 8, , ,68 Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 2,452,33 5, ,39 2,727,525 5, ,22 68,94 4, ,82 2,648 28,49 69,364 4, ,85 2, ,686 24,584 4, , ,44 25,24 4, , ,556 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population : Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,64, , ,494 3,28,7 53.2, ,57 9,386 4, ,77,9 2. 4,67 9,328 4, , ,594 3,775, , ,84 3,927 2,9 53.3, ,835 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 38,52 24, ,758,597 3,796 38,78 24, ,239,485 3,984 4,33 76, ,449 5,78 37,83 4,6 76,68 6 7,92 4,75 37,993 48,327 3, ,3 6,329 49,3 32,74 6 3,9,83 6,569 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,479 2, , ,45 3,398 2, 58.9, ,397 8,972 2,4 63.5, ,932 9,464 2,2 62.7,6, ,252 2,985,85 62., ,35 2,866,73 6.4, ,34 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force, , ,897 9,28 6 8,63,56.5 4,679 4,366 9, ,422,.6 4,943, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are inpluded in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 98 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of 984. Beginning with the first quarter of separate data are no longer available for farm and nonfarm areas. 255

255 ANNUAL AVERAGES 64. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Employment status, race, and Hispanic origin Poverty Nonpoverty Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas Poverty areas Nonpoverty TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over.*. Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 26,797 5, ,52, ,434 26,467 4, ,227, ,542 64,778, ,78 7, ,6 67,82 3, ,79 7, ,967 7,22 9, ,33, ,456 6,963 9, ,3, ,6 3,998 9, ,283 6, ,65 33,587 9, ,73 5, ,64 9,676 5, , ,977 9,54 5, , ,933 32,78 2, ,795, ,555 33,495 2, ,366,325 6.,83 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 6,44 9, , ,74 6,73 9, , ,696 46,27 98, ,643 6, ,47 47,748 99, ,8 5,72 47,866 9,9 5, , ,785 8,99 5, , ,88 5,387 78, ,96 4, ,55 6,222 79, ,94 4, ,77 7,323 4, , ,93 7,83 4, , 294 2,888 3,829 9, ,683, ,867 3,525 2,43 6 9,238,9 5.,96 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 9,32 5,53 5 4, ,259 9,54 4, , ,342 2,645 8, ,76, ,88 3,75 9, ,2, ,44 7,253 3,92 5 3, ,34 7,43 3,75 3, ,438,226 7, , ,3,788 8, , ,552 2,59, O 98 2,, , O 497, Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 4,53 2, , ,937 4,562 2, , ,988,74 7,565 6, ,76,9 7, , ,388 4,4 2, , ,792 4,76 2,35 5 2, ,826,37 7, , ,947,4 7, , , O Data not shown where base is less than 35,. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 98 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of

256 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 65. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry P 9,49 8,256 8,59,7 private 9,5 89,854 89,866 9,33 Goodsproducing 24,95 23,745 23,42 22,974 Mining Oil and gas extraction Construction General building contractors 5,2,298. 4,65,4.4 4,47,6 4,573,6.5 Manufacturing 9,76 8,46 8,4 7,82 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products... Miscellaneous manufacturing, ,49. 2,94.6,673.4, , 37, ,355.,999.6,59., , ,322.3,922.4,52, , ,3.,899.5,5, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products.. Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 7,968, ,3 69,569.4, ,837, , 687.9,53, ,84, , 68,5, ,755, ,54., Serviceproducing 84,54 84,5 85,377 87,97 Transportation and public utilities... Transportation Trucking and warehousing Transportation by air Communications and public utilities... 5,793 3,527, ,266 5,762 3,52, ,26 5,79 3,486, ,222 5,7 3,52, ,98 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,73 3,64 2,559 6,8 3,53 2,55 6,45 3,469 2,576 6,4 3,492 2,622 Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations Apparel and accessory stores Eating and drinking places 9,6 2,54. 3,2 2,63.,83.4 6,59. 9,284 2, ,23.7,98,5.6 6,47 9,346 2, ,79.5,97,3. 6,6.7 9,734 2,369. 3,2. 2,3,4. 6,86. See footnotes at end of table. 257

257 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 65. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group Continued (In thousands) Industry P Finance, insurance, and real estate... Finance Depository institutions Insurance Real estate 6,79 3,268 2,25.5 2,26,35 6,646 3,87 2,6 2,6,299 6,57 3,57 2,3.3 2,32,282 6,65 3,23 2, 2,2,28 Services Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Personnel supply services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures... Amusement and recreation services... Health services Hospitals Legal services Educational services Social services Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services 27, ,63.,3.5 5,39.3, ,7 7,8 3, ,66.7,73 6,94 2, ,336 48,589.4,.5 5,8, ,22.2 8,82.9 3, ,79.7,84 69.,98.9 2, , ,572.,.4 5,32.6, ,69.4 8, , ,699.5, ,95.2 2, ,93 5,578.,8.8 5,749.3, ,8.3 8,8 3, , ,68. 7, ,522. Government Federal State Local 8,34 3,85 4,35,94 8,42 2,966 4,355,8 8,653 2,969 4,43,28 8,84 2,94 4,467,46 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 258

258 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 66. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry P private 73,8 72,65 72,866 74,344 Goodsproducing 7,429 6,472 6,3 6,89 Mining Construction 3,974 3,549 3,47 3,524 Manufacturing 2,947 2,434 2,24 2,42 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7, ,4,26.,54.6, , , , , , , , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 5,584, ,467, ,448, ,46, Serviceproducing 56,37 56,78 56,763 58,256 Transportation and public utilities 4,87 4,792 4,769 4,782 Wholesale trade 4,959 4,872 4,856 4,93 Retail trade 7,358 7,6 7,36 7,377 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,86 4,795 4,75 4,799 Services 24,387 24,72 25,352 26,369 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 259

259 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS ANNUAL AVERAGES 67. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group Industry Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P private $. $.32 $.58 $.83 $345 $358 $365 $374 Mining Construction Manufacturing Overtime hburs ft.76 ( 2 ) 46 ft 453 ft ft 486 ft Durable goods Overtime hours $.35 $.75 $2.2 ft $2.34 ft $ ft $ ft $ ft $59.5 ft Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate... Services, Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Not available p.2 ft $ ft $ ft $ ft $ ft $ ft $ ft $ ft $ = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 26

260 Explanatory Notes Introduction The statistics in this periodical are compiled from two major sources: () Household interviews, and (2) reports from employers. Data based on household interviews are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of the population 6 years of age and over. The Bureau of the Census conducts the survey each month for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, including such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey also provides data on the characteristics and past work experience of those not in the labor force. Trained interviewers collect the information from a sample of about 6, households, representing 729 areas in,973 counties and independent cities, with coverage in 5 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the 2th of the month. Data based on establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. The Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey is designed to provide industry information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas. The employment, hours, and earnings series are currently based on payroll reports from a sample of over 37, establishments employing over 45 million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time, who receive pay during the payroll period which includes the 2th day of the month. RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND ESTABLISHMENT SERIES The household and establishment data supplement one another, each providing significant types of information that the other cannot suitably supply. Population characteristics, for example, are readily obtained only from the household survey, whereas detailed industrial classifications can be reliably derived only from establishment reports. Data from these two sources differ from each other because of differences in definitions and coverage, source of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. Sampling variability and response errors are additional reasons for discrepancies. The major factors which have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two series follow. Employment Coverage. The household survey definition of employment covers wage and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), selfemployed persons, and unpaid workers who worked 5 hours or more during the survey week in familyoperated enterprises. Employment in both agricultural and nonagricultural industries is included. The payroll survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments. Multiple jobholding. The household survey provides information on the work status of the population without duplication, because each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. persons holding more than one job are counted only once and are classified according to the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey week. In the figures based on establishment reports, persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the survey week that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labormanagement disputes, or because they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off In the figures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but not those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period. For a comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment survey employment data see Gloria P. Green's article, "Comparing Employment Estimates From Household and Payroll Surveys," Monthly Labor Review, December 969. Hours of work The household survey measures hours actually worked, whereas the payroll survey measures hours paid for by employers. In the household survey data, all persons with a job but not at work are excluded from the hours 26

261 distributions and the computations of average hours. In the payroll survey, production or nonsupervisory employees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leave are included and assigned the number of hours for which they were paid during the reporting period. Earnings The household survey measures median earnings of wage and salary workers in all occupations and industries in both the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usual earnings received from the worker's sole or primary job. Data from the establishment survey generally refer to average earnings of production and related workers in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. For a comprehensive discussion of the household survey earnings series, see Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 23. COMPARABILITY OF WITH OTHER SERIES Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed total from the household survey includes all persons who did not have a job at all during the survey week and were looking for work or were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemployment insurance. Figures on unemployment insurance claims, prepared by the Employment and Training Administration of the Department of Labor, exclude persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and selfemployed and unpaid family workers). Beginning in January 978, coverage was extended to include domestic workers whose employers paid $, or more in wages in any calendar quarter, agricultural employees whose employers engaged or more workers in 2 weeks or paid a total of $2, or more in wages in any calendar quarter, and almost all State and local government employees. In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used in the household survey. For example, persons with a job but not at work and persons working only a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as employed rather than unemployed in the household survey. For an examination of the similarities and differences between State insured unemployment and total unemployment, see "Measuring and State Insured Unemployment" by Gloria P. Green in the June 97 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Agricultural employment estimates of the Department of Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage are the inclusion of persons under 6 in the Economics and Statistics Service series and the treatment of dual jobholders, who are counted more than once if they work on more than one farm during the reporting period. There are also wide differences in sampling techniques and collecting and estimating methods, which cannot be readily measured in terms of their impact on differences in the levels and trends of the two series. COMPARABILITY OF PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Statistics on manufactures and business, Bureau of the Census. BLS establishment statistics on employment differ from employment counts derived by the Bureau of the Census from its censuses or sample surveys of manufacturing and business establishments. The major reasons for noncomparability are different treatment of business units considered parts of an establishment, such as central administrative offices and auxiliary units, the industrial classification of establishments, and different reporting patterns by multiunit companies. There are also differences in the scope of the industries covered, e.g., the Census of Business excludes professional services, public utilities, and financial establishments, whereas these are included in the BLS statistics. County Business Patterns. Data in County Business Patterns (CBP), published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, differ from BLS establishment statistics in the treatment of central administrative offices and auxiliary units. Differences may also arise because of industrial classification and reporting practices. In addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and government, and coverage is incomplete for some of the nonprofit activities. Employment covered by State unemployment insurance programs. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers are covered by the unemployment insurance programs. However, certain activities, such as interstate railroads, parochial schools, and churches are not covered by unemployment insurance, but the BLS establishment statistics do include these activities. 262

262 Household Data (A tables) COLLECTION AND COVERAGE Statistics on the employment status of the population; the personal, occupational, and other characteristics of the employed, the unemployed, and persons not in the labor force; and related data are compiled for BLS by the Bureau of the Census in its Current Population Survey (CPS). A detailed description of this survey appears in Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, BLS Report 463. Historical national data through 987 are published in Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 237. These monthly surveys of the population are conducted through a scientifically selected sample designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 6 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, which includes the 2th day of the month. This is known as the survey week. Actual field interviewing is conducted during the following week. Inmates of institutions and persons under 6 years of age are not covered in the regular monthly enumerations, and they are excluded from the population and labor force statistics shown in this publication. Data on the members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States, who are included as part of the special categories "noninstitutional population," "labor force," and "total employment," are'obtained from the Department of Defense. (See tables Al, A2, A32, and A42.) Each month about 6, occupied units are eligible for interview. About 2,6 of these households are contacted, but interviews are not obtained because the occupants are not at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for other reasons. This results in a noninterview rate for the survey of between 4 and 5 percent. In addition to the 6, occupied units, there are,5 sample units in an average month which are visited but found to be vacant or otherwise not enumerated. Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan, as explained later, provides for threefourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and one half to be common with the same month a year earlier. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 94; those used since 967 are as follows: persons are (a) all civilians who, during the survey week, did any work at all as paid employees, in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 5 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labormanagement disputes, or personal reasons, whether they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. Multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own houses (painting, repairing, or housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations. persons are all civilians who had no employment during the survey week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the prior 4 weeks. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off or were waiting to report to a new job within 3 days need not be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment represents the length of time (through the current survey week) during which persons classified as unemployed had been continuously looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks since the termination of their most recent employment. A period of 2 weeks or more during which a person was employed or ceased looking for work is considered to break the continuity of the present period of seeking work. Two useful measures of the duration are the mean and the median. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Unemployment is also categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups. () Job losers are persons whose employment ended involuntarily who immediately began looking for work, and persons on layoff. (2) Job leavers are persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work. (3) Reentrants are persons who previously worked at a fulltime job lasting 2 weeks or longer but were out of the labor 263

