EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS

Transcription

1 EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 998 f897 annual averages Revised seasonally adjusted household data Data on union affiliation Median weekly earnings for detailed occupations Employee absences

2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Alexis M. Herman, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Katharine G. Abraham, Commisioner E&E Employment and Earnings (ISSN ), is prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publications and Special Studies. The data are collected by the Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) and State employment security agencies, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief description of the cooperative statistical programs of the BLS with these agencies is presented in the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. The State agencies are listed on the inside back cover. January 998 Vol. 45 No. Calendar of Features In addition to the monthly data appearing regularly in Employment and Earnings, special features appear in most of the issues as shown below. Household data Annual averages Union affiliation Earnings by detailed occupation Jan. Jan. Jan. Employment and Earnings may be ordered from: New Orders, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 37954, Pittsburgh, PA Phone (202) Subscription price per year $35 domestic and $45 foreign. Single copy $7 domestic and $2.25 foreign. Prices are subject to change by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Correspondence concerning subscriptions, including address changes and missing issues, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC Phone (202) POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Employment and Earnings, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC Communications on material in this publication should be addressed to: Editors, Employment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC Specific questions concerning the data in this publication should be directed as follows: Household data, (202) , x 255 or 6378; national establishment data, ; State and area establishment data, ; and State and area labor force data, Second class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Employee absences Revised seasonally adjusted series Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data, persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans, and weekly earnings data Establishment data National annual averages: Industry divisions (preliminary) Industry detail Women employees National data revised to reflect new benchmarks and new seasonal adjustment factors Jan. Jan. Jan., Apr., July, Jan. March, June March, June June Revised historical national data Internet State and area annual revisions State and area annual averages March May Information in this publication will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone (202) 606STAT; TDD phone: (202) ; TDD message referral phone: Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Area definitions State and area labor force data Annual revisions Annual averages They can be accessed from or through the Current Employment Statistics homepage at ceshome.htm. May March May

3 Employment and Earnings Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker Editors' Note With this issue, seasonally adjusted unemployment and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey (household survey) have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors which incorporate the experience through December. As a result, seasonally adjusted data for are subject to revision. Revised current data appear in table A, tables Al through A2, and Dl through D0. The article beginning on page 3 discusses the effects of the revisions, describes the seasonal adjustment method, and includes the new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the major civilian labor force series for JanuaryJune 998. Historical seasonally adjusted monthly and quarterly data also are available on the Internet. Internet users can access these data from the ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf directory. Contents Page List of statistical tables ii Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error vii Employment and unemployment developments, December Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series 3 Summary tables and charts 7 Explanatory notes and estimates of error 227 Index to statistical tables 264 Statistical tables Not Historical Seasonall y seasonally Other Source adjusted adjusted features Household data 9 2 Establishment data: Employment: National 45 State Area Hours and earnings: National 46 State and area Local area labor force data: Region State Area Household data: Quarterly Annual averages 62 Establishment data: Annual averages 223

4 Monthly Household Data Page Historical Al. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 964 to date 9 A2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 986 to date 0 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 2 A5. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age 4 Characteristics of the A6. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status 5 A7. persons by age and sex 6 Characteristics of the A8. persons by age and sex 7 A9. Unemployment rates by age and sex 8 A0. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 9 All. persons by reason for unemployment 20 A2. persons by duration of unemployment 20 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status Al3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 2 A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 24 A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 25 A6. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race 27 Characteristics of the A7. persons by occupation, sex, and age 28 A8. persons by occupation, race, and sex 29 A9. persons by industry and occupation 30 A20. persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker 3 A2. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work 32 A22. Persons at work to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status 32 A23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status 33 A24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status.. 34 A25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status 35 Characteristics of the A26. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 36 A27. persons by occupation and sex 37 A28. persons by industry and sex 38 A29. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 39 A30. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 40 A3. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment 40 A32. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 4 A33. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 42 Persons Not in the Labor Force A34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 42 Multiple Jobholders A35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics 43 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans A36. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 44

5 Monthly Establishment Data Page Historical Bl. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 947 to date 45 B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date 46 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National States B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 49 B4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 5 B5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 52 B6. Diffusion indexes of employment change 53 B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry 54 Hours and Earnings National B8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 62 B9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 63 B0. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry 64 Bl. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry 65 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 66 Bl3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 78 States and Areas B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 79 Hours and Earnings National Bl5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 98 Bl5a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing 8 Bl6. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 9 B7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (982) dollars 20 States and Areas Bl 8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas 2 Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data Seasonally Adjusted Data Cl. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions 25 C2. Labor force status by State 27 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas 32 iii

6 Quarterly Household Data Page Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status Dl. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 38 D2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 39 D3. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age 4 Characteristics of the D4. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status 42 D5. persons by age and sex 43 Characteristics of the D6. persons by age and sex 44 D7. Unemployment rates by age and sex 45 D8. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 46 D9. persons by reason for unemployment 47 D0. persons by duration of unemployment 47 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status Dll. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 48 D2. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin population by sex and age 49 Characteristics of the Dl3. white, black, and Hispanicorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status 50 Dl4. Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status 5 D5. persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 52 Characteristics of the D6. Unemployment rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 53 D7. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 54 D8. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 55 Weekly Earnings Data D9. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 56 D20. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 57 D2. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 58 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data D22. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 59 D23. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 60

7 Annual Averages Household Data Page Employment Status. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 934 to date Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 965 to date Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Employment status of the Hispanicorigin population by age and sex Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin population by sex and age Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race 7 Characteristics of the 9. persons by occupation, sex, and age persons by occupation, race, and sex 73. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin white, black, and Hispanicorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status 8 4. persons in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and race persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker persons in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work Persons at work to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status 95 Characteristics of the 24. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex persons by occupation and sex persons by industry and sex persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and age persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment persons by selected demographic characteristics and duration of unemployment persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment jobseekers by sex, age, race, and active jobsearch methods used jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and active jobsearch methods used 205 Persons Not in the Labor Force 35. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 206 Multiple Jobholders 36. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics 207 Weekly Earnings Data 37. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex 209

8 Annual Averages Household Data Continued Page Union Affiliation Data 40. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 28 Employee Absences Data 44. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by age and sex Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and industry 220 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data 46. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 222 Annual Averages Establishment Data EmploymenNational 48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group Hours and EarningsNational 50. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 226 VI

9 Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error Page Page Introduction 227 Relation between the household and establishment series 227 Comparability of household data with other series 228 Comparability of payroll employment data with other series 228 Household data 229 Collection and coverage 229 Concepts and definitions 229 Historical comparability 232 Changes in concepts and methods 232 Noncomparability of labor force levels 233 Changes in the occupational and industrial classification systems 235 Sampling 235 Selection of sample areas 236 Selection of sample households 236 Rotation of sample 237 CPS sample, 947 to present 237 Estimating methods 238 Noninterview adjustment 238 Ratio estimates 238 First stage 238 Second stage 238 Composite estimation procedure 238 Rounding of estimates 239 Reliability of the estimates 239 Nonsampling error 239 Sampling error (Revised effective Jan. ) 239 Tables B through H 240 Establishment data 247 Collection 247 Concepts 247 Establishment data Continued Estimating methods 250 Benchmarks 250 Monthly estimation 250 Stratification 250 Link relative technique 250 Bias adjustment 250 Summary of methods table 25 The sample 252 Design 252 Coverage 253 Reliability 253 Measures of error tables 253 Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error 253 Estimated standard errors for employment, hours, and earnings 254 Standard errors for differences between industries and times 254 Noneconomic code changes 254 Revisions between preliminary and final data 257 Statistics for States and areas 257 Region, State, and area labor force data 260 FederalState cooperative program 260 Estimating methods 260 Estimates for States 260 Current monthly estimates 260 Benchmark correction procedures 260 Estimates for substate areas 26 Preliminary estimate: Employment 26 Unemployment 26 SubState adjustment for additivity 26 Benchmark correction 26 Seasonal adjustment 262 Digitized for FRASER vn

10 Employment and Unemployment Developments, December Nonfarm payroll employment rose substantially in December, following a similar increase in November, and the unemployment rate was about unchanged at percent. Nonfarm payroll employment grew by 370,000, with gains occurring in most industry divisions. Unemployment Both the number of unemployed persons, 6.4 million, and the unemployment rate, percent, were essentially unchanged in December, after seasonal adjustment. A year earlier the rate had been percent. The jobless rate for adult men returned to percent in December after falling to percent in November. The unemployment rates for other major worker groups adult women ( percent), teenagers ( percent), whites ( percent), blacks (9.9 percent), and Hispanics (7.5 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A3 and A4.) employment and the labor force employment was about unchanged in December, at 30.8 million (seasonally adjusted), following a substantial increase in November. The number of employed persons has increased by million since December, after adjusting for the change in the population controls made in January. The proportion of the population with jobs, the employmentpopulation ratio, was at an alltime high of 6 percent. (See table A3.) About 8. million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in December. These multiple jobholders made up 6.2 percent of all employed persons. (See table A35.) Both the civilian labor force, 37.2 million (seasonally adjusted), and the labor force participation rate, 67.2 percent, were essentially unchanged over the month. (See table A3.) Persons not in the labor force About.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in December. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 2 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them was 345,000 in December, virtually the same as a year earlier. (See table A34.) Industry payroll employment Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 370,000 in December to 2 million, after seasonal adjustment; over the year, payroll employment increased by million. In December, services had the largest job gain, and growth continued in most other industries, including manufacturing and construction. (See table B3.) Manufacturing employment increased by 39,000 in December, bringing the total job gain for to 230,000. In December, growth continued for industrial machinery and equipment, aircraft and parts, electronic components and accessories, and fabricated metals. These industries added a total of 89,000 jobs over the year. Several constructionrelated industries also had notable increases in December; in fact, lumber and wood products had the largest job gain in manufacturing. Employment in motor vehicles and equipment declined by 9,000 in December but increased by 25,000 over the year. The construction industry posted a substantial job gain for the second straight month. The increase of 50,000 jobs in December brought the total gain for to 209,000, not quite as robust as the 289,000 added in the prior year. In December, special trade contractors showed the largest gain (25,000), and heavy construction had its first increase (,000) since August. Within the serviceproducing sector, employment in the services industry rose by 8,000 in December. Business services accounted for nearly half of this growth, with strong gains in both personnel supply services (45,000) and computer and data processing services (7,000). In personnel supply, both help supply services and employment agencies contributed to the increase. Computer services accounted for in every 20 jobs added in. In December, health services had an aboveaverage gain (26,000), as hospital employment rose by 2,000. Engineering and management services also showed a large increase (26,000) in December; like computer services, this small industry accounted for a relatively large share of job growth in. Retail trade employment rose by 52,000 in December, with nearly all of the growth occurring in eating and drinking places and miscellaneous retail establishments. Employ

11 ment in department stores was essentially unchanged, after seasonal adjustment, following a 34,000 increase in November. Employment in finance, insurance, and real estate increased by 23,000. Commercial banks and security and commodity brokerages continued their steady growth, and the insurance industry rounded out its strongest quarter in over a decade by adding 2,000 jobs. Employment growth also continued in wholesale trade with widespread increases in durable goods distribution. In the communications industry, job growth has picked up recently, with an increase of 6,000 in December and gains totaling 22,000 in the fourth quarter. Telephone communications accounted for the recent strength. In contrast, transportation employment declined in November and December, following gains totaling 82,000 during the first 0 months of the year. While the trucking industry has contributed to this recent weakness, December's drop reflected an employment decline in air courier services. In December, State and local government employment continued to trend upward, while Federal employment continued its downward drift. Weekly hours The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour in December to 3 hours, seasonally adjusted, reversing most of the prior month's increase. The manufacturing workweek increased by 0.2 hour to 42.3 hours, a postworld War II high, and factory overtime remained at hours. (See table B8.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 percent to 4 (982=00), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.6 percent to 0.2. (See table B9.) Hourly and weekly earnings Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged up cent in December to $8, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings decreased by 0.5 percent to $43.8, reflecting the decline in weekly hours. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by percent and average weekly earnings by percent. (See table B.) Changes in Household Data Series Effective with the release of data for January 998, improvements will be introduced into the composite estimation procedures used in the household survey. These changes will simplify processing of the monthly labor force data at BLS and will allow users of the survey microdata to replicate more easily the official estimates released by BLS. In addition, there will be a slight decrease in the variance of some major estimates, particularly employment levels and the overthemonth change in those levels. The new procedures are expected to produce somewhat lower estimates of the civilian labor force and employment. Also effective with the release of January data, minor revisions will be introduced into the population controls used for the household survey. These changes and their effect on the estimates of labor force change and composition will be described in an article in the February 998 issue of Employment and Earnings. The February issue also will introduce new tables showing labor force data for persons 25 years and over by major educational attainment categories. Scheduled Release Dates Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on the following dates: Reference month Release date Reference month Release date January February 6 April May 8 February March 6 May June 5 March April 3 June July 2

12 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series Robert J. Mclntire The original data values for many economic time series are often substantially influenced by seasonality. This reflects recurring calendarrelated effects caused by weather, holidays, the opening and closing of schools, and other such seasonal events. Seasonal adjustment is a process used to estimate and remove that seasonality. The reason for doing so is to make it easier to observe and analyze the nonseasonal movements in the series, particularly shortterm movements associated with business cycles. The seasonal adjustment process produces estimates of seasonality, called seasonal factors, for the period of observations used in the process and for some projected observations immediately following that period. For the labor force series, initial seasonal adjustment of current data is done using the projected seasonal factors. These are estimates of how much the original unadjusted values can be expected to deviate from underlying trendcycle levels due to recurring behavior as projected from average seasonal patterns in the recent past. Even though seasonality involves regularly recurring patterns, it does tend to change or at least evolve over time, creating a need for periodic reestimation of factors and revision of recently adjusted estimates. By including more recent data in the estimation process, the revision process can provide better estimates of how much the original, unadjusted estimates actually deviated from underlying trendcycle levels during the recent period, thereby improving the historical seasonally adjusted data for that period. In addition, the new information is incorporated to produce the new projected factors to be used for current seasonal adjustment. Therefore, at the end of each calendar year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reestimates the seasonality of the unemployment, employment, and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS) by including another full year of data in the estimation process. Based on this annual reestimation, BLS issues the projected factors for the first 6 months of the new year as well as revised estimates of historical seasonally adjusted data. Usually, the data for the last 5 years are revised. This time, however, because of the changes introduced at the beginning of 994 in the survey and the processing procedures on which the labor force series estimates are based, only the historical seasonal adjusted data for 994 forward are being revised, based upon data through December. Robert J. Mclntire is an economist and Chief of the Division of Data Development and Publications, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The new projected seasonal factors to be applied to the 2 component series used in the computation of the seasonally adjusted civilian labor force and unemployment rate during the first 6 months of 998, appear in table. (See the section on aggregation procedures later in the article.) Projected factors for the last 6 months of 998 will be published in the July issue of this publication. Effect of revisions One of the criteria used to evaluate alternative methods of seasonal adjustment is how close initial estimates are to subsequent revisions. Policymakers and analysts must make determinations based on current information. It is important, therefore, that the initial estimates of current factors for the seasonal adjustment of major economic series produce estimates of level and change that are as close as possible to the improved estimates that will be made after more data have become available. Even though the revisions currently being released for the seasonally adjusted data are not final, the first revisions are usually more substantial than, and often indicate the direction of, any subsequent revisions. Therefore, it is appropriate to compare these first revisions with the initial estimates. The civilian unemployment rates for as first computed and as revised, as well as the changes due to revision, appear in table 2. Rounded to one decimal place as published, the rate changed in 4 of the 2 months, and the absolute effect of the changes never exceeded 0. percentage point in any of those months. The trend observed in the initial estimates was sustained in the revisions. Adjustment methods and procedures The official seasonal adjustment procedure for the labor force series is the Xll ARIMA program, which was developed at Statistics Canada during the 970s as an extension of and improvement to the widely used Xll method developed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the 960s. 2 The Xll ARIMA method improves current estimates for most The changes were described in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 994" in the February 994 issue of this publication. 2 The primary documentation for the Xl ARIMA procedure is The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 2564E, January 983). (ARIMA is an acronym for AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average.) The Xll method is described in The Xll Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program, by Julius Shiskin, Alan Young, and John Musgrave (Technical Paper No. 5, Bureau of the Census, 967).

13 Table. Pre994 prior adjustment and JanuaryJune 998 seasonal adjustment factors for the 2 major civilian labor force components Procedure and series Prior adjustment factors January February Seasonal adjustment factors March April May June Multiplicative adjustment (Divide factor into original value) Agricultural employment: Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years O Nonagricultural employment: Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Unemployment: Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Additive adjustment (Subtract factor from original value) Nonagricultural employment: Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Unemployment: Men, 6to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years No prior adjustment was done For this series, the prior adjusted period was pre rather than pre994. series by allowing recent observations, especially those of the last 6 months, to weigh more heavily in the estimates of current and recent seasonal factors than did the Xl alone. The method provides this improvement through the use of ARIMA models to extend the data series by 2 months. The Xll algorithm for seasonal adjustment is then applied to the extended series. ARIMA models. ARIMA projections are based only on the past experience observed in a series itself. ARIMA models have proved to have good properties for shortterm projection or extrapolation of a large class of time series, especially in a seasonal adjustment context, since the extrapolations tend to track intrayear movements quite well. The ARIMA models in the X ARIMA program used to seasonally adjust the labor force series are of the Box Jenkins type. 3 They can generally be described with the notation: (p,d,q)(p,d,q) TRANSFORMATION, 3 For a more detailed discussion of ARIMA models,referto previously cited Dagum (983) and to G.E.P. Box and G.M. Jenkins, Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control (San Francisco, Holden Day, 970); and C.W.J. Granger and P. Newbold, Forecasting Economic Time Series (New York, Academic Press, 977). Where: () (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) p is the number of regular (nonseasonal) autoregressive parameters d is the number of regular differences q is the number of regular moving average parameters P is the number of seasonal autoregressive parameters D is the number of seasonal differences Q is the number of seasonal moving average parameters TRANSFORMATION may be NONE, LOG, or POWER(n). Although the lettered elements within the parentheses of the model specifications can theoretically take on many values, in practice, only small values are useful. For each labor force series which has been extended based on an ARIMA model, the model has been specifically chosen as well suited to the particular series, based on a set of established criteria. The criteria essentially require a model to: () Fit the series well, (2) have low average forecasting errors in the last 3 years prior to the projected year, and (3) produce residuals (the differences between the observed values and the values forecast by the model for the observed

14 Table 2. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in and change due to revision January February... March April May June July August September. October November.. December.. Month As first computed As revised vl Idl This rate reflects the use of seasonal factors projected for December as published in the July issue of Employment and Earnings and was subject to revision before regular publication of December data. period) which follow a random pattern. Acceptable ARIMA models have been identified and were used for 75 of the 8 labor force series which were directly adjusted at the end of, including all 2 major civilian labor force components, whose ARIMA models are unchanged since last year and are shown in table 3. The six remaining series for which acceptable models have not been identified were simply run through the Xll part of the program without any ARIMA extrapolations. Xll procedures. The procedures used for this year's adjustment of the labor force series within the Xl part of the process were different from the standard procedures of most previous years in two respects. First, prior adjustment factors identical to those used the last 2 years were used again in these Xll ARIMA runs to link the pre994 data with the subsequent data for purposes of seasonal adjustment 4. Additionally, pre prior adjustment factors were introduced this year for seven series that had sufficiently large effects from the population control revisions introduced in January data 5 to potentially distort seasonal estimation without prior adjustment. The most notable series among the seven are the employment and unemployment levels for Hispanics, the demographic group most affected by the revisions, and one of the major components, nonagricultural employment for men 20 years and over. The prior adjustment factors used for all 2 major components are shown in table alongside the seasonal factors. Second, instead of a 0 year span, an 8year time period, including data from January 990 through December, was used for the adjustment of all the labor force series except for the firsttime adjustment of eight educational attainment series (which begin in 992). This was done primarily for the sake of keeping the seasonal adjustment process no more complicated than it has to be to serve its principal objectives. Because the populationrelated revisions to the unadjusted data discussed in the March version of this article could be done only back to 990, inclusion of pre990 data in these runs would have required the computation and use of additional prior adjustment factors for many series that would have had little or no effect on the seasonal adjustment of current data. The Xll method of seasonal adjustment contained in the Xll ARIMA procedure assumes that the original series, including the 2 extrapolated observations if an ARIMA model has been applied, is either the product or the sum of three components trendcycle, seasonal, and irregular. The method uses either a ratioto or differencefrommovingaverage approach to estimate the components, depending on whether the multiplicative or additive model is used. The seasonally adjusted series values are computed by dividing each month's original value by the corresponding seasonal factor if the multiplicative model is used, or by subtracting the factor if the additive model is used. Of the 2 major civilian labor force components, the 4 teenage unemployment and nonagricultural employment series were adjusted using the additive model, and the other 8 series with the multiplicative model. Of all the 8 directly adjusted series, 48 were adjusted with the additive model, including most teenage employment and unemployment series, for which the seasonal components were found to be fairly independent of the trendcycle. Movingholiday adjustment. Two of the series directly adjusted with multiplicative models were seasonally adjusted using the movingholiday extension of Xll ARIMA which was developed at BLS. Both holidayadjusted series at work Table 3. ARIMA models used in endof seasonal adjustment for the 2 major civilian labor force components Series Agricultural employment: Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Nonagricultural employment: Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Model (,0,0)(0,,) (0,,)(0,,) (0,,2)(0,,) (2,,2)(0,,) (O,,)(O,,) (0,,4)(0,,) (2,,0)(0,,) (2,,0)(0,,) Transformation LOG LOG NONE NONE LOG LOG NONE NONE 4 For further discussion of those prior adjustment factors, see "Revisions in Household Survey Data Effective February " in the March issue of this publication. 5 See "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. Unemployment: Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years (0,,3)(0,,) (0,,)(0,,) (0,,X0,,) (2,,2X0,,) LOG LOG NONE NONE

15 on parttime schedules for noneconomic reasons, usually work part time, all industries and nonagricultural industries had tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data related to the timing of Easter. A detailed discussion of the nature of the Easter effect in these series and of the procedure used to control for it as part of the seasonal adjustment process was included in the January 990 version of this article. Sixmonth updates. The current official practice for the seasonal adjustment of the labor force series involves the running of all directly adjusted series through Xll ARIMA twice each year, after receipt of June and December data, with 6 months of projected factors drawn from each run and historical revisions drawn from the endofyear run. This practice allows, among other things, the prior publication of seasonal factors, which historically has been regarded by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and other statistical agencies as an important way of ensuring the openness of their seasonal adjustment procedures, especially where very sensitive indicators such as the unemployment rate have been involved. A number of research studies, including a 987 paper on the labor force series 6, have indicated that the alternative practice of concurrent adjustment, where the seasonal adjustment procedure is run with all available data each month and factors cannot be published ahead of time, generally produces initial seasonally adjusted estimates requiring smaller revisions than those produced by adjustment using projected factors. BLS is continuing to compute and evaluate concurrent adjustment for the labor force series. Aggregation procedures BLS maintains and publishes several hundred seasonally adjusted labor force series in addition to the 8 directly adjusted series discussed above. These additional series are produced by arithmetically combining or aggregating the directly adjusted series with each other or, in some cases, with series on population which are not seasonally adjusted because they are not considered to have any significant seasonal variation. For example, the seasonally adjusted levels of total unemployment, civilian employment, and civilian labor force, and the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for all civilian workers, are all produced by aggregation of some or all of the seasonally adjusted results for the 2 major civilian labor force components. The seasonally adjusted level of total unemployment is the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of unemployment for the four agesex groups men and women 6 to 9, and men and women 20 years and over. Seasonally adjusted civilian employment is the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of employment for the eight employment components the same four agesex 6 G.R. Methee and R.J. Mclntire, "An Evaluation of Concurrent Seasonal Adjustment for the Major Labor Force Series," in the 987 Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association. groups as noted above employed in nonagricultural and agricultural industries. The seasonally adjusted civilian labor force is the sum of all 2 components. The seasonally adjusted civilian unemployment rate is calculated by taking the total seasonally adjusted unemployment level as a percent of the total seasonally adjusted civilian labor force. The principal reason for producing many of the major seasonally adjusted estimates for the labor force by aggregation rather than by direct adjustment is that this approach ensures that the major seasonally adjusted totals will be arithmetically consistent with at least one major set of components. If the totals were directly adjusted along with the components, such consistency would not, in all likelihood, occur, since the Xll is not a sumpreserving procedure; that is, the sum of the result for two or more directly adjusted series will not generally be the same as the result of directly adjusting the sum of the unadjusted versions of the same series. Another factor is that it would generally be inappropriate to apply seasonal factors computed for an aggregate series to the components of the aggregate. The various labor force components tend to have significantly different patterns of seasonal variation; for example, teenage unemployment tends to peak in June, while unemployment of adult men tends to peak in the winter months of January and February. In order to estimate properly these varying seasonal patterns, it is necessary to adjust the components directly. Of course, one of the implications of producing seasonally adjusted estimates for many major series by aggregation is that exact factors cannot be projected for those series. However, implicit seasonal adjustment factors can be calculated after the fact by taking the ratio of the unadjusted aggregate to the seasonally adjusted aggregate, or, for additive implicit factors, the difference between those two aggregates. Availability of revised series This issue of Employment and Earnings contains revised monthly and quarterly data for the most recent 3 months and 2 calendar quarters for many seasonally adjusted labor force series. These revisions replace the seasonally adjusted estimates previously published for those periods. Revised historical seasonally adjusted labor force data also are available in various forms on the Internet (stats.bls.gov), including ftp access (ftp://stats.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf) to all the revised data. The seasonally adjusted data last published for 993 and earlier years were not further revised. The JanuaryJune 998 factors for any of the directly adjusted series beyond the 2 major components can be obtained from BLS upon request. Requests for the seasonal factors or inquiries concerning the seasonal adjustment methodology used for the labor force data should be addressed to the Division of Data Development and Publications, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 2022.

16 Summary table A. Major labor force status categories, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Category Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Not in labor force Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 20,636 35, , ,6 66, ,285 35, ,54 6 7,88 66, ,389 35, ,55 6 7,74 66, ,53 36, , ,080 66, ,674 36, , ,768 66,63 202,832 36, , ,566 66,772 Labor force status 203,000 36, , ,84 66, ,66 36, ,66 6 6,633 66,872 Unemployment rates 203,364 36, , ,657 66, ,570 36, ,76 6 6,678 67,3 203,767 36, ,90 6 6,496 67,36 203,94 36, , ,289 67, ,098 37, , ,392 66,929 All workers Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black Hispanic origin NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. Summary table B. Employment, hours, and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P P Employment private... Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance insurance and real estate Services Government 20,659 0,45 24, , ,288 6, ,962 34,884 9,54 20,909 0,380 24, , ,328 6,35 6,570 2,97 6,97 34,990 9,529 2,62 0,65 24, ,604 8, ,376 6,593 2,922 6,980 35,09 9,547 2,344 0,799 24, ,609 8,489 96,674 6,405 6, ,992 35,76 9,545 2,67 02,092 24, ,599 8,495 97,004 6,42 6,622 22,029 7,09 35,334 9,579 2,834 02,269 24, ,628 8, ,43 6,630 22,026 7,029 35,45 9,565 22,056 02,47 24, ,622 8,58 97,342 6,434 6,634 22,079 7,034 35,522 9,639 22,440 02,72 24, ,625 8,54 97,727 6,443 6,664 22,59 7,058 35,684 9,79 Overthemonth change 22,492 02,688 24, ,637 8,555 97,727 6,289 6,675 22,89 7,068 35,702 9,804 22,792 03,078 24, ,642 8,553 98,02 6,473 6,687 22,25 7,082 35,850 9,74 23,083 03,334 24, ,650 8,590 98,269 6,497 6,72 22,258 7,08 35,945 9,749 23,495 03,733 24, ,680 8,639 98,604 6,498 6,730 22,373 7,32 36,09 9,762 23,865 04,08 24, ,730 8,678 98,885 6,488 6,743 22,425 7,55 36,290 9,784 private... Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Hours of work private Manufacturing.. Overtime Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (982=00)' private Manufacturing Earnings Average hourly earnings, total private: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars 2 Average weekly earnings, total private $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $8 N.A Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate these series. N.A. not available. p preliminary.

17 Chart. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, Thousands 26,000 Thousands 26, Chart 2. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, NOTE: Beginning in 990, data reflect 990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. Beginning in 994, data reflect the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. Beginning in, data incorporate revisions in the population controls used in the survey. These changes affect comparability with data for prior periods. Data for have been revised based on the experience through December.

18 HOUSEHOLD DATA HISTORICAL A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 964 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year and month Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages ,485 26,53 28,058 29,874 32,028 34,335 73,09 74,455 75,770 77,347 78,737 80, ,305 7,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77, ,523 4,36 3,979 3,844 3,87 3,606 64,782 66,726 68,95 70,527 72,03 74,296 3,786 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,87 2,832 5,394 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,29 53, ,085 40,26 44,26 47,096 50,20 53,53 56,50 59,033 6,90 64,863 82,77 84,382 87,034 89,429 9,949 93,775 96,58 99,009 02,25 04, ,678 79,367 82,53 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,07 96,048 98, ,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,55 3,408 3,33 3,283 3,387 3,347 75,25 75,972 78,669 8,594 83,279 82,438 85,42 88,734 92,66 95,477 4,093 5,06 4,882 4,365 5,56 7,929 7,406 6,99 6,202 6, ,35 55,834 57,09 57,667 58,7 59,377 59,99 60,025 59,659 59, ,745 70,30 72,27 74,25 76,383 78,206 80,587 82,753 84,63 86,393 06,940 08,670 0,204,550 3,544 5,46 7,834 9,865 2,669 23, ,303 00,397 99,526 00,834 05,005 07,50 09,597 2,440 4,968 7, ,364 3,368 3,40 3,383 3,32 3,79 3,63 3,208 3,69 3,99 95,938 97,030 96,25 97,450 0,685 03,97 06,434 09,232,800 4,42 7,637 8,273 0,678 0,77 8,539 8,32 8,237 7,425 6,70 6, ,806 6,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62, , ,., 2 89,64 90,925 92,805 94,838 96,84 98, ,59 203,33 25,840 26,346 28,05 29,200 3,056 32,304 33,943 36, ,793 7,78 8,492 20,259 23,060 24,900 26,708 29, ,223 3,269 3,247 3,5 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 5,570 4,449 5,245 7,44 9,65 2,460 23,264 26,59 7,047 8,628 9,63 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6, ,324 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 3 : December. 20,636 35, , ,423 24,476 7,6 66,576 : January February... March April May June July August September October November. December. 202, , ,53 202, , , ,66 203, , , ,94 204,098 35,729 35,689 36,5 36,043 36,060 36,206 36,294 36,404 36,439 36,406 36,864 37, ,54 28,55 29,035 29,275 29,494 29,392 29,66 29,747 29,76 29,90 30,575 30, ,453 3,340 3,387 3,462 3,48 3,389 3,452 3,379 3,422 3,327 3,384 3,385 25,088 25,75 25,648 25,83 26,076 26,003 26,209 26,368 26,339 26,583 27,9 27,392 7,88 7,74 7,080 6,768 6,566 6,84 6,633 6,657 6,678 6,496 6,289 6,392 66,556 66,700 66,398 66,63 66,772 66,794 66,872 66,960 67,3 67,36 67,077 66,929 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 Beginning in January, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. 3 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A through A2 have been revised based on the experience through December. Data for are subject to revision. See the article in this issue for additional information.

19 HOUSEHOLD DATA HISTORICAL A2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 986 to date (Numbers in thousands) Sex, year, and month Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages MEN 85,798 86,899 87, ,207 66,927 67, ,892 62,07 63, ,5 2,543 2,493 2,53 58,38 59,564 60,780 6,802 4,530 4,0 3,655 3, ,376 20,692 20,930 20, ,377 9,278 92,270 93,332 94,355 95,78 96,206 97,75 69,0 69,68 69,964 70,404 70,87 7,360 72, ,04 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69, ,546 2, ,554 2,559 2,573 2,552 62,559 6,634 6,866 62,87 63,896 64,88 65,634 67,33 3,906 4,946 5,523 5,055 4,367 3,983 3,880 3, ,367 22,0 22,306 22,927 23,538 23,88 24,9 24,454 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 3 : December 96,742 72, , ,65 66,58 3,69 24,278 : January... February... March April May June July August September October November, December, 97,264 97,320 97,387 97,474 97,559 97,649 97,733 97,838 97, ,4 98,225 73,052 73,00 73,64 73,84 73,089 73,225 73,28 73,265 73,92 73,3 73,682 73, ,209 69,248 69,45 69,565 69, ,748 69, , , ,64 2,60 2,583 2,572 2,504 2,552 2,468 2,503 2,497 66,597 66,727 66, ,003 67,39 67,244 67,04 67, ,843 3,753 3, ,324 3,639 3,507 3,57 3,536 3,526 3,330 3,467 24,22 24,39 24,223 24,290 24,470 24,424 24,55 24,573 24,754 24,739 24,459 24,563 Annual averages WOMEN 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,630 52,43 53,658 54,742 56, , ,054 49,668 5,020 52,34 3,707 3,324 3,046 3, ,95 42,04 4, ,646 00,535 0,506 02,460 03,406 04, ,78 58,4 58,795 60,239 60,944 6, , ,052 54,90 56,60 57,523 58,50 59, ,0 52,85 53,380 54,273 55,755 56,642 57,630 59,026 3,40 3, ,885 3,629 3,42 3,356 3, ,957 42,468 42,394 42,7 42,22 42,462 42, Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 3 : December 04, , ,470 42,298 : January... February... March April May June July August September October... November December 05,022 05,068 05,27 05,200 05,274 05, ,527 05,623 05,78 05, ,688 62,95 62,859 62,97 62,98 63,076 63,39 63,247 63, , ,70 59,729 59,806 59,950 59,999 60,05 60, , ,49 58,448 58,80 58,889 58,92 59,000 59,070 59,24 59,235 59,266 59, ,345 3,42 3,33 3,49 3,242 3, ,40 3,42 2,970 2,959 2,925 42,345 42,380 42, ,357 42,388 42,376 42,623 42,67 42,366 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 Beginning in January, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. 3 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. Data for are subject to revision. See the article in this issue for additional information. 0

20 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionai population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutionai population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 20,636 35, , ,6 202,285 35, ,54 6 7,88 202,389 35, ,55 6 7,74 202,53 36, , , ,674 36, , , ,832 36, , , ,000 36, , ,84 203,66 36, ,66 6 6, ,364 36, , , ,570 36, ,76 6 6, ,767 36, ,90 6 6, ,94 36, , , ,098 37, , ,392 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutionai population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 96,742 72, , ,65 66,58 3,69 24,278 97,264 73, , ,62 66,597 3,843 24,22 97,320 73, , ,52 66,727 3,753 24,39 97,387 73, , ,577 66,838 3,749 24,223 97,474 73, , ,64 66,924 3,69 24,290 97,559 73, , ,60 67,55 3,324 24,470 97,649 73, , ,583 67,003 3,639 24,424 97,733 73, , ,572 67,39 3,507 24,55 97,838 73, , ,504 67,244 3,57 24,573 97,946 73, , ,552 67,04 3,536 24,754 98,050 73,3 7 69, ,468 67,37 3,526 24,739 98,4 73, , ,503 67,849 3,330 24,459 98,225 73, , ,497 67,698 3,467 24,563 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutionai population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 89,040 68, , ,377 63,078 2,969 20,66 89,446 68, , ,369 63,487 3,093 20,497 89,556 68, , ,33 63,547 3,02 20,684 89,604 69, ,03 7 2,357 63,674 3,009 20,564 89,680 69, ,98 7 2,4 63,787 2,909 20,573 89,766 68, , ,402 63,907 2,68 20,776 89,829 69, , ,396 63,860 2,899 20,672 89,888 69, ,36 7 2,390 63,97 2,80 20,77 89,982 69, , ,3 64,075 2,82 20,784 90,068 69, , ,383 63,95 2,838 20,932 90,40 69, , ,298 64,039 2,856 20,947 90,25 69, , ,323 64,50 2,676 20,75 90,339 69, , ,34 64,362 2,885 20,778 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutionai population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 04,894 62, , ,38 3,470 42,298 05,022 62, , ,49 3,345 42,345 05,068 62, , ,448 3,42 42,380 05,27 62, , ,80 3,33 42,76 05,200 62, , ,889 3,49 42,34 05,274 62, , ,92 3,242 42,303 05,35 62, , ,000 3,75 42,370 05,433 63, , ,070 3,26 42,357 05,527 63, , ,24 3,40 42,388 05,623 63, , ,235 3,42 42,376 05,78 63, , ,266 2,970 42,623 05,799 63, , ,342 2,959 42,67 05,873 63, , ,694 2,925 42,366 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutionai population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 97,457 58, , ,04 2,86 38,726 97,520 58, , ,29 2,754 38,688 97,57 58, , ,247 2,770 38,780 97,638 59, , ,570 2,748 38,568 97,685 58, , ,582 2,68 38,70 97,767 59, , ,728 2,64 38,638 97,834 59, , ,820 2,620 38,639 97,99 59, , ,862 2,539 38,687 98,000 59, , ,965 2,573 38,638 98,082 59, , ,057 2,549 38,650 98,44 59, , ,05 2,49 38,806 98,22 59, , ,20 2,395 38,864 98,300 59, , ,40 2,369 38,676 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutionai population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 5,39 7, , ,294, ,234 5,38 7, , ,30, ,370 5,26 8, , ,38, ,235 5,27 8, , ,404, ,266 5,309 7, , ,444,24 7,348 5,300 7, , ,44,244 7,359 5,336 7, , ,323, ,482 5,359 7, , ,376, ,468 5,382 7, , ,328, ,538 5,420 7, , ,367, ,549 5,483 7, , ,439,22 7,608 5,478 8, , ,570,28 7,462 5,459 7, , ,620,38 7,475 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A3 through A2 will not necessar/fy add to totals because oi the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information.

21 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec, WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio..., Unemployment rate, Men, 20 years and over 69,044 4, , ,266 69,436 4, ,54 6 5,57 69,492 4, ,2 6 5,5 69,569 4, , ,069 69,675 4, ,72 6 4,846 69,782 4, , ,656 69,897 4, , ,880 70,00 4, ,85 6 4,77 70,48 4, , ,837 70,290 4, , ,854 70,427 4, , ,72 70,545 5, , ,469 70,649 5, , ,534 Percent of population, Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 58, ,40 7 2,242 58, ,68 7 2,38 58, ,73 7 2,248 59, , ,26 59, , ,47 59, ,033 7,968 59, , ,9 59, ,0 7 2,085 59, ,0 7 2,07 59, , ,2 59, , ,32 59, ,363 7,992 59, , ,7 Women, 20 years and over, Percent of population, Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 48, , ,078 48, , ,895 48, , ,882 48, , ,908 48, , ,790 48, , ,823 48, , ,800 48, , ,78 48, , ,788 48, , ,790 48, , ,692 48, , ,64 49, , ,660 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate Men Women 6, , , , , , ,72 5 5, , , ,76 5 5, , , , , ,64 5 5, , , ,70 5 5, ,82 5 5, , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population, Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate, 23,794 5, , , ,847 5, , , ,872 5, , , ,895 5, , , ,923 5, , , ,950 5, , , ,978 5, , , ,006 5, , , ,043 5, , , ,08 5,69 6 4, , ,7 5, , , ,49 5, , , ,80 5, , ,560 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 7, , , , , , , , ,64 6 6, ,67 6 6, ,67 6 6, ,69 6 7, ,77 6 7, , , , , ,73 6 7, ,79 6 7, See footnotes at end of table. 2

22 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. BLACKContinued Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate Men Women HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate, 9,505 3, , ,03 3, ,554 6, ,067 3, ,529 6, ,9 3, , , ,80 3, , , ,236 3, ,73 6, ,293 3, ,75 6, ,35 3, ,772 6, ,407 3, ,867 6, ,464 3, ,807 6, ,59 3, ,806 6, ,575 3, , ,629 3, ,92 6, The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 3

23 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Full and parttime status, sex, and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 04,786 6,429 60,89 43,350 42,463 2,34 05,6 6,620 60,397 43,420 42,578 2,4 05, 6,83 60,589 43,243 42,375 2,47 05,63 6,728 60,423 43,867 42,952 2,256 05,862 62,055 60,767 43,778 42,943 2,52 06,095 62,60 60,863 43,92 43,085 2,47 06,343 62,245 60,976 44,46 43,28 2,086 06,548 62,332 6,038 44,304 43,364 2,46 06,672 62,376 6,0 44,375 43,468 2,03 06,926 62,487 6,97 44,436 43,58 2,2 06,824 62,439 6,42 44,369 43,479 2,203 07,49 63,04 6,672 44,452 43,546 2,273 07,452 62,829 6,505 44,589 43,69 2,256 Parttime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 23,74 7,432 5,345 5,786 3,398 4,43 23,458 7,474 5,393 5,943 3,584 4,48 23,28 7,333 5,50 5,947 3,60 4,52 23,4 7,640 5,532 5,802 3,369 4,50 23,322 7,439 5,378 5,899 3,405 4,539 23,327 7,487 5,326 5,86 3,400 4,60 22,987 7,323 5,260 5,689 3,280 4,447 23,06 7,375 5,323 5,628 3,290 4,403 23,06 7,436 5,355 5,623 3,29 4,45 23,004 7,348 5,278 5,652 3,366 4,360 23,63 7,40 5,255 5,766 3,432 4,476 23,244 7,432 5,226 5,802 3,447 4,57 23,422 7,459 5,257 6,04 3,559 4,606 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 5,752 3,48 2,743 2,593 2, ,774 3,97 2,829 2,522 2, ,662 3,099 2,759 2,52 2, ,670 3,0 2,746 2,52 2, ,375 2,986 2,65 2,40 2, ,300 2,855 2,487 2,472 2, ,480 3,64 2,669 2,395 2,25 5,329 2,96 2,585 2,344 2, ,305 2,958 2,568 2,369 2,6 62 5,309 2,984 2,57 2,36 2, ,25 2,99 2,600 2,254, ,987 2,834 2,466 2,205, ,203 2,994 2,689 2,220, Looking for parttime work Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, , , , , , , , , , , , , UNEMPLOYMENT RATES Fulltime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Parttime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years These rates reflect a refined definition of the full and parttime labor force and differ from the rates published elsewhere in this publication prior to 994. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 4

24 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A6. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. MARfTAL STATUS Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 27,899 42,533 32,599 7,562 28,54 42,85 32,77 7,536 28,55 42,489 32,597 7,585 29,035 42,502 32,690 7,696 29,275 42,426 32,549 7,790 29,494 42,375 32,520 7,820 29,392 42,476 32,654 7,820 29,66 42,582 32,83 7,875 29,747 42,680 32,86 7,892 29,76 42,648 32,846 7,876 29,90 42,77 32,978 7,865 30,575 42,967 32,840 7,726 30,777 42,952 32,975 7,822 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 37,206 37,96 7,224 3,667 8,349 3,509 37,46 38,082 7,206 3,878 8,304 3,59 37,462 38,073 7,239 4,068 8,220 3,439 37,68 38,53 7,39 4,38 8,267 3,53 37,57 38,43 7,326 4,26 8,382 3,572 37,356 38,304 7,48 4,279 8,593 3,62 37,549 38,88 7,450 4,282 8,540 3,502 37,598 38,240 7,550 4,234 8,476 3,53 37,765 38,334 7,73 4,038 8,452 3,442 37,860 38,535 7,746 3,859 8,302 3,483 37,844 38,537 7,723 4,05 8,385 3,438 37,986 38,540 7,827 4,9 8,467 3,52 38,205 38,562 7,890 4,299 8,394 3,472 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Private industries Private households Other industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,909, ,96 96, ,060 8,2 9,47 43,955, ,43 97, ,99 8,247 9,399 68,92, ,949 97, ,9 8,44 9,2 36,90, ,43 98, ,464 8,067 9,29 09,952, ,55 98, ,544 8,048 9,24 33,97, ,874 99, ,063 7,863 9,098 42,92, ,642 98, ,64 8,3 9,089 28,897, ,46 98, ,932 8,303 8,927 29,853, ,372 99, ,234 8,203 8,955 26,889, ,303 99, ,37 8,09 8,949 83,85, ,635 99, ,683 8,075 8,930 92,855, ,083 99, ,003 8,70 9,004 97,844, ,403 00, ,209 8,248 8, PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 4,345 2,379,653 7,758 4,39 2,39,564 8,20 4,250 2,365,550 8,06 4,62 2,340,59 8,44 4,360 2,402,625 8,55 4,060 2,295,440 8,28 4,049 2,347,373 8,205 4,09 2,236,489 8,055 3,988 2,64,487 8,096 3,928 2,87,455 7,90 3,93 2,2,406 8,3 3,890 2,22,386 8,083 3,855 2,230,323 8,386 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 4,64 2,24,622 7,78 4,099 2,273,527 7,575 4,075 2,259,52 7,46 3,957 2,20,484 7,559 4,204 2,279,599 7,588 3,853 2,66,402 7,654 3,89 2,202,320 7,577 3,858 2,2,462 7,452 3,832 2,066,455 7,52 3,739 2,067,47 7,38 3,732 2,03,378 7,537 3,689 2,00,346 7,486 3,654 2,3,29 7,79 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

25 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over 27,899 8,730 6,574 2,657 3,90 2,56 09,47 93,50 5,663 68,773 28,54 8,920 6,607 2,644 3,943 2,33 09,644 93,876 5,780 69,209 28,55 8,965 6,634 2,672 3,966 2,33 09,492 93,759 5,772 69,248 29,035 9,022 6,682 2,648 4,025 2,340 0,007 94,009 5,999 69,45 29,275 9,069 6,720 2,702 4,00 2,349 0,24 94,225 5,929 69,565 29,494 9,9 6,697 2,65 4,05 2,494 0,337 94,225 6,03 69,765 29,392 8,99 6,559 2,628 3,943 2,360 0,487 94,540 5,892 69,586 29,66 9,07 6,607 2,622 3,982 2,40 0,60 94,77 5,934 69,7 29,747 8,855 6,572 2,567 3,976 2,283 0,858 94,90 6,063 69,748 29,76 9,03 6,580 2,640 3,936 2,433 0,83 94,772 6,04 69,656 29,90 9,002 6,654 2,680 3,976 2,348 0,964 94,707 6,220 69,785 30,575 9,257 6,798 2,680 4,8 2,459,25 94,859 6,47 70,352 30,777 9,304 6,846 2,676 4,76 2,458,445 94,94 6,523 70,95 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 9,76 3,38,327,988 6,443 58,999 50,286 8,737 9,926 3,353,39 2,09 6,573 59,270 50,468 8,795 9,938 3,388,37 2,09 6,550 59,293 50,488 8,786 9,98 3,384,343 2,034 6,534 59,479 50,549 8,928 9,943 3,367,349 2,06 6,576 59,599 50,652 8,92 0,34 3,456,338 2,26 6,678 59,639 50,680 8,958 9,904 3,328,338 2,00 6,576 59,67 50,772 8,858 9,929 3,350,33 2,007 6,579 59,78 50,858 8,932 9,895 3,362,339,996 6,533 59,850 50,906 9,007 9,880 3,358,360,980 6,522 59,877 50,87 9,009 9,889 3,448,398 2,075 6,44 59,952 50,867 9,060 0,070 3,528,40 2,28 6,542 60,234 5,25 9,52 0,00 3,59,377 2,5 6,49 60,68 5,034 9,5 Women, 6 years and over 59,26 59,332 59,267 59,620 59,70 59,729 59,806 59,950 59,999 60,05 60,25 60,223 60,582 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 8,969 3,256,330,922 5,73 50,48 43,224 6,926 8,994 3,254,325,924 5,740 50,374 43,408 6,985 9,027 3,246,30,947 5,78 50,99 43,27 6,986 9,04 3,298,305,99 5,806 50,528 43,460 7,07 9,26 3,353,353,994 5,773 50,642 43,573 7,008 9,057 3,24,277,979 5,86 50,698 43,545 7,073 9,05 3,23,290,942 5,784 50,86 43,768 7,034 9,088 3,257,29,975 5,83 50,829 43,859 7,002 8,960 3,20,228,980 5,750 5,008 44,004 7,056 9,33 3,222,280,956 5,9 50,954 43,90 7,095 9,3 3,206,282,90 5,907 5,02 43,840 7,60 9,87 3,270,279,990 5,97 5,07 43,734 7,265 9,294 3,327,299 2,025 5,967 5,277 43,907 7,372 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 6

26 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over... 7,6 7,88 7,74 7,080 6,768 6,566 6,84 6,633 6,657 6,678 6,496 6,289 6,392 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,540, ,209 4,692 4, ,59, ,250 4,564 4, ,578, ,86 4,592 4, ,522, ,99 4,547 4, ,434, ,93 4,287 3, ,36, ,7 4,249 3, ,426, ,3 4,37 3, ,350, ,066 4,245 3, ,393, ,2 4,296 3, ,408, ,7 4,304 3, ,375, ,54 4,22 3, ,360, ,42 3,923 3, ,300, ,62 4,49 3, Men, 6 years and over 3,69 3,843 3,753 3,749 3,69 3,324 3,639 3,507 3,57 3,536 3,526 3,330 3,467 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,38 2, , ,393 2,24 293, ,38 2, , ,359 2,052 33, ,272, , ,56, , ,292 2, , ,20, , ,220,92 284, ,82,90 276, ,76, , ,005, , ,23, Women, 6 years and over 3,470 3,345 3,42 3,33 3,49 3,242 3,75 3,26 3,40 3,42 2,970 2,959 2,925 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,374 2,20 253, ,7,960 2, ,2 2,006 99, ,88, , ,05,773 27, ,093,909 26, ,079, , ,044,822 24, ,076, , ,22, , ,946,749 95, ,98,734 94, ,936, NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 7

27 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. Unemployment rates by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Age and sex Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over... 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 8

28 A0. Unemployment rates by occupation, Industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted (Percent) HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Category Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. CHARACTERISTIC Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair, Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing, INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction, Manufacturing, Durable goods Nondurable goods, Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 9

29 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reason Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A2. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Duration Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks... 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 2,622 2,382 2,78 989,89 2,678 2,25 2,50 964,86 2,580 2,34 2,58,03,27 2,68 2,325 2,079,003,076 2,47 2,77 2,088,033,055 2,542 2,067 2,076,054,022 2,54 2,88 2,069,03,038 2,446 2,097 2,28,06,067 2,564 2,2 2, ,077 2,484 2,5 2,09,03,078 2,558,92,990 99,07 2,423 2,048, ,53,922, ,028 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 20

30 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) December Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricuttural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 204,098 5,459 7,895 7,564 7,535 7,8 39,47 8,82 20,335 44,34 22,583 2,55 33,900 8,580 5,320 2,85,890 9,96 32,07 9,428 8,53 4,3 36,742 7,558 3,057 4,50 3,505 98,664 33,3 5,9 7,202 37,508 9,0 8,407 28,043 5,632 2, ,60, ,785 6,64 2,59 4,022 2,46 95,22 3,775 5, ,05 8,324 7,780 27,243 5,20 2,042 2,655 7,978 4,677 3,933 2,0, , , ,682 6,450 2,506 3,943 2,205 93,35 3,080 4,90 6,70 35,345 7,93 7,432 26,70 4,937,773 2,290 7,767 4,523 3,603,95, , ,044 3,542, , ,356 7,90 4,838 3,063 4,030 8,57 6,034 2,90 3,33 6,626 3,482 3,44 5,856 2,948 2, ,034 7,268 7, Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 98,225 7,886 4,069 3,87 8,770 57,589 9,278 9,27 0,007 2, ,640 6,526 9,08 7,48 0,44 5,724 4,77 3,539 4,32 3,734 5,494 73,53 3,803, ,03 52,805 7,933 8,538 9,395 20,093 0,333 9, , ,059 4,467 2, , ,325,29 2,033 6,464 50,93 7,9 8,39 9,052 9,386 9,93 9,455 4,336 8,033 6,303 6,84 4,326 2,54 2,306, , , ,564 3,90,228,963 6,269 49,464 6,67 7,94 8,757 8,824 9,628 9,96 3,969 7, ,44 2, , , ,072 4,083 2,534,549,667 4,784, , , ,382,257 2,25,57 3,059 3,088 5,00 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 05,873 7, ,748 8,765 59,593 9,869 9,54 0,328 22, ,9 7,374 9,472 7,902,40 6,66 5, ,6 4,797 8,69 63,589 3,755,522 2,233 6, ,806 7, ,265 7,363 5,903 5,98 3,78 2,200, ,936 3,289, ,997 44,209 4,584 7,07 7,53 6,79 8,394 8,325 2,907 7,68 5,739 5,84 3,65 2,63, ,8 3,259,279, ,67 4,409 6,996 7,43 6,52 8,285 8,235 2,74 7,097 5, ,580 2,08, , , , ,304,55 2,363 3, ,670 2,265 4,09 2,09 2, ,448 3,044 6,878 4,209 4,3 8,358 See footnotes at end of table. 2

31 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force WHITE 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over , , ,79 5,46 6,573 36,472 8,567 7,905 28,77 5,652 3, ,23 8,589 28,562 8, ,699 4,867 6,380 2,625 3, ,00 2,984 4,6 3,279 5,874 5,406 24,085 3,267 0,88,350 7,69 4,8 3,623,935, ,662 5,773 2,37 3,457 0,340 79, , ,296 5,325 4,972 23,462 2,939 0, ,527,884, , , ,77 5,64 2,233 3,382 0,04 78,053 25,504 2,223 3,28 29,585 4,945 4,640 22,963 2,690 0,274 0,740 6,80 3,930 3,206, , , ,782 5, ,26 2,999 4,498 4,69 2,62 2,456 5,93 2,694 2,499 4,686 2,385 2,30 7,47 3,063 4,409 24,940 6,338 6,56 2,04 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 82,942 6,292 3,222 3,070 7,27 48, , , ,945 4,224 7,77 6,453 9,084 4,973 4,2 2,09 3,83 3,357 4,922 62,545 3,292,338,954 5,904 44,92 4,974 7,08 7,866 7,083 8,770 8,33 2, ,753 6,268 3,97 2,296 2,6, ,28 2,966,70,797 5,464 43,52 4, ,6 6, ,09 2,56 6, ,086 3,862 2, , , ,965 2,834,07,728 5,282 42,58 3,93 6,607 7,324 6, ,848 2,75 6,746 5,429 5,859 3,729 2,30, , , ,397 3,000,884,6,223 3, , , ,87,002,85 9,949 2,692 2,766 4,49 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 87,707 5,963 3,07 2, ,855 7,573 8,282 8,230 9,270 8,960 4,547 7,88 6,667 9,736 5,259 4,478 6,453 4,442 4,233 7,778 52,322 3,088,287,802 5,47 37,543 2,26 5,876 6,25 4,97 7,04 7,093,220 6, ,98,884, ,534 2,807,47,660 4,875 36,44,739 5,687 6,053 3,729 6,848 6,880 0,946 6,02 4,934 5,000 3,48,852, ,753 2,780,26,654 4,822 35,895,573 5,66 5,957 3, ,943 4,845 4,880 3,08,799, , , ,875,730,44,776,089 3,729,697 2,03 4,033 2,66,867 3,327,726,60 4,655 2,06 2,593 4,99 3,646 3,795 7,550 See footnotes at end of table. 22

32 A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) December HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force BLACK 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 24,80 2,45,250,66 2,532 4,367 5,26 2,593 2, ,866 2,594 3,647 2,44,503 2,95, , ,093 5, ,837,5 4,340 2, 2,230 4,42 2, ,759,77.042, , ,074 4,086 2, ,637 99, , ,549 0,624 62,898 2,064 4,054 2,09, , , , , ,025 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 0,847, ,6 6,495 2,358,74,84 2,497,323,74, , , ,045 2,06, , , , ,99, ,974, , , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 3,333, ,37 7,872 2,903,49,484 2,963,543,42 2,006,72 834, , ,09 2,306,22,84 2,35.206, ,663 2,28,06.2 2,66,09,057, ,05, , O 4, , , Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 23

33 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 20,636 34, ,903 3,3 24,772 6,680 67, ,098 36, ,785 3,03 27,682 5,957 67,356 89,040 68, ,326 2,23 63,2 2,90 20,83 90,339 69, ,524 2,5 64,373 2,826 20,989 97,457 58, , ,538 2,640 38,564 98,300 59, , ,859 2,87 38,466 5,39 7, , ,2,39 7,676 5,459 7, , , ,90 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 69,044 3, ,686 2,935 05,75 4,887 55,47 70,649 4, ,662 2,945 07,77 4,205 55,782 75,75 58, ,302 2,059 54,244 2,208 7,240 76,650 59, ,62 2,032 55,3 2,09 7,397 8,285 48, , ,7,880 32,545 8,744 49, , ,973,507 32,50 2,008 6, , , ,685 2,255 6, , , ,875 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 23,794 5, , ,660, ,54 24,80 5, , ,57, ,495 9,495 6, , , ,686 9,659 6, , , ,74,9 7,58 6 6, , ,33 2,06 7, , , ,266 2, ,523 2, ,55 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 24

34 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) December Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years... 8,76 2, ,904 5,95 3, ,64 3,55,6 470,4 6,58 4, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students ,764,288 3, ,67, ,5 5,077 3,967,0 238, ,877 3,703 3, Men, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 9, ,97 4,328 2,562, , ,05, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students ,885 43, , ,484,598, Women, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years ,978 3,034 4,576 2,632, ,246 2,355, ,56, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 4,29 4,72 4, ,697 2,879 2, ,469 2,776 2, ,394 2, White, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 4,529 9,737 4,792 7,552 4,47 3, ,068 4,095 2,973, ,745 3,77 2, Men Women 7, ,739 3, , ,742 3, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 7,47 7,382 6,325,057 3,07 4,48 3, ,758 4,30 3, , ,574 3,7 2, Black, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 2,524, Men Women, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students Hispanic origin, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 2,077, Men Women,059, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students, See footnotes at end of table. 25

35 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years ,58 2,363 9, , ,945,392 7,553, , , Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 3, ,350 2,582 5,467 2, , ,660,25,597 3,96 2,284, Men, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 7,49,639 5, ,842,039 4,803 5, , Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 2,54 3,309, ,343 2, ,25 2,37, Women, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 7,326,595 5,73 80,22 4, , ,07 3, ,7, Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates,727 83, ,462, ,22, ,546, White, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years, , , ,045,678 7,367 7,493, , , Men Women ,732 5,456 4, ,966 4,079 4,433 3, , Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 5 5,083 2,30 2,047 4,407 2,327, , ,225,064,362 3, Black, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years ,834,82 377, ,203, Men Women,46, Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree, College graduates Hispanic origin, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 2, ,082 2, , ,494, Men Women,499,224, ,68 698, Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates, t ) Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 977, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 26

36 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A6. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race (In thousands) December Fulltime workers Parttime workers Age, sex, and race 35 hours or more At work to34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons Not at work Part time for economic reasons At work 2 Part time for noneconomic reasons Not at work Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 06,68,863 84,679 04,755 8,694 96,06 83,960 2,02 95,34,542 44,397 93,800 7,740 86,059 75,473 0,587 8, , ,628 6,526,02 2, , ,374, ,67 4,75 2,407 2,343 9,46 3,767 5,649,62 4,486 2, ,32 486,836, ,294 4,322 2,27 2,05 5,972 3,02 2,87 8,963 3,907, , , , ,493 3,87 306, Men, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 62,27,07 6,057 4,976 56,08 48,79 7,362 56, ,45 4,46 50,999 44,465 6,533 4, , ,757 3,60 597,49 26,393 68,325, ,72 2,254 5,467,488 3,979 2,95,785, ,200 2,046 4,54,25 2,939,46, , , ,039, Women, 6 years and over, 6 to 9 years, 20 years and over, 20 to 24 years, 25 years and over, 25 to 54 years, 55 years and over, 44, ,698 3,78 39,98 35,24 4,739 39, ,385 3,324 35,060 3,007 4,053 4, , ,87 3, ,56 6,40 9, ,445 2,497 3,949 2,279,670 8,968 2,702,496 46,349 28, ,094 2,276,88,886 9,932 7,547 2, ,00 26,785 33,454, White Men, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 53, ,507 4,225 48,28 4,78 6,563 48, ,65 3,767 43,884 38,055 5,829 3, , ,259 2, ,220 22,98 60, ,692 2,036 4,656,239 3,46,803, ,432,855 3,577,006 2,57,75, ,05 42, ,59, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over, 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 36, ,53 3,008 32,505 28,482 4,023 3, ,89 2,725 28,464 25,06 3,448 3, , ,25 2, ,367 2,53 2,23,868 0,346 7,932 2,44, ,509,999 0,50,592 8,98 6,787 2, ,303 23, Black Men, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , ,273 4, , , ,80 4, Women, 6 years and over, 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years, 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6, , ,504 4, , , ,839 4, ,472 25, , persons are classified as full or parttime workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work also are classified according to their usual status. 2 includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 27

37 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. persons by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Men Women Occupation 6 years and over 6 years and over 20 years and over 6 years and over 20 years and over 27,903 30,785 68,434 69,849 65,326 66,524 59,469 60,936 56,253 57,647 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 37,4 7, ,929 4,290 9,528 2,023, , , ,762 38,46 8, ,272 4,662 9,753 2,032, ,063 2, , ,70 9,246 0, ,889,880 9,097,838, , ,276 9,582 0, ,944,986 9,234,85, , ,22 9,8 0, ,855,864 9,08, , ,27 9,473 0, ,902,982 9,73,852, , ,87 8,65 7, ,040 2,40 0, ,49 4 3, ,487 8,834 8,35 3 5,328 2,676 0, , , ,480 8,036 7, ,002 2,399 0, , , ,46 8,688 8, ,297 2,67 0, , , ,427 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, Including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, Including clerical 38,208 4,026,680,80,66 5,645 4,504 2,6,5 6, , ,757 2, ,474 38,79 4,22,647,302,262 6,077 4,584 2,692,68 7, , ,638 2, ,609 3,57, ,73 2,766,473,35 2, , ,69 3,899 2, , ,936 2,794,462,20 2, , ,639 2,85, ,247 2,733,463,29, , ,442 3,077, ,366 2,776,45,95,9 33 3, ,462 24,637 2,082, ,94,738, , , ,662 2, ,856 24,892 2,83, ,4,790, , , ,552 2, ,97 22,923 2,060, ,80,73, , , ,560 2, ,438 23,43 2,52, ,946,750, , , ,454, ,589 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Foodservice Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 7, ,05 4,53 6,047 2,407 2,986 2,73 7, ,323 4,528 6,48 2,53 3,037 2,82 6,73 42,75 4,955 2,49 268, ,093 64,925 5,03 2,69 298, ,846 33,668 4,45, , , ,20, , , ,97 3,556 2,39,300 2,202 0, ,424 3,529 2,234,360 2,30 9, ,93 2,83 2,06,243 2,058 9, ,388 2,820 2,5,300 2,53 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,595 4,57 5,20 3,876 4,23 4,828 5,298 4,087 2,384 4,356 5,090 2,938 2,95 4,644 5,87 3,20 2,49 4,284 4,976 2,889 2,646 4,57 5,05 3,078, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 8,435 7,955 5,346 4,40,206 5,35 8 4,324 8,495 7,897 5,496 4,276,220 5, ,367 3,936 5,043 4,83 3,655,58 4, ,303 3,85 4,820 4,969 3,805,64 4, ,39 2,969 4,870 4,74 3,56,53 3, ,660 2,843 4,643 4,855 3,708,47 3, ,693 4,500 2, ,056 34,02 4,680 3, ,076 28,048 4,290 2, ,469 3, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,64,223,94 3,32,282,849 2, ,624 2, ,533 2, ,44 2, , N O T E: Beginning in January 977, data reflect population controls used in the household survey. 28

38 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. persons by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Men Women TOTAL, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 27,903 30,785 68,434 69,849 59,469 60,936 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing White, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 08,686 0,662 59,058 60,28 49,628 50,534 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 3,782 4,248 6,508 6,68 7,274 7,630 Managerial and professional specialty, Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations, Administrative support, including clerical, Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Less than.05 percent. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 29

39 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. persons by industry and occupation (In thousands) December Industry employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3, ,009 20,895 2,553 8,342 9,50 27,24 4,803 22,32 8,434 47, ,85 3,768 5, ,334 2,889,739,49,369 2, ,806 2,474 6,66 4 6,62 4,070, ,987, ,32 8 5,24 3, , ,498 2, ,98 9,56 2,00,206, ,942, ,394 2,28 680,538 2,765 7, ,269 5,323, , , ,09 5 9,058 5,640, ,639 3,942 2,802,40,306,56 332, ,30 2, ,320 3,65 2, ,264, , , , , Includes protective service, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 30

40 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A20. persons in agriculture and nonagricuitural industries by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) December Agriculture Nonagricuitural industries Age and sex Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Wage and salary workers Private industries Private household workers Other private industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over, , ,728 6,373 2,473 3,900,985 29,602 32,75 24,272 0,889 2,892 00,346 6,087 2,389 3,698 0,95 25,820 27,42 8,864 8,725 2, ,366 5,980 2,35 3,665 0,840 25,66 27,220 8,682 8,590 2,393 8, ,034 3,782 5,294 5,408 2, , ,460 2,603 2,403, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over,, , ,33 3,46,23,933 6,32 5,85 7,253 2,55 5,700,570 54,027 3,042,8,862 5,690 4,33 5,05 0,8 4,656, ,932 3,025,72,853 5,679 4,9 4,994 0,07 4,648,36 8, ,682 2,238 2,397, , ,563, Women, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over ,594 3,227,260,967 5,852 3,787 5,46,757 5,89,32 46,39 3,045,208,837 5,26,687 2,405 8,746 4,069, ,434 2,955,43,82 5,6,542 2,227 8,575 3,942,033 0, ,00 3,056 3,0, , , NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 3

41 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A2. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work December Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, 6 years and over 26,937 2,887 24,050 to 34 hours to 4 hours, 5 to 4 hours 5 to 29 hours 30 to 34 hours 30,678,87 5,35 5,476 8,880, ,666,6 4,874 4,987 8, hours and over 35 to 39 hours, 40 hours 4 hours and over 4 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 60 hours and over 96,259 8,763 46,394 4,02 5,07 5,303 0,782, , ,384 8,62 45,74 40,023 4,85 4,969 0, Average hours, total at work Average hours, persons who usually work full time NOTE: Detail on persons at work in tables A2 through A25 may not sum to the totals shown because of minor editing problems associated with the redesigned survey. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A22. Persons at work to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Reason for working less than 35 hours All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time, 6 years and over 30,678 8,70 2,977 29,666 8,393 2,273 Economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Seasonal work Job started or ended during week 3,869 2,323, ,449, ,420,5, ,644 2,88, ,36, ,328,059,26 52 Noneconomic reasons Childcare problems Other family or personal obligations, Health or medical limitations, In school or training Retired or Social Security limit on earnings Vacation or personal day Holiday, legal or religious Weatherrelated curtailment All other reasons 26, , ,04,973 2, ,047 7, , ,3 9, , ,957,973 3,96 26, , ,893,838 2, ,833 7, , ,056 8, , ,837,838 3,777 Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons, NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 32

42 A23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED December Worked 0 34 hours Average hours Industry and ciass of worker at work For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more at work Persons who usually work full time, 6 years and over 24,050 29,666 3,644 7,076 8,946 94, Wage and salary workers 5,655 26,907 3,238 6,555 7,4 88, Mining Construction 6,39, , Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 20,003 2,065 7,937 2,329,234, , ,674 0,832 6, Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 8,788 24,876 7,620,290 8,67, , ,498 6,709 6, Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 4, ,767 5,689, ,36 82,88 97, , , , , , ,63 4, Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8, , , , (M Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 33

43 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Worked to 34 hours Average hours Age, sex, race, and marital status at work For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more at work Persons who usually work full time TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 24,050 6,265 2,436 3,829 7,786,872 05,94 90,728 5,86 29,666 4,673 2,280 2,393 24,993 4,7 20,876 6,30 4,746 3, , ,688 2, , , ,35 5, ,946 4,48 2,83,965 4,798 2,926,872 8,370 3,502 94,384,592 56,435 92,793 7,755 85,038 74,598 0, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 65,875 3,097,86,9 62,778 6,37 56,64 48,356 8,285 0,88 2,22,090,22 8,606,784 6,822 4,866,956, , ,299, , , ,925 2, ,674,932, ,742,43 2,598,276,322 55, ,72 4,353 49,89 43,490 6, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 58,76 3,68,250,98 55,008 5,735 49,273 42,372 6,90 8,848 2,46,89,272 6,387 2,333 4,054,264 2,790, ,78 329,389, , , ,39 2, ,272 2,26,45,070,056,782 9,274 7,094 2,79 39, ,62 3,402 35,29 3,08 4, Race White, 6 years and over Men Women 04,645 56,492 48,52 25,502 9,303 6,99 2,80,434,376 5,975 2,908 3,067 6,77 4,96,756 79,42 47,89 3, Black, 6 years and over, Men Women 3,76 6,38 7,335 2,899,0, , ,000 0,87 5,370 5, Marital status Men, 6 years and oven Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated, Single (never married) 40,563 7,588 7,723 4,66,05 5, , , ,527 35,947 6,483 2, Women, 6 years and over. Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated, Single (never married), 3,446,842 4,887 0,063 3,068 5, , ,227,72 4,334 2,383 8,774 9, Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. household survey. NOTE: Beginning in, data reflect revised population controls used in the 34

44 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Worked to 34 hours Average hours Occupation and sex at work Cr\r For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more at work Persons who usually work full time, 6 years and over 24,009 29,68 3,622 7,063 8,996 94, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 37,390 8,87 9,203 37,732 4,8 5,66 7,999 7, ,252 4,09 3,73 7,960 7,698 5,328 4,935 6,672 2,533 4,38 0, ,607 4,997 6, ,084,954 3,649, , ,67,058,09 2, , ,972,29 2,682 7, ,449 3,400 5, , , ,78 5,654 5,065 27,263 3,253,008 3,002 0, ,92 8,007,758 4,3 6,604 4,384 3, Men, 6 years and over 65,654 0,739,743 3,366 5,630 54, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 9,7 0,084 9,033 3,69,988 7,786 3,845 6,943 64,858 5,02 2,508 3,467 4,724 4,85 3,928 2,43 943,200 2, , , ,680,697 2, , , , , ,87 49, ,974 9,4 7,833,224,699 6,439 3,085 4,97 28,602 3,34 0,82 0,934 4,20 4,046 2, ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Women, 6 years and over, 58,355 8,942,879 3,697 3,365 39, Managerial and professional specialty, Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 8,273 8,03 0,70 24,4 2,30 7,830 4,54 0, ,070,204 4,493 2,974 52,007 4,529,590 2,939 8, ,26 4,237 4, , , , , , , ,043 5, ,497 2,945 3, , ,744 6,52 7,232 6,040,554 4,569 9,97 5, , ,377 2, Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 35

45 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A26. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,525, ,774 3,304,33 495, ,56,42 665,349 2, , White, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,655, ,2 2, , , , Black, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) , 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,284, ,87, ,8, , White, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married), , , , Black, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) NOTE: Beginning in, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 36

46 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A27. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Men Women, 6 years and over, 6,680 5,957 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical, , Service occupations Private household, Protective service Service, except private household and protective, , ( 2 ) Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers, , ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 8.9 Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 37

47 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A28. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Industry Men Women, 6 years and over 6,680 5,957 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 5,59 4,699 Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal Industries Fabricated metal products Machinery and computing equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries ,423 55, , , , ,40 209, Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers No previous work experience NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 38

48 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A29. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,680 3,230,045 2,84, , ,957 3,05,053,998, , ,90, , ,826, , ,640, , ,87, , ,887 2, ,567, , ,205 2, ,420, ,78 24, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 39

49 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A30. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) December Reason, sex, and age unemployed Tnousanas of persons r erceni Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks Duration of unemployment Tntal Ulal 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over, 6 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,957 3,05,053,998, , Men, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,826, , Women, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,87, Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A3. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 0 weeks to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 27 to 5 weeks 52 weeks and over 6,680 2,33 2,406, , , ,957 2,243,949, , ,366,69,94,423 58, ,846,72,588,6 47, Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks NOTE: Beginning in, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 40

50 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A32. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment December Sex, age, race, and marital status Less than 5 weeks Thousands of persons 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Weeks Median duration TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 5, ,044,338, , , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 2, , Race White, 6 years and over Men Women 4,205 2,47,788, , , Black, 6 years and over Men Women, Marital status Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated. Single (never married),33 495, Women, 6 years and oven Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated. Single (never married) , Data not shown where base is less than 75,000 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 4

51 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A33. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment December Occupation and industry Less than 5 weeks Thousands of persons 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Weeks Median duration OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 669,436,065 74, INDUSTRY Agriculture, Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration , , No previous work experience Includes wage and salary workers only. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex (In thousands) Age Sex Category 6 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men Women not in the labor force Do not want a job now Want a job Did not search for work in previous year Searched for work in previous year 2 Not available to work now Available to work now Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 Reasons other than discouragement Family responsibilities In school or training Ill health or disability Other 4 67,053 62,307 4,746 2,643 2,03 640, , ,356 62,967 4,390 2,39, , , ,832 0,098, ,932 0,256, ,432 6,22 2,220,96, ,57 6,59,926, ,789 35, ,908 36, ,783 22,739 2,045, ,072 23,244, ,270 39,568 2,702,552, ,284 39,722 2,562,468, Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job. 2 Persons who had a job in the prior 2 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3 Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 42

52 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women Characteristic Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate AGE, 6 years and over 2 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8, , ,98 6, ,08 3 7, ,938 6, , , ,759 3, , , ,706 3, , , ,223 2, , , ,232 2, RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White Black Hispanic origin 7, , , , , , MARITAL STATUS Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,576,464 2,79 4,563,364 2, ,73 546,034 2,7 453, ,863 98,45,852 90, FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Primary job full time, secondary job part time... Primary and secondary jobs both part time Primary and secondary jobs both full time Hours vary on primary or secondary job 4,505, ,569 4,574,779 23,487 2, , ,833, ,894, Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 43