263 force prior to beginning to look for work. (4) New entrants are persons who never worked at a fulltime job lasting 2 weeks or longer. Each of these four categories of the unemployed may be expressed as an unemployment rate or proportion of the entire civilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian workers. Jobseekers are all unemployed persons who made specific efforts to find a job sometime during the 4week period preceding the survey week. Jobseekers do not include those persons unemployed because they (a) were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off or (b) were waiting to report to a new job within 3 days. Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work, including going to a public or private employment agency or to an employer directly, seeking assistance from friends or relatives, placing or answering ads, or using some other method. Examples of the "other" category include being on a union or professional register, obtaining assistance from a community organization, or waiting at a designated labor pickup point. The civilian labor force comprises all civilians classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above. The civilian worker unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. This measure can also be computed for groups within the labor force classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, etc. Participation rates represent the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. The civilian laborforce participation rate is the ratio of the civilian labor force to the civilian noninstitutional population. participation rates are usually published for sexage groups, often crossclassified by other demographic characteristics such as race and educational attainment. Employmentpopulation ratios represent the proportion of the population that is employed. The civilian employmentpopulation ratio is the percentage of all employed civilians in the civilian noninstitutional population. Not in the labor force includes all persons 6 years and over who are not classified as employed or unemployed. These persons are further classified as engaged in ownhome housework, in school, unable to work because of longterm physical or mental illness, retired, or other. The "other" group includes individuals reported as too old or temporarily unable to work, the voluntarily idle, seasonal workers for whom the survey week fell in an offseason and who were not reported as looking for work, and persons who did not look for work because they believed that no jobs were available in the area or that no jobs were available for which they could qualify discouraged workers. Persons doing only incidental, unpaid family work (less than 5 hours in the specified week) are also classified as not in the labor force. For persons not in the labor force, data on previous work experience, intentions to seek work, desire for a job at the time of interview, and reasons for not looking for work are published on a quarterly basis. As of January 97, the detailed questions for persons not in the labor force are asked only in those households that are in the fourth and eighth months of the sample, i.e., the "outgoing" groups, those which had been in the sample for the previous 3 months and would not be in for the subsequent month. Between 967 and 969, these questions were asked in those households entering the sample for the first time and those returning for the second 4 months of interviewing, i.e., the "incoming" groups. Occupation, industry, and class of worker for the employed apply to the job held in the survey week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey week. The unemployed are classified according to their last fulltime job lasting 2 weeks or more. The classifications of occupations and industries used in data derived from the CPS are defined as in the 99 census. Information on the detailed categories included in these groups is available upon request. The classjofworker breakdown specifies wage and salary workers subdivided into private and government workers; selfemployed workers; and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commission, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a governmental unit. Selfemployed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, or trade, or operate a farm. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 5 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Hours of work statistics relate to*the actual number of hours worked during the survey week. For example, persons who normally work 4 hours a week but were off on the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours even though they were paid for the holiday. For persons working in more than one job, the figures relate to the number of hours worked in all jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the major job. Persons who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week are designated as working full time. Persons who worked between and 34 hours are designated as working part time. Parttime workers are classified by their usual status at their present job (either full or part time) and by their reason for working part time during the survey week (economic or noneconomic reasons). Economic reasons include: Slack work, material shortages, repairs to plant or equipment, start or termination of a job during the week, and inability to find fulltime work. Noneconomic reasons include: Labor dispute, bad weather, own illness, vacation, demands of home or 264

264 school, no desire for fulltime work, and fulltime worker only during peak season. Persons on fulltime schedules include, in addition to those working 35 hours or more, those who worked from to 34 hours for noneconomic reasons and usually work full time. Data on employment "at work" differ from data on total employment because they exclude persons in the zerohoursworked category, "with a job but not at work." These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for such reasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. persons are also categorized into fulland parttime groupings based primarily on their usual status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who (a) worked 35 hours or more during the survey week, (b) worked to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons, but usually work full time, and (c) were with a job but not at work and usually work full time. Similarly, parttime workers are those who (a) voluntarily worked to 34 hours during the survey week, (b) worked to 34 hours for economic reasons, but usually work part time, i.e., persons who could only find parttime work, and (c) were with a job but not at work and usually work part time. Unemployment rates for fulland parttime workers are calculated using the concepts of the fulland parttime labor force which are based on the type of job full or part time that persons whether working or unemployed say they want. The "fulltime labor force" includes all persons working part time but who desire fulltime work, that is, working part time for economic reasons. Thus, this category consists of persons on fulltime schedules; all persons involuntarily working part time regardless of their usual status; and unemployed persons seeking fulltime jobs. The "parttime labor force" consists of persons working part time voluntarily and unemployed persons seeking parttime work. persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work on fulltime or voluntary parttime schedules. Labor force time lost is a measure of aggregate hours lost to the economy through unemployment and involuntary parttime employment and is expressed as a percent of potentially available aggregate hours. It is computed by assuming that: () unemployed persons looking for fulltime work lost an average of 37.5 hours, (2) those looking for parttime work lost the average number of hours actually worked by voluntary parttime workers during the survey week, and (3) persons on part time for economic reasons lost the difference between 37.5 hours and the actual number of hours they worked. White, black, and other are terms used to describe the race of workers. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. All tables in this publication which contain racial data, with the exception of A5 and its annual counterpart, present data for the black population group. Because of their relatively small sample size, data for "other" races are not published. In the enumeration process, race is determined, by the household respondent. Hispanic origin refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican living on the mainland, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus they are included in both the white and black population groups. Vietnamera veterans are those who served in the Armed Forces of the United States between August 5, 964, and May 7, 975. Data are limited to men in the civilian noninstitutional population; i.e., veterans in institutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans are men who never served in the Armed Forces. Usual weekly earnings data are provided from responses to the question "How much does...usually earn per week at this job before deductions?" Included are any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, the interviewer defines the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excluding the incorporated selfemployed) who usually work full time on their sole or primary job. Median earnings indicate the value which divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians as shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $5 centered interval within which each median falls. Data expressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status are terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were reported as members of the same household even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent, includes persons who are separated because of marital discord, as well as persons who are living apart because either the husband or the wife was employed and living away from home, serving in the Armed Forces, or had a different place of residence for any reason. A household consists of all persons related family members and all unrelated persons who occupy a housing unit. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to either husbands or wives in married 265

265 couple families but relates only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family refers to a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family even though they may include a related subfamily, that is, a married couple or a parentchild group related by birth or marriage to the householder and sharing the living quarters. The count of families used in this publication excludes unrelated subfamilies such as lodgers, guests, or resident employees living in a household but not related to the householder. Families are classified either as marriedcouple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is either single, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent. Data on the earnings of families exclude all those in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other persons maintaining the family are either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. Poverty areas are defined as those census tracts in tracted areas, and Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) in untracted areas, in which 2 percent or more of the noninstitutional residents were poor according to the 98 decennial census. Persons were classified as poor or nonpoor by comparing money income to a series of poverty income thresholds which vary by family size and number of children. While poverty areas have a substantial concentration of lowincome residents, many poor persons live outside these areas, and conversely, the areas include many people who are not poor. The metropolitan areas classification consists of the total of all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as of June 3, 983. A detailed discussion of the MSA definitions as well as changes in terminology can be found in "The New Metropolitan Area Definitions" section of the 98 Census of Population Supplementary Report on Metropolitan Statistical Areas, PCS8. Nonmetropolitan areas consist of the total territory outside MSA's. The urban population, as defined for the 98 census, comprises all persons living in urbanized areas and in places of 2,5 or more inhabitants outside urban areas. More specifically, the urban population consists of all persons living in () places of 2,5 or more inhabitants incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs (except in Alaska and New York), and towns (except in the New England States, New York, and Wisconsin), but excluding those persons living in the rural portions of extended cities; (2) other territories, incorporated and unincorporated, included in urbanized areas. The population not classified as urban makes up the rural population. HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY Change in lower age limit The lower age limit for official statistics on the labor force, employment, and unemployment was raised from 4 to 6 years of age in January 967. Insofar as possible, historical series were revised to provide consistent information based on the population 6 years and over. For a detailed discussion of this and other definitional changes introduced at that time, including estimates of their effect on the various series, see "New Definitions for Employment and Unemployment," Employment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force, February 967. Noncomparability of labor force levels In addition to the changes introduced in 967, there are several other periods of noncomparability in the labor force data: Beginning in 953, as a result of introducing data from the 95 census into the estimating procedures, population levels were raised by about 6,; labor force, total employment, and agricultural employment were increased by about 35,, primarily affecting the figures for totals and men; other categories were relatively unaffected. Starting in 96, the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii resulted in an increase of about 5, in the population and about 3, in the labor force. Fourfifths of this increase was in nonagricultural employment; other labor force categories were not appreciably affected. Beginning in 962, the introduction of data from the 96 census reduced the population by about 5, and labor force and employment by about 2,; unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. Commencing in 972, information from the 97 census was introduced into the estimation procedures, increasing the population by about 8,; labor force and employment totals were raised by a little more than 3,; and unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. A subsequent population adjustment based on the 97 census was introduced in March 973. This adjustment, which affected the white and blackandother groups but had little effect on totals, resulted in the reduction of nearly 3, in the white population and an increase of the same magnitude in the blackandother population. Civilian labor force and total employment figures were affected to a lesser degree; the white labor force was reduced by 5,, and the blackandother labor force rose by about 2,. Unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 974, the methodology used to prepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitu 266

266 tional population was modified to an inflatfbndeflation approach. This change in the derivation of the estimates had its greatest impact on estimates of 2to 24yearold men particularly those of the blackandother population but had little effect on estimates of the total population 6 years and over. Additional information on the adjustment procedure appears in "CPS Population Controls Derived from InflationDeflation Method of Estimation," in the February 974 issue of Employment and Earnings. Effective in July 975, as a result of the immigration of Vietnamese refugees into the United States, the total and blackandother independent population controls for persons 6 years and over were adjusted upward by 76, 3, men and 46, women. The addition of the refugees increased the blackandother population by less than percent in any agesex group, and all of the changes were in the other population. Starting in January 978, the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in the estimation procedures resulted in an increase of about 25, in the civilian labor force and employment totals; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 978" in the February 978 issue of Employment and Earnings. Beginning in October 978, the race of the individual was determined by the household respondent for the incoming rotation group households, rather than by the interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was to provide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race. Thus, in October 978, oneeighth of the sample households had race determined by the household respondent and seveneighths of the sample households had race determined by interviewer observation. It was not until January 98 that the entire sample had race determined by the household respondent. The new procedure had no significant effect on the estimates. Commencing in January 979, the firststage ratio estimation method was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. Differences between the old and new procedures existed only for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates, not for the total United States. The reasoning behind the change and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 979" in the February 979 issue of Employment and Earnings. Beginning in January 982, the secondstage ratio adjustment methodology was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 982" in the February 982 issue of Employment and Earnings. In addition, current population estimates used in the secondstage estimation procedure are derived from information obtained from the 98 census, rather than the 97 census. This change caused substantial increases in total population and estimates of persons in all labor force categories. Rates for labor force characteristics, however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 3, labor force series were adjusted back to 97 to avoid major breaks in series. The February 982 article cited above also describes the adjustment procedure used. The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks in series occurring between 972 and 979 that are described above, and data users should make allowances for them in making certain data comparisons. Starting in January 983, the firststage ratio adjustment methodology was updated to account for results obtained from the 98 census. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 983" in the February 983 issue of Employment and Earnings. There were only slight differences between the old and new procedures in estimates of levels for the various labor force characteristics and virtually no differences in estimates of participation rates. Beginning in January 985, most of the steps of the CPS estimation procedure the noninterview adjustment, the first and secondstage ratio adjustments, and the composite estimator were revised. These procedures are described in the Estimating Methods section. A description of the changes and an indication of their effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 985" in the February 985 issue of this publication. Overall, the revisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. The greatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanic origin. Major estimates were revised back to January 98. Starting in January 986, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment methodology were revised to reflect an explicit estimate of the number of undocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 98 and an improved estimate of the number of emigrants among legal foreignborn residents for the same time period. As a result, the total civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by nearly 4,; civilian employment was increased by about 35,. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 425, and 35,, respectively, and employment by 27,. Overall and subgroup unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Because of the mag 267