53 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A36. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 40 years and over 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,755 6,4,25 2,935 2,35,344 7,78 6, ,458 2,82,652 6,597 5,786,02 2,644 2,2 8 6,637 5, ,232 2,542,05 6,399 5, ,56 2, ,468 5, ,74 2,469, NONVETERANS, 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 8,79 8,75 5,949 4,092 9,873 9,44 6,52 4,27 6,962 8,07 5,386 3,505 7,954 8,409 5,96 3,629 6,36 7,764 5,24 3,382 7,385 8,4 5,748 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5,964 and May 7,975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 44

54 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL EMPLOYMENT B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 947 to date (In thousands) Year and month private Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Federal State Local Annual averages , P : December : January February March April May June July August September... October NovemberP... DecemberP... 43,857 44,866 43,754 45,97 47,89 48,793 50,202 48,990 50,64 52,369 52,855 5,322 53,270 54,89 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 60,763 63,90 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 7,2 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 79,382 82,47 86,697 89,823 90,406 9,52 89,544 90,52 94,408 97,387 99,344 0,958 05,209 07,884 09,403 08,249 08,60 0,73 4,63 7,9 9,523 22,257 38,382 39,26 37,897 39,70 4,430 42,85 43,556 42,238 43,727 45,09 45,239 43,483 45,86 45,836 45,404 46,660 47,429 48,686 50,689 53,6 54,43 56,058 58,89 58,325 58,33 60,34 63,058 64,095 62,259 64,5 67,344 7,026 73,876 74,66 75,2 73,707 74,282 78,384 80,992 82,65 84,948 87,823 90,05 9,098 89,847 89,956 9,872 95,036 97,885 00,076 02,602 8,509 8,774 7,565 8,506 9,959 20,98 2,074 9,75 20,53 2,04 20,967 9,53 20,4 20,434 9,857 20,45 20,640 2,005 2,926 23,58 23,308 23,737 24,36 23,578 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,600 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,46 25,658 25,497 23,82 23,330 24,78 24,842 24,533 24,674 25,25 25,254 24,905 23,745 23,23 23,352 23,908 24,265 24,43 24, ,027,39, ,009 2,98 2,94 2,364 2,637 2,668 2,659 2,646 2,839 3,039 2,962 2,87 3,004 2,926 2,859 2,948 3,00 3,097 3,232 3,37 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 3,576 3,85 4,229 4,463 4,346 4,88 3,904 3,946 4,380 4,668 4,80 4,958 5,098 5,7 5,20 4,650 4,492 4,668 4,986 5,60 5,400 5,627 5,545 5,582 4,44 5,24 6,393 6,632 7,549 6,34 6,882 7,243 7,76 5,945 6,675 6,796 6,326 6,853 6,995 7,274 8,062 9,24 9,447 9,78 20,67 9,367 8,623 9,5 20,54 20,077 8,323 8,997 9,682 20,505 2,040 20,285 20,70 8,780 8,432 9,372 9,248 8,947 8,999 9,34 9,39 9,076 8,406 8,04 8,075 8, ,457 8,538 25,348 26,092 26,89 26,69 27,860 28,595 29,28 29,239 30,28 3,264 3,889 3,8 32,857 33,755 34,42 35,098 36,03 37,278 38,839 40,743 42,495 44,58 46,023 47,302 48,276 50,007 5,897 53,47 54,345 56,030 58,25 6,3 63,363 64,748 65,655 65,732 66,82 69, ,8 77,284 80,084 82,630 84,497 84,504 85,370 87,36 90,256 92,925 95,092 97,59 4,66 4,89 4,00 4,034 4,226 4,248 4,290 4,084 4,4 4,244 4,24 3,976 4,0 4,004 3,903 3,906 3,903 3,95 4,036 4,58 4,268 4,38 4,442 4,55 4,476 4,54 4,656 4, ,582 4,73 4,923 5,36 5,46 5,65 5,08 4,952 5,56 5,233 5,247 5,362 5,52 5,64 5,777 5,755 5,78 5,8 5,984 6,32 6,26 6,426 2,478 2,62 0 2,643 2,735 2,82 2,862 2,875 2,934 3,027 3,037 2,989 3,092 3,53 3,42 3,207 3,258 3,347 3,477 3,608 3,700 3,79 3,99 4,006 4,04 4,27 4,29 4,447 4,430 4,562 4,723 4,985 5,22 5,292 5,375 5,295 5,283 5,568 5,727 5,76 5,848 6,030 6,87 6,73 6,08 5,997 5,98 6,62 6,378 6,483 6,657 6,477 6,659 6,654 6,743 7,007 7,84 7,385 7,360 7,60 7,83 7,848 7,76 8,035 8,238 8,95 8,359 8,520 8,82 9,239 9,637 9,906 0,308 0,785,034,338,822 2,35 2,539 2,630 3,93 3,792 4,556 4,972 5,08 5,7 5,58 5,587 6, ,880 8,422 9,023 9,475 9,60 9,284 9,356 9,773 20,507 2,87 2,625 22,3,728,800,828,888,956 2,035 2, 2,200 2,298 2,389 2,438 2,48 2,549 2,628 2,688 2,754 2,830 2,9 2,977 3,058 3,85 3,337 3,52 3,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,48 4,65 4,27 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,60 5,298 5,340 5,466 5, ,273 6,533 6,630 6,668 6, ,602 6,757 6,896 6,806 6,899 7,053 5,025 5,8 5,239 5,356 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,240 6,497 6,708 6,765 7,087 7,378 7,69 7,982 8,277 8,660 9,036 9,498 0,045 0,567,69,548,797 2,276 2,857 3,44 3,892 4,55 5,302 6,252 7,2 7,890 8,65 9,02 9,664 20,746 2,927 22,957 24,0 25,504 26,907 27,934 28,336 29,052 30,97 3,579 33,7 34,377 35,597,892,863,908,928 2,302 2,420 2,305 2,88 2,87 2,209 2,27 2,9 2,233 2,270 2,279 2,340 2,358 2,348 2,378 2,564 2,79 2,737 2,758 2,73 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 2,772 2,739 2,774 2,807 2,875 2,899 2,943 2,97 2,988 3,085 2,966 2,969 2,95 2,870 2,822 2,757 2,700 () d) () () () () () (),68,250,328,45,484,536,607,668,747,856,996 2,4 2,302 2,442 2,533 2,664 2,747 2,859 2,923 3,039 3,79 3,273 3,377 3,474 3,54 3,60 3,640 3,640 3,662 3,734 3,832 3,893 3,967 4,076 4,82 4,305 4,355 4,408 4,488 4,576 4,635 4,624 4,649 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 20,659 20,909 2,62 2,344 2,67 2,834 22,056 22,440 22,492 22,792 23,083 23,495 23,865 0,45 0,380 0,65 0,799 02,092 02,269 02,47 02,72 02,688 03,078 03,334 03,733 04,08 24,540 24,58 24,653 24,670 24,667 24,702 24,74 24,73 24,765 24,77 24,84 24,89 24, ,52 5,542 5,604 5,609 5,599 5,628 5,622 5,625 5,637 5,642 5,650 5,680 5,730 8,448 8,465 8,475 8,489 8,495 8,498 8,58 8,54 8,555 8,553 8,590 8,639 8,678 96,9 96,328 96,509 96,674 97,004 97,32 97,342 97,727 97,727 98,02 98,269 98,604 98,885 6,288 6,35 6,376 6,405 6,42 6,43 6,434 6,443 6,289 6,473 6,497 6,498 6,488 6,559 6,570 6,593 6,6 6,622 6,630 6,634 6,664 6,675 6,687 6,72 6,730 6,743 2,92 2,97 2,922 2,945 22,029 22,026 22,079 22,59 22,89 22,25 22,258 22,373 22,425 6,962 6,97 6,980 6,992 7,09 7,029 7,034 7,058 7,068 7,082 7,08 7,32 7,55 34,884 34,990 35,09 35,76 35,334 35,45 35,522 35,684 35,702 35,850 35,945 36,09 36,290 2,728 2,723 2,76 2,709 2,708 2,703 2,694 2,689 2,690 2,680 2,687 2,696 2,689 4,62 4,62 4,624 4,622 4,635 4,636 4,640 4,67 4,664 4,662 4,663 4,67 4,678 () () () () () () () () 3,558 3,89 4,07 4,230 4,366 4,547 4,708 4,88 5,2 5,392 5,700 6,080 6,37 6,660 6,904 7,58 7,437 7,790 8,46 8,407 8,758 8,865 9,023 9,446 9,633 9,765 9,69 9,458 9,434 9,482 9,687 9,90 0,00 0,339 0,609 0,94,08,267,438,682,849 2,066 2,307 2,65 2,85 2,207 2,24 2,236 2,226 2,305 2,359 2,450 2,372 2,399 2,395 2,47 Not available. 2 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 959. This inclusion resulted in an increase of 22,000 (0.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 959 benchmark month. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 993) are subject to revision. 45 Digitized for FRASER

55 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Year and month private Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Mining Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Construction Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages P : December. : January February... March April May June July August September October NovemberP DecemberP $ $ $ $ Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table. 46 Digitized for FRASER

56 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarmpayroils by major industry, 964 to date Continued Year and month P : December : January February March April May June Julv August September October NovemberP... DecemberP Manufacturing Weekly hours Hourly earnings Hourly earnings, excluding overtime Weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Wholesale trade Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Q Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted $ ' $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table. 47 Digitized for FRASER

57 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Continued Year and month Weekly hours Retail trade Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Finance, insurance, and real estate Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Services Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ P Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : December. : January February... March April May June July August September October NovemberP DecemberP $ $ $ $ $ $ Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services, p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 48

58 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P P 20,659 20,909 2,62 2,344 2,67 2,834 22,056 22,440 22,492 22,792 23,083 23,495 23,865 private 0,45 0,380 0,65 0,799 02,092 02,269 02,47 02,72 02,688 03,078 03,334 03,733 04,08 Goodsproducing 24,540 24,58 24,653 24,670 24,667 24,702 24,74 24,73 24,765 24,77 24,84 24,89 24,980 Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 5,52, ,468 5,542, ,48 5,604, ,55 5,609,298 3,534 5,599, ,535 5,628, ,55 5,622, ,554 5,625, ,556 5,637, ,567 5,642, ,575 5,650, ,58 5,680, ,596 5,730, ,62 Manufacturing 8,448 8,465 8,475 8,489 8,495 8,498 8,58 8,54 8,555 8,553 8,590 8,639 8,678 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment... Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 0, ,458 2,9 366, , , ,460 2,26 367,645 60, , ,462 2,32 370,645 62, , ,463 2,36 372,645 64, , ,468 2,42 375,643 68, , ,468 2,46 378, , , ,470 2,52 379,65 628, , ,468 2,55 38, , , ,475 2,65 385,66 637, , ,477 2,68 384, , , ,482 2,76 386, , , ,485 2,83 384, , , ,489 2,86 386,68 654, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products... Leather and leather products 7,645, ,534, ,644, ,534, ,639, ,534, ,64, ,535, ,639, ,54, ,634, ,546, ,627, ,550, ,604, ,549, ,598, ,547, ,60, ,547, ,605, ,548, ,620, ,552, ,628, ,552, Serviceproducing 96,9 96,328 96,509 96,674 97,004 97,32 97,342 97,727 97,727 98,02 98,269 98,604 98,885 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services... 6,288 4, ,642 73, ,223, ,35 4, ,656 75, , ,376 4, ,664 75, ,234, ,405 4, ,67 75, ,24, ,42 4, ,676 77, ,242, ,43 4, ,687 76, ,244, ,434 4, ,686 78, ,24,372 6,443 4, ,692 76, ,24, ,289 4, ,703 79, ,240, ,473 4, ,708 76, ,24, ,497 4, ,70 78, ,250, ,498 4, ,702 77, ,255, ,488 4, ,703 76, ,26, Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,559 3,855 2, ,863 2,707 6,593 3,879 2,74 6,6 3,889 2,722 6,622 3,900 2,722 6,630 3,909 2,72 6,634 3,97 2,77 6,664 3,938 2,726 6,675 3,957 2,78 6,687 3,962 2,725 6,72 3,978 2,734 6,730 3,995 2,735 6,743 4,006 2,737 See footnotes at end of table. 49

59 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P DecP Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 2, ,769 2,425 3,468 2,304,048,06,02 7,55 2,779 2, ,757 2,420 3,474 2,307,05,07,020 7,552 2,786 2, ,752 2,46 3,477 2,3,053,03,022 7,556 2,783 2, ,783 2,452 3,478 2,35,055,04,025 7,525 2,793 22, ,799 2,446 3,480 2,39,055,05,026 7,57 2,798 22, ,787 2,452 3,482 2,36,054,099,032 7,572 2,806 22, ,798 2,450 3,487 2,35,056,097,034 7,595 2,825 22, ,803 2,458 3,502 2,38,055,096,042 7,639 2,829 22, ,822 2,470 3,505 2,325,057,02,044 7,68 2,844 22, ,88 2,469 3,507 2,33,057,02,049 7,626 2,856 22, ,824 2,474 3,520 2,336,060,08,055 7,626 2,863 22, ,855 2,508 3,59 2,340,062,2,06 7,657 2,897 22, ,85 2,497 3,52 2,346,062,07,068 7,683 2,93 Finance, insurance, and real estate... Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 6, ,030, ,22,507 74,398 6,97 5 2,032, ,28,505 73,402 6,980 3,355 2,034, ,29,503 76,406 6,992 3,366 2,037, ,27,500 77,409 7,09 3,38 2,04, ,22,502 79,47 7,029 3,389 2,043, ,222,503 79,48 7,034 3,394 2,044, ,226, ,44 7,058 3,405 2,048, ,230,509 72,423 7,068 3,44 2,048, ,232,50 722,422 7,082 3,427 2,048, ,232,5 72,423 7,08 3,444 2,052, ,239,56 723,425 7,32 3,458 2,059, ,246, ,428 7,55 3,47 2,065, ,258,53 727,426 Services Agricultrual services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services... Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities... Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations 34, ,738,94 7, ,72 2,406,256, ,483 9,567,703,747 3, ,040 2, ,9 2, , ,743,95 7, ,427,268, ,490 9,586,73,750 3, ,042 2, ,92 2, ,09 649,746,97 7, ,758 2,432,278, ,495 9,600,720,75 3, ,046 2, ,92 2, ,76 648,746,96 7, ,787 2,457,29, ,494 9,62,72,753 3, ,047 2, ,93 2, , ,756,93 7, ,752 2,49,306, ,503 9,644,728,760 3, ,062 2, ,99 2, ,45 669,752,89 7, ,744 2,409,322, ,542 9,673,740,764 3, ,062 2, ,20 2, , ,744,82 7, ,748 2,407,337, ,56 9,673,740,76 3, ,074 2, ,202 2, , ,747,82 7, ,767 2,425,347, ,576 9,697,745,762 3, ,089 2, ,209 3, , ,747,85 7, ,732 2,395,360, ,563 9,72,745,765 3, ,094 2, ,206 3, , ,756,87 7, ,762 2,423,375, ,568 9,73,754,764 3, ,05 2, ,202 3, , ,765,88 7, ,770 2,427,387, ,563 9,750,763,766 3, ,0 2, ,204 3, ,09 690,76,95 7, ,89 2,484,40, ,587 9,770,77,767 3, ,2 2, ,200 3, , ,755,88 7, ,864 2,53,48, ,602 9,796,774,769 3, ,27 2, ,20 3, Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 9,54 2,728,870 4,62,927 2,694 2,65 6,85 5,350 9,529 2,723,862 4,62, ,85 6,83 5,354 9,547 2,76,86 4,624,93 2,693 2,207 6,849 5,358 9,545 2,709,856 4,622,929 2,693 2, ,36 9,579 2,708,856 4,635,938 2,697 2,236 6,858 5,378 9,565 2,703,85 4,636,943 2,693 2,226 6,850 5,376 9,639 2,694,843 4,640,950 2,690 2,305 6,902 5,403 9,79 2,689,839 4,67,972 2,699 2,359 6,954 5,405 9,804 2,690,830 4,664,96 2,703 2,450 7,030 5,420 9,74 2,680,824 4,662,962 2,700 2,372 6,957 5,45 9,749 2,687,832 4,663,962 2,70 2,399 6,963 5,436 9,762 2,696,828 4,67,966 2,705 2,395 6,964 5,43 9,784 2,689,824 4,678,975 2,703 2,47 6,968 5,449 Includes other industries, not shown separately. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, seasonally adjusted data from January 993 forward are subject to revision. all 50

60 B4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 58,242 58,340 58,464 58,539 58,68 58,740 58,904 58,987 59,25 59,332 59,378 59,452 59,576 private 47,473 47,564 47,66 47,729 47,79 47,907 48,048 48,30 48,25 48,370 48,343 48,487 48,582 Goodsproducing , , , ,649 6,655 6,672 Mining Construction Manufacturing 5,924 5,922 5,926 5,927 5,922 5,925 5,930 5,927 5,943 5,940 5,939 5,94 5,953 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2, () 7 2, () 7 2, () 7 2, () 72 2, () 72 2, () 7 2, () 7 2, ) 7 2, () 7 2, () 72 2, () 70 2, () 69 2, () 69 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , Serviceproducing 5,630 5,727 5,845 5,98 52,000 52,8 52,272 52,353 52,474 52,682 52,729 52,797 52,904 Transportation and public utilities,96,92,905,927,93,936,94,944,943,940,893,944,946 Wholesale trade ,023 2,025 2,033 2,036 2,043 2,045 2,049 2,050 2,054 2,056 2,053 2,06 Retail trade,485,53,550,536,523,562,603,609,633,679,687,700,79 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,377 4,383 4,392 4,395 4,400 4,406 4,48 4,429 4,437 4,445 4,454 4,462 4,475 Services 2,064 2, 2,70 2,27 2,283 2, ,465 2,50 2,602 2,604 2,673 2,709 Government Federal State Local 0,769,55 2,340 7,274 0,776,57 2,342 7,277 0,803,65 2,342 7,296 0,80,55 2,34 7,34 0,827,5 2,348 7,328 0,833,49 2,350 7,334 0,856,47 2,354 7,355 0,857,47 2,364 7,346 0,90,44 2,368 7,398 0,962,4 2,39 7,430,035,42 2,390 7,503 0,965,36 2,385 7,444 0,994,42 2,396 7,456 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 993 forward are subject to revision. 5

61 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P P private 82,892 83,043 83,38 83,476 83,664 83,865 83,965 84,243 84,097 84,447 84,624 84,964 85,232 Goodsproducing 7,45 7,495 7,578 7,56 7,542 7,592 7,573 7,577 7,60 7,68 7,643 7,74 7,794 Mining Construction 4,28 4,307 4,384 4,358 4,336 4,365 4,347 4,350 4,36 4,364 4,357 4,397 4,43 Manufacturing 2,743 2,758 2,762 2,77 2,774 2,790 2,79 2,792 2,85 2,88 2,85 2,884 2,928 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7, ,097,324,043, (2) 272 7, ,099,33,042, (2) 273 7, ,0,336,043, (2) 273 7, ,03,342,043, (2) 27 7, ,07,349,04, (2) 27 7, ,07,350,040, (2) 272 7, ,09,354,043, (2) 27 7, ,06,356,048, (2) 272 7, ,6,36,054, (2) 27 7, ,5,36,055, (2) 269 7, ,9,37,056, (2) 269 7, ,20,377,064, (2) 265 7, ,26,377,074, (2) 270 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 5,345, ,34, ,335, ,334, , ,336, ,325, ,30, ,290, ,300, ,306, ,32, ,325, Serviceproducing 65,44 65,548 65,740 65,95 66,22 66,273 66,392 66,666 66,487 66,829 66,98 67,250 67,438 Transportation and public utilities 5,298 5,349 5, ,42 5,420 5,42 5,49 5,226 5,47 5,427 5,43 5,46 Wholesale trade 5,298 5,307 5,323 5,340 5,339 5,348 5,347 5,368 5,374 5,377 5,396 5,406 5,40 Retail trade 9,277 9,282 9,298 9,338 9,384 9,398 9,434 9,497 9,53 9,538 9,576 9,693 9,78 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5,077 5,088 5,099 5,03 5,24 5,35 5,37 5,54 5,6 5,7 5,96 5,27 5,224 Services ,522 30,648 30,737 30,863 30,972 3,053 3,228 3,23 3,326 3,386 3,52 3,670 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 993 forward are subject to revision. 52

62 ESTABUSHMENT DATA DIFFUSION INDEXES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over month span: P P6.9 Over 3month span: P P Over 6month span: P P Over 2month span: P P Manufacturing payrolls, 39 industries Over month span: P P57.6 Over 3month span: P P Over 6month span: P P Over 2month span: P P Based on seasonally adjusted data for, 3, and 6month spans and unadjusted data for the 2month span. Data are centered within the span. P = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus onehalf of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 993) are subject to revision. 53

63 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi.: Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table.,83 26,936.8, ,93.2,99., , , ,70 2,827.5,386.9,25.0,680.9, , ,07.7 4,37.0 2,448.5, , , ,959. 3, ,37.5,37, , , ,55.4 8, ,6 2, , , ,937.,09 2,94,92.5, ,28 3, ,7 2,82,392.,247.4,688.6, ,22 3, , ,45, , , ,96 3, ,329.7,376.6,50.6 5, , , , ,75.8 2, , , ,93, ,960.,922.0, , , , ,8,39.4,247.6,689.2, ,22 3,07.4 4, ,45,09 2, , , , ,326.9,377.7,50 5, ,55 8, ,8 2, , , ,950.2,09 3,00,93, ,36.7 3, , ,82,39,250.5,69.9, ,238. 3,07 4,398. 2,46,09 2, , , , ,33,380.3,5 5, , , , ,9 2, , , ,956.9,09 3,05,938.6, , , ,72.7 2,83,39,258.8,70.6, ,24 3,08 4,40.4 2,47, , , , , ,339.0,38,50.8 5,39, ,55 8, ,99.3 2, , ,84 26,960.4,09 3,070.3,93, , , ,73 2,839.,400.7,257.8,70, , , , ,468.4,099. 2, , ,98 3, ,33,378.9,59.6 5, , , , ,9 2, , , ,972., ,07.3,935.8, ,38 3, ,74 2,852.2,40,26,709.7, ,24 3,0 4, ,478.7,0.7 2, , ,99 3, ,347.7,386.4,52 5, , ,550. 8, , , , , ,97,099. 3,28.5,938.9, ,399. 3, ,752. 2,85,407.2,26,708.7, ,25 3,07.3 4, ,487.7, , , ,00.4 3, ,357.9,387.8,526. 5, , ,55 8, , , , , ,980.5,09 3,4,940.3, ,40 3, ,75 2,84,40,266.7,7.2, ,25 3, 4,40. 2,489.4, , , ,0 3, ,35.6,39.8, , , , , ,2 2, , , ,982.2, ,50.2,938.9, ,4 3, ,75 2,850.6,40,26,706.4, , ,7.6 4, ,489.4,0 2, , ,08. 3, ,360.,402., , , , , ,29.5 2, , , ,99.8, ,206.6,949.7, , , , ,847.7,40,268.6,7, , ,30.5 4,47. 2,492.3,0 2, , , , ,362.0,400.2,53 5, ,7 35 2, ,57.8, , , , , ,008.6, ,236.2,95, , , , ,857.0,4.6,27,70.5, ,25 3,40.4 4,42.3 2,49,07.2 2, , , , ,358.5,40, , , ,56 8,52, , , , , ,02.9,0 3,266.2,957.9, , , ,78 2,856.9,42.3,276.3,78.0, , ,48.6 4, ,500.8,08.7 2, , ,07 3, ,369.6,408., , , , ,560.2, ,25.3 2, , Digitized for FRASER

64 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Construction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii 2 Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table Digitized for FRASER

65 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Manufacturing Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana, Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina, North Dakota Ohio, Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ' , , Digitized for FRASER

66 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. I Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Transportation and public utilities Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table , Digitized for FRASER

67 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. jsept. P Trade Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ? , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 58 Digitized for FRASER

68 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Finance, insurance, and real estate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table Digitized for FRASER

69 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Services Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska, Nevada New Hampshire..., New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table , , , ,078.6, , , , , , , , , ,079.9, , , , , , , , , ,078.6, ,4 9 2, , , , , , , ,08, , , , , , , , , ,088.4, , , , , , , , , ,096.8, , , , , , , , , ,0, , , , , , , , , ,02.0, , , , , , , , , ,06.2, , , , , , , , , ,08.8, , , , , , , , , ,.7, , , , , , , , , ,7.0, , , , , , , , , ,9.7, , , , , , Digitized for FRASER

70 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Government Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Includes mining, not shown separately. 2 Mining is combined with construction. P = preliminary. NOTE: All data have been adjusted to March benchmarks and incorporate updated seasonal adjustment factors. 6 Digitized for FRASER

71 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P P private Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Overtime hours, Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures, Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components, which are small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 993 forward are subject to revision. 62

72 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (982=00) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P P private Goodsproducing 2.0 Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment, Motor vehicles and equipment, Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 993 forward are subject to revision. 63

73 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ALLEMPLOYEE HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B0. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major Industry, seasonally adjusted Millions of hours (annual rate) Percent change Industry r r P to P to r to p 224, ,8 227, Private sector 88,9 90,324 89, Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities.. Wholesale trade Retail trade., Finance, insurance, and real estate Services,34,399 40,405 24,239 6,66 3,46 3,368 33,449 3,22 6,52,349,253 40,627 24,365 6,262 3,636 3,543 33,622 3,692 62,60,334,56 40,795 24,52 6,283 3,439 3,394 33,700 3,337 62, Government 36,67 36,795 37,360.5 hours paid for week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multiplied by 52. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers and are based largely on establishment data. See BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, chapter 0, "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors". SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). Historical data for this series also are available on the Internet at the following address: ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/opt/tableb0 64

74 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P P Average hourly earnings private (in current dollars) $2.03 $2.05 $2.0 $2.4 $2.4 $2.9 $2.23 $2.24 $2.3 $2.35 $0 $7 $8 Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Excluding overtime Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services private (in constant (982) dollars) 3 Goodsproducing Serviceproducing (4) (4) (4) Average weekly earnings private (in current dollars) Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services private (in constant (982) dollars) 3 Goodsproducing Serviceproducing (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (4) (4) (4) Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 3 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wager Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate these series. 4 Not available. 5 These series are not computed because the average weekly hours' components are not available on a seasonally adjusted basis. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 993 forward are subject to revision. 65

75 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC OO06 All employees P P Production workers P P 2,505 2,464 24, 24,508 24,695 private 0,537 0,593 04,08 04,323 04,546 83,328 83,346 85,35 85,539 85,682 Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores , Coal mining, Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction, Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Sand and gravel Chemical and fertilizer minerals Construction 5,620 5,420 5,92 5,85 5,624 4,388 4,9 4,634 4,527 4,334 General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction , , , , , Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work , , , , ,57. 2, , , , Manufacturing 8,487 8,469 8,664 8,699 8,70 2,779 2,757 2,99 2,938 2,945 Durable goods 0,84 0,828,005,055,077 7,408 7,48 7,562 7,600 7,625 Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... MiIIwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings ' See footnotes at end of table. 66

76 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers' P P Durable goods Continued Furniture and fixtures Continued Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Mineral wool Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric, Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim, Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgingsand stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee , , , , , ,49, , , , ,3.4 See footnotes at end of table. 67

77 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Fabricated metal products Continued Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Miscellaneous fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, ,9 2, , , , , , , , , ,379.9 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans , , , , , ,688.4, , , , ,078.3 See footnotes at end of table. 68

78 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Electronic and other electrical equipment Continued Electric lighting and wiring equipment 364 Electric lamps 364 Currentcarrying wiring devices 3643 Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices 3644 Residential ing fixtures 3645 Household audio and video equipment 365 Household audio and video equipment 365 Communications equipment 366 Telephone and telegraph apparatus 366 Electronic components and accessories 367 Electron tubes 367 Semiconductors and related devices 3674 Electronic components, nee 3679 Misc. electrical equipment and supplies 369 Storage batteries 369 Engine electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Guided missiles and space vehicles Miscellaneous transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers , , , , , , , , , , Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , See footnotes at end of table. 69

79 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meatpacking plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , ,673, ,64,674 Q ,659, ,644, ,624,69 5,37, ,339, ,357, ,338, ,320,25 Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods * Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee See footnotes at end of table. 70

80 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC L/OOe All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Continued Apparel and other textile products Continued Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services , , , , , Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , , , , , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee See footnotes at end of table. 7

81 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Centric* UO06. All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Continued Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities 6,356 6,365 6,542 6,542 6,565 5,362 5,370 5,470 5,463 5,489 Transportation 4,28 4,43 4,289 4,286 4,305 Railroad transportation Class I railroads plus Amtrak Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs Intercity and rural bus transportation School buses Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air.. Public warehousing and storage ,667.3, ,658.3, ,73.9, ,720.0, ,77.0,45,3 3,44, ,52, ,509.9, Water transportation Water transportation of freight, nee Water transportation services Transportation by air Air transportation, scheduled Air transportation, scheduled Airports, flying fields, and services ,8, , ,23, ,25 Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications and public utilities 2,228 2, ,256 2,260 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Radio broadcasting stations Television broadcasting stations Cable and other pay television services , , , ,397.9, , , , Electric, gas. and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade 6, ,735 6,742 6,745 5,306 5,297 5,420 5,48 5,40 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Automobiles and other motor vehicles Motor vehicle supplies and new parts Furniture and home furnishings Furniture Home furnishings , , , ,006 3, , , , See footnotes at end of table. 72

82 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC uooe All employees P P Production workers' P P Wholesale trade Continued Durable goods Continued Lumber and other construction materials Lumber, plywood, and millwork Construction materials, nee Professional and commercial equipment Office equipment Computers, peripherals and software Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Electrical apparatus and equipment Electrical appliances, television and radio sets Electronic parts and equipment Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Hardware Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Construction and mining machinery Farm and garden machinery Industrial machinery and equipment Industrial supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Scrap and waste materials Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Stationery and office supplies Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Groceries, general line Meats and meat products Fresh fruits and vegetables Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum products, nee Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Beer and ale Wine and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Farm supplies , , , , , ,739 2, , , , Retail trade 22,205 22,54 22,34 22,722 23,079 9,577 9,900 9,658 20,024 20,359 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores , , , , ,06 2, ,59.0 2,75 2, , , , , , , , Food stores Grocery stores Meat and fish markets Dairy products stores Retail bakeries ,502. 3, , ,52.4 3, ,55 3, , ,7 2, , , ,96.7 2, , , Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers ,297.0,04 2,292.0,04 2,342.2,06 2,336.6,06.2 2,33,058.5,92 87, , , See footnotes at end of table. 73

83 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC U006 All employees P P Production workers P P Retail tradecontinued Automotive dealers and service stations Continued Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores , , , , , Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores , , , , Eating and drinking places 58 7, ,500. 7, ,58 7,63.8 6,7 6, , ,87.9 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Liquor stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Sporting goods and bicycle shops Book stores Stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods Nonstore retailers Catalog and mailorder houses Merchandising machine operators Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Florists, tobacco stores, and newsstands Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee , , , , , , , , , ,7.3 2, , , , Finance, insurance, and real estate ,942 7,098 7,08 7,36 5,048 5,058 5,82 5,92 5,204 Finance 30 3, ,449 7 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee Savings institutions Federal savings institutions Savings institutions, except federal Credit unions , , , ,05, ,06, ,458.2, ,462., ,467.9, ,47, Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Business credit institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Security brokers and dealers Commodity contracts brokers, dealers, and exhanges Security and commodity services Holding and other investment offices Holding offices See footnotes at end of table. 74

84 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers' P P Finance, insurance, and real estate Continued Insurance 63,64 2,26 2,28 2,239 2,244 2,256 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Title insurance , , , , ,528.6, , , , Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Real estate operators and lessors Real estate agents and managers Subdividers and developers , , , , ,409 Services 34,80 34,726 36,200 36,9 36,25 30,437 30,347 3,628 3,540 3,508 Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places Hotels and motels 70 70, ,66,68.0,762.0,7,69,647.8,680.4,47.2,47.7,508.0,446.8 Personal services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Photographic studios, portrait Beauty shops Funeral service and crematories Miscellaneous personal services , , , , , Business services Advertising Advertising agencies Credit reporting and collection Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services Employment agencies Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Prepackaged software Computer integrated systems design Data processing and preparation Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Photofinishing laboratories , , , , , , ,440.4, , , , ,576.3, , , , ,577.9, , , ,9.9 2,556.3, , , , , ,37.3, , , ,507.2, , , ,50.6, , Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops ,4 7538, , , , See footnotes at end of table. 75

85 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Lode All employees P P Production workers' P P Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Continued Automotive services, except repair Carwashes Miscellaneous repair services Electrical repair shops Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Motion picture theaters Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs , , , , , , ,426.9, , , , Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Offices and clinics of chiropractors and optometrists Nursing and personal care facilities Skilled nursing care facilities Intermediate care facilities Nursing and personal care, nee Hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals Psychiatric hospitals Specialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric Medical and dental laboratories Home health care services , , , , ,577.3, , , , ,75, ,766.3, , ,778., , , ,809.,779.5,77 3, , , ,489.5, , ,640.9, , ,66, , ,58 63 Legal services Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools , , ' 8 2, , , , ,240.5 Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee , , , , , , , , Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Business associations Professional organizations Labor organizations Civic and social associations , , , , Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 76

86 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Services Continued Engineering and management services Continued Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services Services, nee Government 9,968 9,87 20,030 20,85 20,49 Federal Government 4 2,79 2,757 2,667 2,68 2,720 Executive, by agency 4 Department of Defense Postal Service 5 Other executive agencies Legislative Judicial 2, , , , , , Federal Government, except Postal Service, ,88.2,8,809. Federal Government, by industry: Manufacturing activities Ship building and repairing Transportation and public utilities, except Postal Service Services Hospitals State government Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions State government, except education , ,086.3,8. 7 4, , , ,089.7, , , ,2,88.9 2, ,76 2,08 2,676.0 Local government Transportation and public utilities Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions Local government, except education , ,65.8 3, ,32 2, ,5 3,67 5, , , , ,36 2, ,329. 3, ,668 7,30.4 5,357.3 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 993 and to Amtrak. 3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. 4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to civilian employment only and exclude the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. 5 Includes rural mail carriers. Data not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 77

87 ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry Sept. Aug. Sept. 58,078 58,700 58,506 59,42 60,9 private 47,468 47,77 48,497 48,609 48,897 Goodsproducing 6,664 6,660 6,72 6,73 6,720 Mining Construction Manufacturing 5,969 5,963 5,986 5,988 5,993 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing 2, , , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3, , , , , Serviceproducing 5,44 52,040 5,794 52,708 53,399 Transportation and public utilities,930,928,868,952,958 Wholesale trade 2,09 2,033 2,055 2,059 2,077 Retail trade,47,534,755,733,800 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,366 4,363 4,492 4,457 4,468 Services 2,08 2,99 2,65 2,695 2,874 Government Federal State Local 0,60,57 2,309 7,44 0,983,48 2,395 7,440 0,009,49 2,248 6,62 0,82,36 2,354 7,322,222,32 2,452 7,638 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 78

88 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area P P P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa, , , Alaska Anchorage Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson,96.4, ,020.5, ,046.6, Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff, , , California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 3, , , , , , , , , , , , ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver, ,022., ,038.8, , Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury, , , ( 2 ) ( 2 ).8 ( 2 ) C ) ( 2 ).8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia Washington PMSA ,45 6 2, , Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton 6, , , , , , ( 2 ). ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ). ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).4 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).4 ( 2 ) 7. ( 2 ). ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 79

89 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura, , , , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia Washington PMSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton , , , See footnotes at end of table. 80

90 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Finance, insurance, cind real estate P Services P Government P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura , , , , , , , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia Washington PMSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami " Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton , , , See footnotes at end of table. 8

91 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area P P P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta : AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah 3, , , , , , ( 2 ) ( 2 ).6.4 0). 7.8 ( 2 ) Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield 5, , , ,07 Ml , , Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute 2, , , Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita, , , , , , < > (M Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro, , , Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City, , , Maine LewistonAuburn Portland ( 2 ) ( 2 ). ( 2 ) ( 2 ). ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 82

92 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade , , P , Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAuburn Portland See footnotes at end of table. 83 Digitized for FRASER

93 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , , Services , , P , , Government P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAubum Portland See footnotes at end of table. 84 Digitized for FRASER

94 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Mining Construction State and area P P P Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C 2,240., ,270.2, ,279.7, Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 3,08.0 5, , , ,8 5, (.4 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ( ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland 4, , , , , , ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud 2,47 2., ,52, ,526., ( 2 ( 8.2 ( 2 ) 8.0 ( 2 ) Mississippi Jackson,,0 28.5, 220.6, ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield 2,60 89, , , , , Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon.. MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton 3, , , ( t ) New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe (M See footnotes at end of table. 85

95 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade , , P , Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts BamstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon.. Mon mouthocean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 86 Digitized for FRASER

96 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P r , , , Services , , , P , , , Government P Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland... Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 87 Digitized for FRASER

97 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area P P P New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County 8, ,9.8 3,92.8 3, , ,37.0 3, , , ,4 3, , (M North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill 3, , , North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks (M 0) (M Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton, Toledo YoungstownWarren 5, , , , , , (M Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa, , , Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem, , , Pennsylvania Allentown BethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York 5, , , , , , , , , (M See footnotes at end of table.

98 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area , Manufacturing , P , Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade, , , , , , P, , , New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill Greensboro~WinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania Allentown BethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 89 Digitized for FRASER

99 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , ,43, , , Services 2, ,469.6, , , P 2, ,482., , , , Government, P, New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania Allentown BethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 90 Digitized for FRASER

100 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Mining Construction State and area P P P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson, , , ) South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 2, , , Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito, BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston Killeen Temple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Odessa Midland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 8, , , , , , , , , Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden , , Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News.. Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3, , , , , C) <;> Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma 2,468.7, ,55.8, ,56., See footnotes at end of table. 9

101 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston Killeen Temple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Odessa Midland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls, , , , , , Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 92

102 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , Services , P , , Government , P , Rhode Island ProvidenceFa RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GaivestonTexas City Houston Killeen Temple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Odessa Midland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 93 Digitized for FRASER

103 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area P P P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper 2, , , ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (M ) ) Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon ) ) ) Virgin Islands 4 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 94

104 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon Virgin Islands 2.3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 2.3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 9.4 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 95

105 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P Services P Government P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon Virgin Islands Combined with construction. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 96

106 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P private Goodsproducing Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures See footnotes at end of table. 98

107 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P private $2.00 $2.06 $3 $ $ $40 $ $ $435 $435 Goodsproducing Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores Coalmining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders, Nonresidential building construction, Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction, Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general, Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets, Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures See footnotes at end of table. 99

108 ESTABUSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil, Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric, Plumbing fixture fittings and trim, Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products See footnotes at end of table. 00

109 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $584 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products , See footnotes at end of table. 0

110 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, , Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment See footnotes at end of table. 02

111 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, $ $ $ $ $0 $ $ $ $ $ Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment See footnotes at end of table. 03

112 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instrument Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table. 04

113 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers $ (2) (2) $ (2) (2) $ (2) (2) $ (2) (2) $ $ $ , $ , $ $ Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instrument Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table. 05

114 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 06

115 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , $ $ $ $ $ , $ , $ , $ , Tobacco products Cigarettes $ , , $ Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 07

116 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services ( Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities See footnotes at end of table. 08

117 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing, Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services $ $528 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities See footnotes at end of table. 09

118 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class I railroads plus Amtrak Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage Water transportation: Water transportation services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores See footnotes at end of table. 0

119 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class I railroads plus Amtrak 3 40 $8.3 $7.8 $8.4 $8.4 $ $ $ $890 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage Water transportation: Water transportation services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services , , Wholesale trade $ $520 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores See footnotes at end of table. Ill

120 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores. Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee Finance, insurance, and real estate Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee... Credit unions , Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance... Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Agricultural services See footnotes at end of table. 2

121 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores. Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee Finance, Insurance, and real estate $ $ Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee... Credit unions , Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance... Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Agricultural services See footnotes at end of table. 3

122 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes , Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals See footnotes at end of table. 4

123 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes , Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals See footnotes at end of table. 5

124 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Averageovertime hours P P Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services Legal services Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Membership organizations: Professional organizations Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services Services, nee See footnotes at end of table. 6

125 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services 808 $.23 $.35 $.34 $.35 $37.8 $32 $ $33.42 Legal services, Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Membership organizations: Professional organizations Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services Services, nee Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 See table BI5a for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing. 3 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 993 and to Amtrak. 4 Money payments only; tips, not included. 5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. ~ Data not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 7

126 A Note on Average Hourly Earnings in Aircraft (SIC 372) and Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (SIC 376) Manufacturing For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics average hourly earnings series for production workers in aircraft manufacturing (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles manufacturing (SIC 376) have been used to escalate labor costs in contracts between aerospace companies and their customers. Although the Bureau's series by definition take account of traditional wage rate changes, they do not capture "lumpsum payments to workers in lieu of general wage increases" which were negotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargaining agreements beginning in late 983. Because of special circumstances in the aerospace industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earnings series for SIC 372 andsic376 which include lumpsum payments. These series, beginning in October 983, the effective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreement using lumpsum payments, were published in the June 988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and year earlier data are presented in table B5a along with the average hourly earnings series produced as part of the Current Employment Statistics program. An explanation of the methodology used to derive these series appears in the Explanatory Notes of this publication. B5a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing Aircraft (SIC 372) Guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) Series P P Average hourly earnings excluding lumpsum payments $20.47 $20.47 $20.97 $20.9 $9.74 $9.84 $20.8 $2.06 Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum payments P = preliminary. 8

127 B6. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry P P Manufacturing 2.23 $2.34 $4 $0 $7 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products, Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products , $.90 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 9

128 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (982) dollars Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry P P P P private: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $ $ $ $ 7.65 $ (2) $ $ $ $ $435 (2) Mining: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $6.43 (2) $ (2) Construction: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $6.33 (2) $ (2) Manufacturing: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $6 (2) $580.3 (2) Transportation and public utilities: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $4 (2) $60.06 (2) Wholesale trade: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $9 (2) $520 (2) Retail trade Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $8.50 (2) $ (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $2 (2) $ (2) Services: Current dollars Constant (982) dollars $2 (2) $4.4 (2) Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate the earnings series. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 20

129 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected area Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Alabama Birmingham, Mobile $.57 2 $.9 8 $2.0 0 $ $ $ Alaska Arizona Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith, Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura Colorado Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia: Florida Washington PMSA Georgia Atlanta Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield See footnotes at end of table. 2

130 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected area Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute $ $ $ $ $ , $ , Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Kansas Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Louisiana Baton Rouge New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore PMSA Massachusetts Boston Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek Lansing East Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland , , Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas See footnotes at end of table. 22

131 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected area Continued State and area Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey New Mexico Albuquerque New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point. RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota FargoMoorhead Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table $ $ $ $ $ $ Digitized for FRASER

132 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected area Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick... South Carolina South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville $ $ $ $ $ $ Texas Dallas Ft. WorthArlington Houston San Antonio Utah Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Puerto Rico Virgin Islands f * Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 24

133 C. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA REGIONS AND DISIONS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Census region and division Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. NORTHEAST Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 39,794 25,844 24,43,43 39,798 26,20 24,60, ,788 26,55 24,698,458 39,783 26,046 24,60,436 39,784 26,37 24,720,47 39,784 26,279 24,820,459 39,788 26,243 24,755,488 39,79 26,258 24,82,446 39,799 26,8 24,745,373 39,8 26,4 24,745,396 39,88 26,032 24,657,375 39,823 26,07 24,778,329 39,823 26,2 24,860,252 New England Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 0,339 7,047 6, ,342 7,3 6, ,34 7,056 6, ,343 7, 6, ,346 7,225 6, ,348 7,203 6, ,353 7,246 6, ,355 7,20 6, ,36 7,48 6, ,367 7,36 6, ,37 7,35 6, ,375 7,058 6, ,378 7,036 6, Middle Atlantic Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 29,455 8,797 7,708, ,456 9,008 7,836, ,447 9,099 7,939, ,440 8,935 7,830, ,438 8,92 7,844,068 29,436 9,076 7,996,080 29,435 8,998 7,848, ,435 9,048 7,908, ,438 8,970 7,902,068 29,444 9,005 7,878, ,447 8,897 7,823,075 29,448 9,049 8,022,027 29,445 9,076 8, SOUTH Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 7,046 47,35 44,700 2,436 7,29 47,096 44,726 2,37 7,87 47,08 44,522 2,586 7,250 47,450 44,900 2,550 7,328 47,082 44,87 2,2 7,404 47,3 44,965 2,346 7,482 47,253 44,835 2,48 7,56 47,067 44,73 2,336 7,652 47,87 44,86 2,372 7,743 47,92 44,895 2,297 7,832 47,044 44,893 2,5 7,96 47,339 45,28 2,2 7,990 47,485 45,322 2,63 South Atlantic Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 36,689 24,24 23,07,97 36,73 24,335 23,55,8 36,759 24,57 22,889,268 36,790 24,45 23,266,85 36,829 24,346 23,27,29 36,867 24,509 23,384,25 36,905 24,588 23,423,66 36,946 24,343 23,343,000 36,99 24,503 23,359,44 37,037 24,366 23,326,040 37,08 24,244 23, ,23 24,404 23,37,033 37,60 24,466 23,386,080 East South Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 2,478 8,33 7, ,492 8,05 7, ,50 8,35 7, ,509 8,77 7, ,522 8,34 7, ,533 8,004 7, ,546 8,000 7, ,557 8,06 7, ,57 7,934 7, ,586 8,076 7, ,600 8,000 7, ,63 8,48 7, ,625 8,20 7, West South Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 2,879 4,788 4, ,907 4,70 3, ,928 4,86 3, ,952 4,822 3, ,978 4,603 3, ,003 4,798 3, ,03 4,665 3, ,058 4,708 3, ,089 4,750 3, ,20 4,750 3, ,5 4,80 4, ,79 4,787 4, ,205 4,88 4, 707 See footnotes at end of table. 25

134 HOUSEHOLD DATA REGIONS AND DISIONS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. MIDWEST Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 47,054 32,723 3,245,478 47,085 32,588 3,57,43 47,098 32,593 3,202,39 47,5 32,727 3,47,30 47,39 32,730 3,375,354 47,64 32,70 3,506,95 47,90 32,87 3,607,264 47,28 32,824 3,640,85 47,252 32,993 3,699,294 47,289 33,02 3,76,387 47,323 33,40 3,745,394 47,349 33,269 3,887,38 47,376 33,4 3,80,304 East North Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 33,26 22,63 2,529,083 33,45 22,576 2,557,09 33,52 22,588 2,560,028 33,62 22,737 2, ,77 22,659 2, ,92 22,579 2, ,208 22,733 2, ,226 22,649 2, ,247 22,805 2, ,27 22,90 2,908,00 33,293 22,942 2,935,007 33,30 23,4 22,093,048 33,327 23,04 22, West North Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate WEST 3,928 0,0 9, ,940 0,02 9, ,946 0,005 9, ,953 9,990 9, ,962 0,07 9, ,972 0,22 9, ,982 0,37 9, ,992 0,76 9, ,004 0,89 9, ,08 0,93 9, ,030 0,98 9, ,039 0,28 9, ,049 0,099 9, Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 44,23 29,680 27,800, ,274 29,848 28,050, ,36 29,704 28,005,699 44,366 29,992 28,98, ,424 30,03 28,3,720 44,48 29,833 28,236,597 44,539 29,868 28,205,663 44,597 30,000 28,425,576 44,66 30,258 28,568,690 44,728 30,9 28,484,707 44,794 30,252 28,624,628 44,852 30,227 28,724,502 44,909 30,592 28,908,684 Mountain Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Unemployment rate 2,258 8,439 8, ,287 8,430 8, ,309 8,320 7, ,334 8,398 8, ,362 8,406 8, ,390 8,4 8, ,48 8,439 8, ,446 8,578 8, ,474 8,563 8, ,505 8,540 8, ,535 8,643 8, ,562 8,538 8, ,590 8,533 8, Pacific Civilian noninstitutional population 2, Unemployment rate 3,955 2,24 9,778, ,987 2,48 20,05, ,007 2,383 20,078, ,032 2,594 20,93, ,062 2,625 20,270, ,09 2,422 20,203,29 32,2 2,430 20,4, ,50 2,423 20,75, ,87 2,695 20,365, ,223 2,65 20,252, ,259 2,60 20,36, ,290 2,688 20,566,23 32,39 22,060 20,733, These estimates may differ from the results obtained from summing the official State estimates produced and published through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that compose the various census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. Publication of census region and division data derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS) is being discontinued with the issuance of December data. With the release of data for January 998 (March issue), table C will present estimates for regions and/or divisions obtained by summing the official State estimates produced and published through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. The regional aggregations to be published, however, have not yet been determined. 26

135 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Alabama Civilian labor fores Unemployment rate 2, , , ,00 9 2,088.3, ,096. 2,00 9 2,05.8 2, , , , , ,09 2, ,08.6 2, ,09.2 2, ,9. 2,0 0 2,2 2, ,27.2 2, Alaska Unemployment rate Arizona Unemployment rate 2, , ,26 2, ,29 2, , , ,27 2, ,27 2, ,28.6 2, , , ,28 2, ,29.8 2, , , ,29 2, , , Arkansas Unemployment rate,239.6, , , , ,250.2, ,24.3,8 57.6,238.6, ,24,80. 6,247.8, ,246.4, ,24,79.5 6,240.7, ,24.5, California Unemployment rate 5,68 4,59, , , ,687.0, ,78 4,745.9, , ,79, ,87 4,836.0, , ,842.0, ,83 4, ,87 4, ,98.6 4, ,92 4,9.2, ,94 4, ,93.4 5, Colorado Unemployment rate , ,00.4 2, ,29.0 2, ,3.8 2, ,4 2, ,49.8 2, ,40.2 2,06 7 2,5.7 2, ,68.6 2, ,67.0 2, ,77. 2,0 7 2,96.6 2, , , Connecticut Unemployment rate,72, ,722.0, ,73, ,73.4, ,73, ,74.5, ,74.7, ,749.2, ,746.6,66 8,74.5, ,74, ,739.0, ,730.2, Delaware Unemployment rate District of Columbia Unemployment rate Florida Unemployment rate 6,98 6, ,997. 6, ,00.2 6, ,09 6, , , , , ,4 6, ,4 6, ,4 6, ,77.5 6, ,8 6, ,9.5 6, ,20 6, See footnotes at end of table. 27

136 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Georgia Civilian labor forcg Unemployment rate Hawaii... Unemployment rate Idaho Unemployment rate Illinois Unemployment rate Indiana Unemployment rate Iowa Unemployment rate Kansas Unemployment rate Kentucky Unemployment rate Louisiana Unemployment rate Maine Unemployment rate , , , ,60,54 6.9, ,876., ,06.8, ,80 3, , , ,60.0, ,347.2,28 6.8, ,02, Jan. 3, , , , ,98 9,60, ,38, ,9, ,0.9, Feb. 3,83 3, ,3.8 5, , ,6, ,38, ,9.3, ,02.0, Mar. 3,842. 3, ,49.6 5, ,08 2, ,627.0,57 5,382.0, ,96.0,8 0 2,030.6, Apr. 3, , ,39.5 5, ,69.2,56 5,38, ,92, ,022.0, May 3,85 3, ,7.6 5, ,06.0 3, ,6, ,38, , ,09.4, June 3, , ,2. 5, ,08.5 3, ,60.8, ,380.5, ,920., ,00, July 3,870. 3, ,4 5, ,2.4 3, ,599.6, ,39, ,928.7, , Aug. 3,90.4 3, ,46.2 5, ,20.6 3, ,58, ,392.3, ,92, ,0, Sept. 3,90 3, ,32.0 5, ,2 3,0.4.2,59, ,397.4,34 5, ,00, ,90 3, ,3 5, ,2.6 2, ,592.0, ,396.8,34 5,932., ,0, P 3,92 3, , , ,580., , ,936.3, ,08.2, See footnotes at end of table. 28 Digitized for FRASER

137 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P Maryland Unemployment rate 2, , , , ,759. 2, , ,63 2 2,76 2, , , , , , , , , , , ,76 2, ,76 2, ,768. 2, Massachusetts.. Unemployment rate 3,20 3, , ,07 2 3,26.6 3, ,2 3, ,27.0 3, ,23 3, , , , , ,23 3, ,24 3, ,24 3, , , ,26. 3, Michigan Unemployment rate 4,84 4, ,84 4,6 23 4, , ,89.4 4, , , ,87 4, ,87 4, , , ,86 4, , , ,86 4, ,89. 4, ,9.5 4, Minnesota Unemployment rate 2,6 2, ,6 2, , , , , , , , , , , , ,57 8 2,668. 2, ,67 2, ,67 2, , , , , Mississippi Unemployment rate,26, ,26, ,269.4, ,277.8, ,279.8, ,27, ,272.,209. 6,265.9,20 6,27,20.0 6,27, ,28.3, ,285.9, ,289.2,26. 7 Missouri Unemployment rate 2,92 2, ,92 2, ,86 2, ,87 2, , , ,86 2, ,86.5 2, , , ,85 2, ,85 2, ,86 2, , , , , Montana Unemployment rate Nebraska Unemployment rate Nevada Unemployment rate New Hampshire Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 29

138 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P New Jersey Unemployment rate 4,5 3, ,52. 3, ,4 3, ,4 3, ,3 3, ,39. 3,92 2 4,35.8 3, ,4.9 3, ,58. 3, ,4 3, ,47. 3, ,5.9 3, ,50.9 3, New Mexico Unemployment rate New York Unemployment rate 8, , , , , , ,69.9 8, , , ,75.9 8, , , , , ,77 8, , , , , ,80.5 8, ,80 8, North Carolina Unemployment rate 3,85 3, , , ,82.4 3, ,79 3, ,88.0 3,68 3 3,87.3 3, ,89.8 3, , , , ,66 4 3, , ,80.3 3, ,80 3, , ,69 3 North Dakota Unemployment rate Ohio Unemployment rate 5, , , , , , , , ,75 5, ,75 5, ,74 5, ,73 5, , , , , , , ,76 5, ,77 5, Oklahoma Unemployment rate,588.7, ,590., ,602., ,606.0,55.8 5,60., ,598.,54 5,60.2, ,598.3, ,60,54 6.,60.9, ,59, ,599.6, ,6, Oregon Unemployment rate 738.7, , ,73.0, ,70, ,7, ,730.3, ,708.0,62 8,696.8, ,706.0, ,738.0,64 9,759.6, , , Pennsylvania Unemployment rate 5, , ,93 5, , , , , , , , ,66 3 6,00 5, ,99 5, , , , , , , , , , , Rhode Island Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 30

139 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. P South Carolina Unemployment rate,846.7, ,846.0, ,886.4, ,885.8,782. 0,89, ,886.2, ,892.0, ,90, ,90, ,9.6, ,902.3,8 87.7,889.3, ,886.6, South Dakota Unemployment rate Tennessee Unemployment rate 2,77.8 2, , , , , , , , , ,76.7 2, ,75 2, , ,6 4 2,77. 2, , , ,76 2, , , , , Texas Unemployment rate 9,80 9, , , ,88 9, ,98.4 9, ,93 9, ,907. 9, ,93.8 9, ,93 9, ,94.2 9, ,94.2 9, , , ,99 9, , , Utah Unemployment rate, , ,03,00.7 3,037.2,00 3,04., ,046.7,0 3.8,048.8, ,047.6,0 3,050.3, ,05,02.5 3,055.9, ,06, ,06, Vermont Unemployment rate Virginia Unemployment rate 3, ,22 4 3, , ,58.2 3,37 4 3,5 3, ,52.0 3, ,52 3, ,52 3, ,52.2 3, ,53 3, , , , , , , , , Washington Unemployment rate 2, , , , ,98.8 2,75 6 2,97.7 2, ,93.2 2, , , ,94 2, , , , , , , ,99 2, , , ,99 2, West Virginia Unemployment rate Wisconsin Unemployment rate 2,94.6 2, ,94 2, , , , , ,98.2 2, ,99.5 2, ,9 2, ,92.4 2, ,93.6 2, ,93 2, , , , , , , Wyoming Unemployment rate P = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 3

140 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas (Numbers in thousands) State and area 2, ,268., , , , ,5,35, , , ,055.8, , , , , , ,32.2, , , , ,70.2,38, , , ,07.5, , , , , P 2, ,32.0, , , , ,67.9,38.2, , ,2 7 25,06.9, , , , , , Number P Percent of labor force P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNewark Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia Washington Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton See footnotes at end of table. 32 Digitized for FRASER

141 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor torce 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , P 3, , , , , , , , , Number P Percent of labor force P Georgia Albany, Athens Atlanta AugustaAiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois Bloom ingtonnormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAuburn Portland See footnotes at end of table. 33 Digitized for FRASER

142 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor torce 2,80.2, , , , , , , , , , , , ,769.5,30 3, , , , , , , , , , , P 2,77.2, ,26 7., , , , , , , , , , Number P Percent of labor force P Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts BamstableYarmouth, Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattleCreek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt.Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis LMA Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon.. MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 34 Digitized for FRASER

143 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area 8, ,366. 3, , , , , , , ,0 6 5, ,480.9, , ,40 3, , , , , , , , , ,499.8, P 8, ,40 3,99.3 3, , , , , , , , ,50.2, Number NOV. P Percent of labor force P New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York New York City Newburgh Rochester Syracuse UticaRome North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazelton Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick See footnotes at end of table. 35 Digitized for FRASER

144 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian laoor rorce, , , , , , , ,898.0, , , , , , , , ,006., P, , , , , , , ,98, Number P Percent of labor force P South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOdgen Vermont Burlington Virginia Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News... RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 36 Digitized for FRASER

145 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force P P P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2, , , Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon, , , P = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 37

146 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 97,600 3, , ,406 97,882 32, , ,249 98,296 32, , ,475 98,807 32, , ,58 99,352 32, , ,39 99,776 33, , , ,280 33, , , ,850 34, , ,089 20,457 34, , ,57 202,396 35, , ,47 202,835 36, , ,76 203,367 36, , , ,936 36, ,42 6 6,392 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not In labor force 94,764 7, , ,632 64,688 4,025 23,48 94,85 7, , ,675 64,930 3,892 23,38 95,029 7, , ,546 64,768 4,03 23,702 95,292 7, , ,525 64,743 4,045 23,978 95,578 7, , ,499 64,847 3,999 24,233 95,787 7, , ,603 65,03 4,00 24,07 96,048 72, , ,53 65,546 3,935 24,035 96,337 72, , ,572 65,797 3,800 24,68 96,65 72, , ,593 66,090 3,746 24,22 97,324 73, , ,570 66,72 3,782 24,25 97,560 73, , ,6 67,027 3,527 24,395 97,839 73, , ,543 67,62 3,520 24,64 98,39 73, , 7.4 2,489 67,62 3,44 24,587 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 87,528 67, , ,398 6,690 3,337 20,03 87,574 67, , ,440 6,885 3,80 20,069 87,702 67, , ,38 6,709 3,278 20,398 87,888 67, , ,302 6,629 3,28 20,675 88,082 67, , ,294 6,786 3,235 20,766 88,295 67, , ,387 62,037 3,264 20,607 88,53 67, , ,30 62,420 3,29 20,564 88,666 68, , ,35 62,699 3,064 20,552 88,950 68, ,39 7 2,385 63,006 3,0 20,549 89,536 68, ,96 7 2,346 63,569 3,038 20,582 89,758 69, , ,404 63,85 2,830 20,673 89,979 69, , ,36 63,987 2,820 20,8 90,244 69, ,62 7 2,32 64,30 2,806 20,826 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 02,837 60, , ,2 3,38 42,328 03,067 60, , ,379 3,357 42,48 03,267 60, , ,448 3,462 42,453 03,55 6, , ,743 3,472 42,468 03,774 6, , ,98 3,39 42,52 03,988 6, , ,05 3,397 42,642 04,232 6, , ,357 3,332 42,654 04,52 6, , ,824 3,289 42,526 04,807 62, , ,276 3,4 42,292 05,072 62, , ,583 3,366 42,300 05,275 62, , ,937 3,89 42,338 05,528 63, , ,43 3,36 42,374 05,797 63, , ,434 2,95 42,535 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 95,808 56, , ,23 2,806 38,899 96,006 56, , ,288 2,783 39,062 96,48 57, , ,364 2,856 39,076 96,334 57, , ,678 2,858 39,07 96,558 57, , ,98 2,775 39,043 96,757 57, , ,989 2,808 39,4 96,927 57, , ,253 2,766 39,065 97,45 58, , ,652 2,745 38,96 97,37 58, , ,032 2,86 38,738 97,577 58, , ,369 2,757 38,679 97,762 59, , ,70 2,626 38,663 98,000 59, , ,96 2,554 38,658 98,29 59, , ,22 2,394 38,782 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,264 7, , ,978, ,744 4,302 7, , ,37, ,605 4,446 7, , ,43, ,682 4,585 7,83 5 6, ,78, ,754 4,72 7, , ,23, ,944 4,723 7, , ,28, ,992 4,839 7, , ,230, ,060 5,038 7, , ,270, ,226 5,36 7, , ,327, ,227 5,283 7, , ,365, ,290 5,35 7, , ,403, ,397 5,387 7, , ,357, ,58 5,473 7, , ,543,92 7,55 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables D through D0 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal 38 adjustment of the various series. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information.

147 D2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 66,067, , ,438 66,442, , ,320 66,75, , ,559 67,063 2, , ,454 67,438 2, ,62 6 5,525 67,760 2, , ,454 68,098 2, , ,386 68,49 3, , ,27 68,98 3, , ,222 69,499 4, , ,4 69,785 4, , ,794 70,49 4, , ,82 70,540 5, , ,575 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 57, , ,56 57, , ,47 57, ,09 7 2,53 57, , ,46 57, ,39 7 2,468 58, , ,438 58, , ,433 58, ,6 7 2,295 58, , ,265 59, , ,26 59, , ,078 59, , ,04 59, , ,080 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 47, , ,022 47, , ,985 47, , ,084 47, , ,047 47, , ,054 47, , ,042 48, , ,06 48, , ,926 48, , ,05 48, , ,895 48, , ,804 48, , ,765 49, , ,664 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate Men Women 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,76 5 5, , , , , , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 23,022 4, , , ,6 4, , , ,94 4, , , ,285 4, , ,63. 23,388 4, , , ,454 4, , , ,549 5, ,5 57.4, ,650 5, , , ,76 5, , , ,87 5,43 6 3, , ,950 5,43 6 3, , ,043 5, , , ,49 5, ,5 58.4, Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 6,75 7 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 7, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,67 6 6, , , ,75 6 7, , , See footnotes at end of table. 39

148 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVCERAGES D2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin III BLACKContinued Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate Men Women HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Unemployment rate 8,338 2, , , ,43 2, , , ,555 2, ,6 59.9, ,702 2, , , ,845 2,390 6, , ,977 2, , , ,32 2, , , ,292 2, , , ,452 3, , , ,067 3, ,539 6, ,236 3, ,659 6, ,408 3, ,85 6, ,574 3, ,883 6, The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 40

149 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D3. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Full and parttime status, sex, and age III EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 0,020 59,76 58,547 4,307 40,569,905 0,388 60,09 58,798 4,375 40,63,976 0,457 59,88 58,600 4,644 40,8 2,045 0,624 59,868 58,636 4,769 40,970 2,08 02,227 60,05 58,8 42,6 4,356 2,060 02,430 60,34 58,92 42,303 4,504 2,04 03,28 60,570 59,360 42,562 4,724 2,044 03,853 60,984 59,755 42,862 42,063 2,035 04,730 6,362 60,38 43,359 42,503 2,088 05,286 6,720 60,470 43,50 42,635 2,8 06,00 62,53 60,869 43,945 43,03 2,28 06,75 62,398 6,2 44,372 43,450 2,53 07,256 62,76 6,440 44,470 43,572 2,244 Parttime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 23,46 7,657 5,587 5,84 3,543 4,33 23,47 7,58 5,449 5,906 3,53 4,437 23,43 7,427 5,355 5,726 3,406 4,382 23,284 7,473 5,374 5,80 3,487 4,422 23,056 7,36 5,33 5,698 3,393 4,332 23,37 7,504 5,422 5,637 3,328 4,387 23,27 7,438 5,306 5,69 3,370 4,452 23,305 7,466 5,387 5,826 3,43 4,506 23,33 7,387 5,37 5,755 3,323 4,494 23,383 7,482 5,358 5,897 3,52 4,504 23,22 7,46 5,32 5,80 3,362 4,529 23,027 7,386 5,39 5,634 3,36 4,393 23,276 7,43 5,246 5,86 3,479 4,55 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 5,992 3,459 3,09 2,537 2, ,762 3,229 2,930 2,460 2, ,957 3,424 3,04 2,559 2, ,996 3,446 3,026 2,560 2, ,94 3,382 2,997 2,56 2, ,927 3,336 3,003 2,564 2, ,835 3,342 2,956 2,527 2, ,643 3,204 2,83 2,448 2, ,782 3,23 2,795 2,569 2, ,702 3,35 2,778 2,52 2, ,385 3,002 2,602 2,426 2, ,34 2,968 2,575 2,358 2, ,35 2,940 2,585 2,226, Looking for parttime work Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, , , , , , , , , , , , , UNEMPLOYMENT RATES Fulltime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Parttime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years These rates reflect a refined definition of the full and parttime labor force and differ from the rates published elsewhere in this publication prior to 994. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 4

150 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D4. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category II III MARITAL STATUS Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 24,448 4,554 3,763 7, 24,897 4,948 3,946 7,06 24,666 42,002 32,080 7,45 24,843 42,29 32,074 7,7 25,207 42,3 32,42 7,24 25,656 42,97 32,6 7,329 26,323 42,409 32,34 7,32 27,067 42,50 32,627 7,325 27,787 42,556 32,535 7,48 28,697 42,602 32,668 7,606 29,387 42,426 32,574 7,80 29,723 42,637 32,840 7,88 30,42 42,897 32,93 7,804 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty.. Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair... Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 34,385 37,696 6,85 3,669 8,075 3,750 34,739 37,422 7,048 3,675 8,92 3,78 35,55 37,400 6,98 3,499 8,064 3,65 35,662 37,53 6,793 3,445 7,877 3,57 35,70 37,294 6,886 3,55 8,50 3,64 35,833 37,387 6,870 3,624 8,89 3,709 36,369 37,65 7,25 3,462 8,89 3,59 36,657 37,803 7,35 3,629 8,35 3,545 37,26 37,95 7,288 3,660 8,276 3,59 37,499 38,03 7,255 4,028 8,264 3,490 37,492 38,22 7,398 4,259 8,505 3,562 37,74 38,370 7,670 4,044 8,40 3,485 38,02 38,546 7,83 4,80 8,45 3,474 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Private industries Private households Other industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,830,675 48,843 93, ,542 8,330 8,928 24,880,66 4 2,282 93,795,027 92,768 8,487 8,892 8,780, ,290 93, ,88 8,458 8,806 3,796, ,420 94, ,26 8,283 8,999 08,824, ,804 94, ,69 8,229 8,925 03,899, ,093 94, ,037 8,39 8,940 04,877, ,790 95, ,69 8,296 8,965 7,843, ,609 96, ,428 8,223 8,925 26,87, ,77 96, ,002 8,25 9,063 42,923, ,93 97, ,858 8,53 9,243 38,927, ,677 98, ,749 8,008 9,04 34,880, ,274 99, ,6 8,205 8,944 3,838, ,040 99, ,965 8,64 8, PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 4,449 2,405,746 7,795 4,497 2,399,792 7,879 4,478 2,432,734 7,777 4,492 2,529,668 7,934 4,429 2,543,606 7,50 4,333 2,423,590 7,573 4,377 2,372,645 7,682 4,345 2,502,562 8,029 4,2 2,256,63 7,875 4,244 2,365,544 8,38 4,56 2,348,479 8,93 3,978 2,96,477 8,07 3,886 2,22,372 8,94 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 4,240 2,268,702 7,28 4,276 2,266,743 7,29 4,273 2,296,696 7,075 4,303 2,400,634 7,338 4,265 2,438,574 6,897 4,08 2,280,562 6,929 4,92 2,26,60 7,062 4,56 2,373,532 7,4 4,035 2,39,605 7,264 4,044 2,247,5 7,532 3,959 2,26,440 7,606 3,80 2,085,445 7,45 3,692 2,05,338 7,605 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 42

151 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D5. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex III, 6 years and over... 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 24,448 9,096 6,258 2,604 3,645 2,838 05,343 90,249 5,096 24,897 9,4 6,4 2,573 3,824 2,730 05,763 90,725 5,037 24,666 8,980 6,423 2,599 3,848 2,557 05,694 90,702 4,943 24,843 8,764 6,452 2,574 3,883 2,33 06,079 90,942 5,72 25,207 8,572 6,387 2,543 3,836 2,85 06,623 9,373 5,252 25,656 8,547 6,396 2,590 3,796 2,52 07,090 9,833 5,258 26,323 8,668 6,497 2,65 3,863 2,7 07,678 92,36 5,300 27,067 8,590 6,533 2,654 3,874 2,058 08,487 92,989 5,557 27,787 8,756 6,579 2,687 3,887 2,77 09,08 93,420 5,600 28,697 8,969 6,64 2,655 3,978 2,328 09,74 93,88 5,850 29,387 9,060 6,659 2,648 4,09 2,40 0,355 94,330 5,95 29,723 8,962 6,586 2,60 3,965 2,375 0,766 94,800 6,034 30,42 9,88 6,766 2,679 4,090 2,422,220 94,836 6,387 Men, 6 years and over 67,320 67,605 67,34 67,268 67,346 67,707 68,078 68,370 68,683 69,29 69,639 69,705 70, 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 0,00 3,232,364,866 6,868 57,223 48,849 8,389 0,08 3,280,30,959 6,828 57,496 49,05 8,382 0,026 3,287,334,97 6,739 57,272 48,996 8,26 9,942 3,336,329 2,002 6,606 57,345 48,989 8,363 9,760 3,265,288,98 6,495 57,585 49,090 8,50 9,753 3,282,303,973 6,47 57,934 49,398 8,522 9,762 3,348,33 2,032 6,44 58,308 49,677 8,62 9,7 3,39,302 2,007 6,392 58,690 50,007 8,705 9,738 3,292,336,96 6,446 58,944 50,230 8,725 9,927 3,375,344 2,024 6,552 59,347 50,502 8,836 9,994 3,384,342 2,048 6,60 59,636 50,70 8,92 9,90 3,357,343,994 6,545 59,836 50,878 8,983 9,990 3,498,392 2,8 6,49 60,8 5,009 9,2 Women, 6 years and over 57,28 57,292 57,352 57,575 57,862 57,949 58,245 58,697 59,04 59,406 59,748 60,08 60,30 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 8,996 3,025,240,779 5,970 48,2 4,399 6,708 9,033 3,30,263,866 5,902 48,267 4,62 6,655 8,954 3,35,265,876 5,89 48,422 4,706 6,682 8,822 3,5,245,88 5,707 48,734 4,953 6,809 8,82 3,22,255,855 5,69 49,037 42,283 6,742 8,794 3,3,286,823 5,68 49,56 42,435 6,737 8,906 3,49,32,83 5,757 49,370 42,640 6,688 8,879 3,23,352,867 5,666 49,797 42,982 6,852 9,08 3,287,35,926 5,73 50,075 43,90 6,875 9,042 3,266,30,954 5,776 50,367 43,380 7,04 9,066 3,275,307,972 5,79 50,79 43,629 7,038 9,060 3,230,266,970 5,83 50,930 43,92 7,05 9,98 3,268,287,972 5,930 5,02 43,827 7,266 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 43

152 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D6. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex III, 6 years and over... 7,406 7,249 7,475 7,58 7,39 7,407 7,267 7,089 7,57 7,47 6,76 6,656 6,392 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,56, ,254 4,90 4, ,502, ,26 4,73 4, ,555, ,24 4,99 4, ,705, ,326 4,83 4, ,607, ,227 4,803 4, ,633, ,297 4,759 4, ,524, ,242 4,739 4, ,487, ,208 4,605 4, ,53, ,20 4,647 4,3 58 2,564, ,22 4,568 4, ,407, ,47 4,302 3, ,384, ,0 4,282 3, ,345, ,53 4,065 3, Men, 6 years and over 4,025 3,892 4,03 4,045 3,999 4,00 3,935 3,800 3,746 3,782 3,527 3,520 3,44 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,64 2, , ,59 2,23 323, ,628 2,28 340, ,565 2, , ,563 2, , ,545 2, , ,56 2,26 29, ,429 2,0 33, ,377 2, , ,378 2,090 30, ,240, , ,20,97 278, ,3, Women, 6 years and over 3,38 3,357 3,462 3,472 3,39 3,397 3,332 3,289 3,4 3,366 3,89 3,36 2,95 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,269 2,025 25, ,22, , ,292 2, , ,248, , ,240, , ,24, , ,223, , ,75, , ,270 2, , ,90,976 22, ,062,847 29, ,08, , ,933,749 8 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 44

153 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAVES D7. Unemployment rates by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Age and sex , 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 45

154 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D8. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Category CHARACTERISTIC Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over, Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present, Married women, spouse present, Women who maintain families OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty, Technical, sales, and administrative support, Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries, Mining Construction Manufacturing, Durable goods Nondurable goods, Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised baesd on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 46

155 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D9. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reason NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3, , , ,49,02 2, , ,480,034 2, , ,494,050 2, , ,533,033 2, , ,55,053 2, , ,472,064 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. D0. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Duration 994 I II 995 III I II III I II III NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 2,538 2,93 2,77,229,487 2,632 2,23 2,338,030,308 2,695 2,352 2,423,23,300 2,75 2,439 2,346,098,249 2,722 2,372 2,337,089,249 2,670 2,307 2,369,4,254 2,69 2,293 2,368,044,324 2,587 2,253 2,28,0,270 2,658 2,299 2,225,033,92 2,625 2,306 2,29 999,30 2,58 2,44 2,078,039,038 2,498 2, 2,088,04,074 2,504,96,940 98,022 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect population controls used in the household survey. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 47