267 nitude of the adjustments for Hispanics, data were revised back to January 98 to the extent possible. An explanation of the changes and their effect on estimates of labor force^ characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 986" in the February 986 issue of this publication. Beginning in August 989, the secondstage ratio estimate cells were changed slightly to decrease the chance of very small cells occurring and to be more consistent with published age, sex, and race cells. This change had virtually no effect on national estimates. Changes in the occupational and industrial classification system Beginning in 97, the comparability of occupational employment data was affected as a result of changes in the occupational classification system for the 97 census that were introduced into the CPS. Comparability was further affected in December 97, when a question relating to major activity or duties was added to the monthly CPS questionnaire in order to determine more precisely the occupational classification of individuals. As a result of these changes, meaningful comparisons of occupational employment levels could not be made between 9772 and prior years nor between those 2 years. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. For a further explanation of the changes in the occupational classification system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classifications for 97" and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey" in the February 97 and February 972 issues, respectively, of Employment and Earnings. Starting in January 983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 98 census were introduced into the CPS. The 98 census occupational classification system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC), and this new system differed so radically in concepts and nomenclature from the 97 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. For example, the 98 major group "sales occupations" is substantially larger than the 97 category "sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" taken from the "clerical workers" group and some selfemployed proprietors in retail trade establishments from "managers and administrators, except farm." The industrial classification system used in the 98 census was based on the 972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 977. The adoption of the new system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. The most notable changes from the 97 system were the transfer of farm equipment stores from "retail" to "wholesale" trade, postal service from "public administration" to "transportation," and some interchange between "professional and related services" and "public administration." Additional information on the 98 census occupational and industrial classification systems appears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 983" in the February 983 issue of Employment and Earnings, Beginning in January, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 99 census were introduced into the CPS. There were a few breaks in comparability between the 98 and 99 censusbased systems, particularly within the "technical, sales, and administrative support" categories. The industrial classification system used in the 99 census is based on the 987 Standard Industrial Classification system. The most notable changes from the 98 system were the shift of several industries from "business services" to "professional services" and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. A number of industry titles were changed as well, with no change in content. Sampling Since the inception of the survey, there have been various changes in the design of the CPS sample. The sample is traditionally redesigned and a new sample selected after each decennial census. The number of sample areas and the number of sample persons are also increased occasionally. Most of these changes are made in order to improve the efficiency of the sample design and/or to increase the reliability of the sample estimates. When Alaska and Hawaii received statehood, three sample areas were added to the existing sample to account for the population of these States. In January 978, a supplemental sample of 9, housing units, selected in 24 States and the District of Columbia, was designed to provide more reliable annual average estimates for States. In October 978, a coverage improvement sample of approximately 45 sample household units representing 237, occupied mobile homes and 6, new construction housing units was added. In January 98, another supplemental sample of 9, households selected in 32 States and the District of Columbia was added. A sample reduction of about 6, units was implemented in May 98. In January 982, the sample was expanded by households to provide additional coverage in counties added to SMSA's, which were redefined in 973. In January 985, a new Statebased CPS sample was selected based on 98 census information. A sample reduction of about 4, households was implemented in April 988; they were reinstated during the 8month period, AprilNovember 989. The 98 censusbased sample design includes about 72, housing units per month located in 729 selected geographic areas called primary sampling units (PSU's). The sample was initially selected so that specific reliability criteria were met nationally, for each of the 5 States, for the District of Columbia, and for the substate areas of New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area. Since 985, these reliability criteria have been 268

268 maintained through periodic additions and deletions in the State samples. The criteria, given below, are based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the unemployment rate, where the CV is defined as the standard error of the estimate divided by the estimate, expressed as a percentage. These CV controls assume a 6percent unemployment rate in the denominator of this formula to establish a consistent specification of sampling error. Nationally, a.8percent CV is maintained on the monthly unemployment rate estimate. This means that a change of.2 percentage point in the unemployment rate is significant at a 9percent confidence level. In States California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas the most populous States at the time of the 98 decennial census, an 8percent CV is maintained on the monthly unemployment rate estimate. In the other 39 States and the District of Columbia, an 8percent CV is maintained on the annual unemployment rate estimate. In New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area, a 9percent CV is maintained on the monthly unemployment rate. In the first stage of sampling, the 729 sample areas are chosen. In the second stage, ultimate sampling unit clusters composed of about four housing units each are selected. Each month, about 72, housing units are assigned for data collection, of which about 6, are occupied and thus eligible for interview. The remainder are units found to be destroyed, vacant, converted to nonresidential use, containing persons whose usual place of residence is elsewhere, or ineligible for other reasons. Of the 6, housing units, 4 to 5 percent are not interviewed in a given month due to temporary absence (vacation, etc.), other failures to make contact after repeated attempts, inability of persons contacted to respond, unavailability for other reasons, and refusals to cooperate (about half of the noninterviews). Information is obtained each month for about 3, persons 6 years of age and older. Selection of sample areas. The entire area of the United States, consisting of 3,37 counties and independent cities, is divided into,973 primary sampling units (PSU's). In most States, a PSU consists of a county or a number of contiguous counties. In New England and Hawaii, minor civil divisions are used instead of counties. t Metropolitan areas within a State are used as a basis for forming PSU's. Outside of metropolitan areas, counties normally are combined, except where the geographic area of the sample county is very large. Combining counties to form PSU's provides greater heterogeneity; a typical PSU includes urban and rural residents of both high and low economic levels and encompasses, to the extent feasible, diverse occupations and industries. Another important consideration is to make the PSU sufficiently compact so that, with a small sample spread throughout, it can be efficiently canvassed without undue travel cost. The,973 PSU's are grouped into strata within each State. Then one PSU is selected from each stratum with the probability of selection proportional to the population of the PSU. There are 34 PSU's in strata by themselves that are selfrepresenting, and generally these are the most populated PSU's in each State. The remaining strata are formed by combining PSU's that are similar in such characteristics as population growth; proportions of blacks and of Hispanics (in certain States); and population distribution by occupation, industry, age, and sex. The PSU's, randomly selected from these strata are nonselfrepresenting because each one chosen represents the entire stratum. The probability of selecting a particular PSU in a nonselfrepresenting stratum is proportional to its 98 population. For example, within a stratum, the chance that a PSU with a population of 5, would be selected for the sample is twice that for a PSU having a population of 25,. Selection of sample households. Because the sample design is essentially State based, the sampling ratio differs by State and depends on the reliability requirements for estimates for each State. The State sampling ratios range roughly from in every 2 households to in every 2,5 households in each stratum of the State. The sampling ratio occasionally is modified slightly to hold the size of the sample relatively constant given the overall growth of the population. The sampling ratio used within a sample PSU depends on the probability of selection of the PSU and the sampling ratio for the State. In a sample PSU with a probability of selection of in with a State sampling ratio of in 2,5, the withinpsu sampling ratio that results is in 25, thereby achieving the desired ratio of in 2,5 for the stratum. Within each designated PSU, several steps are involved in selecting the housing units to be enumerated. First, the 98 census enumeration districts (ED's), which are administrative units and contain on the average about 3 housing units, are ordered so that the sample would reflect the demographic and residential characteristics of the PSU. Within each ED, the housing units are sorted geographically and are grouped into clusters of approximately four housing units. Next, a systematic sample of these clusters of housing units is selected. The identification of the sample housing units within an ED is made wherever possible from the list of ED addresses compiled during the 98 census. The address lists are used in about threefourths of the ED's, primarily in urban areas. Area sampling is applied in the remaining ED's, mostly in rural areas. In ED's where address lists are used, automated methods are used to form clusters of geographically contiguous housing units. An effort is made to have all small, multiunit addresses (two to four housing units) included in the same cluster. The methods use the withinpsu sampling ratio to identify appropriate clusters for the sample. Supplemental samples are also prepared to 269

269 account for addresses in isolated geographic areas and to account for housing units not found on the address lists, including housing units newly constructed in the PSU since the census date. The addresses of these units are obtained mainly from records of building permits. In those enumeration districts where area sampling methods are used, mainly rural areas, the ED's are subdivided into small land "chunks" with welldefined boundaries and having, in general, an expected "size" of about 8 to 2 housing units or other living quarters. For each subdivided ED, one chunk (or more) is designated for the sample. When a selected chunk contains about four households, for example, all units are included in the sample. When the size of the chunk is several times four units, an interviewer does not conduct interviews at all housing units in the chunk but uses a systematic sampling pattern to obtain approximately four households. The remaining housing units in the chunk are then available for further samples. Area ED's also make use of building permit lists to identify newly constructed housing units. Rotation of sample. Part of the sample is changed each month. For each sample, eight representative subsamples or rotation groups are identified. A given rotation group is interviewed for a total of 8 months, divided into two equal periods. It is in the sample for 4 consecutive months, leaves the sample during the following 8 months, and then returns for another 4 consecutive months. In any month, oneeighth of the rotation groups are in theirfirstmonth of enumeration, another eighth is in their second month, and so on. Under this system, 75 percent of the sample segments are common from month to month and 5 percent from year to year. This procedure, which was introduced in 953, provides a substantial amount of monthtomonth and yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thus reducing discontinuities in the series of data without burdening any specific group of households with an unduly long period of inquiry. Table A provides a description of some aspects of the CPS sample design in use since 947. A more detailed account of the history of the CPS sample design appears in The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 4, Bureau of the Census, or Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Report 463, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description of the 98 censusbased sample appears in "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey," in the May 984 issue of Employment and Earnings. ESTIMATING METHODS Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of the results for a given month become available simultaneously and are based on returns from the entire panel of respondents. The estimation procedure involves weighting the data from each sample person by the inverse of the probability of the person being in the sample. This gives a rough measure of the number of actual persons that the sample person represents. Since 985, almost all sample persons within the same State have the same probability of selection (with the exception of New York and California, where the cities of New York and Los Angeles are sampled at a higher probability). These selection probabilities are then adjusted for noninterviews; ratio adjustments are made to known population controls; and composite the estimation procedure is applied.. Noninterview adjustment The weights for all interviewed households are adjusted to the extent needed to account for occupied sample households for which no information was obtained because of absence, impassable roads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents for other reasons. This noninterview adjustment is made separately for clusters of similar sample areas that are usually, but not necessarily, contained within a State. Similarity of sample areas is based on Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within each cluster, there is a further breakdown by residence. Each MSA cluster is split by "central city" and "balance of the MSA." Each non MSA cluster is split by "urban" and "rural" residence categories. The proportion of sample households not interviewed varies from 4 to 5 percent, depending on weather, vacation, etc. 2. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the population selected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance, from that of the population as a whole in such characteristics as age, race, sex, and residence. Because these characteristics are closely correlated with labor force participation and other principal measurements made from the sample, the survey estimates can be substantially improved when weighted appropriately by the known distribution of these population characteristics. This is accomplished through two stages of ratio estimates as follows: a. Firststage ratio estimate. In the CPS, a portion of the 729 sample areas is chosen to represent other areas not in the sample; the remainder of the sample areas represent only themselves. The firststage ratio estimation procedure reduces the portion of the variance that results from requiring sample PSU's in a State to represent nonsampled PSU's in the same State and is not applied to selfrepresenting PSU's. The adjustment is made at the State level for each of the 43 States which contains nonsample areas by race cells of black and nonblack. The procedure corrects for differences that existed in each cell at the time of the 98 census between the race distribution of the population in sample PSU's and the known race distribution of the State. 27

270 Table A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 947 to present Time period Number of sample areas Interviewed Households eligible Not interviewed Housholds visited but not eligible Aug. 947 to Jan. 954 Feb. 954 to Apr. 956 May 956 to 959 Jan. 96 to Feb. 963 Mar. 963 to 966 Jan. 967 to July 97 Aug. 97 to July 972 Aug. 972 to 977 Jan. 978 to 979 Jan 98 to Apr. 98 May 98 to 984 Jan. 985 to Mar. 988 Apr. 988 to Mar to present , 2., 33,5 33,5 33,5 48, 45, 45, 53,5 62,2 57,8 57, 53,2 57,4 5, 5,,5,5,5 2, 2, 2, 2,5 2,8 2,5 2,5 2,6 2,6 3,3,5 3,3,5 6, 6, 6, 8,5 8, 8,, 2,,,,5,8 Beginning in May 956, these areas were chosen to provide coverage in The sample was increased incrementally during the 8month each State and the District of Columbia. period, AprilNovember Three sample areas were added in 96 to represent Alaska and Hawaii after statehood. 3 b. Secondstage ratio estimate. In this stage, the sample proportions of persons in specific categories are adjusted to the distribution of independent current estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population in the same categories. The secondstage ratio adjustment, which further reduces variability of the estimates and corrects to some extent for CPS undercoverage relative to the decennial census, is carried out in three steps. In the first step, the sample estimates are adjusted within each State and the District of Columbia to independent controls for the population 6 years and over. These controls are an arithmetic extrapolation of the trend in the growth of this population segment using the two most recent July estimates, adjusted as a last step to a current estimate of the U.S. population of this group. State estimates by age for July are published annually in Current Population Reports, Series P25. For a description of the methodology used in developing the State total, see Report 957 of that series. A description of the age estimates methodology is available in Report of that series. The second step involves an adjustment by Hispanic origin to a national estimate for 4 Hispanic and 5 non Hispanic agesex categories. These Hispanic controls are prepared by carrying forward the 98 census count for Hispanics by adding estimated Hispanic births and immigrants and subtracting estimated Hispanic deaths and emigrants to yield an estimate of the Hispanic population by age and sex. Prior to January 985, there was no separate control for Hispanics in the secondstage ratio procedure. In the third step, a national adjustment is made by the race categories of white, black, and other races to indepen dent estimates by age and sex. The white and black categories contain 66 and 42 agesex groups respectively; the other races category has agesex cells. The entire secondstage adjustment procedure is iterated six times, each time beginning at the weights developed the previous time. This ensures that the sample estimates of the population for both State and national agesexraceorigin categories will be virtually equal to the independent population control totals. The "inflationdeflation" method is used in the preparation of the independent national controls used for the agesexrace groups in the third step of the secondstage ratio estimation procedure. It had been discontinued during the period from January 982 to December 984. In January 985, this method was reintroduced into the CPS estimation procedure. With "the inflationdeflation" method, the independent controls are prepared by inflating the 98 census counts to include estimated undercounts by age, sex, and race, thus aging this population forward to each subsequent month and later age by adding births and net migration, and subtracting deaths. These postcensal population estimates are then deflated to reflect the pattern of net undercount in the most recent census by age, sex, and race. Because an estimate of undercount is first added and then subtracted, the size of each racesex group is unaffected by the "inflationdeflation" method. Similarly, the final estimate is affected only by the age structure of the undercount, but not the level. This feature of the method is important because the exact amount of undercount in the 98 census remains unknown. Data on births and deaths between April, 98, and the estimate date are based on tabulations of vital statistics for the resident population made by the National Center 27

271 for Health Statistics and data on deaths of military personnel overseas from the Department of Defense. Estimates of net civilian immigration are based on data provided by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Department of Defense, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Puerto Rico Planning Board. The civilian noninstitutional population is derived by subtracting the Armed Forces and the institutional population for the estimate date from the total including Armed Forces overseas. The institutional population is computed by applying institutional proportions derived from the 98 census to the total population, including Armed Forces overseas for the estimate date. All computations described above are performed in cells defined by single year of age, race, and sex. The independent national control totals are then obtained by collapsing these cells into broader age groups for the population 6 years and older. Beginning in January 986, two changes were introduced into the estimation of the independent population controls. For the first time, an explicit allowance for net undocumented immigration since April, 98 (the census date) was added to the estimated level of legal immigration. In addition, an increase in the estimate of emigration of legal, foreignborn residents has been incorporated into the postcensal population estimates since 98. The nature and effect of these changes are discussed in detail in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 986" in the February 986 issue of Employment and Earnings, 3. Composite estimate procedure. The last step in the preparation of most CPS estimates makes use of a composite estimation procedure. The composite estimate consists of a weighted average of two factors: The twostage ratio estimate based on the entire sample from the current month and the composite estimate for the previous month plus an estimate of the monthtomonth change based on the six rotation groups common to both months. In addition, a bias adjustment term is added to the weighted average to account for relative bias associated with monthinsample estimates. This monthinsample bias is exhibited by unemployment estimates for persons in their first and fifth months in the CPS. The unemployment estimates for these persons are generally higher than estimates obtained for the other months. The composite estimate results in a reduction in the sampling error beyond that which is achieved after the two stages of ratio adjustment. For some items, the reduction is substantial. The resultant gains in reliability are greatest in estimates of monthtomonth change, although gains are also usually obtained for estimates of level in a given month, change from year to year, and change over other intervals. Rounding of estimates The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of independent rounding of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates There are two types of errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided primarily indicate the magnitude of the sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumeration but do not measure any systematic biases in the data. Nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS, as discussed below. The effect of nonsampling error should be small on estimates of relative change, such as monthtomonth change. Nonsampling error would more severely affect estimates of monthly levels. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., inability to obtain information about all cases in the sample, definitional difficulties, differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, inability to recall information, errors made in collection such as those in recording or coding the data, errors made in processing the data, errors made in estimating values for missing data, and failure to represent all sample households and all persons within sample households (undercoverage). Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase of the survey are studied by means of a reinterview program. This program is used to estimate various sources of error as well as to evaluate and control the work of the interviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's work is inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. The results indicate, among other things, that the data published from the CPS are subject to moderate systematic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview program and some of the other results may be found in the Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 96 through December 966, Technical Paper No. 9, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The effects of some components of nonsampling error in the CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotation plan used for the sample, because the level of the estimates varies by rotation group. A description of these effects appears in "The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates From Panel Surveys," by Barbara A. Bailar, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 7, No. 349, March 975. Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housing units and missed persons within sample households. Compared to the level of the decennial census, undercoverage is about 6 percent. It is known that the CPS undercoverage 272

272 varies with age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally, undercoverage is larger for men than for women, and larger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races combined than for whites. Ratio estimation to independent agesexraceorigin population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics than interviewed persons in the same agesexraceorigin group. Further, the independent population controls used have not been adjusted for undercoverage in the 98 census. Additional information on nonsampling error in the CPS appears in "An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey," by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards; in "The Current Population Survey: An Overview," by Marvin Thompson and Gary Shapiro, Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol. 2, April 973; and in The Current Population Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 4, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. This last document includes a comprehensive discussion of various sources of errors and describes attempts to measure them in the CPS. Sampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, estimates differ from the true population values that they represent. This difference, or sampling error, occurs by chance, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population value. In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values, that include the true population value with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then:. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. 2. Approximately 9 percent of the intervals from.6 standard errors below the estimate to.6 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two standard errors below the estimate to two standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. Although the estimating methods used in the CPS do not produce unbiased estimates, biases for most estimates are believed to be small enough so that these confidence interval statements are approximately true. Because it would be too costly to develop standard errors for all CPS estimates, generalized variance function techniques are used to calculate sets of standard errors for various types of labor force characteristics. It is important to keep in mind that standard errors computed from these methods reflect sampling errors and some kinds of nonsampling errors and indicate the general magnitude of an estimate's standard error rather than its precise value. The generalized variance functions and standard errors provided here are based on the sample design and estimation procedures as of 987 and have been adjusted to reflect the population levels and sample size as of 99. For years prior to 967, the standard errors obtained must be further adjusted to reflect the CPS sample size in effect at that time. For years prior to 956, standard errors should be multiplied by.5; for the years 956 through 966, standard errors should be multiplied by.22. Tables B through H are provided so that approximate standard errors of estimates can be easily obtained. Details illustrating the proper use of each table follow. Tables B and C show standard errors for estimated monthly levels and rates for selected employment status characteristics; these tables also provide standard errors for consecutive monthtomonth changes in the estimates. These standard errors are based on levels of recent estimates and can be determined directly by finding the characteristic of interest. Tables D and E show standard errors for monthly levels and consecutive monthly changes in levels for general employment status characteristics. The standard errors are calculated using linear interpolation based on the size of the monthly estimates. Tables F and G give parameters that can be used with formulas to calculate a standard error on nearly any specified level, unemployment rate, percentage, or consecutive monthtomonth change. For monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels, tables F and G are preferred to tables D and E, because the formulas provide more accurate results than linear interpolation. Table H presents factors used to convert standard errors of monthly levels and rates determined from tables B, C, D, and F to standard errors pertaining to quarterly and yearly averages, consecutive yeartoyear changes of monthly estimates, and changes in quarterly and yearly averages. 273

273 Table B. Standard errors for major employment status categories (In thousands) Industry, 6 years and over: Men, 2 years and over: Women, 2 years and over: Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: Black, 6 years and over: Men, 2 years and over: Women, 2 years and over: Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: ". Hispanic origin, 6 years and over: Monthly level Consecutivemonth change The standard errors for estimated changes from month to the next, year to the next, etc., depend more on the monthly levels for characteristics than on the size of the changes. Accordingly, tables E, G, and H use monthly levels (not the magnitude of the changes) for approximating standard errors of change. Standard errors for estimated change between nonconsecutive months are not provided (except for yeartoyear change); however, these may be assumed to be higher than the standard errors for consecutive monthly change. Use of tables B and C. These tables provide a quick reference for standard errors of major characteristics. Table B gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels for major employment status categories. Table C gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly unemployment rates and consecutive monthtomonth changes in unemployment rates for some demographic, industrial, and occupational categories. For characteristics not given in tables B and C, refer to either tables D and E or tables F and G. Illustration. Suppose that for a given month the number of women 2 years and over in the civilian labor force is estimated to be 54,,. For this characteristic, the approximate standard error of 96, is given in table B in the row, "total, women 2 years and over: civilian labor force." A 9percent confidence interval as shown by these data, would then be the interval from 53,686, to 54,34,. Concluding that the true labor force level lies within this interval would be correct for roughly 9 percent of all possible samples. Use of tables Dand E. From these tables, approximate standard errors can be calculated for estimates of monthly levels and monthtomonth changes in levels for major labor force characteristics by race and Hispanic origin. For major categories not shown, such as male or female, tables F and G can be used. Standard errors for intermediate values not shown in the tables may be approximated by linear interpolation. For table E, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthtomonth change, the average of the two monthly levels (not the change) is used to select the appropriate row in the table. Illustration. Assume that between 2 consecutive months the estimated number of employed persons changed from 5,6, to 6,7,, an apparent increase of,,. The approximate standard error on this monthtomonth change estimate is based on the average level of the estimate for the 2 months, 6,5,. Using the table E column titled "labor force data other than unemployment and agricultural employment, total," it is necessary to find the standard errors corresponding to the two monthly level entries between which the value 6,5, lies. The standard error corresponding to,, is given as 24,, and the standard error corresponding to 2,, is given as 26,. Use linear interpolation to find the approximate standard error on morithtomonth change corresponding to the level 6,5,; one method of calculation is given below. (2,,6,5O,(XX)\ I (24,26,) = 23, 2,,,,/ Thus, a 9percent confidence interval for the true monthtomonth change would be approximately the interval from 759, to,44,. Use of tables F and G. These tables can be used to find approximate standard errors for a wide range of estimated monthly levels, proportions, rates, and estimates of consecutive monthly change. Instead of displaying standard 274