156 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 20,457 34, ,66 3,300 24,867 6,69 66, ,936 36, ,88 3,245 27,573 5,955 67,62 68,98 3, ,96 3,9 05,797 4,845 55,57 70,540 4, ,743 3,077 07,665 4,233 55,564 23,76 5, , ,674, ,454 24,49 5, , ,27, ,503 9,452 3, ,65 555,60, ,283 20,574 3, , , ,59 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 96,65 72, ,699 2,498 66,20 3,472 24,479 98,39 73, ,3 2,398 67,732 3,77 24,83 8,8 6, ,247 2,348 56,899 2,580 9,985 82,88 62, ,3 2,263 58,048 2,34 20,229 0,65 7, , , ,364 0,832 7, , , ,45 9,76 7, , , ,927 0,502 8, , , ,073 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,950 68, ,560 2,338 63,222 2,805 20,585 90,244 69, ,777 2,263 64,54 2,62 20,855 75,698 58, ,484 2,96 54,288 2,098 7,6 76,595 59, ,342 2,3 55,22,927 7,326 9,476 6,87 7 6, , ,605 9,640 6,98 7 6, , ,659 8,709 7, , ,45 46,404 9,370 7, , , ,480 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 04,807 62, , ,665 3,29 42,2 05,797 63, , ,84 2,778 42,33 87,07 5, , ,898 2,266 35,73 87,659 52, , ,67,892 35,335 3,0 8, , , ,090 3,36 8, , , ,052 9,736 5, , , ,356 0,073 5, ,4 82 5, ,58 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional popuiation Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 97,37 58, , ,50 2,690 38,406 98,29 59, , ,704 2,286 38,49 8,24 48, , ,74,906 32,423 8,702 49, , ,935,577 32,40,897 7, ,97 4 6, ,33 2,09 7, ,70 8 7, ,37 8,764 5, ,62 6 4, ,749 9,058 5, , , ,86 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 5,36 7, , ,35, ,60 5,473 7, , ,356,057 7,888,980 6, , , ,68 2,243 6,45 5 5, , ,828 2, ,58 2, ,527, ,30 2, ,250 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 48

157 D2. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Employment status, sex, and age Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,452 3, ,65 555,60, ,283 20,574 3, , , ,59,879 8, , , ,76 2,54 8, , , ,886 2,23, ,2 9, ,345, ,249 5, , , Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,76 7, , , ,927 0,502 8, , , ,073 6,30 5, , , ,8 6,638 5, , , , , Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,709 7, , ,45 46,404 9,370 7, , , ,480 5,497 4,70 8 4, , ,868 5, , , ooo Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population, Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, Unemployment rate Not in labor force, 9,736 5, , , ,356 0,073 5, ,4 82 5, ,58 5,750 3,52 5 2, , ,598 5,902 3, , , ,67, , Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,764 5, ,62 6 4, ,749 9,058 5, , , ,86 5,2 2, , , ,23 5,277 3, , , , , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, ,30 2, ,250, , ( 2 ) 7 8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 5 5 ( 2 ) 22 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 49

158 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D3. white, black, and Hispanicorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Category SEX (all civilian workers) Men Women 28,66 68,699 59,467 30,88 70,3 60,687 08,96 59,247 49,669 0,743 60,3 50,432 3,783 6,547 7,237 4,229 6,722 7,508 2,65 7,273 4,892 3,000 7,886 5,4 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 37,378 7,928 9,450 38,265 8,663 9,602 32,827 5,92 6,906 33,47 6,57 6,900 2,800,280,520 2,909,36,548, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 38,058 4,037 5,53 8,489 38,694 4,256 5,975 8,462 32,430 3,449 3,556 5,425 33,024 3,626 3,98 5,46 3, ,287 2,334 4, ,30 2,369 3, ,207,644 3,7 263,29,635 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 7, ,36 4,224 7, ,29 4,604 3, ,688,096 3,76 672,803,242 2, ,46 3, ,563 2, ,052 2, ,236 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,673 4,529 5,95 3,949 4,69 4,789 5,273 4,07 2,092 4,006 4,703 3,382 2,446 4,238 4,739 3,468, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 8,488 7,956 5,398 5, ,292 8,638 8,008 5,529 5, ,283 4,958 6,45 4,483 4, ,377 5,035 6,380 4,539 4, ,437 2,797, ,825, ,746, ,870, Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,372 3,326 3,56 3, CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,772, ,667 8,352 97, ,34 9,063 37,735, ,542 8,30 00, ,32 8,939 93,657, ,526 4,750 82, ,07 8,58 3,625, ,554 4,727 84, ,08 8, ,84 2,849 0, , ,634 2,86 0,88 5 0, ,02,323 9, , ,880,38 0, , FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime workers Parttime workers 04,463 23,704 06,972 23,846 88,7 20,745 89,984 20,759,75 2,033 2,03 2,26 0,242,923 0,987 2,04 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household data. 50

159 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D4. Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status (In thousands) Category Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin SEX (all civilian workers) Men Women 2,65 7,273 4,892 3,000 7,886 5,4 7,52 4,664 2,857 8,036 5,080 2,955, , OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 3, ,207,644 3,7 263,29,635, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 2, ,052 2, ,236, ,259,69 0 5, Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 2,746, ,870, , , Farming, forestry, and fishing CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers ,02,323 9, , ,880,38 0, , , , , , ,378 6, , ,205 87,09 3, FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime workers Part time workers 0,242,923 0,987 2,04 6,383,39 6,87, , Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population comtrols used in the house hold survey. 5

160 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D5. persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Age and sex White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over... 28,66 30,88 08,96 0,743 3,783 4,229 2,65 3,000 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,330 2,62 3,78 2,63 09,673 93,930 5,743 6,528 2,607 3,922 2,42,877 95,338 6,539 5,520 2,297 3,223 0,87 93,209 79,278 3,93 5,686 2,33 3,373 0,369 94,688 80,082 4, ,395,805 0,467, ,475 2,38 0,77, ,679 9,822 8,82, ,78 0,48 9,449,03 Men, 6 years and over 68,699 70,3 59,247 60,3 6,547 6,722 7,273 7,886 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 3,39,278,86 6,42 59,39 50,349 8,79 3,354,336 2,08 6,467 60,30 5,9 9,90 2,764,9,645 5,445 5,038 43,74 7,864 2,969,88,78 5,488 5,854 43,650 8, ,62 4, ,752 5, ,038 5,85 5, ,087 6,350 5, Women, 6 years and over 59,467 60,687 49,669 50,432 7,237 7,508 4,892 5,4 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 3,9,334,857 5,742 50,534 43,58 6,953 3,74,27,904 5,945 5,568 44,29 7,349 2,757,78,579 4,74 42,7 36,04 6,067 2,77,25,592 4,88 42,834 36,433 6, ,84 5, ,386 5, ,97 3, ,30 3, NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 52

161 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D6. Unemployment rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin Age and sex, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 53

162 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D7. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Reasons NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,69 3, ,82, , ,955 2, ,949, , ,845 2,277 72,564, , ,233 2, , , , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorgin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 54

163 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D8. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Duration NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 2,442 2,229 2, ,096 5,955 2,300,898, ,845,896,593, ,233,732,348, , , , Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over PERCENT DISTRIBUTION NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 55

164 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D9. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 9,33 94,355 $499 $5 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 52,053 5,684 46,369 53,455 5,956 47, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 39,260 4,078 35,82 40,900 4,364 36, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 76,333 44,488 3,845 78,440 45,462 32, Black Men Women,026 5,347 5,679,56 5,597 5, Hispanic origin Men Women 9,48 5,995 3,485 0,293 6,649 3, NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 56

165 D20. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Age, race, and Hispanic origin Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 2,378 2,205 $44 $50 Men, 6 years and over, 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 6,495 3,534 2,96 6,635 3,629 3, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 4,883 4,660 0,223 4,570 4,586 9, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 8,474 5,444 3,029 8,298 5,632 2, Black Men Women 2,035 77,37 2,04 686, Hispanic origin Men Women,75 622,28, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 57

166 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D2. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex Occupation and sex Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings TOTAL Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 27,34 3,220 4,094 26,44 3,293 9,040 4,08 0,04 393,945 7,675,4 3,933 3,67 3,509 5,042 6,986 4,242 3,84,388 28,609 4,62 4,447 27,306 3,554 9,724 4,028 0, ,89 8,062,447 4,48 3,734 3,565 5,337 7,8 4,42 3,807,34 $ $ Men Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,99 7,03 6,888 0,059,69 5,03 3,337 4,855 30,630 3,96 0,8 3,754 3,62 2,85,762 4,590 3,960 3,23,205 4,483 7,446 7,036 0,427,857 5,29 3,279 5,254 48,576 3,630 0,528 4,034 3,684 2,80,62 4,445 4,079 3,097, $ $ Women Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,323 6,7 7,206 6,383,602 4,009 0,77 5, , ,280 2, ,26 6,75 7,4 6,879,697 4,433 0,749 5, , ,76 2, $ $ Data not shown where base is less than 00,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population 58 controls used in the household survey.

167 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D22. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 40 years and over 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,758 6,436,5 2,973 2,33,322 7,779 6, ,492 2,797,623 6,609 5,84,048 2,679 2, ,590 5, ,252 2,54,052 6,43 5,635,09 2,596 2, ,420 5, ,98 2,444, NONVETERANS, 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 8,73 8,79 5,932 4,062 9,858 9,43 6,47 4,244 6,938 8,085 5,369 3,484 7,966 8,460 5,857 3,649 6,380 7,82 5,2 3,357 7,439 8,28 5,687 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 59

168 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D23. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin, 40 to 54 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 5,707 5,29 5, ,58 5,008 4, ,830 4,524 4, ,737 5,343 4, ,966,592, ,0,72,633 79,89,632, ,05,849, to 44 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate ,40 6,950 6, ,728 7,24 7, to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,638 2,406 2, ,208 2,02, ,008 4,588 4,476 5,450 4,978 4, to 54 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,09,94, ,580 2,338 2, ,422 2,986 2, ,559 3,24 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5,964 and May 7,975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 60

169 Annual Averages

170 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 934 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Persons 4 years of age and over ,230 52,870 53,440 54,000 54,60 55,230 40,890 42,260 44,40 46,300 44,220 45,750 9,900 0,0 0,000 9,820 9,690 9,60 30,990 32,50 34,40 36,480 34,530 36,40,340 0,60 9,030 7,700 0,390 9, () 99,900 98,640 94,640 93,220 94,090 03,070 06,08 55,640 55,90 56,40 55,540 54,630 53,860 57,520 60, ,520 50,350 53,750 54,470 53,960 52,820 55,250 57,82 9,540 9,00 9,250 9,080 8,950 8,580 8,320 8,256 37,980 4,250 44,500 45,390 45,00 44,240 46,930 49,557 8,20 5,560 2,660, ,040 2,270 2, () 43,990 42,230 39,00 38,590 40,230 45,550 45,850 Persons 6 years of age and over ,827 03,068 03,994 59,350 60,62 6, ,038 58,343 57,65 7,890 7,629 7,658 49,48 50,74 49,993 2,3 2,276 3, ,477 42,447 42, , ,995 04,62 05,23 07,056 08,32 09,683 0,954 2,265 3,727 5,329 62,208 62,07 62,38 63,05 63,643 65,023 66,552 66,929 67,639 68, ,98 59,96 60,250 6,79 60,09 62,70 63,799 64,07 63,036 64,630 7,60 6,726 6,500 6,260 6,205 6,450 6,283 5,947 5,586 5,565 5,758 53,235 53,749 54,99 53,904 55,722 57,54 58,23 57,450 59,065 3,288 2,055,883,834 3,532 2,852 2,750 2,859 4,602 3, ,787 42,604 43,093 44,04 44,678 44,660 44,402 45,336 46,088 46, ,245 8,77 20,53 22,46 24,485 26,53 28,058 29,874 32,028 34,335 69,628 70,459 70,64 7,833 73,09 74,455 75,770 77,347 78,737 80, ,778 65,746 66,702 67,762 69,305 7,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 5,458 5,200 4,944 4,687 4,523 4,36 3,979 3,844 3,87 3,606 60,38 60,546 6,759 63,076 64,782 66,726 68,95 70,527 72,03 74,296 3,852 4,74 3,9 4,070 3,786 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,87 2, ,67 48,32 49,539 50,583 5,394 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,29 53, ,085 40,26 44,26 47,096 50,20 53,53 56,50 59,033 6,90 64,863 82,77 84,382 87,034 89,429 9,949 93,775 96,58 99,009 02,25 04, ,678 79,367 82,53 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,07 96,048 98,824 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,55 3,408 3,33 3,283 3,387 3,347 75,25 75,972 78,669 8,594 83,279 82,438 85,42 88,734 92,66 95,477 4,093 5,06 4,882 4,365 5,56 7,929 7,406 6,99 6,202 6, ,35 55,834 57,09 57,667 58,7 59,377 59,99 60,025 59,659 59, ,745 70,30 72,27 74,25 76,383 78,206 80,587 82,753 84,63 86,393 06,940 08,670 0,204,550 3,544 5,46 7,834 9,865 2,669 23, ,303 00,397 99,526 00,834 05,005 07,50 09,597 2,440 4,968 7,342 3,364 3,368 3,40 3,383 3,32 3,79 3,63 3,208 3,69 3,99 95,938 97,030 96,25 97,450 0,685 03,97 06,434 09,232,800 4,42 7,637 8,273 0,678 0,77 8,539 8,32 8,237 7,425 6,70 6, ,806 6,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62, ,64 90,925 92,805 94,838 96,84 98, ,59 203,33 25,840 26,346 28,05 29,200 3,056 32,304 33,943 36, ,793 7,78 8,492 20,259 23,060 24,900 26,708 29,558 3,223 3,269 3,247 3,5 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 5,570 4,449 5,245 7,44 9,65 2,460 23,264 26,59 7,047 8,628 9,63 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6, ,324 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 Not available. 2 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 3 Beginning in, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of the revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. 62

171 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 965 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Men Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force ,782 60,262 60,905 6,847 62,898 48,255 48,47 48,987 49,533 50, ,340 46,99 47,479 48,4 48, ,547 3,243 3,64 3,57 2,963 42,792 43,675 44,35 44,957 45,855,94,55,508,49,403,527,792,99 2,35 2, ,304 65,942 67,835 69,292 70,808 72,29 73,759 75,93 76,576 78,020 5,228 52,80 53,555 54,624 55,739 56,299 57,74 58,396 59,620 60, ,990 49,390 50,896 52,349 53,024 5,857 53,38 54,728 56,479 57, ,862 2,795 2,849 2,847 2,99 2,824 2,744 2,67 2,78 2,686 46,28 46,595 48,047 49,502 50,05 49,032 50,394 52,057 53,76 54,92 2,238 2,789 2,659 2,275 2,74 4,442 4,036 3,667 3,42 3, ,076 3,762 4,280 4,667 5,069 5,993 6,585 6,797 6,956 7, ,398 80,5 8,523 82,53 83,605 84,469 85,798 86,899 87,857 88,762 6,453 6,974 62,450 63,047 63,835 64,4 65,422 66,207 66,927 67, ,86 57,397 56,27 56,787 59,09 59,89 60,892 62,07 63,273 64, ,709 2,700 2,736 2,704 2,668 2,535 2,5 2,543 2,493 2,53 54,477 54,697 53,534 54,083 56,423 57,356 58,38 59,564 60,780 6,802 4,267 4,577 6,79 6,260 4,744 4,52 4,530 4,0 3,655 3, ,945 8,537 9,073 9,484 9,77 20,058 20,376 20,692 20,930 20, ,377 9,278 92,270 93,332 94,355 95,78 96,206 97,75 69,0 69,68 69,964 70,404 70,87 7,360 72,087 73, ,04 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69, ,546 2,589 2,575 2,478 2,554 2,559 2,573 2,552 62,559 6,634 6,866 62,87 63,896 64,88 65,634 67,33 3,906 4,946 5,523 5,055 4,367 3,983 3,880 3, ,367 22,0 22,306 22,927 23,538 23,88 24,9 24,454 Women ,73 67,795 68,968 70,79 7,436 26,200 27,299 28,360 29,204 30, ,748 25,976 26,893 27,807 29, ,934 25,240 26,22 27,47 28,44,452,324,468,397,429 40,53 40,496 40,608 40,976 40, ,782 74,274 76,290 77,804 79,32 80,860 82,390 83,840 85,334 86,843 3,543 32,202 33,479 34,804 36,2 37,475 38,983 40,63 42,63 44, ,688 29,976 3,257 32,75 33,769 33,989 35,65 37,289 39,569 4, ,087 29,377 30,622 32,093 33,73 33,404 35,027 36,677 38,900 40,556,855 2,227 2,222 2,089 2,44 3,486 3,369 3,324 3,06 3, ,239 42,072 42,8 43,000 43,0 43,386 43,406 43,227 42,703 42, ,348 89,68 90,748 9,684 92,778 93,736 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,630 45,487 46,696 47,755 48,503 49,709 5,050 52,43 53,658 54,742 56, ,7 43,000 43,256 44,047 45,95 47,259 48,706 50,334 5,696 53, ,46 42,333 42,59 43,367 45,262 46,65 48,054 49,668 5,020 52,34 3,370 3,696 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,79 3,707 3,324 3,046 3, ,86 42,922 42,993 43,8 43,068 42,686 42,376 42,95 42,04 4, ,787 99,646 00,535 0,506 02,460 03,406 04,385 05,48 56,829 57,78 58,4 58,795 60,239 60,944 6,857 63, ,689 53,496 54,052 54,90 56,60 57,523 58,50 59, ,0 52,85 53,380 54,273 55,755 56,642 57,630 59,026 3,40 3,683 4,090 3,885 3,629 3,42 3,356 3, ,957 42,468 42,394 42,7 42,22 42,462 42,528 42,382 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 Beginning in, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of the revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. 63

172 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 203,33 5,365 7,86 7,504 7,442 6,832 39,559 8,884 20,675 43,883 22,544 2,339 33,39 8,443 4,948 2,505,605 9,900 3,989 9,543 8,509 3,937 36,297 7,932 3,237 4,695 3,532 98,280 33,380 6,008 7,373 37,326 9,04 8,222 27,574 5,547 2,027 2,665 8,049 4,66 3,887 2,50, ,558 6,66 2,648 4,02 2,380 94,46 3,809 5,63 6,646 35,908 8,339 7,569 26,744 5,089,654 2,296 7,86 4,480 3,76 2,080, , , ,59 6,47 2,532 3,885 2,054 92,368 3,090 4,836 6,254 35,02 7,93 7,89 26,76 4,774,402,880 7,59 4,289 3,440, ,739, ,52 3,89, , ,837 7,433 4,624 2,809 3,90 8,552 6,78 2,876 3,302 6,557 3,440 3,7 5,87 2,895 2,922 8,840 3,556 5,284 28,02 7,393 7,438 3,270 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 97,75 7,836 4,053 3,783 8,706 57,423 9,478 9,28 0,97 2,669,37 0,532 6,276 9,07 7,259 0,282 5,582 4,700 3,469 4,360 3,737 5,372 73,26 4,095,676 2,49 7,84 52,732 8,0 8,583 9,527 20,058 0,363 9,696 4,564 8,88 6,376 6,952 4,39 2,56 2,298, ,685 3,40,355 2,045 6,548 50,772 7,338 8,62 9,77 9,327 9,967 9,360 4,07 7,935 6,72 6,735 4,258 2,478 2,229, , , ,33 3,206,265,94 6,290 49,22 6,788 7,904 8,883 8,736 9,659 9,077 3,698 7,706 5,992 6,445 4,0 2,344,97, , , ,454 3,74 2,377,365,52 4,69, , , ,329,9 2,39,7 3,22 3,093 4,957 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 05,48 7,528 3,808 3,72 8,736 59,40 20,08 9,603 0,478 22,24,407 0,807 7,5 9,425 7,689,224 6,024 5,200 8,520 5,84 4,772 8,564 63,036 3,837,56 2,277 6,348 45,548 5,27 7,425 7,846 7,268 8,74 8,526 3,00 7,359 5,65 5,73 3,658 2,054, ,873 3,260,293,967 5,83 43,689 4,47 7,00 7,470 6,58 8,372 8,209 2,637 7,55 5,482 5,56 3,558 2,003, ,026 3,2,268,944 5,764 43,47 4,302 6,93 7,37 6,366 8,255 8, 2,479 7,069 5,40 5,435 3,490,945, , , ,382 3,69 2,247,444 2,389 3,86 4,80 2,78 2,632 4,947 2,666 2,280 4,04 2,066 2,038 5,5 2,365 3,45 6,930 4,27 4,345 8,34 See footnotes at end of table. 64

173 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force WHITE 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 69,993 2,8 6,23 5,968 3,983 96,804 32,09 5,25 6,839 36,325 8,594 7,732 28,388 5,562 2,826 8,5 9,974 8,537 28,54 8,36 7,577 2,576 4,693 6,720 2,779 3,94,27 82,243 27,362 3,06 4,256 3,7 5,874 5,298 23,709 3,250 0,459,086 7,043 4,044 3,57, ,856 5,807 2,34 3,466 0,362 79,492 26,294 2,533 3,76 30,37 5,320 4,87 23,06 2,899 0,62 0,785 6,85 3,933 3,4, , , ,648 5,57 2,228 3,344 0,057 77,53 25,608 2,28 3,390 29,383 4,923 4,460 22,540 2,605 9,934 0,389 6,639 3,750 3,00, , ,75, , ,30 5,462 3,434 2,028 2,855 4,56 4,729 2,46 2,583 5,54 2,720 2,434 4,678 2,32 2,366 7,425 2,93 4,493 24,998 6,422 6,593,983 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 82,577 6,257 3,209 3,048 7,087 48,237 6,043 7,622 8,42 8,63 9,308 8,855 4,030 7,724 6,306 8,929 4,846 4,083 2,067 3,867 3,343 4,857 62,639 3,53,440 2,073 6,029 44,849 5,20 7,60 7,960 7,09 8,76 8,258 2,70 7,095 5,65 6,54 3,882 2,272 2,094, ,998 3,0,206,806 5,590 43,388 4,567 6,856 7,7 6,470 8,462 8,007 2,352 6,898 5,454 5,972 3,769 2,202 2,037, , , ,608 2,823,7,706 5,348 4,952 4,042 6,609 7,433 5,926 8,82 7,744,983 6,689 5,294 5,698 3,62 2,076, , , ,938 2,744, ,058 3, , , , ,82 9,973 2,745 2,742 4,485 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 87,47 5,924 3,004 2,920 6,896 48,567 6,047 7,629 8,48 8,62 9,285 8,877 4,357 7,838 6,59 9,582 5,28 4,454 6,447 4,494 4,234 7,79 52,054 3,207,339,867 5,099 37,394 2,242 5,946 6,296 4,53 7,3 7,040 0,999 6,55 4,844 4,932 3,6,772, ,859 2,796,36,660 4,773 36,04,727 5,677 6,05 3,667 6,858 6,80 0,709 6,00 4,708 4,83 3,082,73, ,040 2,748,,637 4,709 35,579,565 5,609 5,957 3,457 6,74 6,76 0,557 5,96 4,640 4,69 3,07,674, , , ,363 2,78,665,053,797,73 3,805,683 2,22 4,009 2,72,837 3,359,683,675 4,650,968 2,682 5,025 3,677 3,850 7,497 See footnotes at end of table. 65

174 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force BLACK 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 24,003 2,42,255,58 2,55 4,259 5,279 2,568 2,7 5,40 2,832 2,578 3,57 2,00,470 2,64, , ,05 5, ,783,454 4,329 2,096 2,233 4,40 2,324 2,076 2,724,663,062, , ,456 0,585 3,903,866 2,037 4,094 2,55,939 2,588,58,007, , ,446 0,494 3,880,860 2,020 4,059 2,34,924 2,555, , , ,474, , , , , Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 0,763, ,53 6,44 2,363,4,222 2,47,293,77, , , ,435 2, ,065 2,096,2 984, , ,044, ,955,037 99, , ,963, ,922,06 905, , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 3,24, ,362 7,88 2,96,427,489 2,939,539,400,964,48 86, , , ,09 2,277,09,68 2,305,23,092, , ,54 2, ,056 2,39,8,020, , ,53 2, ,052 2,37,8,09, , , , Data not shown where base is less than 35,000 the household survey. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in 66

175 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. Employment status of the Hispanicorgin population by age and sex (Numbers in thousands) Age and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over.. 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 20,32 2,2,088,033 2,623 5,577 2,439 5,405 4,453 2,58 3,38,580,558 3, ,004 0,880 9,844 4,298 3,60,945, , ,798 0,24 9,246 4,029 3,37, , ,694 9,69 8,772 3,809 3,23, , ,526, ,697 2,595, ,02 730,372 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over. 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 0,368, ,439 7,8 6,43 2,872 2,275,266, , ,267 6,52 5,887 2,684 2,09, , ,42 6,65 5,584 2,547,978, , ,046 5,77 5,80 2,358, , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over to 54 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over.. 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 9,953, ,84 7,766 6,027 2,533 2,78,35, , ,368 3,957,64, , ,049 3,663,482, , ,974 3,592,45, , ,398 2, , NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 67

176 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 200,59 33, ,708 3,443 23,264 7, , ,33 36, ,558 3,399 26,59 6, ,837 68,37 3, ,808 3,276 04,532 5, ,209 69,993 4, ,856 3,208 06,648 4, ,30 23,604 5, , ,444, ,470 24,003 5, , ,852, ,474 9,23 2, , ,033, ,439 20,32 3, , ,067, ,526 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 96,206 72, ,207 2,573 65,634 3, ,9 97,75 73, ,685 2,552 67,33 3, ,454 8,489 6, ,888 2,436 56,452 2, ,706 82,577 62, ,998 2,389 57,608 2,64 0 9,938 0,575 7, , , ,3 0,763 7, , , ,409 9,604 7, , , ,957 0,368 8, , , ,059 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,606 68, ,897 2,356 62,54 3, ,563 89,879 69, ,284 2,356 63,927 2, ,73 75,454 58, ,977 2,224 53,753 2, ,4 76,320 59, ,986 2,20 54,785 2,40 0 7,94 9,44 6, , , ,608 9,575 6, , , ,665 8,6 7, , , ,46 9,250 7, , , ,47 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 04,385 6, , ,630 3, ,528 05,48 63, , ,026 3, ,382 86,828 5, , ,080 2, ,503 87,47 52, , ,040 2, ,363 3,029 7, , , ,59 3,24 8, , , ,066 9,60 5, , , ,482 9,953 5, , , ,466 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 97,050 58, , ,484 2, ,956 97,889 59, , ,85 2, ,69 8,04 48, , ,366, ,879 8,492 48, , ,292, ,645,833 7, , , ,428 2,06 7, ,03 3 7, ,330 8,654 4, , , ,875 8,950 5, , , ,845 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, 4,934 7, , ,239, ,28 5,365 7, , ,47, ,433,822 6, , , ,25 2,8 6, , , ,462 2, ,434 2, ,479, ,03 2, ,20 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to tatals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are includes in both the white and black population groups. 68 Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

177 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,23 2, , ,033, ,439 20,32 3, , ,067, ,526,762 7, , , ,89 2,443 8, , , ,897 2,07, ,057 9, ,39, ,66 8, , Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,604 7, , , ,957 0,368 8, , , ,059 6,057 4, ,530 All 4, ,25 6,529 5, , , , , Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,6 7,50 8 6, , ,46 9,250 7, , , ,47 5,42 4, , , ,795 4, , , Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,60 5,28 5 4, , ,482 9,953 5, , , ,466 5,704 3,0 5 2, , ,693 5,93 3,23 5 2, , ,683, , Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,654 4, , , ,875 8,950 5, , , ,845 5,085 2, , , ,30 5,280 2, , , , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, ,03 2, ,20, , ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 20 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 35, NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

178 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Educational attainment Men Women White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 68,248 2, , ,690 70,327 4, ,58 6 4,35 79,995 60, , ,47 8,73 6, , ,246 88,253 5, , ,29 89,53 52, , ,069 42,588 95, , ,507 43,829 96, , ,59 8,729 2, , ,076 2, , ,74 0, , ,577 0, , Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 30,66 2,394 4., , ,757 2, , , ,66 7, , ,9 7, , ,000 4, , ,638 4, , ,82 0, , ,785 0,44 4 9, ,670, , ,6, , ,730 3, , ,968 4, , High school graduates, no college Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 56,47 37, ,300 6,726 57,424 37, ,63 6,606 25,543 9, , ,076 9, , ,874 7, , ,348 7, , ,43 3, ,042 6,238 48,728 3, ,552 6,47 6,568 4, , ,837 4, , ,945 2, , ,54 3,23 7 2, Less than a bachelor's degree Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian laborforce Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 4,688 3, , ,65 4,946 3, , ,022 9,67 5, , ,387 5, , ,522 5, , ,560 5, , ,429 26, , ,552 26, , ,809 3, , ,890 3, , ,623 2, , ,830 2, , Some college, no degree Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian laborforce Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 29,46 2, , ,448 2, , ,908, , ,009, , ,508 0, , ,439 0, , ,873 7, , ,87 7, , ,574 2, , ,640 2, , ,899, , ,056, , Associate degree Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian laborforce Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 2,272 9, , ,498 9, , ,259 4, , ,378 4, , ,04 5,6 7 4, ,2 5, , ,555 8, , ,735 8, ,27 A 20,235, ,250, College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population... Civilian laborforce Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate 39,976 32, , ,200 33, , ,20 7, , ,592 8, , ,857 4, , ,608 4, , ,834 27, , ,764 28, , ,682 2, , ,738 2,34 8 2, ,443,97 8, ,625,364 8, Includes the categories, some college, no degree, and associate degree. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 70

179 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Fulltime workers Parttime workers Age, sex, and race 35 hours or more At work to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons Not at work Part time for economic reasons At work 2 Part time for noneconomic reasons Not at work Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 06,334 2,66 32,845 04,68 9,033 95,35 83,335,800 92,399, ,54 90,63 7,944 82,669 72,75 9,954 9, , ,75 7,57,234 4, , ,75 3, ,224 4,495 2,327 2,68 8,729 3,346 5,383,26 4,257 2, , ,973, ,856 3,985 2,52,832 4,872 2,675 2,96 8,567 3,630, ,357 44, , , ,780 3, , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 62,258,283 60,974 5,93 55,78 48,560 7,220 55,26,068 54,48 4,625 49,523 43,3 6,22 5, , ,400 3, ,00 32,969 0,859, ,427 2,7 5,30,355 3,955 2,2,744,87 65, ,82,877 3,944,064 2,880,394, , , ,088, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 44, ,94 3,840 39,354 34,774 4,580 37, ,465 3,39 33,46 29,404 3,742 4, , ,35 3, ,0 26,985 28,857, ,797 2,378 3,49,992,428 8,95 2,53,638 6, ,89, ,035 2,07 0,927,6 9,36 7,73 2,43,24 09, , ,05 43,69, White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 53,640,4 52,498 4,457 48,04 4,624 6,47 47, ,609 3,97 42,637 37,29 5,508 4, , ,806 3, ,79 28,69 94,597, ,358,870 4,488,32 3,356,764, ,084,665 3, ,54,5, , , ,569, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 35, ,26 3,08 32,08 28,79 3,929 30, ,677 2,699 26,978 23,764 3,24 4, , ,60 3,7 493,643 23,620 99,520, ,894 2,047,847,665 0,82 7,925 2,258,260 24, ,623,835 9,788,365 8,423 6,489,935, ,587 9, ,43, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , ,260 4, , , 470 4,64 4, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6, , ,360 4, , , ,527 4, , , persons are classified as full or parttime workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work also are classified according to their usual status. 2 Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 7

180 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. persons by occupation, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Men Women Occupation 6 years and over 6 years and over 20 years and over 6 years and over 20 years and over 26,708 29,558 68,207 69,685 64,897 66,284 58,50 59,873 55,3 56,63 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 36,497 7, ,656 4,374 8,752,960, , , ,66 37,686 8, ,43 4,604 9,245 2,036, ,027 2, , ,68 8,744 9, ,703,892 8,764, , ,86 9,249 0, ,95,948 8,978,84, , ,23 8,637 9, ,673,886 8,695, , ,40 9,3 0, ,9,940 8,907,840, , ,92 7,754 7, ,953 2,48 9, , , ,430 8,437 8, ,9 2,656 0, , , ,450 7,60 7, ,97 2,47 9, , , ,387 8,299 8, ,54 2,648 0, , , ,409 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical 37,683 3,926,605,64,57 5,404 4,50 2,529,559 6, , ,868 2, ,43 38,309 4,24,693,246,275 5,734 4,635 2,63,507 6, , ,692 2, ,420 3,489, ,782 2,82,445,69 2, , ,503 3,760 2, ,840 2,855,464,32 2, , ,597 2,775, ,308 2,790,43,59, , ,333 2,98, ,320 2,833,445,26, , ,43 24,94 2,06, ,622,689, , , ,783 2, ,639 24,549 2,86, ,894,780, , , ,63 2, ,823 22,553 2,036, ,559,669, , , ,682 2, ,232 22,859 2,53, ,804,754, , , ,59, ,395 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 7, ,87 4,86 5,906 2,398 3,25 2,756 7, ,300 4,442 5,999 2,447 3,08 2,888 6,967 4,8 5,5 2, , ,22 37,890 5,95 2, , ,989 32,775 4,82, , ,34 30,837 4,267, , , ,07 3,343 2,5,388 2,225 0, ,247 3,409 2,58,344 2,335 9, ,074 2,649 2,025,323 2,078 9, ,24 2,705 2,075,286 2,74 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,587 4,52 5,08 3,959 4,24 4,675 5,378 4,07 2,368 4,335 4,98 3,052 2,868 4,494 5,25 3,23 2,00 4,235 4,860 3,004 2,575 4,400 5,3 3,063, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 8,97 7,874 5,302 4,025,277 5, ,22 8,399 7,962 5,389 4,089,300 5, ,237 3,750 4,902 4,799 3,575,223 4, ,272 3,858 4,962 4,872 3,629,243 4, ,252 2,773 4,743 4,686 3,480,206 3, ,64 2,876 4,794 4,774 3,548,226 3, ,605 4,447 2, ,540 3, , ,250 2, ,38 2, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,566,34 2,252 3,503,37 2,86 2,889,00,879 2,828,02,86 2,624,00,623 2,587,000, N O T E: Beginning in January 977, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 72

181 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 0. persons by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Men Women TOTAL, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 26,708 29,558 68,207 69,685 58,50 59,873 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing White, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 07,808 09,856 58,888 59,998 48,920 49,859 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 3,542 3,969 6,456 6,607 7,086 7,362 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 73

182 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over 29, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Administrators, protective services Financial managers Personnel and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations Administrators, education and related fields, Managers, medicine and health, Managers, food serving and lodging establishments Managers, properties and real estate Managementrelated occupations, Accountants and auditors Underwriters Other financial officers Management analysts Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products Construction inspectors Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction, 37,686 8, , ,604, Professional specialty Engineers, architects, and surveyors Architects Engineers Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Electrical and electronic engineers Industrial engineers Mechanical engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Computer systems analysts and scientists Operations and systems researchers and analysts Natural scientists Chemists, except biochemists Agricultural and food scientists Medical scientists Health diagnosing occupations Physicians Dentists Health assessment and treating occupations Registered nurses Pharmacists Dietitians Therapists, Respiratory therapists Physical therapists, Speech therapists Physicians' assistants Teachers, college and university, Teachers, except college and university Prekindergarten and kindergarten Elementary school Secondary school Special education Counselors, educational and vocational Librarians, archivists, and curators Librarians Social scientists and urban planners Economists Psychologists 9,245 2, , ,494, , ,886 2, , ,872, See footnotes at end of table. 74

183 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers Recreation workers Clergy Lawyers and judges Lawyers Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes Authors Technical writers Designers Musicians and composers Actors and directors Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers Photographers Editors and reporters Public relations specialists Announcers Athletes, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Radiologic technicians Licensed practical nurses Engineering and related technologists and technicians Electrical and electronic technicians Drafting occupations Surveying and mapping technicians Science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Airplane pilots and navigators Computer programmers Legal assistants 38,309 4,24, , Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Insurance sales Real estate sales Securities and financial services sales Advertising and related sales Sales occupations, other business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats Sales workers, apparel Sales workers, shoes Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings Sales workers, radio, television, hifi, and appliances Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Sales workers, parts Sales workers, other commodities Sales counter clerks Cashiers Street and doortodoor sales workers News vendors Salesrelated occupations Demonstrators, promoters, and models 5,734 4,635 2, ,507,474 6, , , Administrative support occupations, including clerical Supervisors, administrative support Supervisors, general office Supervisors, financial records processing Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks 8, See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for FRASER 75

184 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Computer equipment operators Computer operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Secretaries Stenographers Typists Information clerks Interviewers Hotel clerks Transportation ticket and reservation agents Receptionists Records processing, except financial Order clerks Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Library clerks File clerks Records clerks Financial records processing Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing clerks Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators Communications equipment operators Telephone operators Mail and message distributing Postal clerks, except mail carriers Mail carriers, postal service Mail clerks, except postal service Messengers Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks Dispatchers Production coordinators Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks Stock and inventory clerks Meter readers Weighers, measurers, and checkers and samplers Expediters Adjusters and investigators Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators Investigators and adjusters, except insurance Eligibility clerks, social welfare Bill and account collectors Miscellaneous administrative support General office clerks Bank tellers Dataentry keyers Statistical clerks Teachers' aides ,692 3, , , ,96, , , , Service occupations Private household Child care workers Cleaners and servants Protective service Supervisors Police and detectives Firefighting and fire prevention Firefighting Police and detectives Police and detectives, public service Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers Correctional institution officers Guards Guards and police, except public services 7, , , Service occupations, except private household and protective service Food preparation and service occupations Supervisors, food preparation and service Bartenders 4,442 5, See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for FRASER 76