274 Table C. Standard errors for unemployment rates by major characteristics Characteristic, 6 years and over... Men, 6 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 6 years and over... Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White workers Black workers Hispanicorigin workers Married men, spouse present.. Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families.. Occupation Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective service Precision production, craft, and repair Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing.. Industry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries. Mining... Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation, communications, and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade. Finance and services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Monthly level Consecutivemonth change errors, these tables provide parameters to be used with the formulas given below that allow the user to calculate standard errors. Table G, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthly change, lists parameters for some characteristics classified by a measure of correlation between monthly estimates. Estimates of the number of persons employed full time, for example, change relatively little from month to the next, and the two monthly estimates are said to be highly correlated. Consecutive monthly estimates of parttime employment, by contrast, have low correlation, because these estimates are relatively volatile. Major characteristics for which consecutive monthly estimates are known to have high or low correlation are indicated in table G. Not all categories in table G, however, are broken down into low or high correlation characteristics. When high or low correlation is not specified in table G, the parameters in this table should be selected from the rows labeled "most characteristics" or from rows not specifying correlation. Standard errors of estimated levels. The approximate standard error, s x, of an estimated monthly level, x, can be obtained using the formula below, where a and b are the parameters from table F associated with the particular characteristic. The same formula can be used to approximate the standard error of an estimated monthtomonth change in level; simply average the levels for the 2 consecutive months and use the parameters from table G. Sv = + bx Illustration. Assume that in a given month there are an estimated 6 million unemployed men in the civilian labor force (x = 6,,). Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table F ("unemployment, total or white"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimate of 6,,. a =.5749 b = 246 s x = ^(.5749) (6,,) 2 + (246) (6,,) =9, Suppose that in the next month the estimated number of unemployed men increases by 2, to 6,2,. The average of the monthly levels is x = 6,,. Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table G ("unemployment, total or white, total, men, women"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimated change of 2,. s x = V(O.OOOO8223) (6,,) 2 + (3494.) (6,,)= 35, An approximate 9percent confidence interval for the true monthtomonth change would be the interval from 6, to 46,. Because this interval covers zero, one cannot assert at this level of confidence that any real change has occurred in the unemployment level. This result can also be expressed by saying that the apparent 275

275 Table D. Standard errors for estimates of monthly levels (in thousands) Characteristic Agricultural employment Unemployment Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment Estimated monthly level or white Black or white Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force or not in labor force 5 5, 2, 4, 6, 8,, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 2,... 4, 6, 8, Table E. Standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change in levels (In thousands) Characteristic Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment or white Black or white Unemployment Black Hispanic origin Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment White Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force or not in labor force 5 5,.. 2, 4, 6, 8,, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 2, 4, 6, 8,

276 change of 2, is not significant at a 9percent confidence level. Standard errors of estimated percentages and rates. Generally, percentages and rates are not published unless the monthly base (denominator) is greater than 75, persons, the quarterly average base is greater than 6, persons, or the annual average base is greater than 35, persons. The reliability of an estimated percentage or rate depends upon the magnitude of the percentage or rate and its base. When the numerator and base are in different Table F. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthly levels Characteristic a b categories, use the parameters from table F or G relevant to the numerator. The approximate standard error, s y)p> of an estimated percentage or rate, p, can be obtained using the following formula, where y is the estimated number of persons in the base. s yp =A/b v y P(iooP) Illustration. For a given month, suppose that 5,6, women, 2 to 24 years of age, are estimated to be employed. Of this total,,8, or 32 percent are classified as parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on this percentage, proceed as follows. Obtain the parameter b = 2.7 from table F ("labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, total women"). Apply the formula to obtain: Labor force and notinlaborforce data otherthan agricultural employment and unemployment: Men Women.. Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Men Women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years. Black Men Women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: Hispanic origin Sy,p 2.7 (32) ( 32) =.9 percent 5,6, Suppose that in the next month 5,7, women in this same age group are reported employed and that,95, or 34 percent are parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on the observed monthtomonth change of 2 percentage points, first average the values for p and y over the 2 months to get p = 33 percent and y = 5,65,. Next, obtain the parameter b = 2246 from table G ("labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, total or white, women, low correlation characteristics") and apply the formula as follows. s y>p ~~ ,65, (33) ( 33) =.9 percent Not in labor force, total or white, excluding women and 6to 9yearolds Agricultural employment: or white Men Women or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Black Hispanic origin: or women Men or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Unemployment: or white Black Hispanic origin Excludes notinlaborforce data ,53 It should be noted that the numerator of the percentage (parttime employed) determined the choice of correlation. If the example had illustrated percentages of women employed full time, the numerator would have been a high correlation characteristic. Table G, however, does not explicitly list high correlation parameters for employed women; thus, the row labeled "women, most characteristics" would have been used. Had the example dealt with teenage women employed part time, either of two rows in table G could have been applied ("women, low correlation" or "both sexes, 6 to 9 years"). In situations like this, where it is not clear which row applies, a general rule to follow is to choose the row with the largest b parameter. This gives a more conservative estimate of standard error. Use of table H..Use this table with table B, C, D, or F to calculate approximate standard errors for quarterly or yearly averages, changes in consecutive quarterly or yearly averages, and consecutive yeartoyear changes 277

277 Table G. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change in levels Characteristic Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: or white: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics Low correlation characteristics Men: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics '. Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Black: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Men: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Hispanic origin: and not in labor force Low correlation characteristics Men, civilian labor force and not in labor force Men, 6 years and over; 2 years and over; and both sexes, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 years and over and 2 years and over Agricultural employment: or white: Totat Men Women or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Black: or women Men or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Hispanic origin: or women Men or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Selfemployed Unemployment: 2 or white:, men, women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years and low correlation characteristics Black:, men, women, and both sexes, 6 to 9 years High correlation characteristics Hispanic origin:, men, women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years and low correlation characteristics v , , High correlation characteristics include employed fulltime, manufacturing, and service workers and not in the labor force. Low correlation characteristics include all parttime workers; employed, with a job, but not at work; unpaid family workers; and precision production, craft, and repair occupations. 2 High correlation characteristics include fulltime jobseekers; job losers; manufacturing workers; and operators, fabricators, and laborers. Low correlation characteristics include parttime jobseekers, reentrants, persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks and from 5 to 4 weeks. 278

278 in monthly estimates. Table H gives factors to be applied only to standard errors for monthly levels. Follow these three basic steps: Step. Average estimates appropriately. For quarterly estimates, average the 3 monthly estimates. For yearly estimates, average the 2 monthly estimates. For changes in consecutive averages, average over the 2 quarters or 2 years. For consecutive yeartoyear changes in monthly estimates, average the 2 months involved. Step 2. Obtain a standard error on a monthly estimate using table B or C, or apply the procedures for table D or F to the average calculated in step, as if the average were an estimate for a single month. Step 3. Determine the standard error on the average or on the estimate of change. Multiply the result from step 2 by the appropriate factor from table H. Illustration. Suppose that standard errors are desired for a quarterly average of black employment levels and for the change in averages from quarter to the next. For each successive month of thefirstquarter, suppose the levels are observed to be,5,,,6,, and,7,. Step. The quarterly average is,6,. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters from table F ("labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, black, total"). Use the Tormula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for a monthly estimate of,6,. a = O.OOO3O3 b = s x =V(^.(X)l 3O3)(l,6,^ Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.87 from table H (column labeled "quarterly averages" and row labeled "labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 7, on the quarterly average of,6,. Proceed to obtain the approximate standard error on the change in consecutive quarterly average estimates of black employment. Assume that black employment estimates for the months in the second quarter are observed to be,,,,2,, and,3,. Step. The average for the second quarter is,2,. The average of the 2 quarters is,4,. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters as above and use the formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for the estimate of,4,, treating it as an estimate for a single month. s x = V(.3O3)(l,4,) 2 +(263.4)(,4,)= 23, Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.84 from table H (column labeled "change in quarterly averages" and row labeled "labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 3, on the estimated change of 4, from quarter to the next. The estimated change clearly exceeds 2 standard errors; therefore, one could conclude from these data that the change in quarterly averages is significant. Table H. Factors to be used with tables B, C, D, and F to compute the approximate standard errors for levels, rates, and percentages for yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, change in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and change in yearly averages Factor Agricultural employment: Characteristic Yeartoyear change of monthly estimate Quarterly averages Change in quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in yearly averages or men Women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Part time Unemployment:.. Part time OO O OO OC OO OO OO OC Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: or white... Black Hispanic origin Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Part time Digitized for FRASER

279 COLLECTION Establishment Data (Tables B through C8) BLS cooperates with State employment security agencies in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government.) In, this sample included over 37, reporting units. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series in considerable industry and geographic detail are prepared and published each month. Historical statistics can be found in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas. These data are also available in machinereadable format. Each month, the State agencies collect data on employment, payrolls, and paid hours from a sample of establishments. Data are collected by mail from most respondents; phone collection is used to obtain higher response rates from selected respondents through computerassisted interviews, touchtone selfresponse, and voice recognition technology. The respondents extract the requested data from their payroll records, which must be maintained for a variety of tax and accounting purposes. All firms with 25 employees or more are asked to participate in the survey, as well as a sample of smaller firms. A "shuttle" schedule (BLS form 79 series) is used for mail respondents. It is submitted each month by the respondents, edited by the State agency, and returned to the respondent for use again the following month. The technical characteristics of the shuttle schedule are particularly important in maintaining continuity and consistency in reporting from month to month. The shuttle design automatically exhibits the trends of the reported data covered by the schedule during the year; therefore, the relationship of the current data to the data for the previous months is shown. The schedule also has operational advantages. For example, accuracy and economy are achieved by entering the identification codes and the address of the reporter only once a year. All schedules are edited by the State agencies each month to make sure that the data are correctly reported and that they are consistent with the data reported by the establishment in earlier months and with the data reported by other establishments in the industry. The State agencies forward the data, either on the schedules themselves or in machinereadable form, to BLSWashington. They also use the information provided on the forms to develop State and area estimates of employment, hours, and earnings. At BLS, the data are edited again by computer to detect processing and reporting errors which may have been missed in the initial State editing; the edited data are used to prepare national estimates. It should be noted that for employment, the sum of the State figures will differ from the official U.S. national totals because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratification and differences in the timing of benchmark adjustments. CONCEPTS Industrial classification Establishments reporting on Form BLS 79 are classified into industries on the basis of their principal product or activity determined from information on annual sales volume. Since January 98, this information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principahproduct or activity. All data on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation (beginning with August 99 data) and for States and areas (beginning with January 99 data) are classified in accordance with the 987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC), Office of Management and Budget. Industry employment Employment data, except those for the Federal Government, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 2th day of the month. For Federal Government establishments, employment figures represent the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the calendar month. Intermittent workers are counted if they performed any service during the month. The data exclude proprietors, the selfemployed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are also excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (when pay is received directly from the firm), on paid holiday, on paid vacation, or who work during a part of the pay period even though they are unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who were hired but have not yet reported during the period. 28

280 Indexes of diffusion of employment change (table B7). These indexes measure the dispersion among industries of the change in employment over the specified time span. Beginning with August 99 data, the overall indexes are calculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment series (3digit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll employment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffusion indexes are based on 39 3digit industries. To derive the indexes, each component industry is assigned a value of, 5, or percent, depending on whether its employment showed a decrease, no change, or an increase, respectively, over the time span. The average value (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the diffusion index number. The reference point for diffusion analysis is 5 percent, the value which indicates that the same number of component industries had increased as had decreased. Index numbers above 5 show that more industries had increasing employment, and values below 5 indicate that more had decreasing employment. The margin between the percent that increased and the percent that decreased is equal to the difference between the index and its complement, i.e., minus the index. For example, an index of 65 percent means that 3 percent more industries had increasing employment than had decreasing employment [65( 65) = 3]. However, for dispersion analysis, the distance of the index number from the 5percent reference point is the most significant observation. Although diffusion indexes are commonly interpreted as showing the percent of components that increased over the time span, it should be remembered that the index reflects half of the unchanged components as well. (This is the effect of assigning a value of 5 percent to the unchanged components when computing the index.) Industry hours and earnings Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant's own use (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: Working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working at the site of construction or working in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory employees. These are employees (not above the working supervisory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. Payroll. This refers to the payroll for full and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 2th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., for oldage and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays, vacation, and sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); other pay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., retroactive pay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance, contributions to retirement, etc., paid by the employer) are also excluded. Hours. These are the hours paid for during the pay period which includes the 2th of the month for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. Included are hours paid for holidays, vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received directly from the firm. Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straighttime workday or the workweek during the pay period which included the 2th of the month. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, parttime work, and stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweek of component industries. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current 28

281 month's aggregate by the average of the 2 monthly figures for 982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. The overtime hours represent that portion of the average weekly hours which exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee were to work on a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straighttime pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Because overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Such factors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level also may be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry where little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a "gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and lateshift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively highpaid and lowpaid work and changes in workers* earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period of time; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer since the following are excluded: Irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or nonsupervisory employee definitions. Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum wage payments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation methods apply to these series as apply to the average hourly earnings series described above; the one difference between the series is definitional. The payroll data used to calculate this series include lumpsum payments made to production workers in lieu of general wage rate increases; such payments are excluded from the definition of gross payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earnings series. For each sample establishment in SIC 372 and SIC 376 covered by a lumpsum agreement, the reported payroll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of the lumpsum payment. Such payments are generally made once a year and cover the following 2month period. In order to spread the payment across this time period, a prorated portion of the payment is added to the payroll each month. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate to reduce the lumpsum amount to account for persons who received the payment but left before the payment allocation period expired. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime premium pay are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and onehalf of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday work, lateshift work, and overtime rates other than time and onehalf. Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based on monthly data summarized in the M3 report of the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC group I) who received pay during the month. Average hourly earnings are computed by dividing total compensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hours are obtained by dividing the total number of hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of employees, as defined above. Average weekly earnings are derived by multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average Lourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in such factors as the proportion of parttime workers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Longterm trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the work force. For example, persistent longterm increases in the proportion of parttime workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. Real earnings. These earnings are in constant dollars and are calculated from the earnings averages for the current 282

282 month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW). The reference year for these series is 982. ESTIMATING METHODS The Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey estimates of employment are generated through an annual benchmark and monthly sample link procedure. Annual universe counts or benchmark levels are generated primarily from administrative records on employees covered by unemployment insurance (UI) tax laws. These annual benchmarks, established for March of each year, are projected forward for each subsequent month based on the trend of the sample employment, using an estimation procedure called the link relative. Benchmarks and sample link relatives are computed for each of,69 basic estimation cells defined by industry, size, and geography for the CES national estimates, and summed to create aggregate level employment estimates. Benchmarks The establishment survey constructs annual benchmarks in order to realign the samplebased employment totals for March of each year with the Ulbased population counts for March. These population counts are much less timely than samplebased estimates; however, they provide an annual pointintime census for employment. Population counts are derived from the administrative file of employees covered by UI. All employers covered by UI laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate State employment security agency four times a year. Approximately 99 percent of inscope private employment is covered by UI. A benchmark for the remaining percent is constructed from alternate sources, primarily records from the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Social Security Administration^. The full benchmark developed for March replaces the March samplebased estimate, for each basic cell. The monthly samplebased estimates for the year preceding and the year following the benchmark are also then subject to revision. Monthly estimates for the year preceding the March benchmark are readjusted using a "wedge back" procedure. The difference between the final benchmark level and the previously published March sample estimate is calculated and spread back across the previous months. The wedge is linear; eleventwelfths of the March difference is added to the February estimates, tentwelfths to the January estimates, and so on, back to the previous April estimates which receive onetwelfth of the March difference. This assumes that the total estimation error since the last benchmark accumulated at a steady rate throughout the current benchmark year. Estimates for the months following the March benchmark are also recalculated each year. These postbenchmark estimates reflect the application of samplebased monthly changes to new benchmark levels for March, and the recomputation of bias adjustment factors for each month. Bias factors are updated to take into account the most recent experience of the estimates generated by the monthly sample versus the full universe counts derived from the UI. Following the revision of basic employment estimates, all other derivative series (e.g., production workers, average hourly earnings) are also recalculated. New seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and all data series for the previous 5 years are reseasonally adjusted, prior to full publication of all revised data in June of each year. Monthly estimation Estimates are derived from a sample of approximately 37, business establishments nationwide. A current month's estimate is derived as the product of the previous month's estimate and a sample link relative for the current month. A bias adjustment factor is then applied to this result primarily to help account for new business births during the month. Stratification. The sample is stratified into,69 basic estimation cells for purposes of computing national employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Cells are defined primarily by detailed industry, and secondarily by size for a majority of cells. In a few industries, mostly within the construction division, geographic stratification is also used. Industry classification is in accordance with the 987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC); most estimation cells are defined at the 4digit SIC level. This detailed stratification pattern allows for the production and publication of estimates in considerable industry detail. Subindustry stratification by size is important because major statistics which the survey measures, particularly employment change and average earnings, often vary significantly between establishments of different size. Stratification reduces the variance of the published industry level estimates. Link relative technique. A ratio of the previous to the current month's employment is computed from a sample of establishments reporting for both months this ratio is called a "link relative." For each basic cell, a link relative is computed and applied to the previous month's employment estimate to derive the current month's estimate. Thus a March benchmark is moved forward to the next March benchmark through application of monthly link relatives. Basic cell estimates created through the link relative technique are aggregated to form published industry level estimates, for employment, as described in table 2A. Basic estimation and aggregation methods for the hours and earnings data are also shown in table 2A. Bias adjustment. Bias adjustment factors are computed at the 3digit SIC level, and applied each month at the ba 283

283 Table 2A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings Employment, hours, and earnings Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size or region/size cell) Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) Monthly data All employees Production or nonsupervisory workers, women employees Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours... Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Allemployee estimate for previous month multiplied by ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments which reported for both months. Allemployee estimate for current month multiplied by () ratio of production or nonsupervisory workers to all employees in sample establishments for current month, (2) estimated ratio of women to all employees. 2 Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. 2 production or nonsupervisory worker payroll divided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 2 Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of allemployee estimates for component cells. Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker estimates, or estimates of women employees, for component cells. Average, weighted by production or nonsupervisory worker employment, of the average weekly hours for component cells. Average, weighted by production worker employment, of the average weekly overtime hours for component cells. Average, weighted by aggregate nours, of the average hourly earnings for component cells. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Annual average data AH employees, women employees, and production or nonsupervisory workers Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Sum of monthly estimates divided by 2. Annual total of aggregate hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by average weekly hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (production worker employment multiplied by average weekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate payrolls (product of production or nonsupervisory worker employment by weekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of monthly estimates divided by 2. Annual total of aggregate hours for production or nonsupervisory workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours for production workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate payrolls divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product by bias adjustment factors, which compensate for the underrepresentation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in the sample. 2 The sample productionworker ratio, womenworker ratio, average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compensate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntary character of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts the advantage of continuity from the use of the matched sample and, at the same time, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of the latest sample average. 284

284 sic cell level, as part of the standard estimation procedures. The main purpose of bias adjustment is to reduce a primary source of nonsampling error in the survey, the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firm births. There is a several month lag between an establishment opening for business and its appearing on the UI universe frame and being available for sampling. Because new firms generate a portion of employment growth each month of the year, nonsampling methods must be used to capture this growth, otherwise substantial under estimation of total employment levels would occur. Formal bias adjustment procedures have been used by the establishment survey since the late 96's. Prior to the 983 benchmark, bias adjustments were derived from a simple mean error model, which averaged undercount errors for the previous 3 years to arrive at bias projections for the coming year. The undercount errors were measured as the difference between samplebased estimate results and benchmark levels. This procedure eventually proved inadequate during periods of rapidly changing employment trends, and the bias adjustment methodology was revised. Research done in the early 98's indicated that bias requirements were strongly correlated with current employment growth or decline. Based on this research, a revised method was developed which incorporated the sample data on employment growth over the most recent two quarters, and a regressionderived coefficient for the significance of that change, to adjust the mean error model results. This change in methodology provided a more cyclically sensitive bias model. The regressionadjusted mean error model has been in use since 983, for the production of national estimates. The current model still has limitations in its ability to react to changing economic conditions or changing error structure relationships between the samplebased estimates and the UI universe counts. A principal limitation is the inability to incorporate UI universe counts as they become available on an ongoing basis, with a 6 to 9month lag from the reference period. Thus, the current quarterly outputs from the model are subject to intervention analysis, and adjustments can be made to its results, prior to the establishment of final bias levels for a quarter. Review is done primarily in terms of detection of outlier (i.e. abnormally high or low) values, and by comparison of CES sample and bias trends with the most recent quarterly observations of UI universe counts. The BLS currently has under study improved bias models using a Kalman filter technique, which would allow a more formal, structured incorporation of each quarter's UI universe counts in the bias modeling process. Although the primary function of bias adjustment is to account for employment resulting from new business formations, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsampling error in the survey, because the primary input to the modeling procedure is total estimation error. Significant among these nonsampling error sources is a business death bias. When a sampled firm closes down, most often it simply does not respond to the survey that month, rather than reporting zero employment. Followup with nonrespondents may reveal an outofbusiness firm, but this information is often received too late to incorporate into monthly estimates, and the firm is simply treated as a nonrespondent for that month. Because the bias adjustments incorporated into the estimates represent a composite of a birth bias, death bias, and a number of other differences between the samplebased estimates and the population counts, the monthly bias adjustment levels have no specific economic meaning in and of themselves. Table 2B summarizes bias adjustments made over the past years. The table displays the average monthly "bias added" and the average monthly a bias required" with the benchmark revisions for each year. Bias added shows the average amount of bias which was added each month over the course of an interbenchmark period. For example, the bias added for 984 is listed as 4,; this represents the average of bias adjustments made each month over the period April 983 through May 984. Bias required is computed retrospectively, after the March benchmark for a given year is known. Bias required figures are calculated by taking the difference between a March estimate derived purely from the sample (i.e., a series calculated without bias adjustment) and the March benchmark. Dividing this figure by 2 gives the average monthly bias required figure. The bias required is thus defined as the amount of bias adjustment which would have achieved a zero benchmark error. The difference between the total bias required and the total bias added is then, by definition, approximately the benchmark revision amount, for any given year. Also provided in the table for illustration, are the Marchto March changes. As discussed above, the overtheyear changes indicate correlation with the bias added and bias required figures. THE SAMPLE Design The emphasis in the establishment survey is on producing timely data at minimum cost. Therefore, the primary goal of its design is to sample a sufficiently large segment of the universe to provide reliable estimates that can be published both promptly and regularly. The present sample allows BLS to produce preliminary total nonfarm employment estimates for each month, including some limited industry detail, within 3 weeks after the reference period, and data in considerably more detail with an additional onemonth lag. The sampling plan used in the establishment survey is a 285

285 form of sampling with probability proportionate to size, known as "sampling proportionate to average size of establishment." This is an optimum allocation design among strata because sampling variance is proportional to the average size of establishments. The universe of establishment employment is highly skewed, with a large percentage of total employment concentrated in relatively few establishments. Because variance on a population total estimate is a function of percentage universe coverage achieved by the sample, it is efficient to sample larger establishments at a higher rate than smaller establishments, assuming the cost per sample unit is fairly constant across size classes. Under the establishment survey design, large establishments fall into a certainty strata for sample selection. The size of the sample for the various industries is determined empirically on the basis of experience and cost considerations. For example, in a manufacturing industry with a high proportion of total employment concentrated in a small number of establishments, a larger percent of total employment is included in the sample. Consequently, the sample design for such industries provides for a complete census of the large establishments, with a relatively few chosen from among the smaller establishments. For an industry in which a large proportion of total employment is concentrated in small establishments, the sample design again calls for inclusion of all large establishments but also for a more substantial number of smaller ones. Many industries in the trade and services divisions fall into this category. To keep the sample to a size which can be handled by available resources, it is necessary to have a sample design for these industries with a smaller proportion of total universe coverage than is the case for most manufacturing industries. Coverage The establishment survey is the largest monthly sampling operation in the field of social statistics. Table 2C shows the latest benchmark employment levels and the approximate proportion of total universe employment coverage, at the total nonfarm and major industry division levels. The coverage for individual industries within the divisions may vary from the proportions shown. Reliability The establishment survey, like other sample surveys, is subject to two types of error, sampling and nonsampling error. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is directly related to the size of the sample and the percentage of universe coverage achieved by the sample. The establishment survey sample covers over onethird of total universe employment; this yields a very small variance on the total nonfarm estimates. Measurements of error associated with sample estimates are provided in tables 2D2G. Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error. The sum of sampling and nonsampling error can be considered total survey error. Unlike most sample surveys which publish sampling error as their only measure of error, the CES can derive an annual approximation of total error, on a lagged basis, because of the availability of the independently derived universe data. While the benchmark error is used as a measure of total error for the CESjsurvey estimate, technically, it actually represents the difference between two independent estimates derived from separate survey processes (i.e., the CES sample process and the UI universe process) and thus reflects the errors present in Table 2B. March employment benchmarks and bias adjustments for total private industries, March Year Employment Benchmark Revision 2 Average monthly bias Added 3 Required 4 Overtheyear employment change ,43 76,37 79,446 8,24 83,73 86,8 89,5 9,546 88,79 88, ,327 4,328 3,75,758,969 3,7 2,835,53, Universe counts for March of each year used to make annual benchmark adjustments to the employment estimates. About 99 percent of the benchmark employment is from unemployment insurance administrative records, and the remaining percent is from alternate sources. Data represent benchmark levels as originally computed; levels for 9839 were subsequently corrected. 2 Difference between the final March samplebased estimate and the benchmark level for total private employment. 3 The average amount of bias adjustment each month over the course of an interbenchmark period, i.e., from April of the prior year through March of the given year. 4 The difference between the March benchmark and the March estimate derived solely from the sample without bias adjustment, converted to a monthly amount by dividing by 2. 5 MarchtoMarch changes in the benchmark employment level. NOTE: Data in this table exclude government employment because there is no bias adjustment for this sector. 286