185 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Waiters and waitresses Cooks Food counter, fountain and related occupations Kitchen workers, food preparation Waiters' and waitresses' assistants Miscellaneous food preparation Health service occupations Dental assistants Health aides, except nursing Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Cleaning and building service occupations Supervisors Maids and housemen Janitors and cleaners Pest control occupations Personal service occupations Supervisors Barbers Hairdressers and cosmetologists Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities Public transportation attendants Welfare service aides Family child care providers Early childhood teachers' assistants,375 2, , ,875 3, , , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Supervisors Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers Automobile mechanics Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics Aircraft engine mechanics Small engine repairers Automobile body and related repairers Heavy equipment mechanics Industrial machinery repairers Electrical and electronic equipment repairers Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment Data processing equipment repairers Telephone installers and repairers Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers Office machine repairers Millwrights Construction trades Supervisors Construction trades, except supervisors Brickmasons and stonemasons Tile setters, hard and soft Carpet installers Carpenters Drywall installers Electricians Electrical power installers and repairers Painters, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Concrete and terrazzo finishers Insulation workers Roofers Structural metalworkers Extractive occupations Precision production occupations Supervisors 4,24 4, ,428, , , , ,926, See footnotes at end of table. 77

186 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Precision metalworking Tool and die makers Machinists Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers) Sheetmetal workers Precision woodworking occupations Cabinet makers and bench carpenters Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers Dressmakers Upholsterers Precision workers, assorted materials Optical goods workers Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Precision food production occupations Butchers and meat cutters Bakers Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers Inspectors, testers, and graders Plant and system operators Water and sewage treatment plant operators Stationary engineers Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Machine operators and tenders, except precision Metalworking and plastic working machine operators Punching and stamping press machine operators Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators Metal and plastic processing machine operators Molding and casting machine operators Woodworking machine operators Sawing machine operators Printing machine operators Printing press operators Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators Winding and twisting machine operators Textile sewing machine operators Pressing machine operators Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators Miscellaneous textile machine opertors Machine operators, assorted materials Packaging and filling machine operators Mixing and blending machine operators Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators Painting and paint spraying machine operators Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food Slicing and cutting machine operators Photographic process machine operators Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c Machine operators, not specified Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations Welders and cutters Assemblers Miscellaneous hand working occupations Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners Production testers Graders and sorters, except agricultural 8,399 7,962 5, , , , ,3 588, Transportation and material mcving occupations Motor vehicle operators Supervisors Truck drivers Driverssales workers 5,389 4, , See footnotes at end of table. 78

187 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Bus drivers Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles... Rail transportation Locomotive operating occupations Water transportation Material moving equipment operators Operating engineers Crane and tower operators Excavating and loading machine operators Grader, dozer, and scraper operators Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators , Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers... Helpers, construction and extractive occupations Helpers, construction trades Construction laborers Production helpers Freight, stock, and material handlers Stock handlers and baggers Machine feeders and offbearers Garage and service station related occupations Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners Hand packers and packagers Laborers, except construction 5, ,930, , Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Farmers, except horticultural Horticultural specialty farmers Managers, farms, except horticultural Other agricultural and related occupations Farm occupations, except managerial Farmworkers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm Animal caretakers, except farm Graders and sorters, agricultural products Forestry and logging occupations Timber cutting and logging occupations 3,503,37, , , NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Dash represents or rounds to zero. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 79

188 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 2. white, black, and Hispanicorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status. (In thousands) Category White Black Hispanic origin SEX (all civilian workers) Men Women 26,708 68,207 58,50 29,558 69,685 59,873 07,808 58,888 48,920 09,856 59,998 49,859 3,542 6,456 7,086 3,969 6,607 7,362,642 7,039 4,602 2,726 7,728 4,999 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 36,497 7,746 8,752 37,686 8,440 9,245 32,6 5,807 6,309 33,089 6,420 6,669 2,706,28,488 2,764,267,497, ,867, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 37,683 3,926 5,404 8,353 38,309 4,24 5,734 8,36 32,77 3,334 3,59 5,323 32,624 3,57 3,730 5,323 3, ,28 2,29 4,032 40,27 2,352 2, ,085,56 3, ,98,572 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 7, ,87 4,86 7, ,300 4,442 3, ,748,062 3, ,800,62 2, ,435 3, ,533 2, ,963 2, ,46 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,587 4,52 5,08 3,959 4,24 4,675 5,378 4,07 2,020 4,034 4,596 3,390 2,472 4,46 4,859 3,467, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 8,97 7,874 5,302 5, ,22 8,399 7,962 5,389 5, ,237 4,697 6,270 4,42 4, ,342 4,83 6,322 4,435 4, ,376 2,789, ,78, ,607, ,839, Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,566 3,503 3,350 3, CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,869, ,7 8,27 95, ,025 8,97 22,890, ,983 8,3 98, ,937 9,056 20,752, ,324 4,636 8, ,960 8,06 02,76, ,395 4,54 83, ,56 8, ,96 2,869 0, , ,380 2,860 0, , ,458,322 9, , ,458,33 0, , FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime workers Parttime workers 03,537 23,70 06,334 23,224 87,584 20,224 89,605 20,252,499 2,043,920 2,049 9,807,835 0,74,985 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 80

189 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) December Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 204,098 5,459 7,895 7,564 7,535 7,8 39,47 8,82 20,335 44,34 22,583 2,55 33,900 8,580 5,320 2,85,890 9,96 32,07 9,428 8,53 4,3 36,742 7,558 3,057 4,50 3,505 98,664 33,3 5,9 7,202 37,508 9,0 8,407 28,043 5,632 2,4 2,978 8,86 4,792 4,037 2,60, ,785 6,64 2,59 4,022 2,46 95,22 3,775 5,20 6,565 36,05 8,324 7,780 27,243 5,20 2,042 2,655 7,978 4,677 3,933 2,0, , , ,682 6,450 2,506 3,943 2,205 93,35 3,080 4,90 6,70 35,345 7,93 7,432 26,70 4,937,773 2,290 7,767 4,523 3,603,95, , ,044 3,542, , ,356 7,90 4,838 3,063 4,030 8,57 6,034 2,90 3,33 6,626 3,482 3,44 5,856 2,948 2,909 8,874 3,705 5,69 28,034 7,268 7,399 3,368 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 98,225 7,886 4,069 3,87 8,770 57,589 9,278 9,27 0,007 2,785,45 0,640 6,526 9,08 7,48 0,44 5,724 4,77 3,539 4,32 3,734 5,494 73,53 3,803,535 2,268 7,03 52,805 7,933 8,538 9,395 20,093 0,333 9,76 4,778 8,269 6,509 7,059 4,467 2,592 2,383, ,849 3,325,29 2,033 6,464 50,93 7,9 8,39 9,052 9,386 9,93 9,455 4,336 8,033 6,303 6,84 4,326 2,54 2,306, , , ,564 3,90,228,963 6,269 49,464 6,67 7,94 8,757 8,824 9,628 9,96 3,969 7,840 6,29 6,60 4,87 2,44 2,039, , , ,072 4,083 2,534,549,667 4,784, , , ,382,257 2,25,57 3,059 3,088 5,00 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 05,873 7,573 3,826 3,748 8,765 59,593 9,869 9,54 0,328 22,349,438 0,9 7,374 9,472 7,902,40 6,66 5,244 8,532 5,6 4,797 8,69 63,589 3,755,522 2,233 6,402 45,859 5,79 7,373 7,806 7,45 8,768 8,646 3,265 7,363 5,903 5,98 3,78 2,200, ,936 3,289,300,989 5,997 44,209 4,584 7,07 7,53 6,79 8,394 8,325 2,907 7,68 5,739 5,84 3,65 2,63, ,8 3,259,279,98 5,935 43,67 4,409 6,996 7,43 6,52 8,285 8,235 2,74 7,097 5,644 5,688 3,580 2,08, , , ,284 3,88 2,304,55 2,363 3,733 4,690 2,68 2,522 4,935 2,670 2,265 4,09 2,09 2,000 5,492 2,448 3,044 6,878 4,209 4,3 8,358 See footnotes at end of table. 8

190 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. persons in nonagriculturai industries by age, sex, and race (In thousands) Age, sex, and race Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration TOTAL, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,26 6, , ,424,663 8,76 6,320 2,44 2, , ,236 9,799,436 8, , ,525 6,520,005 9, , ,447 7,442,006 26,777 3,585 23,9 3,930 9,26 6,325 2,935 8, , ,464 6,303,6 46,393,826 44,567 4,6 40,45 34,294 6,57 5, , ,465 4, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,549 5, , ,856,43 2,74,09,695 9, , ,67 7,090,077 5, , ,546 3, , , ,046 5, ,8,739 2,379 2,003 0,375 8,820,555 3, , ,84 2, , ,860,630 5,230 2,657 2,573 3, ,63 7 3,046 2, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,047 5, , , ,068 2, , , ,979 2, , , ,40 2, ,659,846 0,83,927 8,885 7,505,380 4, , ,279 3, ,766,058 27,707 2,486 25,222 2,637 3,585 2, , ,49 2,09 30 White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,906 5, , , ,969 9,474,495 7, , ,23 6, , , ,846 3, , , ,977 4, ,206,529 0,677,72 8,956 7,557,398 3, , ,809 2, , ,66,34 2,825 0,549 2,276 2, , ,53 2, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,880 4, , ,73 9 2,52 2, , , ,359 2, , ,052 52,900, ,84,586 9,255,59 7,664 6,402,262 4, , ,665 3, , ,958 2,044 20,94 7,885 3,029,90 4,888 79,808, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over ,32 22,300 6,84, ,58 55, ,24 204, ,870 77, ,586, ,74 3, ,303 2, Includes private housholds. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 82

191 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Age and sex Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Wage and salary workers Private industries Private household workers Other private industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over, , ,983 6,329 2,495 3,834,797 29,488 32,364 23,779 0,475 2,752 98,852 6,020 2,385 3,636 0,836 25,759 26,960 8,484 8,429 2, ,937 5,96 2,333 3,583 0,726 25,6 26,760 8,322 8,307 2,296 8, ,729 5,404 5,295 2, , ,58 2,70 2,367, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over, , ,595 3,64,249,95 6,46 5,867 7, 2,243 5,554,5 53,580 3,036,20,835 5,720 4,82 4,797 9,904 4,68, ,500 3,022,94,828 5,708 4,66 4,780 9,895 4,64,35 8, ,685 2,34 2, , ,622, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over ,388 3,65,246,920 5,65 3,62 5,253,536 4,92,242 45,272 2,985,83,80 5,6,577 2,62 8,580 3,80, ,437 2,894,40,754 5,08,445,979 8,427 3, , ,044 3,09 2,956, 20 3, , NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 83

192 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. persons in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Wage and salary workers Private industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers TOTAL Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business, automobile, and repair Personal, except private households Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration 634 8,302 20,835 2,437 8,399 9,82 26,777 4,907 2,869 8,297 46, ,472 8,450 3,483 2,465 30,935 5,30 6,395 0,33 3,82 6, , ,79 20,405 2,77 8,227 8,737 24,979 4,629 20,35 7,659 42, ,39 7,55 2,795 2,77 28,92 5,22 5,988 0,028 2,606 5, , ,333 20,334 2,25 8,209 7,48 24,880 4,67 20,263 7,442 32, ,82 7,083 2,785,868 9,396 4,37 5,537 2,47 2,050 5, , ,957 9, , , ,738 4, ,76 274, , ,294, , Men Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business, automobile, and repair Personal, except private households Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration 543 7,58 4,52 9,086 5,067 6,539 4,8 3,453 0,665 3,449 7, ,543 5,305,283,368 9,477,24,340 3, ,67 0 3, ,22 3,878 8,890 4,988 6,90 3,5 3,248 9,903 3,045 5, ,43 4,453,070,202 8,63,20,08 3, , , ,7 3,826 8,850 4,977 5,070 3,05 3,239 9,866 2,943 2, ,36 4,408,066,06 5, , , , ,096 3, , , ,86 3, ,25 3 2, Women Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business, automobile, and repair Personal, except private households Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration ,683 3,35 3,332 2,643 2,659,454,205 4,848 28, ,928 3,45 2,99,098 2,458 3,97 5,055 6,962 2,596 2, , ,526 3,287 3,239 2,546,829,38 0,448 4,64 26, ,726 2,702, ,299 3,92 4,879 6,880 2,044 2, , ,508 3,275 3,233 2,079,774,378 0,396 4,499 9, ,866 2,674, ,63 3,387 4,522,55,633 2, ,860 6, , , , ,76 3 2, , NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 84

193 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing TOTAL Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3, ,302 20,835 2,437 8,399 9,82 26,777 4,907 2,869 8,297 46, ,472 30,935 5, ,274 2,882,699,83,230 2, ,893 2,428 6, ,638 4,057, ,938, , ,67 2, , ,485 2, ,928 9,303 2,092,20, ,029, ,297 2, ,480 2,749 7,3 6 7,07 5,77, , , , ,988 5,432, ,73 3,887 2,753,34,257, , ,5 6 2, ,47 3,685 2, ,230, , , , , Men Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 2, ,58 4,52 9,086 5,067 6,539 4,8 3,453 0,665 3,449 7, ,543 9,477 3, ,072,92, , ,034,49 3,33 3,32, ,476, ,99 5,98 4, ,438,485 3,953, , , , ,725,57, ,634 3,244 2, ,83, ,909 5, ,056 2,599, ,026, , , , Women Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration ,683 3,35 3,332 2,643 2,659,454,205 4,848 28, ,928 2,458 2, , ,279 3, ,506 2, , ,754 8, ,648 5,644, , , , ,346,77 544,73 2,295 6,52 5 6,47 4,645, , , , ,263 4, ,44,086, See footnotes at end of table. 85

194 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation Continued (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing White Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3, ,538 7,60 0,694 6,907 7,462 23,047 4,407 8,639 7,63 38, ,963 25,83 4, ,20 2,643,573,070,085 2,69 537,632 2,59 5, ,89 3,594, ,704, , ,730, , ,078, ,727,803 7,925,903,0, ,764,03 75,768, ,293 2,274 5, ,97 4, , , , ,649, ,302 3,353 2,402 95,086, ,048 47, ,5 3,004 2, , , , , Black Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration ,62,096,066,368 2, , ,6 63 5,449 3, ,83 2,82, ,95 25,926, Includes protective service, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 86

195 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over 29, Agriculture Agricultural production, crops Agricultural production, livestock Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 3, , Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel Construction 8, Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products, except furniture Logging Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork Wood buildings and mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products Glass and glass products Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Structural clay, pottery, and related products Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products Metal industries Primary metal industries Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling, and finishing mills Iron and steel foundries Primary aluminum industries Other primary metal industries Fabricated metal industries Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware Fabricated structural metal products Screw machine products Metal forging and stampings Machinery and computing equipment Engines and turbines Farm machinery and equipment Construction and material handling machines Metal working machinery Computers and related equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Household appliances Radio, T.V., and communication equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment Aircraft and parts Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment... Professional and photographic equipment, and watches Scient:ic and controlling instruments Medical, dental, and optical instruments and supplies. Photographic equipment and supplies 20,835 2, , , , , ,329, See footnotes at end of table. 87

196 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Toys, amusements, and sporting goods Miscellaneous and not specified manufacturing industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Dairy products Canned, frozen, and preserved fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Bakery products Sugar and confectionary products Beverage industries Miscellaneous and not spec:ied food and kindred products... Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Knitting mills Carpets and rugs Yarn, thread, and fabric mills Apparel and other finished textile products Apparel and accessories, except knit Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Paper and allied products Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills Miscellaneous paper and pulp products Paperboard containers and boxes Printing, publishing, and allied products Newspaper publishing and printing Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers Chemicals and allied products Plastics, synthetics, and resins Drugs Soaps and cosmetics Paints, varnishes, and related products Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Tires and inner tubes Other rubber products, and plastics footwear and belting Miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Footwear, except rubber and plastic 8,399, , ,326, Transportation, communications, and other public utilities Transportation Railroads Bus service and urban transit Taxicab service Trucking service Warehousing and storage U.S. Postal Service Water transportation Air transportation Services incidental to transportation Communications Radio and television broadcasting and cable Telephone communications Utilities and sanitary services Electric light and power 9,82 5, , , ,262, See footnotes at end of table. 88

197 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Gas and steam supply systems Electric and gas, and other combinations Water supply and irrigation Sanitary services Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles and equipment Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and construction materials Professional and commercial equipment and supplies Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Scrap and waste materials Miscellaneous wholesale trade, durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, chemicals, and allied products Apparel, fabrics, and notions Groceries and related products Farm productsraw materials Petroleum products Alcoholic beverages Farm supplies Miscellaneous nondurable goods and not specified wholesale trade 26,777 4,907 2, , Retail trade Lumber and building material retailing Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries Motor vehicle dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Miscellaneous vehicle dealers Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe Shoe stores, Furniture and home furnishings stores Household appliance stores Radio, TV, and computer stores Music stores Eating and drinking places Drug stores Liquor stores Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores Book and stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores Catalog and mail order houses Vending machine operators Direct selling establishments 2, , ,53 235, , See footnotes at end of table. 89

198 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Fuel dealers Retail florists Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking Savings institutions, including credit unions Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies Insurance Real estate, including real estateinsurance offices 8,297, ,387 2, Services Private households Other service industries Business, automobile, and repair services Advertising Services to dwellings and other buildings Personnel supply services Computer and data processing services Detective and protective services Business services, n.e.c Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers Automotive repair and related services Electrical repair shops Miscellaneous repair services 46, ,472 8, ,08, ,850 75, Personal services, except private household Hotels and motels Lodging places, except hotels and motels Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops Barbershops Funeral service and crematories 3,483, Entertainment and recreation services Theaters and motion pictures Video tape rental Bowling centers Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services 2, , Professional and related services Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Offices and clinics of physicians Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of chiropractors Offices and clinics of optometrists Nursing and personal care facilities Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools Libraries Social services Job training and vocational rehabilitation services Child day care services Family child care homes Residential care facilities, without nursing Other professional services Legal services 30,935 5,30 6,395, ,755 0,33 6,866 2, , ,095, See footnotes at end of table. 90

199 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Museums, art galleries, and zoos Labor unions Religious organizations Engineering, architectural, and surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services Research, development, and testing services Management and public relations services Miscellaneous professional and related services Forestry and fisheries Forestry Fishing, hunting, and trapping Public administration Executive and legislative offices Justice, public order, and safety Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy Administration of human resources programs Administration of environmental quality and housing programs Administration of economic programs National security and international affairs 5, , NOTE: N.e.c. is an abbreviation for ""not elsewhere classified"" and designates broad categories of industries which cannot be more specificaly identified. Generally, data for industries with fewer than 50,000 employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey 9

200 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, 6 years and over 24,003 3,233 20,770 to 34 hours to 4 hours 5 to 4 hours 5 to 29 hours 30 to 34 hours, 30,733,297 4,8 5,290 9, ,749,26 4,586 4,828 9, hours and over 35 to 39 hours 40 hours 4 hours and over 4 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 60 hours and over 93,270 8,635 45,2 39,55 4,428 4,530 0,556 2, , ,02 8,470 44,396 38,55 4,82 4,30 9, Average hours, total at work Average hours, persons who usually work full time NOTE: Detail on persons at work in tables 923 may not sum to the totals shown because of minor editing problems associated with the redesigned survey. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 20. Persons at work to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Reason for working less than 35 hours All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time, 6 years and over 30,733 9,922 20,8 29,749 9,68 20,3 Economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Seasonal work Job started or ended during week 4,068 2,286, ,407, ,662,44, ,879 2,67, ,33, ,567,093,433 4 Noneconomic reasons Childcare problems Other family or personal obligations Health or medical limitations In school or training Retired or Social Security limit on earnings Vacation or personal day Holiday, legal or religious Weatherrelated curtailment All other reasons 26, , ,60,86 3, ,804 8, , ,849 8, , ,072,86 3,955 25, , ,028,732 3, ,63 8, , ,785 7, , ,942,732 3,827 Average hours: Economic reasons Noneconomic reasons NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 92

201 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 2. Persons at work in nonagricuttural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Worked to 34 hours Average hours Industry and class of worker at work For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more at work Persons who usually work full time 6 years and over 20,770 29,749 3,879 8,306 7,564 9, Wage and salary workers 2,207 26,94 3,464 7,709 5,74 85, Mining Construction 6,553, , Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 9,737,784 7,953 2,32,225, , ,46 0,559 6, Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 8,348 24,22 7,405,3 8,06,397 84, , , ,037 6,06 6, Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 39, ,055 5,56, , ,308 98, , , , , , ,987 4, Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8, , , , NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 93

202 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 22. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Worked to 34 hours Average hours Age, sex, race, and marital status at work For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more at work Persons who usually work full time TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 20,770 6,83 2,434 3,749 4,587,68 02,906 88,533 4,373 29,749 4,393 2,86 2,207 25,356 3,826 2,530 6,878 4,65 3, , ,840 2, , , ,442 6,420,023 7,564 3,787 2,048,739 3,777 2,530,247 7,978 3,269 9,02, ,542 89,23 7,855 8,376 7,654 9, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 64,82 3,06,29,887 6,75 6,35 55,580 47,632 7,949,38 2,063, ,075,635 7,440 5,447,993, , ,39, , , ,572 3, ,289, , ,549,257,292 53,683, ,640 4,500 48,4 42,85 5, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55,949 3,077,25,862 52,872 5,546 47,326 40,90 6,425 8,6 2,330,20,20 6,28 2,9 4,090,432 2,659 2, ,853 33,52, , , ,87 3, ,274 2,039, ,235,537 8,698 6,72,977 37, ,59 3,355 33,236 29,470 3, Race White, 6 years and over Men Women 02,063 55,620 46,443 25,585 9,535 6,050 3,058,472,586 7,007 3,457 3,550 5,520 4,605 0,95 76,478 46,085 30, Black, 6 years and over Men Women 3,247 6,267 6,980 2,960,02, , ,287 5,65 5, Marital status Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 39,637 7,645 7,540 4,93,97 5, , , ,222 34,705 6,447 2, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 30,2,425 4,33 0,020 3,02 5, , ,767,568 3,940 20,9 8,404 8, NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 94

203 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 23. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Worked to 34 hours Average hours Occupation and sex at work For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more at work Persons who usually work full time, 6 years and over 20,679 29,733 3,868 8,274 7,59 90, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 35,86 7,799 8,062 36,793 4,063 5,35 7,595 6, ,94 3,83 3,578 7,675 7,673 5,44 4,858 6,770 2,53 4,239 0, ,566 5,38 6, ,970,994 3,576,33 898, , , ,66,9,469 2, , ,005, ,575,5 2,424 7, ,252 3,285 4, ,239 50, ,09 5,268 3,823 26,24 3,88 0,569 2,458 9, ,83 7,842,584 4,099 6,540 4,246 3, Men, 6 years and over 64,566,039,823 3,975 5,240 53, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 8,564 9,950 8,64 3,364,963 7,630 3,770 6,873 36,804 5,033 2,392 3,373 4,809 4,673 3,892 2,354,03,34 2, , , ,769,742 2, , , , , ,9 388, ,20 8,937 7,273 0,927,673 6,284 2,969 4,88 9,535 3,264 0,649 0,922 4,254 3,963 2, Women, 6 years and over 56,3 8,694 2,044 4,299 2,35 37, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,297 7,849 9,448 23,429 2,00 7,505 3,825 9, ,780,86 4,302 2, ,46,57 2,898 8, ,220 4,336 4, , , , , , , ,840 5, ,377 2,844 3, , ,882 6,33 6,550 5,287,54 4,284 9,489 5, , ,76 2, Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 95

204 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 24. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,880, ,06 3,577,67 504, ,356,2 706,439 3,62, , White, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,896, ,394 2, , ,404, , Black, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) , 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,47, ,246, ,29, , White, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),885, , , , Black, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household. 96

205 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 25. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Men Women, 6 years and over 7,236 6,739 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,70, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers, Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers, , Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 97

206 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 26. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Industry Men Women, 6 years and over 7,236 6,739 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 5,629 5,225 Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Funiture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries ,679 84,495 20,75 663, ,645 76, , Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid famiy workers No previous work experience NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 98

207 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 27. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Reason, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 7,236 3,370,02 2,349, , ,739 3, ,06, , ,46 2,043 67,426, ,882, , ,783, , ,585, ,057 26, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 99

208 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 28. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Reason for unemployment White Black Hispanic origin NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED, 6 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 7,236 3,370,02 2,349, , ,739 3, ,06, , ,300 2, ,722, , ,836 2, ,506, , , , , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 200

209 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 29. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) Reason, sex, and age unemployed Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks Duration of unemployment 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over, 6 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,739 3, ,06, , Men, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,882, , Women, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,585, , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants, NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 30. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 0 weeks to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks weeks and over 27 to 5 weeks 52 weeks and over 7,236 2,633 2,287, ,36 053, ,739 2,538 2,38, , , ,803,929,838, ,036 93, ,395,862,73,56 557, Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration in weeks NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 20

210 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. persons by selected demographic characteristics and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Characteristic Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 6,739,27,52,57, , , , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , Women, 6 years and over 6to 9years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , Race and Hispanic origin White, 6 years and over Men Women 4,836 2,64 2,95,937, , , Black, 6 years and over Men Women, Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women, Marital status Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),67 504, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married), , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 202

211 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 32. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Occupation and industry Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 76,646,255 79, INDUSTRY Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration , , No previous work experience Includes wage and salary workers only. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 203

212 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 33. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and active jobsearch methods used (Numbers in thousands) Sex, age, and race Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Employer directly Sent out resumes or filled out applications Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Public employment agency Private employment agency Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 6,739,27,52,57, ,808,22,044,338, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , White, 6 years and over... Men Women 4,836 2,64 2,95 4,059 2,27, Black, 6 years and over... Men Women, , NOTE: The jobseekers total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on temporary layoff. The percent using each method will always total more than 00 because many jobseekers use more than one method. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey 204

213 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 34. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and active jobsearch methods used Sex and reason Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Employer directly Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Sent out resumes or filled out applications Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Public employment agency Private employment agency Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,739 3, , ,808 2, , Men, 6 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,577,902 44, ,974,299 44, Women, 6 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,62,35 38, , , Data on the number of jobseekers and the jobsearch methods used exclude persons on temporary layoff. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on temporary layoff. The percent using each method will always total more than 00 because many jobseekers use more than one method. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 205

214 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 35. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex (In thousands) Age Sex Category 6 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men Women not in the labor force Do not want a job now Want a job Did not search for work in previous year Searched for work in previous year 2 Not available to work now Available to work now Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 Reasons other than discouragement Family responsibilities In school or training Ill health or disability Other 4 66,647 6,97 5,45 3,6 2, , , ,837 6,895 4,94 2,857 2, ,46 343, ,60 9,0 2,050, ,343 9,434,909, ,720 6,205 2,54,407, ,552 6,3 2,24, ,768 35, ,942 36, ,9 2,929 2,90,85, ,454 22,420 2,034, ,528 39,267 3,26,976, ,382 39,475 2,907,739, Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job. 2 Persons who had a job in the prior 2 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3 Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 206

215 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 36. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women Characteristic Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate AGE, 6 years and over 2 6 to 9 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 7, , ,683 6, , , ,86 6, , , ,654 3, , , ,708 3, , , ,029 2, , , ,07 2, RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White Black Hispanic origin 6, , , , , , MARITAL STATUS Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,47,28 2,080 4,434,388 2, , ,040 2, , , ,040, , FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Primary job full time, secondary job part time... Primary and secondary jobs both part time Primary and secondary jobs both full time Hours vary on primary or secondary job 4,380,74 244,457 4,488, ,509 2, , ,772, ,827, Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 207

216 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 37. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 90,98 93,578 $490 $503 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 5,895 5,976 45,99 53,220 6,74 47, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 39,023 4,307 34,75 40,358 4,522 35, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 76,5 44,428 3,724 77,973 45,349 32, Black Men Women 0,87 5,36 5,555,356 5,57 5, Hispanic origin Men Women 9,082 5,83 3,25 9,996 6,456 3, NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 38. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 20,80 20,70 $44 $49 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 6,432 3,403 3,029 6,454 3,479 2, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 4,378 4,388 9,990 4,256 4,373 9, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,960 5,40 2,550 7,95 5,462 2, Black Men Women 2, ,3, , Hispanic origin Men Women,7 622,089, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 208 Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

217 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings, 6 years and over 93,578 $503 53,220 $579 40,358 $43 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Administrators and officials, public administration Administrators, protective services Financial managers Personnel and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations Administrators, education and related fields Managers, medicine and health Managers, food serving and lodging establishments Managers, properties and real estate, Managementrelated occupations Accountants and auditors, Underwriters, Other financial officers Management analysts Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists, Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products... Construction inspectors Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction... 28,252 3, ,773, ,359 7, , , , ,893 6, , Professional specialty, Engineers, architects, and surveyors Architects Engineers Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Electrical and electronic engineers Industrial engineers Mechanical engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Computer systems analysts and scientists Operations and systems researchers and analysts Natural scientists Chemists, except biochemists Biological and life scientists Medical scientists Health diagnosing occupations Physicians Health assessment and treating occupations Registered nurses Pharmacists Dietitians Therapists Respiratory therapists Physical therapists Speech therapists Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten Teachers, elementary school Teachers, secondary school Teachers, special education Counselors, educational and vocational Librarians, archivists, and curators Librarians Social scientists and urban planners Economists Psychologists 4,287 2,026 25, ,328, ,043, ,80 383,649, ,5, ,057, , ,894,826 02, ,29, ,56, , (J) O() ] () , ,734, , , (]) 870 ] () () ; () See footnotes at end of table. 209

218 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers Recreation workers Clergy Lawyers and judges Lawyers Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes Technical writers Designers Actors and directors Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers Editors and reporters Public relations specialists, , ,63, ,26, () () Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Radiologic technicians Licensed practical nurses Engineering and related technologists and technicians Electrical and electronic technicians Drafting occupations Surveying and mapping technicians Science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science... Airplane pilots and navigators Computer programmers Legal assistants 26,79 3,494, , , ,239, , ,552,69, () Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services... Insurance sales ; Real estate sales Securities and financial services sales Advertising and related sales, Sales occupations, other business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats Sales workers, apparel, Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings Sales workers, radio, television, hifi, and appliances., Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Sales workers, parts Sales workers, other commodities Sales counter clerks Cashiers Street and doortodoor sales workers 9,405 3,046, ,280 3, , ,74, , ,23, , , Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors General office Financial records processing Distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks Computer equipment operators Computer operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Secretaries Stenographers Typists 3, ,70 2, , , ,652 2, See footnotes at end of table. 20

219 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Information clerks Interviewers Hotel clerks Transportation ticket and reservation agents Receptionists Records processing, except financial Order clerks Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Library clerks File clerks Records clerks Financial records processing Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing clerks Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators Communications equipment operators Telephone operators Mail and message distributing Postal clerks, except mail carriers Mail carriers, postal service Mail clerks, except postal service Messengers Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks Dispatchers Production coordinators Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks Stock and inventory clerks Expediters Adjusters and investigators Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators Investigators and adjusters, except insurance Eligibility clerks, social welfare Bill and account collectors Miscellaneous administrative support occupations General office clerks Bank tellers Dataentry keyers Statistical clerks Teachers'aides, ,464, , , , () , , , , Service occupations Private household Child care workers Cleaners and servants Protective services Supervisors Police and detectives, Firefighting and fire prevention Firefighting Police and detectives Police and detectives, public service Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers Correctional institution officers Guards Guards and police, except public service, 0, , , , , Service occupations, except private household and protective Food preparation and service occupations Supervisors Bartenders Waiters and waitresses 7,863 2, ,393, ,469, See footnotes at end of table. 2

220 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Cooks, except short order Food counter, fountain, and related occupations Kitchen workers, food preparation Waiters and waitresses' assistants Miscellaneous food preparation occupations Health service occupations Dental assistants Health aides, except nursing Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Cleaning and building service occupations Supervisors Maids and housemen Janitors and cleaners Personal service occupations Supervisors Hairdressers and cosmetologists Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities Public transportation attendants Welfare service aides Early childhood teachers' assistants, , ,296 2, ,52, , , ] () , , () Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Supervisors Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers Automobile mechanics Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics Aircraft engine mechanics Automobile body and related repairers Heavy equipment mechanics Industrial machinery repairers Electrical and electronic equipment repairers Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment Data processing equipment repairers Telephone installers and repairers Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers Office machine repairers Millwrights Construction trades Supervisors Construction trades, except supervisors Brickmasons and stonemasons Carpet installers Carpenters Drywall installers Electricians Electrical power installers and repairers Painters, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and apprentices Concrete and terrazzo finishers Insulation workers Roofers Structural metalworkers Extractive occupations Precision production occupations Supervisors Precision metalworking occupations Tool and die makers Machinists Sheetmetalworkers,495 4, ,779, , , ,460, ,5 3, ,635, , , , j 555 fit () () (!) (» See footnotes at end of table. 22

221 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Precision woodworking occupations Cabinet makers and bench carpenters Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers Precision workers, assorted materials Optical goods workers Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Precision food production occupations Butchers and meat cutters Bakers Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers Inspectors, testers, and graders Plant and system operators Water and sewage treatment plant operators Stationary engineers ( ) () () / \ / \ Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Machine operators and tenders, except precision Metalworking and plastic working machine operators Punching and stamping press machine operators Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators Metal and plastic processing machine operators Molding and casting machine operators Woodworking machine operators Sawing machine operators Printing machine operators Printing press operators Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators Winding and twisting machine operators Textile sewing machine operators Pressing machine operators Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators Machine operators, assorted materials Packaging and filling machine operators Mixing and blending machine operators Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators Painting and paint spraying machine operators Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food Slicing and cutting machine operators Photographic process machine operators Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations Welders and cutters Assemblers Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners Production testers Graders and sorters, except agricultural 5,338 7,235 4, , , , ,709 4,60 2, , , ODO 284 3,630 2,625, (]) () (*) ( ( ( ( ( ( Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Supervisors Truck drivers Driverssales workers Bus drivers Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles Rail transportation Material moving equipment operators Operating engineers Crane and tower operators Excavating and loading machine operators Grader, dozer, and scraper operators Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators 4,325 3,4 80 2, , ,033 2, , , ( ( ( ( See footnotes at end of table. 23

222 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Helpers, construction and extractive occupations... Helpers, construction trades Construction laborers Freight, stock, and material handlers Stock handlers and baggers Machine feeders and offbearers Garage and service station related occupations Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners Hand packers and packagers Laborers, except construction 3, , , , / y :! / y \ < \ Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Farm managers Other agricultural and related occupations Farm occupations, except managerial Farmworkers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors, related agricultural Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm Graders and sorters, agricultural products Forestry and logging occupations Timber cutting and logging, , , , Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 24

223 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 40. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Characteristic employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over,960 8,06 93,854 29,564 30,69 2,64 9,527 2,503 6, ,278 3,536 5,32 4,626, ,58,46 7,02 3,994 5,76 5,06, ,533 8,57 95,962 29,408 3,46 22,74 9,87 2,509 6, ,42 3,434 4,987 4,645, ,923,40 6,783 3,870 5,57 5,092 2, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 58,473 9,392 49,080 5,930 5,92 0,936 4,978,35 9, ,232 2,205 3,00 2,739, , ,052 2,434 3,368 2,960, ,825 9,666 50,59 5,832 6,430,47 5,0,324 9, ,50 2,32 3,068 2,78, , ,928 2,359 3,346 2,908, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 53,488 8,74 44,773 3,634 4,698 0,705 4,549,87 6, ,046,33 2,032, , ,960,560 2,349 2, ,708 8,906 45,802 3,575 5,030,242 4,770,84 6, ,992,302,99, , ,855,52 2,225 2, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 6 years and over Men Women 94,306 49,96 44,345 3,232 8,26 5, ,76 8,96 5, ,04 50,94 45,63 3,088 8,7 4, ,538 8,859 5, Black, 6 years and over Men Women 2,909 6,03 6,878 2,44,303, ,733,428, ,346 6,20 7,45 2,394,25, ,688,378, Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women 0,800 6,455 4,345, , ,88 7,53 4,728, ,602, FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS 3 Fulltime workers Parttime workers 90,98 20,80 4,762, ,429, ,578 20,70 4,69, ,227, Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full and parttime workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 994, these data will not sum to totals because full or parttime status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and parttime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 25

224 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics Characteristic Members of unions Represented by unions 2 Members of unions Nonunion Represented by unions 2 Nonunion SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Men, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 6 years and over Men Women Black, 6 years and over Men Women Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulltime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 26