286 each program. Historically, the benchmark revision has been very small for total nonfarm employment. Over the past decade, percentage benchmark error has averaged.2 percent, with a range from zero to.6 percent. Table 2D shows the most current benchmark revisions, along with year mean revisions and mean absolute revisions for major industries. Mean revisions give an indication of bias in the estimates; unbiased estimates have a mean revision close to zero, as over and under estimations cancel out over time. Mean absolute revisions give an overall indicator as to the accuracy of the estimates; the larger the value, the further the estimate was from the final benchmark level. An alternate measure for determining the reliability of the employment estimates for individual industries is the rootmeansquare error. This measure is the standard deviation adjusted for the bias in the estimates: RMSE = deviation) 2 + (bias) 2 If the bias is small, the chances are about 9 out of 2 that the difference would be less than twice the root mean square error. Approximations of the rootmeansquare errors of differences between final estimates and benchmarks are presented in table 2E. Noneconomic code changes. A major source of benchmark revision at the major industry division level and below are noneconomic code changes, which are introduced into the universe data in the first quarter of each calendar year. Approximately onethird of all establishments in the universe are included in the universe program's annual Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) refiling survey. Corrections to individual establishments SIC and ownership codes are made through this process. The refiling cycle is such that every third year entire division(s) are subject to refiling. The volume of these adjustments is generally quite large and has a substantial impact on universe employment counts at the industry levels, although the total nonfarm employment level remains unaffected. For example, in a year when the services division is refiled, a substantial amount of employment is usually reclassified out of services to other major divisions, thus, lowering the benchmark level for services, and potentially causing a significant downward revision in the services employment totals previously published. Hours and earnings. The hours and earnings estimates for the basic estimating cells do not have universe data sources available and therefore are not subject to benchmark revisions, although the broader groupings may be affected slightly by changes in employment weights. The hours and earnings estimates, however, are subject to sampling errors, which may be expressed as relative errors of the estimates. (A relative error is a standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate.) Relative errors for major industries are presented in table 2F and for individual industries with the specified number of employees in table 2E. The chances are about 2 out of 3 that the hours and earnings estimates from the sample would differ by a smaller percentage than the relative ejror from the averages that would have been obtained from a complete census. Revisions between preliminary and final data. First preliminary estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, based on less than the total sample, are published immediately following the reference month. Final revised samplebased estimates are published 2 months later when nearly all the reports in the sample have been received. Table 2G presents the rootmeansquare error, the mean percent, and the mean absolute percent revision that may be expected between the preliminary and final employment estimates. Table 2C. Employment benchmarks and approximate coverage of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March Industry Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade... Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate... Services Government: Federal State Local Benchmarks (thousands) 7, ,7 7,973 5,655 5,993 8,855 6,534 28,586 2,974 4,494,485 Number of establishments 38,646 3,723 25,786 56, 2 5,743 26,2 62,769 22,79 72,66 ( 3 ) 5,586 7,657 Sample coverage Employees Number (thousands) 4, ,967 2,38,49 4,534 2,22 7,253 2,974 3,656 7,656 Percent of benchmarks Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Because not ail establishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earnings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment estimates. 2 The Interstate Commerce Commission provides a complete count of employment for Class I railroads. A small sample is used to estimate hours and earnings data. 3 Federal employment counts by agency for use in national estimates are provided to BLS by the Office of Personnel Management. Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as State and area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of 5,623 reports covering about 6 percent of employment in Federal establishments. 287

287 Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions (Numbers in thousands) Industry March benchmark revision Level Percent year average mean percent revision Actual Absolute private Goodsproducing Mining Oil and gas extraction Construction General building contractors Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blastfurnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment. Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities... Transportation Communications and public utilities Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Auto dealers and service stations.. Eating and drinking places Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Finance Insurance Real estate Services Business services. Health services ( 2 ) Government Federal... State Local Data relate to the benchmarks, as originally published. Benchmark levels for 9829 were subsequently corrected. 2 Less than.5 percent. 288

288 Table 2E. Rootmeansquare errors of differences between benchmarks and estimates of employment and average relative errors for average weekly hours and average hourly earnings Size of employment estimate 5,, 2, 5,,, 2,, Rootmeansquare error of employment estimates 2, 3,9 5,6 4, 5, 26, Average weekly hours Relative error 2 (in percent) Average hourly earnings Assuming 2month intervals between benchmark revisions. 2 Relative errors relate to 982 data. Table 2F. Relative errors for average weekly hours and average hourly earnings by industry (In percent) Industry private Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Relative errors relate to 982 data. Average weekly hours Relative error Average hourly earnings The interpretation of these measures is parallel to the description above for revisions between final samplebased estimates and benchmarks (i.e., tables 2C and 2E) Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimates are normally not greater than. of an hour for weekly hours and cent for hourly earnings, at the total private nonfarm level, and may be slightly larger for the more detailed industry groupings. STATISTICS FOR STATES AND AREAS (Tables B8, B9, and C8) As explained earlier, State agencies in cooperation with BLS collect and prepare State and area employment, hours, and earnings data. These statistics are based on the same establishment reports used by BLS, however, BLS uses the full CES sample to produce monthly national employment estimates, while each State agency uses its portion of the sample to independently develop a State employment estimate. The CES area statistics relate to metropolitan areas. Definitions for all areas are published each year in the issue of Employment and Earnings that contains State and area annual averages (usually the May issue). Changes in definitions are noted as they occur. Additional industry detail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on the inside back cover of each issue. Caution in aggregating State data. The national estimation procedures used by BLS are designed to produce accurate national data by detailed industry; correspondingly the State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate data for each individual State. State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals nor vice versa. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause distortions at an aggregate level. This has been a particular problem at turning points in the U.S. economy, when the majority of the individual State errors tend to be in the same direction. Due to these statistical limitations, the Bureau does not compile or publish a "sumofstates" employment series. Additionally BLS cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure, particularly at turning points. 289

289 Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level Actual Mean percent revision Absolute 78,2.. private Goodsproducing industries Mining Oii and gas extraction Construction General building contractors 55,5 7,9 2,6 2,3,8 4, Manufacturing 2,5 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 9,3,5,4,3,8,4 2,2 3, 3,3 4,5 3,8,6,9, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing industries 7, 4,3 6,8 2,8,5,8,8 8,7 9 7, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Trucking and warehousing Transportation by air Communications and public utilities Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations... Apparel and accessory stores Eating and drinking places Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Insurance Real estate Services Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Personnel supply services 9, 7,4 5,3 2,4 4,4 6,3 4, 4, 27,5 3,8 6,2 4,4 6,8 8, 7,4 4,8 3,7 3,2 4, 32,9 2,9 6,3 9,8 4,5,

290 Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Continued Mean percent revision industry Rootrr ansquare error of monthly level Actual Absolute Serviceproducing industries Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Hospitals Legal services Educational services Social services Museums and botanical and zoological gardens... Membership organizations Engineering and management services 2,9,5 4,7 4,5 8, 3,7,7,5 7,3 7 4,3 3, Government Federal State Local 47, 5, 9, 3, Data based on differences from January 99 through December. NOTE: Errors are based on differences irom January 988 through December. Data used in the computations for several industries are not strictly comparable due to changes in the industrial classification system, unless otherwise noted. 29

291 Productivity Data (Tables C9 through C) COLLECTION Productivity data are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment and household survey labor input data and from measures of compensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. CONCEPTS Hours of wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments (table C9) refer to hours paid for all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers. For productivity and cost measures (tables C, ), hours of all persons include hours of employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. Labor input is measured by hours at the worksite. Output is the constantdollar market value of final goods and Services produced in a given period. Indexes of output per hour of all persons (productivity) measure changes in the volume of goods and services produced per hour at work. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus employers' contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the selfemployed, except for nonfmancial corporations, in which there are no selfemployed. Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation cost required to produce one unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation per hour by output per hour. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, capital consumption allowances, interest, rental income of persons, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from the currentdollar gross product originating in the sector and dividing by output. In these tables, unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the currentdollar estimate of gross product by the constantdollar estimate, making the deflator, in effect, a price index for the gross product of the sector reported. NOTES ON THE DATA For the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, these indexes relate to the gross domestic product less general government, households and institutions, owneroccupied housing, and the statistical discrepancy. For the nonfmancial corporate sector, the indexes refer to the gross domestic product of nonfmancial corporate business. All measures are seasonally adjusted. Manufacturing output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly measures have been adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Historical statistics for most productivity measures appear in Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 9488, BLS Bulletin 278. Additional information may be obtained from the Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 292

292 Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data (Tables D through D3) FEDERALSTATE COOPERATE PROGRAM Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, labor market areas (LMA's), and other areas covered under Federal assistance programs are developed by State employment security agencies under a FederalState cooperative program. The local unemployment estimates which derive from standardized procedures developed by BLS are the basis for determining eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal programs such as the Job Training and Partnership Act, the Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act, and the Urban Development Action Grant program. Annual average data for the States and areas shown in table D3 are published in Employment and Earnings (usually the May issue). For regions, States, selected metropolitan areas, and central cities, annual average data classified by selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and other small areas have been prepared for administration of various Federal economic assistance programs and may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 242. The report "Unemployment in States and Local Areas" is published monthly through GPO and is available in microfiche form only, on a subscription basis. ESTIMATING METHODS Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 5 States, the District of Columbia, and over 2,6 labor market areas. The estimation methods are described below for States (and the District of Columbia) and for substate areas. A more detailed description of the estimation procedure is contained in the BLS document, Manual for Developing Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Estimates for States Current monthly estimates. The civilian labor force and unemployment estimates for the largest States California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas are sufficiently reliable to be taken directly from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on a monthly basis. These are termed "directuse States." For a description of the CPS concepts, see "Household Data," above. For the 39 smaller States and the District of Columbia, which do not use the CPS directly each month, regression models (sets of equations) are used to develop employment and unemployment estimates. These are the "nondirectuse" States. The regression techniques are based on historical and current relationships found within each State's economy as reflected in the different sources of data that are available for each State the CPS, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, and the unemployment insurance (UI) system. When the estimation procedures were introduced in 989, over years of data were used to develop the equations for each State. While all the State models have important variables in common, they differ somewhat from one another so as to better reflect individual State characteristics. Two models one for employment and one for the unemployment rate are used for each State. The unemployment rate, rather than the unemployment level, is modeled primarily because the rate is usually more meaningful for economic analysis. The employment models use the CES estimates of nonfarm wage and salary jobs and also include data for employed persons not covered or only partially covered by the CES survey. Typically, these are agricultural workers, the selfemployed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers. The unemployment rate models also include different types of data. Data for UI claimants (without earnings due to employment) are used to represent most of the experienced unemployed. The models also include an employmenttopopulation ratio which reflects both the business cycle and the experienced unemployed not covered by the UI claims data. New entrants and reentrants into the labor force are also addressed in the models. For some States, the models include variables which adjust for seasonal factors not reflected in the other data used, such as the large increase in the labor force at the end of the school year. In both the employment and unemployment rate models, an important feature is the use of a technique that allows the equations to adjust automatically to structural changes that occur. The models are termed "variable coefficient models" because they include a builtin tuning mechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises a model's coefficients when the new (Jata that become available each month indicate that changes in the data relationships have taken place. Once the estimates are developed from the models, the unemployment level and labor force estimates are calculated. Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year, monthly estimates for the 39 nondirectuse States and the District of Columbia are adjusted, or benchmarked, by 293

293 BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The benchmarking technique employs a procedure (called the Denton method) which adjusts the annual average of the models to equal the CPS annual average, while preserving, as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal pattern of the model estimates. In the directuse States, no benchmark correction is required; the average of the 2 monthly State CPS estimates will equal the CPS annual averages. Estimates for substate areas Monthly labor force and employment estimates for two large substate areas New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area are obtained directly from the CPS. Estimates for all other substate areas, more than 2,6 labor market areas (LMA's), are prepared through indirect estimation techniques, described below. Preliminary estimate employment The total civilian employment estimates are based on CES data. These "placeofwork" estimates must be adjusted to refer to place of residence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting from place of work to place of residence have been developed for several categories of employment on the basis of employment relationships at the time of the 98 decennial census. These factors are applied to the CES estimates for the current period to obtain adjusted employment estimates, to which are added estimates for employment not represented in the CES agricultural employees, rionagricultural selfemployed and unpaid family workers, and private household workers. Preliminary estimate unemployment In the current month, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate of the estimates for each of three categories: () Persons who were previously employed in industries covered by State UI laws; (2) those previously employed in industries not covered by these laws; and (3) those who were entering the civilian labor force for the first time or reentering after a period of separation. SubState adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employment and unemployment are prepared for the State and LMA's within the State. The LMA estimates geographically exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjustment must be applied to all substate LMA estimates to ensure that they add to the independently estimated State totals for employment and unemployment. Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, substate estimates are revised. The revisions incorporate any changes in the inputs, such as revisions in the CESbased employment figures, corrections in claims counts, and updated historical relationships. The corrected estimates are then readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) State estimates of employment and unemployment. 294

294 Seasonal Adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force, the levels of employment and unemployment, and other measures of labor market activity undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make it easier to observe the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. In evaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it is important to note that seasonal adjustment is merely an approximation based on past experience. Seasonally adjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible error than the original data on which they are based, because they are subject not only to sampling and other errors but are also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonal adjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series for selected labor force and establishmentbased data are published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Since January 98, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called Xl ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average), which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard Xl method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The Xl ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 2564E, January 983. At the beginning of each calendar year, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the JanuaryJune period. In July of each year, BLS calculates and publishes in Employment and Earnings projected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the second half, based on the experience through June. Revisions of historical data for the most recent 5 years are made only at the beginning of each calendar year. However, as a result of the revisions to the estimates for 978 based on 98 census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjusted series in early 982 were carried back to 97. All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series. For example, for each of the three major labor force components agricultural employment, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment data for four sexage groups (men and women under and over 2 years of age) are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. The seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components, plus the resident Armed Forces total (not adjusted for seasonality), and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components. The total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components, and the overall unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Because of the independent seasonal adjustment of various series, components will not necessarily add to totals. In each January issue, Employment and Earnings publishes revised seasonally adjusted data for selected labor force series based on the experience through December, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian unemployment estimate for the first 6 months of the following year, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure. Revised seasonally adjusted data covering the revision period for a broader range of labor force series are published in the February issue of this publication. Beginning in, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted labor force data for the census regions and divisions, the 5 States, and the District of Columbia, (tables Dl and D2). Using the Xl ARIMA procedure, seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied independently to the component employment and unemployment levels and then aggregated to regional or State totals. Current seasonal adjustment factors are produced for 6month periods twice a year. Historical revisions are made at the beginning of each calendar year. Because of the separate processing procedures, totals for the Nation as a whole differ from the results obtained by aggregating regional or State data. Since the early 98O's, BLS has also used the Xll ARIMA procedure to seasonally adjust establishmentbased employment, hours, and earnings data. The Xll ARIMA program had been run once each year after benchmarking and seasonal adjustment factors had been projected and published for 2 months ahead (April March). Beginning in June 989, with the introduction of the March 988 benchmarks, the Bureau modified this procedure to parallel that used in seasonally adjusting household survey data. Projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and published twice a year. Revisions of historical data will continue to be made once a year, coincident with benchmark revisions. All series are seasonally adjusted using the multiplicative models under Xll ARIMA. For employment, seasonal adjustment factors are directly applied to the component levels. Seasonally adjusted totals for hours and earnings series are obtained by taking a weighted average of the seasonally adjusted data for the component series. Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are the product of seasonally adjusted average hourly earnings and seasonally adjusted average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by dividing average weekly earnings, season 295

295 ally adjusted, by the seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW), and multiplying by. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by multiplying average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, by production or nonsupervisory workers, seasonally adjusted, and dividing by the 982 annual average base. For total private, total goodsproducing, total private serviceproducing, and major industry divisions, the indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, for the appropriate component industries and dividing by the 982 annual average base. Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a number of series characterized by small seasonal components relative to their trendcycle and/or irregular components. These failed or unsatisfactory seasonally adjusted series, however, are used in the aggregation to broader level seasonally adjusted series. Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Government employment are derived from unadjusted data which include Christmas temporary workers employed by the Postal Service. The number of temporary census workers for the decennial census, however, are removed prior to the calculation of seasonal adjustment factors. BLS has developed an extension of Xll ARIMA to allow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of the presence or absence of religious holidays in the April survey reference period and of Labor Day in the September reference period. This extension was applied for the first time at the end of 989 to three personsatwork labor force series which tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data associated with the timing of Easter. This extension was also used for the seasonal adjustment of many of the establishmentbased series on average weekly hours and manufacturing overtime hours, starting with the computation of the projected factors for the period beginning in April 99. Revised seasonally adjusted establishmentbased series based on the experience through March, new seasonal adjustment factors for MayOctober, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure appear in the June issue of Employment and Earnings. 296 'U.S. Government Printing Office: /3

296 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Office Cooperating State Agencies Current Employment Statistics (CES) and State and Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Programs BLS Region BLS Region REGION IBOSTON Congress Street th Floor Boston, MA 24 Phone: (67) REGION II NEW YORK Room 88 2 Varick Street New York, NY 4 Phone: (22)33724 REGION HIPHILADELPHIA 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 339 Philadelphia, PA 9 Phone: (25) REGION ATLANTA Suite Peachtree Street, NE. Atlanta, GA 3367 Phone: (44) REGION V CHICAGO 9th Floor 23 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 664 Phone: (32)35388 REGION VI DALLAS Room 22 Federal Building 525 Griffin Street Dallas, TX 7522 Phone: (24) REGIONS VII and VIM KANSAS CITY 5th Floor 9 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO 646 Phone: (86) REGIONS IX and X SAN FRANCISCO 7 Stevenson Street P.O. Box San Francisco, CA 949 Phone: (45) ALABAMA Department of Industrial Relations, Room 427, Industrial Relations Bldg., Montgomery 363 X ALASKA Department of Labor, Research and Analysis Section, West 8th St., Juneau IX ARIZONA Department of Economic Security, 3 West Washington St., Phoenix 855 VI ARKANSAS Employment Security Department. P.O. Box 298, Little Rock IX CALIFORNIA Employment Development Department, Employment Data and Research Division, 7 Franklin Blvd., Bldg., Sacramento VIII COLORADO Department of Labor and Employment, Suite 8, 2 Lincoln Street, Denver 823 I CONNECTICUT Labor Department, Employment Security Division, 2 Folly Brook Blvd, Wethersfield 69 III DELAWARE Department of Labor, Office of Occupational and Labor Market Information, P.O. Box 929, Newark III DIST. OF COL. Department of Employment Services, Division of Labor Market Information and Analysis, Room 2, 5 C St., NW., Washington, DC 2 FLORIDA Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, Bureau of Labor Market Information, Suite 23, 2574 Seagate Dr., Tallahassee GEORGIA Department of Labor, Labor Information Systems, 48 International Blvd., NE., Atlanta 333 IX HAWAII Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Research and Statistics Office, Room 34, 83 Punchbowl St., Honolulu 9683 X IDAHO Department of Employment, 37 Main St., Boise V ILLINOIS Department of Employment Security, (2 South), 4 South State St., Chicago 665 V INDIANA Department of Employment and Training Services, Statistical Services Division, North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 4624 VII IOWA Department of Employment Services, East Grand Avenue, Des Moines 539 VII KANSAS Department of Human Resources, 4 Topeka Avenue, Topeka 6663 KENTUCKY Department for Employment Services, Labor Market Research and Analysis Branch, 275 East Main St., Frankfort 462 VI LOUISIANA Department of Labor, Research and Statistics Section, North 23rd St., Baton Rouge I MAINE Department of Labor, Division of Economic Analysis and Research, 2 Union St., Augusta 433 III MARYLAND Department of Employment and Training, Research and Analysis Division, North Eutaw St., Baltimore 22 I MASSACHUSETTS Department of Employment and Training, Government Center, Charles F. Hurley Bldg., Boston 24 V MICHIGAN Employment Security Commission, Research and Statistics Division, Room 56, 73 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 4822 V MINNESOTA Department of Jobs and Training, Research and Statistics Division, 5th Fl., 39 North Robert St., St. Paul 55 MISSISSIPPI Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information Division, P.O. Box 699, Jackson VII MISSOURI Division of Employment Security, P.O. Box 59, Jefferson City 654 VIII MONTANA Department of Labor and Industry, P.O. Box 728, Helena VII NEBRASKA Department of Labor, P.O. Box 946, Lincoln IX NEVADA Employment Security Department, 5 East 3rd St., Carson City 8973 I NEW HAMPSHIRE Department of Employment Security, 32 South Main St., Concord 33 II NEW JERSEY Department of Labor, Division of Planning and Research, P.O. Box 2765, Trenton 8625 VI NEW MEXICO Employment Security Commission, 4 Broadway, TIWA Bldg., Albuquerque 873 II NEW YORK Department of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, State Campus, Room 4, Bldg. 2, Albany 2242 NORTH CAROLINA Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information Division, P.O. Box 2593, t Raleigh 276 VIII NORTH DAKOTA Job Service, P.O. Box 537, Bismarck 5852 V OHIO Bureau of Employment Services, Labor Market Information Division, 6 Dublin Rd., Columbus 4325 VI OKLAHOMA Employment Security Commission, Research and Planning Division, 24 North Lincoln, Oklahoma City 735 X OREGON Employment Division, 875 Union St., NE., Salem 973 III PENNSYLVANIA Bureau of Research and Statistics 3 Capitol Associates Building Harrisburg, PA 7234 II PUERTO RICO Department of Labor and Human Resources, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7th FL, 55 Munoz Rivera Avenue, Hato Rey 98 (CES), Bureau of Employment Security, Research and Analysis Section, 5th FL, 55 Munoz Rivera Avenue, Hato Rey 98 (LAUS) I RHODE ISLAND Department of Employment Security, 24 Mason St., Providence 293 SOUTH CAROLINA Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information Division, P.O. Box 995, Columbia 2922 VIII SOUTH DAKOTA Department of Labor, Labor Market Information Center, P.O. Box 473, Aberdeen 574 TENNESSEE Department of Employment Security, Research and Statistics Division, 59 Cordell Hull Office Bldg., Nashville 3729 VI TEXAS Employment Commission, Room 28T, 7 Trinity St., Austin VIII UTAH Department of Employment Security, Labor Market Information Services, P.O. Box 249, Salt Lake City 8447 I VERMONT Department of Employment and Training, Office of Policy and Public Information, P.O. Box 488, Montpelier 562 III VIRGINIA Employment Commission, Economic Information Services, P.O. Box 358, Richmond 232 II VIRGIN ISLANDS Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 53A, 54A&B Kronprindsens Gade Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas (CES) X WASHINGTON Employment Security Department, Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, 65 Woodview Dr., Olympia 9853 III WEST VIRGINIA Department of Employment Security, Division of Labor and Economic Security, 2 California Avenue, Charleston 2535 V WISCONSIN Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, Labor Market Information Bureau, 2 East Washington Avenue, Madison 5377 VIII WYOMING Employment Security Commission, Research and Analysis Section, P.O. Box 276, Casper 8262