225 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 42. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and industry employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 30,942 4,263 6,679 4, , ,977,005 3, ,946 4,908 7,037 4, , , , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 34,87 3,828 2,658 7,70 3, , , , ,796 4, 3,055 7,63 3, , , , Service occupations Protective service Service, except protective service 5,897 2,54 3,743 2,03 852, ,33 909, ,204 2,248 3,956 2,4 897, , , Precision production, craft, and repair,65 2, , ,069 2, ,864 2 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,428 7,584 4,862 4,98 4,000,752,243, ,20,838,33, ,629 7,77 4,93 4,98 3,79,690, ,008,764, Farming, forestry, and fishing, , INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction,70 92, , , ,293 8, ,690 94, , ,327 84, ,25 87, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 9,653,642 8,0 3,387 2,57, ,603 2,282, ,96,908 8,053 3,253 2,090, ,44 2,98, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities 6,623 4,006 2,67,757, ,873, ,949 4,22 2,737,804, ,909, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade, 23,638 4,357 9,280,33 27, ,47 292, ,676 4,296 9,379,35 25, , , Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 6,863 29,357 68, , ,070 30,704 55, , Government workers Federal State Local, 8,20 3,284 5,32 9,795 6,854,040,566 4, ,830,277,80 4, ,47 3,27 5,03 9,899 6,747,030,485 4, ,668,266,679 4, Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and parttime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 27

226 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 43. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry Occupation and industry Members of unions Represented by unions 2 Members of unions Nonunion Represented by unions 2 Nonunion OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations '. Protective service Service, except protective service Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers. Mining Construction () $ () $ $ $ Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade, Finance, insurance, and real estate, Services Government workers Federal State Local Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulltime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Beginning in January, data reflect revised controls used in the household survey. 28

227 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 44. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by age and sex (Numbers in thousands) Age and sex employed Absence rate Illness or injury Other reasons Lost worktime rate 2 Illness or injury Other reasons, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 93,425 2,043 8,592 82,79 73,542 9, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 53,8,223 4,948 47,00 4,709 5, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 40, ,644 35,780 3,833 3, Absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for one of the following reasons: Own illness, injury, or medical problems; childcare problems; other family or personal obligations; civic or military duty; and maternity or paternity leave. Excluded are situations in which work was missed due to vacation or personal days, holiday, labor dispute, and other reasons. For multiple jobholders, absence data refer only to work missed at their main jobs. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total fulltime wage and salary employment. The estimates of fulltime wage and salary employment shown in this table do not match those in other tables because they exclude the incorporated selfemployed and were not subject to the monthly compositing process that affects most annual averages produced from CPS data collected monthly from the full sample. 2 Hours absent as a percent of hours usually worked. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 29

228 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 45. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and industry employed Absence rate Illness or injury Other reasons Lost worktime rate 2 Illness or injury Other reasons OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 28,99 3,945 4, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 26,680 3,485 9,343 3, Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 0,22,499 5,307, INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction,338 76, , Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 9,02,49 7, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities 6,267 3,65 2, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade 6,34 3,930 2, Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers 6,204 23,074 5, Absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for one of the following reasons: Own illness, injury, or medical problems; childcare problems; other family or personal obligations; civic or military duty; and maternity or paternity leave. Excluded are situations in which work was missed due to vacation or personal days, holiday, labor dispute, and other reasons. For multiple jobholders, absence data refer only to work missed at their main jobs. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total fulltime wage and salary employment. The estimates of fulltime wage and salary employment shown in this table do not match those in other tables because they exclude the incorporated selfemployed and were not subject to the monthly compositing process that affects most annual averages produced from CPS data collected monthly from the full sample. 2 Hours absent as a percent of hours usually worked. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 220

229 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 46. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 40 years and over 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,726 6,466,243 3,038 2,86,260 7,790 6,284,002 2,683 2,599,506 6,600 5,848,2 2,763, ,644 5, ,436 2, ,387 5,653,083 2,670, ,439 5, ,366 2, NONVETERANS, 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 8,342 8,562 5,807 3,973 9,440 8,972 6,22 4,256 6,567 7,897 5,265 3,405 7,62 8,285 5,639 3,696 5,957 7,593 5,075 3,288 7,044 8,007 5,460 3, Q NOTE : Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 22

230 HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES 47. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin, 40 to 54 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 5,735 5,233 5, ,603 5,02 4, ,490 4,22 3, ,403 5,08 4, ,95,525, ,050,653, ,753,564, ,969,772, to 44 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate, ,260 6,795 6, ,585 7,099 6, to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 2,694 2,474 2, ,375 2,78 2, ,906 4,53 4, ,25 4,826 4, to 54 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate,987,804, ,378 2,54 2, ,324 2,904 2, ,567 3,56 3, NOTE : Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 222

231 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups (In thousands) Industry P. 4,63 7,9 9,523 22,257 private... 95,036 97,885 00,076 02,602 Goodsproducing 23,908 24,265 24,43 24,738 Mining Metal mining Coal mining, Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 86, , ,60, ,400, , ,627, ,55 Manufacturing. 8,32 8,524 8,457 8,538 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products. Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment. Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing ,388.., , , , , , , , , , ,2.0 36, , , , , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products... Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products. Leather and leather products 7, ,537.2, ,84, ,545.9, ,69, ,537.6, ,622, ,54, Serviceproducing. 90,256 92,925 95,092 97,59 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit, Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 5, ,526. 7, , ,32 3, ,587. 7, ,229, ,26 4, , , ,223, ,426 4, , , ,243.,37 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods ,604 6,378 3,75 2,663 6,483 3,804 2,679 6,657 3,933 2,723 See footnotes at end of table. 223

232 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups Continued (In thousands) Industry P Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 20, ,246. 3,29.2 2,6.2 96, , ,57 2, , ,34 3, , , , ,269.6,03, , ,77. 22, ,80 2, , ,32.,056.5,0., ,60 2,83 Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate ,299 2,06, , ,36 6,806 3,23 2,02, ,225, ,35 6,899 3,30 2,02, ,27, ,38 7,053 3,405 2,046.2, ,230, ,48 Services Agricultrual services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations Services, nee ,630.9,40.4 6, , ,33 8,99.9,54, , , , , ,7 58.8,668.,6 6, , ,089.9, ,47.4 9,230.4,608.9,69.4 3, ,96 2, ,45.9 2, ,377 62,76.0,8 7, , ,340.7,207.9, ,46 9,468.9,678.5, , , , ,8 2, , ,75.6,89.9 7, , ,430.2,34.3, ,548. 9,686.9,74, , ,08.9 2, , , Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 9, ,576,88.9 2,69,682 6, ,20 9,305 2,822, ,635,99.0 2,7,849 6,60 5,24 9,447 2,757, ,624,92 2, ,066 6, ,38.4 9,655 2,700, ,649,95.5 2, ,307 6,9.9 5,39 Includes other industries, not shown separately. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 224

233 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 49. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonffarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group Industry P private 77,607 80,25 8,998 84,075 Goodsproducing 6,98 7,243 7,359 7,604 Mining Construction 3,858 3,993 4,84 4,360 Manufacturing 2,632 2,826 2,749 2,80 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing, 7, ,037.2,23,00.4, , ,079.8,29,04, , ,087.8,39.2,050.6, , ,0.8,35,050.0, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products, Tobacco products, Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 5,528, ,508, ,379, ,320, Serviceproducing ,639 66,47 Transportation and public utilities 5,02 5,40 5,269 5,392 Wholesale trade 4,972 5,63 5,239 5,362 Retail trade ,639 9,025 9,475 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5,08 4,96 5,034 5,5 Services ,073 3,093 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. P a preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 225

234 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS ANNUAL AVERAGES 50. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group Industry Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P private $.2 $.43 $.8 $2.26 $ $394 $ $420 Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Overtime (2) 2.37 (2) 8 (2) 7 (2) (2) 59 (2) (2) 554 (2) Durable goods Overtime (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 547 (2) (2) 562 (2) (2) Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment, Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing Nondurable goods Overtime (2).58 (2).97 (2) 2.34 (2) (2) (2) 489 (2) 50 (2) Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance and real estate; and services. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, ail unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 226

235 Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error Introduction The statistics in this periodical are compiled from two major sources: () household interviews, and (2) reports from employers. Data based on household interviews are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of the population 6 years of age and over. The survey is conducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey also provides data on the characteristics and past work experience of those not in the labor force. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 50,000 households (beginning with January data) located in 754 sample areas. These areas are chosen to represent all counties and independent cities in the U.S., with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the 2th of the month. Data based on establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires and telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. The Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey is designed to provide industry information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas. The employment, hours, and earnings series are based on payroll reports from a sample of about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time, who receive pay during the payroll period which includes the 2th of the month. RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND ESTABLISHMENT SERIES The household and establishment data complement one another, each providing significant types of information that the other cannot suitably supply. Population characteristics, for example, are obtained only from the household survey, whereas detailed industrial classifications are much more reliably derived from establishment reports. Data from these two sources differ from each other because of variations in definitions and coverage, source of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. Sampling variability and response errors are additional reasons for discrepancies. The major factors which have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two data series are as follows. Employment Coverage. The household survey definition of employment comprises wage and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), selfemployed persons, and unpaid workers who worked 5 hours or more during the reference week in familyoperated enterprises. Employment in both agricultural and nonagricultural industries is included. The payroll survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments. Multiple jobholding. The household survey provides information on the work status of the population without duplication, since each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. persons holding more than one job are counted only once. In the figures based on establishment reports, persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the reference week that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, vacation, bad weather, childcare problems, labormanagement disputes, or because they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off. In the figures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period are not. Hours of work The household survey measures hours worked for all workers whereas the payroll survey measures hours for private production and nonsupervisory workers paid for by employers. In the household survey, all persons with a job but not at work are excluded from the hours distributions and the computations of average hours at work. In the pay 227

236 roll survey, production or nonsupervisory employees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leave are included and assigned the number of hours for which they were paid during the reporting period. Earnings The household survey measures the earnings of wage and salary workers in all occupations and industries in both the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usual earnings received from the worker's sole or primary job. Data from the establishment survey generally refer to average earnings of production and related workers in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. For a comprehensive discussion of the various earnings series available from the household and establishment surveys, see BLS Measures of Compensation, BLS Bulletin 2239 (986). COMPARABILITY OF HOUSEHOLD DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed total from the household survey includes all persons who did not have a job during the reference week, were currently available for a job, and were looking for work or were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemployment insurance. Figures on unemployment insurance claims, prepared by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor, exclude, in addition to otherwise ineligible persons who do not file claims for benefits, persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and selfemployed and unpaid family workers). In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used in the household survey. For example, persons with a job but not at work and persons working only a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as employed rather than unemployed in the household survey. For an examination of the similarities and differences between State insured unemployment and total unemployment, see "Measuring and State Insured Unemployment" by Gloria P. Green in the June 97 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Agricultural employment estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage are the inclusion of persons under 6 in the National Agricultural Statistics Service series and the treatment of dual jobholders, who are counted more than once if they work on more than one farm during the reporting period. There are also wide differences in sampling techniques and data collecting and estimating methods, which cannot be readily measured in terms of their impact on differences in the levels and trends of the two series. COMPARABILITY OF PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Statistics on manufacturers and business\ Bureau of the Census. BLS establishment statistics on employment differ from employment counts derived by the Bureau of the Census from its censuses or sample surveys of manufacturing and business establishments. The major reasons for noncomparability are different treatment of business units considered parts of an establishment, such as central administrative offices and auxiliary units; the industrial classification of establishments; and different reporting patterns by multiunit companies. There are also differences in the scope of the industries covered, e.g., the Census of Business excludes professional services, public utilities, and financial establishments, whereas these are included in the BLS statistics. County Business Patterns, Bureau of the Census. Data in County Business Patterns (CBP) differ from BLS establishment statistics in the treatment of central administrative offices and auxiliary units. Differences may also arise because of industrial classification and reporting practices. In addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and most of government, and coverage is incomplete for some of the nonprofit agencies. Employment covered by State unemployment insurance programs. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers are covered by the unemployment insurance programs. However, some employees, such as those working in parochial schools and church, are not covered by unemployment insurance, whereas they are included in the BLS establishment statistics. 228

237 Household Data ("A" tables, monthly; "D" tables, quarterly) COLLECTION AND COVERAGE Statistics on the employment status of the population and related data are compiled by BLS using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS).This monthly survey of households is conducted for BLS by the Bureau of the Census through a scientifically selected sample designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 6 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, which includes the 2th day of the month. This is known as the "reference week." Actual field interviewing is conducted in the following week, referred to as the "survey week." Each month about 50,000 occupied units are eligible for interview. Some 3,200 of these households are contacted but interviews are not obtained because the occupants are not at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for other reasons. This represents a noninterview rate for the survey that ranges between 6 and 7 percent. In addition to the 50,000 occupied units, there are about 9,000 sample units in an average month which are visited but found to be vacant or otherwise not eligible for enumeration. Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan, as will be explained later, provides for threefourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and onehalf to be common with the same month a year earlier. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 940; those in use as of January 994 are as follows: Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 6 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (e.g., penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. persons. All persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 5 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labormanagement dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations. persons. All persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the 4weekperiod ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reason for unemployment. Unemployment is also categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into five major groups: () Job losers, comprised of (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), and (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; (2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) Persons who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended; (4) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (5) New entrants, persons who never worked. Each of these five categories of the unemployed can be expressed as a proportion of the entire civilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian workers. (For statistical presentation purposes, "job losers" and "persons who completed temporary jobs" are combined into a 229

238 single category until seasonal adjustments can be developed for the separate categories.) Jobseekers. All unemployed persons who made specific efforts to find a job sometime during the 4week period preceding the survey week are classified as jobseekers. Jobseekers do not include persons classified as on temporary layoff, who although often looking for work, are not required to do so to be classified as unemployed. Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work. Only active methods which have the potential to result in a job offer without further action on the part of the jobseeker qualify as job search. Examples include going to an employer directly or to a public or private employment agency, seeking assistance from friends or relatives, placing or answering ads, or using some other active method. Examples of the "other" category include being on a union or professional register, obtaining assistance from a community organization, or waiting at a designated labor pickup point. Passive methods, which do not qualify as job search, include reading (as opposed to answering or placing) "help wanted" ads and taking a job training course. Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above. Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. Employmentpopulation ratio. This represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected on their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in the 4week period prior to the survey week. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 2 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 2 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. Persons classified as not in the labor force who are in the sample for either their fourth or eighth month are asked additional questions relating to job history and workseeking intentions. These latter data are available on a quarterly basis. Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This information for the employed applies to the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. The occupational and industrial classification of CPS data is based on the coding systems used in the 990 census. The classofworker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories: Private and government wage and salary workers, selfemployed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Selfemployed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated selfemployed are included in the selfemployed category in the class of worker typology. Selfemployed persons who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers, because technically, they are paid employees of a corporation. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 5 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Multiple jobholders. These are employed persons who, during the reference week, had either two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, were selfemployed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. A person employed only in private households (cleaner, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two or more employers during the reference week is not counted as a multiple jobholder, since working for several employers is considered an inherent characteristic of private household work. Also excluded are selfemployed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers. Hours of work. These statistics relate to the actual number of hours worked during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off on the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. For persons working in more than one job, the published figures relate to the number of hours worked in all jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the major job. Unpublished data are available for the hours worked in each job and for usual hours. At work part time for economic reasons. Sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, this category refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find fulltime work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part time must also indicate that they want and are available to work full time to be classified as on part time for economic reasons. At work part time for noneconomic reasons. This group includes those persons who usually work part time and were at work to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include, for ex 230

239 ample: Illness or other medical limitations, childcare problems or other family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and being in a job where fulltime work is less than 35 hours. The group also includes those who gave an economic reason for usually working to 34 hours but said they do not want to work full time or were unavailable for such work. Usual full or parttime status. Data on persons "at work" exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zerohoursworked category, "with a job but not at work." These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for such reasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. In order to differentiate a person's normal schedule from their activity during the reference week, persons ^re also classified according to their usual full or parttime status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group will include some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who are temporarily absent from work. Similarly, parttime workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who are temporarily absent from work. The fulltime labor force includes all employed persons who usually work full time and unemployed persons who are either looking for fulltime work or are on layoff from fulltime jobs. The parttime labor force consists of employed persons who usually work part time and unemployed persons who are seeking or are on layoff from parttime jobs. Unemployment rates for fulland parttime workers are calculated using the concepts of the/w//and parttime labor force. White, black, and other. These are terms used to describe the race of persons. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small sample size, data for "other" races are not published. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic origin. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus they are included in both the white and black population groups. Vietnamera veterans. These are persons who served in the Armed Forces of the United States between August 5, 964, and May 7, 975. Published data are limited to men in the civilian noninstitutional population; i.e., veterans in institutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans are persons who never served in the Armed Forces. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders.) Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (e.g., annual, monthly, hourly) are converted to weekly. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excluding selfemployed persons who respond that their businesses were incorporated) who usually work full time on their sole or primary job. Median earnings. These figures indicate the value which divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians as shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls. Data expressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status. These are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces, or any other reasons. Household. A household consists of all persons related family members and all unrelated persons who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to either husbands or wives in marriedcouple families but relates only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as marriedcouple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is either single, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent. Data on the earnings of families exclude all those in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person 23

240 maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY Changes in concepts and methods While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the survey in 940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Some of the most important changes include: In 945, the questionnaire was radically changed with the introduction of four basic employment questions. Prior to that time, the survey did not contain specific question wording, but rather relied on a complicated scheme of activity priori tization. In 953, the current 484 rotation system was adopted, whereby households are interviewed for 4 consecutive months, leave the sample for 8 months, and then return to the sample for the same 4 months of the following year. Before this system was introduced, households were interviewed for 6 consecutive months and then replaced. The new system provided some yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thereby improving measurement over time. In 955, the survey reference week was changed to the calendar week including the 2th day of the month, for greater consistency with the reference period used for other laborrelated statistics. Previously, the calendar week containing the 8th day of the month had been used as the reference week. In 957, the employment definition was modified slightly as a result of a comprehensive interagency review of labor force concepts and methods. Two relatively small groups of persons classified as employed, under "with a job but not at work," were assigned to different classifications. Persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of the layoff date, and persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new wage and salary job within 30 days of interview, were, for the most part, reassigned to the unemployed classification. The only exception was the small subgroup in school during the reference week but waiting to start new jobs, which was transferred to not in the labor force. In 967, more substantive changes were made as a result of the recommendations of the President's Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics (the Gordon Committee). The principal improvements were as follows: a) A 4week job search period and specific questions on jobseeking activity were introduced. Previously, the questionnaire was ambiguous as to the time period for jobseeking and there were no specific questions concerning job search methods. b) An availability test was introduced whereby a person must be currently available for work in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, there was no such requirement. This revision to the concept mainly affected students, who, for example, may begin to look for summer jobs in the spring although they will not be available until June or July. Such persons, until 967, had been classified as unemployed but since have been assigned to the "not in the labor force" category. c) Persons "with a job but not at work" because of strikes, bad weather, etc., who volunteered that they were looking for work, were shifted from unemployed status to employed. d) The lower age limit for official statistics on employment, unemployment, and other labor force concepts was raised from 4 to 6 years. Historical data for most major series have been revised to provide consistent information based on the new minimum age limit. e) New questions were added to obtain additional information on persons not in the labor force, including those referred to as "discouraged workers," defined as persons who indicate that they want a job but are not currently looking because they believe there are no jobs available or none for which they would qualify. f) New "probing" questions were added to the questionnaire in order to increase the reliability of information on hours of work, duration of unemployment, and selfemployment. In 994, major changes to the Current Population Survey (CPS) were introduced, which included a complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computerassisted interviewing for the entire survey. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of some changes recommended in 979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey were: a) The introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant information, and to take advantage of stateoftheart computer interviewing techniques. b) The addition of two, more objective, criteria to the definition of discouraged workers. Prior to 994, to be classified as a discouraged worker, a person must have wanted a job and be reported as not currently looking because of a belief that no jobs were available or that there were none for which he or she would qualify. Beginning in 994, persons classified as discouraged must also have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work 232

241 during the reference week (a direct question on availability was added in 994; prior to 994, availability had been inferred from responses to other questions). These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual's stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market. c) Similarly, the identification of persons employed part time for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours in the reference week because of poor business conditions or because of an inability to find fulltime work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part time: They must want and be available for fulltime work. Previously, such information was inferred. (Persons who usually work full time but worked part time for an economic reason during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.) d) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as "on temporary layoff," persons must expect to be recalled to their jobs. Previously, the questionnaire did not include explicit questions about the expectation of recall. e) Persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new job within 30 days must have looked for work in the 4 weeks prior to the survey in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, such persons did not have to meet the job search requirement in order to be included among the unemployed. For additional information on changes in CPS concepts and methods, see Concepts and Methods used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, BLS Report 463, October 976 and "Overhauling the Current Population Survey Why is it Necessary to Change?," "Redesigning the Questionnaire," and "Evaluating Changes in the Estimates," Monthly Labor Review, September 993, and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 994," in the February 994 issue of this publication. Noncomparability of labor force levels In addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes have also affected the comparability of the labor force data. Beginning in 953, as a result of introducing data from the 950 census into the estimating procedures, population levels were raised by about 600,000; labor force, total employment, and agricultural employment were increased by about 350,000, primarily affecting the figures for totals and men; other categories were relatively unaffected. Beginning in 960, the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii resulted in an increase of about 500,000 in the population and about 300,000 in the labor force. Fourfifths of this increase was in nonagricultural employment; other labor force categories were not appreciably affected. Beginning in 962, the introduction of data from the 960 census reduced the population by about 50,000 and labor force and employment by about 200,000; unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. Beginning in 972, information from the 970 census was introduced into the estimation procedures, increasing the population by about 800,000; labor force and employment totals were raised by a little more than 300,000; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. In March 973, a subsequent population adjustment based on the 970 census was introduced. This adjustment, which affected the white and blackandother groups but had little effect on totals, resulted in the reduction of nearly 300,000 in the white population and an increase of the same magnitude in the blackandother population. Civilian labor force and total employment figures were affected to a lesser degree; the white labor force was reduced by 50,000, and the blackandother labor force rose by about 20,000. Unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 974, the method used to prepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population was modified to an "inflationdeflation" approach. This change in the derivation of the estimates had its greatest impact on estimates of 20 to 24yearold men particularly those of the blackandother population but had little effect on estimates of the total population 6 years and over. Additional information on the adjustment procedure appears in "CPS Population Controls Derived from InflationDeflation Method of Estimation," in the February 974 issue of this publication. Effective in July 975, as a result of the large inflow of Vietnamese refugees into the United States, the total and blackandother independent population controls for persons 6 years and over were adjusted upward by 76,000 (30,000 men and 46,000 women). The addition of the refugees increased the blackandother population by less than percent in any agesex group, with all of the changes being confined to the "other" component of the population. Beginning in January 978, the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in the estimation procedures resulted in an increase of about 250,000 in the civilian labor force and employment totals; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of the differences 233

242 appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 978" in the February 978 issue of this publication. Beginning in October 978, the race of the individual was determined by the household respondent for the incoming rotation group households, rather than by the interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was to provide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race. Thus, in October 978, oneeighth of the sample households had race determined by the household respondent and seveneighths of the sample households had race determined by interviewer observation. It was not until January 980 that the entire sample had race determined by the household respondent. The new procedure had no significant effect on the estimates. Beginning in January 979, the firststage ratio adjustment method was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. Differences between the old and new procedures existed only for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates, not for the total United States. The reasoning behind the change and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 979" in the February 979 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 982, the secondstage ratio adjustment method was changed. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 982" in the February 982 issue of this publication. In addition, current population estimates used in the secondstage estimation procedure were derived from information obtained from the 980 census, rather than the 970 census. This change caused substantial increases in the total population and in the estimates of persons in all labor force categories. Rates for labor force characteristics, however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 30,000 labor force series were adjusted back to 970 to avoid major breaks in series. The adjustment procedure used also is described in the February 982 article cited above. The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks in series occurring between 972 and 979 (described above), and data users should consider them when comparing estimates from different periods. Beginning in January 983, the firststage ratio adjustment method was updated to incorporate data from the 980 census. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 983" in the February 983 issue of this publication. There were only slight differences between the old and new procedures in estimates of levels for the various labor force characteristics and virtually no differences in estimates of participation rates. Beginning in January 985, most of the steps of the CPS estimation procedure the noninterview adjustment, the first and secondstage ratio adjustments, and the composite estimator were revised. These procedures are described in the Estimating Methods section. A description of the changes and an indication of their effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 985" in the February 985 issue of this publication. Overall, the revisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. The greatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanic origin. Major estimates were revised back to January 980. Beginning in January 986, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect an explicit estimate of the number of undocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 980 and an improved estimate of the number of emigrants among legal foreignborn residents for the same time period. As a result, the total civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by nearly 400,000; civilian employment was increased by about 350,000. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 425,000 and 305,000, respectively, and Hispanic employment by 270,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Because of the magnitude of the adjustments for Hispanics, data were revised back to January 980 to the extent possible. An explanation of the changes and their effect on estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 986" in the February 986 issue of this publication. Beginning in August 989, the secondstage ratio estimate cells were changed slightly to decrease the chance of very small cells occurring and to be more consistent with published age, sex, race cells. This change had virtually no effect on national estimates. Beginning in January 994, 990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, were introduced into the second stage estimation procedure. This change resulted in substantial increases in total population and in all major labor force categories. Effective February, these controls were introduced into the estimates for Under the new population controls, the civilian noninstitutional population for 990 increased by about. million, employment by about 880,000, and unemployment by approximately 75,000. The overall unemployment rate rose by about 0. percentage point. For further information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 994," and "Revisions in Household Survey Data Effective February " in the February 994 and March issues, respectively, of this publication. Additionally, for the period January through May 994, the composite estimation procedure was suspended due to technical and logistical reasons. 234

243 Beginning in January, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect updated information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants to, and emigrants from, the United States. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over was raised by about 470,000. The labor force and employment levels were increased by about 320,000, and 290,000, respectively. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 450,000 and 250,000 respectively, and Hispanic employment by 325,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation were not affected. An explanation of the changes and their effect on national labor force estimates appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. Changes in the occupational and industrial classification system Beginning in 97, the comparability of occupational employment data was affected as a result of changes in the occupational classification system for the 970 census that were introduced into the CPS. Comparability was further affected in December 97, when a question relating to major activity or duties was added to the monthly CPS questionnaire in order to determine more precisely the occupational classification of individuals. As a result of these changes, meaningful comparisons of occupational employment levels could not be made between 9772 and prior years nor between those 2 years. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. For a further explanation of the changes in the occupational classification system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classifications for 97" and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey" in the February 97 and February 972 issues, respectively, of this publication. Beginning in January 983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 980 census were introduced into the CPS. The 980 census occupational classification system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. For example, the 980 major group "sales occupations" is substantially larger than the 970 category "sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" from "clerical workers" and some selfemployed proprietors in retail trade establishments from "managers and administrators, except farm." The industrial classification system used in the 980 census was based on the 972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 977. The adoption of the new system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. The most notable changes from the 970 system were the transfer of farm equipment stores from "retail" to "wholesale" trade, postal service from "public administration" to "transportation," and some interchange between "professional and related services" and "public administration." Additional information on the 980 census occupational and industrial classification systems appears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 983" in the February 983 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 990 census were introduced into the CPS. (These systems were largely based on the 980 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and 987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) systems, respectively.) There were a few breaks in comparability between the 980 and 990 censusbased systems, particularly within the "technical, sales, and administrative support" categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from "business services" to "professional services" and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. A number of industry titles were changed as well, with no change in content. Sampling Since the inception of the survey, there have been various changes in the design of the CPS sample. The sample is traditionally redesigned and a new sample selected after each decennial census. Also, the number of sample areas and the number of sample persons are changed occasionally. Most of these changes are made in order to improve the efficiency of the sample design, increase the reliability of the sample estimates, or control cost. Changes in this regard since 960 are as follows: When Alaska and Hawaii received statehood in 959 and 960, respectively, three sample areas were added to the existing sample to account for the population of these States. In January 978, a supplemental sample of 9,000 housing units, selected in 24 States and the District of Columbia, was designed to provide more reliable annual average estimates for States. In October 978, a coverage improvement sample of approximately 450 sample household units representing 237,000 occupied mobile homes and 600,000 new construction housing units was added. In January 980, another supplemental sample of 9,000 households selected in 32 States and the District of Columbia was added. A sample reduction of about 6,000 units was implemented in May 98. In January 982, the sample was expanded by 00 households to provide additional coverage in counties added to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), which were redefined in 973. In January 985, a new Statebased CPS sample was selected based on 980 census information. A sample reduction of about 4,000 households was implemented in April 988; they were reinstated during the 8month period, AprilNovember 989. A redesigned CPS sample based on the 990 decennial census was selected for use during the 990's. Households from this new sample were phased into the CPS between April 994 and July 995. The July 995 sample was the first monthly sample based 235

244 entirely on the 990 census. For further information on the 990 sample redesign, see "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey" in the May 994 issue of this publication. The original 990 censusbased sample design included about 66,000 housing units per month located in 792 selected geographic areas called primary sampling units (PSU's). The sample was initially selected to meet specific reliability criteria for the Nation, for each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia, and for the substate areas of New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area. In, the original sample design reliability criteria were modified to reduce costs. The current criteria, given below, are based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the unemployment level, where the CV is defined as the standard error of the estimate divided by the estimate, expressed as a percentage. These CV controls assume a 6percent unemployment rate to establish a consistent specification of sampling error. The current sample design, introduced in January, includes about 59,000 households from 754 sample areas and maintains a.9percent CV on national monthly estimates of unemployment level. This translates into a change of 0.2 percentage point in the unemployment rate being significant at a 90percent confidence level. For each of the fifty States and for the District of Columbia, the design maintains a CV of at most 8percent on the annual average estimate of unemployment level, assuming a 6percent unemployment rate. Due to the national reliability criterion, estimates for several large States are substantially more reliable than the State design criterion requires. Annual average unemployment estimates for California, Florida, New York, and Texas, for example, carry a CV of less than 4 percent. In the first stage of sampling, the 754 sample areas are chosen. In the second stage, ultimate sampling unit clusters composed of about four housing units each are selected. Each month, about 59,000 housing units are assigned for data collection, of which about 50,000 are occupied and thus eligible for interview. The remainder are units found to be destroyed, vacant, converted to nonresidential use, containing persons whose usual place of residence is elsewhere, or ineligible for other reasons. Of the 50,000 housing units, about 6.5 percent are not interviewed in a given month due to temporary absence (vacation, etc.), other failures to make contact after repeated attempts, inability of persons contacted to respond, unavailability for other reasons, and refusals to cooperate (about half of the noninterviews). Information is obtained each month for about 94,000 persons 6 years of age or older. Selection of sample areas. The entire area of the United States, consisting of 3,4 counties and independent cities, is divided into 2,007 sample units (PSU's). In most States, a PSU consists of a county or a number of contiguous counties. In New England and Hawaii, minor civil divisions are used instead of counties. Metropolitan areas within a State are used as a basis for forming PSU's. Outside of metropolitan areas, counties normally are combined except when the geographic area of an individual county is too large. Combining counties to form PSU's provides greater heterogeneity; a typical PSU includes urban and rural residents of both high and low economic levels and encompasses, to the extent feasible, diverse occupations and industries. Another important consideration is that the PSU be sufficiently compact so that, with a small sample spread throughout, it can be efficiently canvassed without undue travel cost. The 2,007 PSU's are grouped into strata within each State. Then one PSU is selected from each stratum with the probability of selection proportional to the population of the PSU. Nationally, there are a total of 428 PSU's in strata by themselves. These strata are selfrepresenting and are generally the most populous PSU's in each State. The 326 remaining strata are formed by combining PSU's that are similar in such characteristics as unemployment, proportion of housing units with three or more persons, number of persons employed in various industries, and average monthly wages for various industries. The single PSU randomly selected from each of these strata is nonselfrepresenting because it represents not only itself but the entire stratum. The probability of selecting a particular PSU in a nonselfrepresenting stratum is proportional to its 990 population. For example, within a stratum, the chance that a PSU with a population of 50,000 would be selected for the sample is twice that for a PSU having a population of 25,000. Selection of sample households. Because the sample design is State based, the sampling ratio differs by State and depends on State population size as well as both national and State reliability requirements. The State sampling ratios range roughly from in every 00 households to in every 3,000 households. The sampling ratio occasionally is modified slightly to hold the size of the sample relatively constant given the overall growth of the population. The sampling ratio used within a sample PSU depends on the probability of selection of the PSU and the sampling ratio for the State. In a sample PSU with a probability of selection of in 0 and a State sampling ratio of 3,000, a withinpsu sampling ratio of in 300 achieves the desired ratio of in 3,000 for the stratum. The 990 withinpsu sample design was developed using blocklevel data from the 990 census. (The 990 census was the first decennial census that produced data at the block level for the entire country.) Normally, census blocks are bounded by streets and other prominent physical features such as rivers or railroad tracks. County, Minor Civil Division, and census place limits also serve as block boundaries. In cities, blocks can be bounded by four streets and be quite small in land area. In rural areas, blocks can be several square miles in size. For the purpose of sample selection, census blocks were grouped into three strata: Unit, group quarters, and area. 236

245 (Occasionally, units within a block were split between the unit and group quarters strata.) The unit stratum contained regular housing units with addresses that were easy to locate (e.g. most single family homes, townhouses, condominiums, apartment units, and mobil homes). The group quarters stratum contained housing units where residents shared common facilities or received formal or authorized care or custody. Unit and group quarters blocks exist primarily in urban areas. The area stratum contains blocks with addresses that are more difficult to locate. Area blocks exist primarily in rural areas. To reduce the variability of the survey estimates and to ensure that the withinpsu sample would reflect the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the PSU, blocks within the unit, group quarters, and area strata were sorted using geographic and blocklevel data from the census. Examples of the census variables used for sorting include proportion of minority renteroccupied housing units, proportion of housing units with female householders, and proportion of owneroccupied housing units. The specific sorting variables used differed by type of PSU (urban or rural) and stratum. Within each block, housing units were sorted geographically and grouped into clusters of approximately four units. A systematic sample of these clusters was then selected independently from each stratum using the appropriate within PSU sampling ratio. The geographic clustering of the sample units reduces field representative travel costs. Prior to interviewing, special listing procedures are used to locate the particular sample addresses in the group quarters and area blocks. Units in the three strata described above all existed at the time of the 990 decennial census. Through a series of additional procedures, a sample of building permits is included in the CPS to represent housing units built after the decen nial census. Adding these newly built units keeps the sample uptodate and representative of the population. It also helps to keep the sample size stable: over the life of the sample, the addition of newly built housing units compensates for the loss of "old" units which may be abandoned, demolished, or converted to nonresidential use. Rotation of sample. Part of the sample is changed each month. Each monthly sample is divided into eight representative subsamples or rotation groups. A given rotation group is interviewed for a total of 8 months, divided into two equal periods. It is in the sample for 4 consecutive months, leaves the sample during the following 8 months, and then returns for another 4 consecutive months. In each monthly sample, one of the eight rotation groups is in the first month of enumeration, another rotation group is in the second month, and so on. Under this system, 75 percent of the sample is common from month to month and 50 percent from year to year for the same month. This procedure provides a substantial amount of monthtomonth and yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thus providing better estimates of change and reducing discontinuities in the series of data without burdening any specific group of households with an unduly long period of inquiry. CPS sample, 947 to present. Table A provides a description of some aspects of the CPS sample designs in use since 947. A more detailed account of the history of the CPS sample design appears in The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, or Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Report 463, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description of the 990 censusbased sample design appears in "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey," in the May 994 issue of this publication. Table A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 947 to present Time period Number of sample areas Interviewed Households eligible Not interviewed Households visited but not eligible Aug. 947 to Jan. 954 Feb. 954 to Apr. 956 May 956 to 959 Jan. 960 to Feb. 963 Mar. 963 to 966 Jan. 967 to July 97 Aug. 97 to July 972 Aug. 972 to 977 Jan. 978 to 979 Jan. 980 to Apr. 98 May 98 to 984 Jan. 985 to Mar. 988 Apr. 988 to Mar. 989 April 989to to Aug Sept. 995 to 995 Jan. to present ,000 2,000 33,500 33,500 33,500 48,000 45,000 45,000 53,500 62,200 57,800 57,000 53,200 57,400 54,500 52,900 46, , ,000,500,500,500 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,500 2,800 2,500 2,500 2,600 2,600 3,500 3,400 3,200 3,0003,500 3,0003,500 6,000 6,000 6,000 8,500 8,000 8,000 0,000 2,000,000,000,500,800 0,000 9,700 9,000 Beginning in May 956, these areas were chosen to provide coverage in each State and the District of Columbia. 2 Three sample areas were added in 960 to represent Alaska and Hawaii after statehood. 3 The sample was increased incrementally during the 8month period, April November Includes 2,000 additional assigned housing units from Georgia and Virginia that were gradually phased in during the 0month period, October 994 August

246 ESTIMATING METHODS Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of the results for a given month become available simultaneously and are based on returns from the entire panel of respondents. The estimation procedure involves weighting the data from each sample person by the inverse of the probability of the person being in the sample. This gives a rough measure of the number of actual persons that the sample person represents. Since 985, most sample persons within the same State have had the same probability of selection. Some selection probabilities may differ within a State due to the sample design or for operational reasons. Field subsampling, for example, which is carried out when areas selected for the sample are found to contain many more households than expected, may cause probabilities of selection to differ for some sample areas within a State. Through a series of estimation steps (outlined below), the selection probabilities are adjusted for noninterviews and survey undercoverage; data from previous months are incorporated into the estimates through the composite estimation procedure.. Noninterview adjustment. The weights for all interviewed households are adjusted to account for occupied sample households for which no information was obtained because of absence, impassable roads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents for other reasons. This noninterview adjustment is made separately for clusters of similar sample areas that are usually, but not necessarily, contained within a State. Similarity of sample areas is based on Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within each cluster, there is a further breakdown by residence. Each MSA cluster is split by "central city" and "balance of the MSA." Each nonmsa cluster is split by "urban" and "rural" residence categories. The proportion of sample households not interviewed varies from 6 to 7 percent, depending on weather, vacation, etc. 2. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the population selected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance, from that of the population as a whole in such characteristics as age, race, sex, and State of residence. Because these characteristics are closely correlated with labor force participation and other principal measurements made from the sample, the survey estimates can be substantially improved when weighted appropriately by the known distribution of these population characteristics. This is accomplished through two stages of ratio adjustment, as follows: a. Firststage ratio estimation. The purpose of the firststage ratio adjustment is to reduce the contribution to variance that results from selecting a sample of PSU's rather than drawing sample households from every PSU in the Nation. This adjustment is made to the CPS weights in two race cells: Black and nonblack; it is applied only to PSU's that are not selfrepresenting and for those States that have a substantial number of black households. The procedure corrects for differences that existed in each State cell at the time of the 990 census between ) the race distribution of the population in sample PSU's and 2) the race distribution of all PSU's (both and 2 exclude selfrepresenting PSU's). b. Secondstage ratio estimation. This procedure substantially reduces the variability of estimates and corrects, to some extent, for CPS undercoverage. The CPS sample weights are adjusted to ensure that samplebased estimates of population match independent population controls. Three sets of controls are used: ) 5 State controls of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years of age and older, 2) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 4 Hispanic and 5 nonhispanic agesex categories, 3) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 66 white, 42 black, and 0 "other" agesex categories. The independent population controls are prepared by projecting forward the resident population as enumerated on April, 990. The projections are derived by updating demographic census data with information from a variety of other data sources that account for births, deaths, and net migration. Estimated numbers of resident Armed Forces personnel and institutionalized persons reduce the resident population to the civilian noninstitutional population. Estimates of net census undercount, determined from the Post Enumeration Survey, are added to the population projections. Prior to January 994, the projections were based on earlier censuses, and there was no correction for census undercount. A summary of the current procedures used to make population projections is given in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 994," appearing in the February 994 issue of this publication. 3. Composite estimation procedure. The last step in the preparation of most CPS estimates makes use of a composite estimation procedure. The composite estimate consists of a weighted average of two factors: The twostage ratio estimate based on the entire sample from the current month and the composite estimate for the previous month, plus an estimate of the monthtomonth change based on the six rotation groups common to both months. In addition, a bias adjustment term is added to the weighted average to account for relative bias associated with monthinsample estimates. This monthinsample bias is exhibited by unemployment estimates for persons in their first and fifth months in the CPS being generally higher than estimates obtained for the other months. 238

247 The composite estimate results in a reduction in the sampling error beyond that which is achieved after the two stages of ratio adjustment. For some items, the reduction is substantial. The resultant gains in reliability are greatest in estimates of monthtomonth change, although gains are also usually obtained for estimates of level in a given month, change from year to year, and change over other intervals of time. Rounding of estimates The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of independent rounding of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal 00 percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates There are two types of errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided indicate primarily the magnitude of the sampling error. They also incorporate the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumeration but do not account for any systematic biases in the data. Nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS, as discussed below. The effect of nonsampling error should be small on estimates of relative change, such as monthtomonth change. Estimates of monthly levels would be more severely affected by the nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., the inability to obtain information about all persons in the sample; differences in the interpretation of questions; inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information; inability to recall information; errors made in collecting and processing the data; errors made in estimating values for missing data; and failure to represent all sample households and all persons within sample households (undercoverage). Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase of the survey are studied by means of a reinterview program. This program is used to estimate various sources of error as well as to evaluate and control the work of the interviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's work is inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. The results indicate, among other things, that the data published from the CPS are subject to moderate systematic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview program and some of the other results may be found in The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 96 through December 966, Technical Paper No. 9, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The effects of some components of nonsampling error in the CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotation plan used for the sample, since the level of the estimates varies by rotation group. A description of these effects appears in 'The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates From Panel Surveys," by Barbara A. Bailar, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 70, No. 349, March 975. Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housing units and missed persons within sample households. The CPS covers about 92 percent of the decennial census population (adjusted for census undercount). It is known that the CPS undercoverage varies with age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally, undercoverage is larger for men than for women and larger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races than for whites. Ratio adjustment to independent agesexraceorigin population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics than interviewed persons in the same agesexraceorigin group. Additional information on nonsampling error in the CPS appears in An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey, by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards; in "The Current Population Survey: An Overview," by Marvin Thompson and Gary Shapiro, Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol. 2, April 973; and in The Current Population Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. This last document includes a comprehensive discussion of various sources of errors and describes attempts to measure them in the CPS. Sampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, estimates differ from the true population values that they represent. This difference, or sampling error, occurs by chance, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population value. In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values, that include the true population value with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then:.approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. 2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from.6 standard errors below the estimate to.6 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two 239

248 standard errors below the estimate to two standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. Although the estimating methods used in the CPS do not produce unbiased estimates, biases for most estimates are believed to be small enough so that these confidence interval statements are approximately true. Since it would be too costly to develop standard errors for all CPS estimates, generalized variance function techniques are used to calculate sets of standard errors for various types of labor force characteristics. It is important to keep in mind that standard errors computed from these methods reflect contributions from sampling errors and some kinds of nonsampling errors and indicate the general magnitude of an estimate's standard error rather than its precise value. The generalized variance functions and standard errors provided here are based on the sample design and estimation procedures as of 987 and have been adjusted to reflect the population levels and sample size as of. Standard errors for years prior to may be roughly approximated by adjusting, as follows, the standard errors presented here.. For the years 967 through 995, multiply the standard errors by For the years 956 through 966, multiply the standard errors by For years prior to 956, multiply the standard errors by.44. More accurate standard error estimates for historical CPS data may be found in previous issues of this publication. Tables B through H are provided so that approximate standard errors of estimates can be easily obtained. These tables are briefly summarized here; details illustrating the proper use of each table follow. Tables B and C show standard errors for estimated monthly levels and rates for selected employment status characteristics; these tables also provide standard errors for consecutive monthtomonth changes in the estimates. These standard errors are based on levels of recent estimates and can be determined directly by finding the characteristic of interest. Tables D and E show standard errors for monthly levels and consecutive monthly changes in levels for general employment status characteristics. The standard errors are calculated using linear interpolation based on the size of the monthly estimates. Tables F and G give parameters that can be used with formulas to calculate a standard error on nearly any specified level, unemployment rate, percentage, or consecutive monthtomonth change. For monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels, tables F and G are preferred to tables D and E, since the formulas provide more accurate results than linear interpolation. Table B. Standard errors for major employment status categories (In thousands) Category, 6 years and over: Men, 20 years and over: Women, 20 years and over: Civilian laborforce Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: Civilian laborforce Black, 6 years and over: Civilian laborforce Men, 20 years and over: Civilian laborforce Women, 20 years and over: Civilian laborforce Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: Civilian laborforce Hispanic origin, 6 years and over: Civilian laborforce Monthly level Consecutivemonth change Table H presents factors used to convert standard errors of monthly levels and rates determined from tables B, C, D, and F to standard errors pertaining to quarterly and yearly averages, consecutive yeartoyear changes of monthly estimates, and changes in quarterly and yearly averages. The standard errors for estimated changes from month to the next, year to the next, etc., depend more on the monthly levels for characteristics than on the size of the changes. Accordingly, tables E, G, and H use monthly levels (not the magnitude of the changes) for approximating standard errors of change. Standard errors for estimated change between nonconsecutive months are not provided (except for yeartoyear change); however, these may be assumed to be higher than the standard errors for consecutive monthly change. 240

249 Table C. Standard errors for unemployment rates by major characteristics Characteristic, 6 years and over Men, 6 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White workers Black workers Hispanicorigin workers Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Occupation Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical.. Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective service Precision production, craft, and repair Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Industry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation, communications, and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Monthly level Consecutivemonth change Use of tables B and C. These table provide a quick reference for standard errors of major characteristics. Table B gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels for major employment status categories. Table C gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly unemployment rates and consecutive monthtomonth changes in unemployment rates for some demographic, industrial, and occupational categories. For characteristics not given in tables B and C, refer to either tables D and E or tables F and G. Illustration. Suppose that for a given month the number of women 20 years and over in the civilian labor force is estimated to be 54,000,000. For this characteristic, the approximate standard error of 29,000 is given in table B in the row, ", 6 years and over: Women, 20 years and over:." A 90percent confidence interval, as shown by these data, would then be the interval from 53,650,000 to 54,350,000. Concluding that the true labor force level lies within this interval would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all possible samples. Use of tables D and E. From these tables, approximate standard errors can be calculated for estimates of monthly levels and monthtomonth changes in levels for major labor force characteristics by race and Hispanic origin. For major categories not shown, such as male or female, tables F and G can be used. Standard errors for intermediate values not shown in the tables may be approximated by linear interpolation. For table E, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthtomonth change, the average of the two monthly levels (not the change) is used to select the appropriate row in the table. Illustration. Assume that between 2 consecutive months the estimated number of employed persons changed from 5,600,000 to 6,700,000, an apparent increase of,00,000. The approximate standard error on this monthtomonth change estimate is based on the average level of the estimate for the 2 months, 6,50,000. Using the table E column titled "Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment,," it is necessary to find the standard errors corresponding to the two monthly level entries between which the value 6,50,000 lies. The standard error corresponding to 00,000,000 is given as 274,000, and the standard error corresponding to 20,000,000 is given as 246,000. Use linear interpolation to find the approximate standard error on monthtomonth change corresponding to the level 6,50,000; one method of calculation is given below. f 20,000,0006,50,000^.,20,000,00000,000,000 ) K J Thus, a 90percent confidence interval for the true monthtomonth change would be approximately the interval from 698,000 to,502,000. Use of tables F and G. These tables can be used to find approximate standard errors for a wide range of estimated monthly levels, proportions, rates, and estimates of consecutive monthly change. Instead of displaying standard errors, these tables provide parameters to be used with the formulas given below that allow the user to calculate standard errors. 24

250 Table D. Standard errors for estimates of monthly levels (In thousands) Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment or white Black or white Unemployment Black Characteristic Hispanic origin Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment White Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force or not in labor force , , , , , ,000. 5, , , , , , , , ,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80, Table E. Standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change in levels (In thousands) Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment or white Black or white Unemployment Black Characteristic Hispanic origin Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment White Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force or not n labor force , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,

251 Table G, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthly change, lists parameters for some characteristics classified by a measure of correlation between monthly estimates. Estimates of the number of persons employed full time, for example, change relatively little from one month to the next, and the two monthly estimates are said to be highly correlated. Consecutive monthly estimates of parttime employment, by contrast, have low correlation, since these estimates are relatively volatile. Major characteristics for which consecutive monthly estimates are known to have high or low correlation are indicated in table G. Not all categories in table G, however, are broken down into low or high correlation characteristics. When high or low correlation is not specified in table G, the parameters in table G should be selected from the rows labeled "Most characteristics" or from rows not specifying correlation. Standard errors of estimated levels. The approximate standard error, s x, of an estimated monthly level, x, can be obtained using the formula below, where a and b are the parameters from table F associated with the particular characteristic. The same formula can be used to approximate the standard error of an estimated monthtomonth change in level; simply average the levels for the 2 consecutive months and use the parameters from table G. s x = V ax 2 + bx Illustration. Assume that in a given month there are an estimated 6 million unemployed men in the civilian labor force (x = 6,000,000). Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table F ("Unemployment: or white"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimate of 6,000,000. a = b = S x = 7( )(6,000,000) 2 + (2957.3)(6,000,000) =3,000 Suppose that in the next month the estimated number of unemployed men increases by 200,000 to 6,200,000. The average of the monthly levels is x = 6,00,000. Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table G ("Unemployment: or white,, men, women"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimated change of 200,000. a = b = S x = /(OOOOO )(6,00,000) 2 + (49.84)(6,00,000) = 49,000 An approximate 90percent confidence interval for the true monthtomonth change would be the interval from 38,000 to 438,000. Because this interval covers zero, one cannot assert at this level of confidence that any real change has occurred in the unemployment level. This result can also be expressed by saying that the apparent change of 200,000 is not significant at a 90percent confidence level. Standard errors of estimated percentages and rates. Generally, percentages and rates are not published unless the monthly base (denominator) is greater than 75,000 persons, the quarterly average base is greater than 60,000 persons, or the annual average base is greater than 35,000 persons. The reliability of an estimated percentage or rate depends upon the magnitude of the percentage or rate and its base. When the numerator and base are in different categories, use the parameters from table F or G relevant to the numerator. The approximate standard error, s y p, of an estimated percentage or rate, p, can be obtained using the following formula, where y is the estimated number of persons in the base. Svn = Illustration. For a given month, suppose that 5,600,000 women, 20 to 24 years of age, are estimated to be employed. Of this total,,800,000 or 32 percent are classified as parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on this percentage, proceed as follows. Obtain the parameter b = from table F ("Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment:, Women"). Apply the formula to obtain: (32)(0032) =.0 percent 5,600,000 Suppose that in the next month 5,700,000 women in this same age group are reported employed and that,950,000 or 34 percent are parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on the observed monthtomonth change of 2 percentage points, first average the values for p and y over the 2 months to get p = 33 percent and y = 5,650,000. Next, obtain the parameter b = from table G ("Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: or white, Women: Low correlation characteristics") and apply the formula as follows (33)(0033) =.0 percent 5,650,000 It should be noted that the numerator of the percentage (parttime employed) determined the choice of correlation. 243

252 Table F. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthly levels Characteristic Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Men Women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Men Women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years... Black Men Women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years... Hispanic origin Not in labor force, total or white, excluding women and 6to 9 year olds or yearly averages, changes in consecutive quarterly or yearly averages, and consecutive yeartoyear changes in monthly estimates. Table H gives factors that can be used to convert standard errors for monthly levels into standard errors for other time periods and changes over time. Follow these three basic steps: Step. Average estimates appropriately. For quarterly estimates, average the 3 monthly estimates. For yearly estimates, average the 2 monthly estimates. For changes in consecutive averages, average over the 2 quarters or 2 years. For consecutive yeartoyear changes in monthly estimates, average the 2 months involved. Step 2. Obtain a standard error on a monthly estimate using table B or C, or apply the procedures for table D or F to the average calculated in step, as if the average were an estimate for a single month. Step 3. Determine the standard error on the average or on the estimate of change. Multiply the result from step 2 by the appropriate factor from table H. Agricultural employment: or white Men Women or both sexes, 6 to 9years Black Hispanic origin: or women Men or both sexes, 6 to 9years Unemployment: or white Black Hispanic origin Excludes notinlaborforce data Illustration. Suppose that standard errors are desired for a quarterly average of black employment levels and for the change in averages from quarter to the next. For each successive month of the first quarter, suppose the levels are observed to be,500,000,,600,000, and,700,000. Step. The quarterly average is,600,000. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters from table F ("Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Black"). Use the formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for a monthly estimate of,600,000. a = b = If the example had illustrated percentages of women employed full time, the numerator would have been a high correlation characteristic. Table G, however, does not explicitly list high correlation parameters for employed women; thus, the row labeled "Women, Most characteristics" would have been used. Had the example dealt with teenage women employed part time, either of two rows in table G could have been applied ("Women: Low correlation characteristics" or "Both sexes, 6 to 9 years"). In situations like this, where it is not clear which row applies, a general rule to follow is to choose the' row with the largest b parameter. This gives a more conservative estimate of standard error. Use of table H. Use this table with table B, C, D, or F to calculate approximate standard errors for quarterly S x = ^( )(ll,600,000) 2 + ( )(,600,000) = 40,000 Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.87 from table H (column labeled "Quarterly averages" and row labeled "Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 22,000 on the quarterly average of,600,000. Proceed to obtain the approximate standard error on the change in consecutive quarterly average estimates of black employment. Assume that black employment estimates for the months in the second quarter are observed to be,00,000,,200,000, and,300,000. Step. The average for the second quarter is,200,

253 Table G. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change in levels Characteristic Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: or white: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics Low correlation characteristics Men: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 6to 9years Black: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Men: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 6to 9years Hispanic origin: " and not in labor force Low correlation characteristics Men, civilian labor force and not in labor force Men, 6 years and over; 20 years and over; and both sexes, 6to 9 years Women, 6 years and over and 20 years and over Agricultural employment: or white: Men Women or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Black: or women Men or both sexes, 6 to 9 years Hispanic origin: or women Men or both sexes, 6to 9years Selfemployed Unemployment: 2 or white:, men, women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years and low correlation characteristics... Black:, men, women, and both sexes, 6 to 9 years High correlation characteristics Hispanic origin:, men, women Both sexes, 6 to 9 years and low correlation characteristics High correlation characteristics include employed fulltime, manufacturing, service workers, and not in the labor force. Low correlation characteristics include all parttime workers; employed, with a job, but not at work; unpaid family workers; and precision production, craft, and repair occupations. 2 High correlation characteristics include fulltime jobseekers; job losers; manufacturing workers; and operators, fabricators, and laborers. Low correlation characteristics include parttime jobseekers, reentrants, persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks and from 5 to 4 weeks. 245

254 The average of the 2 quarters is,400,000. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters as above and use the formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for the estimate of,400,000, treating it as an estimate for a single month. S x = ^(O.OOOl )(,400,000) 2 + (339.26)(,400,000) = 40,000 Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.84 from table H (column labeled "Change in quarterly averages" and row labeled "Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 8,000 on the estimated change of 400,000 from one quarter to the next. The estimated change clearly exceeds 2 standard errors; therefore, one could conclude from these data that the change in quarterly averages is significant. Table H. Factors to be used with tables B, C, D, and F to compute the approximate standard errors for levels, rates, and percentages for yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, change in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and change in yearly averages Factor Characteristic Yearto year change of monthly estimate Quarterly averages Change in quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in yearly averages Agricultural employment: or men Women Both sexes, 6to 9years Part time Unemployment: Part time Labor force and notinlaborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: or white Black Hispanic origin Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Parttime

255 Establishment Data ("B" tables) COLLECTION BLS cooperates with State employment security agencies in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government). This sample includes about 390,000 reporting units. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series in considerable industry and geographic detail are prepared and published each month. Historical statistics are available on the Internet at: Each month, the State agencies collect data on employment, payrolls, and paid hours from a sample of establishments. Data are collected by mail from most respondents; phone collection is used to obtain higher response rates from selected respondents through computerassisted interviews, touchtone selfresponse, and voice recognition technology. The respondents extract the requested data from their payroll records, which must be maintained for a variety of tax and accounting purposes. All firms with 250 employees or more are asked to participate in the survey, as well as a sample of smaller firms. A "shuttle" schedule (BLS form 790 series) is used for mail respondents. It is submitted each month by the respondents, edited by the State agency, and returned to the respondent for use again the following month. The technical characteristics of the shuttle schedule are particularly important in maintaining continuity and consistency in reporting from month to month. The shuttle design automatically exhibits the trends of the reported data covered by the schedule during the year; therefore, the relationship of the current data to the data for the previous months is shown. The schedule also has operational advantages. For example, accuracy and economy are achieved by entering the identification codes and the address of the reporter only once a year. All schedules are edited by the State agencies each month to make sure that the data are correctly reported and that they are consistent with the data reported by the establishment in earlier months and with the data reported by other establishments in the industry. The State agencies forward the data, either on the schedules themselves or in machinereadable form, to BLSWashington. They also use the information provided on the forms to develop State and area estimates of employment, hours, and earnings. At BLS, the data are edited again by computer to detect processing and reporting errors which may have been missed in the initial State editing; the edited data are used to prepare national estimates. It should be noted that for employment, the sum of the State figures will differ from the official U.S. national totals because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratification and differences in the timing of benchmark adjustments. CONCEPTS Industrial classification Establishments reporting on Form BLS 790 are classified into industries on the basis of their principal product or activity determined from information on annual sales volume. Since January 980, this information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal product or activity. All data on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation (beginning with August 990 data) and for States and areas (beginning with January 990 data) are classified in accordance with the 987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC), Office of Management and Budget. Industry employment Employment data, except those for the Federal Government, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 2th day of the month. For Federal Government establishments, employment figures represent the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the calendar month. Intermittent workers are counted if they performed any service during the month. The data exclude proprietors, the selfemployed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are also excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (when pay is received directly from the firm), on paid holiday, on paid vacation, or who work during a part of the pay period even though they are unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who were hired but have not yet reported during the period. Indexes of diffusion of employment change (table B6). These indexes measure the dispersion among industries of the change in employment over the specified time span. 247

256 Beginning with August 990 data, the overall indexes are calculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment series (3digit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll employment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffusion indexes are based on 39 3digit industries. To derive the indexes, each component industry is assigned a value of 0, 50, or 00 percent, depending on whether its employment showed a decrease, no change, or an increase, respectively, over the time span. The average value (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the diffusion index number. The reference point for diffusion analysis is 50 percent, the value which indicates that the same number of component industries had increased as had decreased. Index numbers above 50 show that more industries had increasing employment, and values below 50 indicate that more had decreasing employment. The margin between the percent that increased and the percent that decreased is equal to the difference between the index and its complement, i.e., 00 minus the index. For example, an index of 65 percent means that 30 percent more industries had increasing employment than had decreasing employment (65( 0065) = 30). However, for dispersion analysis, the distance of the index number from the 50percent reference point is the most significant observation. Although diffusion indexes are commonly interpreted as showing the percent of components that increased over the time span, it should be remembered that the index reflects half of the unchanged components as well. (This is the effect of assigning a value of 50 percent to the unchanged components when computing the index.) Industry hours and earnings Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant's own use (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: Working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working at the site of construction or working in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory employees. These are employees (not above the working supervisory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. Payroll. This refers to the payroll for full and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 2th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., for oldage and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays, vacation, and sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); other pay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., retroactive pay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance, contributions to retirement, etc., paid by the employer) are also excluded. Hours. These are the hours paid for during the pay period which includes the 2th of the month for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. Included are hours paid for holidays, vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received directly from the firm. Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straighttime workday or the workweek during the pay period which included the 2th of the month. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, parttime work, and stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweek of component industries. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current month's aggregate by the average of the 2 monthly fig 248

257 ures for 982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. The overtime hours represent that portion of the average weekly hours which exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee were to work on a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straighttime pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Because overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Such factors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level also may be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry where little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a "gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and lateshift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively highpaid and lowpaid work and changes in workers' earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period of time; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer since the following are excluded: Irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or nonsupervisory employee definitions. Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum wage payments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SIC 372) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation methods apply to these series as apply to the average hourly earnings series described above; the one difference between the series is definitional. The payroll data used to calculate this series include lumpsum payments made to production workers in lieu of general wage rate increases; such payments are excluded from the definition of gross payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earnings series. For each sample establishment in SIC 372 and SIC 376 covered by a lumpsum agreement, the reported payroll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of the lumpsum payment. Such payments are generally made once a year and cover the following 2month period. In order to spread the payment across this time period, a prorated portion of the payment is added to the payroll each month. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate to reduce the lumpsum amount to account for persons who received the payment but left before the payment allocation period expired. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime premium pay are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and onehalf of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday work, lateshift work, and overtime rates other than time and onehalf. Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class I railroads plus Amtrak (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based on monthly data summarized in the M300 report of the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC group I) who received pay during the month. Average hourly earnings are computed by dividing total compensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hours are obtained by dividing the total number of hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of employees. Average weekly earnings are derived by multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in such factors as the proportion of parttime workers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Longterm trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the work force. For example, persistent longterm increases in the proportion of parttime workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. Real earnings. These earnings are in constant dollars and are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI W). The reference year for these series is

258 ESTIMATING METHODS The Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey estimates of employment are generated through an annual benchmark and monthly sample link procedure. Annual universe counts or benchmark levels are generated primarily from administrative records on employees covered by unemployment insurance (UI) tax laws. These annual benchmarks, established for March of each year, are projected forward for each subsequent month based on the trend of the sample employment, using an estimation procedure called the link relative. Benchmarks and sample link relatives are computed for each of,698 basic estimation cells defined by industry, size, and geography for the CES national estimates, and summed to create aggregate level employment estimates. Benchmarks The establishment survey constructs annual benchmarks in order to realign the samplebased employment totals for March of each year with the Ulbased population counts for March. These population counts are much less timely than samplebased estimates; however, they provide an annual pointintime census for employment. Population counts are derived from the administrative file of employees covered by UI. All employers covered by UI laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate State employment security agency four times a year. Approximately 98 percent of inscope private employment is covered by UI. A benchmark for the remaining 2 percent is constructed from alternate sources, primarily records from the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Social Security Administration. The full benchmark developed for March replaces the March samplebased estimate for each basic cell. The monthly samplebased estimates for the year preceding and the year following the benchmark are also then subject to revision. Monthly estimates for the year preceding the March benchmark are readjusted using a "wedge back" procedure. The difference between the final benchmark level and the previously published March sample estimate is calculated and spread back across the previous months. The wedge is linear; eleventwelfths of the March difference is added to the February estimates, tentwelfths to the January estimates, and so on, back to the previous April estimates which receive onetwelfth of the March difference. This assumes that the total estimation error since the last benchmark accumulated at a steady rate throughout the current benchmark year. Estimates for the months following the March benchmark are also recalculated each year. These postbenchmark estimates reflect the application of samplebased monthly changes to new benchmark levels for March, and the recomputation of bias adjustment factors for each month. Bias factors are updated to take into account the most recent experience of the estimates generated by the monthly sample versus the full universe counts derived from the UI. Following the revision of basic employment estimates, all other derivative series (e.g., production workers, average hourly earnings) are also recalculated. New seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and all data series, usually for the previous 5 years, are reseasonally adjusted, prior to full publication of all revised data in June of each year. Monthly estimation Estimates are derived from a sample of approximately 390,000 business establishments nationwide. A current month's estimate is derived as the product of the previous month's estimate and a sample link relative for the current month. A bias adjustment factor is then applied to this result primarily to help account for new business births during the month. Stratification. The sample is stratified into,698 basic estimation cells for purposes of computing national employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Cells are defined primarily by detailed industry, and secondarily by size for a majority of cells. In a few industries, mostly within the construction division, geographic stratification is also used. Industry classification is in accordance with the 987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC); most estimation cells are defined at the 4digit SIC level. This detailed stratification pattern allows for the production and publication of estimates in considerable industry detail. Subindustry stratification by size is important because major statistics which the survey measures, particularly employment change and average earnings, often vary significantly between establishments of different size. Stratification reduces the variance of the published industry level estimates. Link relative technique. A ratio of the previous to the current month's employment is computed from a sample of establishments reporting for both months this ratio is called a "link relative." For each basic cell, a link relative is computed and applied to the previous month's employment estimate to derive the current month's estimate. Thus a March benchmark is moved forward to the next March benchmark through application of monthly link relatives. Basic cell estimates created through the link relative technique are aggregated to form published industry level estimates, for employment, as described in table 2A. Basic estimation and aggregation methods for the hours and earnings data are also shown in table 2A. Bias adjustment. Bias adjustment factors are computed at the 3digit SIC level, and applied each month at the basic cell level, as part of the standard estimation procedures. The main purpose of bias adjustment is to reduce a primary source of nonsampling error in the survey, the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firm births. There is a several month lag between an 250

259 Table 2A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings Employment, hours, and earnings Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size or region/size cell) Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) Monthly data All employees Production or nonsupervisory workers, women employees Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Allemployee estimate for previous month multiplied by ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments which reported for both months. Allemployee estimate for current month multiplied by () ratio of production or nonsupervisory workers to all employees in sample establishments for current month, (2) estimated ratio of women to all employees. 2 Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. 2 production or nonsupervisory worker payroll divided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 2 Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of allemployee estimates for component cells. Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker estimates, or estimates of women employees, for component cells. Average, weighted by production or nonsupervisory worker employment, of the average weekly hours for component cells. Average, weighted by production worker employment, of the average weekly overtime hours for component cells. Average, weighted by aggregate hours, of the average hourly earnings for component cells. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Annual average data All employees, women employees, and production or nonsupervisory workers Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours Average hourly earnings Sum of monthly estimates divided by 2. Annual total of aggregate hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by average weekly hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (production worker employment multiplied by average weekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate payrolls (product of production or nonsupervisory worker employment by weekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by annual aggregate hours. Sum of monthly estimates divided by 2. Annual total of aggregate hours for production or nonsupervisory workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours for production workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate payrolls divided by annual aggregate hours. Average weekly earnings Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product by bias adjustments factors, which compensate for the underrepresentation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in the sample. 2 The sample productionworker ratio, womenworker ratio, average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compensate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntary character of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts the advantage of continuity from the use of the matched sample and, at the same time, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of the latest sample average. 25

260 establishment opening for business and its appearing on the UI universe frame and being available for sampling. Because new firms generate a portion of employment growth each month of the year, nonsampling methods must be used to capture this growth, otherwise substantial under estimation of total employment levels would occur. Formal bias adjustment procedures have been used by the establishment survey since the late 960's. Prior to the 983 benchmark, bias adjustments were derived from a simple mean error model, which averaged undercount errors for the previous 3 years to arrive at bias projections for the coming year. The undercount errors were measured as the difference between samplebased estimate results and benchmark levels. This procedure eventually proved inadequate during periods of rapidly changing employment trends, and the bias adjustment methodology was revised. Research done in the early 980's indicated that bias requirements were strongly correlated with current employment growth or decline. Based on this research, a revised method was developed which incorporated the sample data on employment growth over the most recent two quarters, and a regressionderived coefficient for the significance of that change, to adjust the mean error model results. This change in methodology provided a more cyclically sensitive bias model. The regressionadjusted mean error model has been in use since 983, for the production of national estimates. The current model still has limitations in its ability to react to changing economic conditions or changing error structure relationships between the samplebased estimates and the UI universe counts. A principal limitation is the inability to incorporate UI universe counts as they become available on an ongoing basis, with a 6 to 9month lag from the reference period. Thus, the current quarterly outputs from the model are subject to intervention analysis, and adjustments can be made to its results, prior to the establishment of final bias levels for a quarter. Review is done primarily in terms of detection of outlier (i.e. abnormally high or low) values, and by comparison of CES sample and bias trends with the most recent quarterly observations of UI universe counts. The BLS currently has under study improved bias models utilizing a Kalman filter technique, which would allow a more formal, structured incorporation of each quarter's UI universe counts in the bias modeling process. Although the primary function of bias adjustment is to account for employment resulting from new business formations, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsampling error in the survey, because the primary input to the modeling procedure is total estimation error. Significant among these nonsampling error sources is a business death bias. When a sampled firm closes down, most often it simply does not respond to the survey that month, rather than reporting zero employment. Followup with nonrespondents may reveal an outofbusiness firm, but this information is often received too late to incorporate into monthly estimates, and the firm is simply treated as a nonrespondent for that month. Because the bias adjustments incorporated into the estimates represent a composite of a birth bias, death bias, and a number of other differences between the samplebased estimates and the population counts, the monthly bias adjustment levels have no specific economic meaning in and of themselves. Table 2B summarizes bias adjustments for the period. The table displays the average monthly "bias added" and the average monthly "bias required" with the benchmark revisions for each year. Bias added shows the average amount of bias which was added each month over the course of an interbenchmark period. For example, the bias added for is listed as 29,000; this represents the average of bias adjustments made each month over the period April 995 through March. Bias required is computed retrospectively, after the March benchmark for a given year is known. Bias required figures are calculated by taking the difference between a March estimate derived purely from the sample (i.e. a series calculated without bias adjustment) and the March benchmark. Dividing this figure by 2 gives the average monthly bias required figure. The bias required is thus defined as the amount of bias adjustment which would have achieved a zero benchmark error. The difference between the total bias required and the total bias added is then, by definition, approximately the benchmark revision amount, for any given year. Also provided in the table for illustration, are the MarchtoMarch changes. As discussed above, the overtheyear changes indicate correlation with the bias added and bias required figures. THE SAMPLE Design The emphasis in the establishment survey is on producing timely data at minimum cost. Therefore, the primary goal of its design is to sample a sufficiently large segment of the universe to provide reliable estimates that can be published both promptly and regularly. The present sample allows BLS to produce preliminary total nonfarm employment estimates for each month, including some limited industry detail, within 3 weeks after the reference period, and data in considerably more detail with an additional month lag. The CES survey, which began over 50 years age, predates the introduction of probability sampling methods and has operated as a quota sample since its inception. The sampling plan used is a form of sampling with probability proportionate to size, known as "sampling proportionate to average size of establishment". This is an optimum allocation design among strata because sampling variance is proportional to the average size of establishments. The universe of establishment employment is highly skewed, with a large percentage of total employment concentrated in relatively few establishments. Because vari 252

261 ance on a population total estimate is a function of percentage universe coverage achieved by the sample, it is efficient to sample larger establishments at a higher rate than smaller establishments, assuming the cost per sample unit is fairly constant across size classes. Under the survey design, large establishments fall into a certainty strata for sample selection. The size of the sample for the various industries is determined empirically on the basis of experience and cost considerations. For example, in a manufacturing industry with a high proportion of total employment concentrated in a small number of establishments, a larger percent of total employment is included in the sample. Consequently, the sample design for such industries provides for a complete census of the large establishments, with a relatively few chosen from among the smaller establishments. For an industry in which a large proportion of total employment is concentrated in small establishments, the sample design again calls for inclusion of all large establishments but also for a more substantial number of smaller ones. Many industries in the trade and services divisions fall into this category. To keep the sample to a size which can be handled by available resources, it is necessary to have a sample design for these industries with a smaller proportion of total universe coverage than is the case for most manufacturing industries. Coverage The establishment survey is the largest monthly sampling operation in the field of social statistics. Table 2C shows the latest benchmark employment levels and the approximate proportion of total universe employment coverage, at the total nonfarm and major industry division levels. The coverage for individual industries within the divisions may vary from the proportions shown. Reliability The establishment survey, like other sample surveys, is subject to two types of error, sampling and nonsampling error. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is directly related to the size of the sample and the percentage of universe coverage achieved by the sample. The establishment survey sample covers over onethird of total universe employment; this yields a very small variance on the total nonfarm estimates. Measurements of error associated with sample estimates are provided in tables 2D through 2G. Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error. The sum of sampling and nonsampling error can be considered total survey error. Unlike most sample surveys which publish sampling error as their only measure of error, the CES can derive an annual approximation of total error, on a lagged basis, because of the availability of the independently derived universe data. While the benchmark error is used as a measure of total error for the CES survey estimate, technically, it actually represents the difference between two independent estimates derived from separate survey processes (i.e., the CES sample process and the UI universe process) and thus reflects the errors present in each program. Historically, the benchmark revision has been very small for total nonfarm employment. Over the past decade, percentage benchmark error has averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from zero to 0.7 percent. Table 2D shows the most current benchmark revisions, along with 0year mean revisions and mean absolute revisions for major industries. Mean revisions give an indication of bias in the estimates; unbiased estimates have a mean revision close to zero, as over and under estimations cancel out over time. Mean absolute revisions give an overall indicator as to the accuracy of the Table 2B. March employment benchmarks and bias adjustments for total private industries, March (In thousands) Year Benchmark Employment Revision 2 Average monthly bias Added 3 Required 4 Overtheyear employment change ,204 83,73 86,80 89, ,758,969 3,007 2, ,546 88,790 88,347 89,790 92,730 96,75 98, ,53, ,443 2,940 3,445,983 Universe counts for March of each year are used to make annual benchmark adjustments to the employment estimates. About 98 percent of the benchmark employment is from unemployment insurance administrative records, and the remaining 2 percent is from alternate sources. Data represent benchmark levels as originally computed. 2 Difference between the final March samplebased estimate and the benchmark level for total private employment. 3 The average amount of bias adjustment each month over the course of an interbenchmark period, i.e., from April of the prior year through March of the given year. 4 The difference between the March benchmark and the March estimate derived solely from the sample without bias adjustment, converted to a monthly amount by dividing by 2. 5 MarchtoMarch changes in the benchmark employment level. NOTE: Data in this table exclude government employment because there is no bias adjustment for this sector. 253

262 estimates; the larger the value, the further the estimate was from the final benchmark level. Estimated standard errors for employment, hours, and earnings. The hours and earnings estimates for the basic estimating cells do not have universe data sources available and therefore are not subject to benchmark revisions, although the broader groupings may be affected slightly by changes in employment weights. Like the employment estimates, the hours and earnings estimates are also subject to sampling and nonsampling errors. Estimates of the sampling error for employment, hours, and earnings were computed using the method of random groups and are expressed as relative standard errors (standard error divided by the estimate). Relative standard errors for individual industries with the specified number of employees are presented in table 2E and for major industries in table 2F. Multiplying the relative standard error by its estimated value gives the estimate of the standard error. The errors presented here are based on averages observed from sample data over the March 994 through March 995 period. Standard errors for differences between industries and times. The standard error of a difference is required to test for significant differences between estimates from two different industries. Since the estimates for the two industries are independent, the standard error of a difference is the square root of the sum of the estimated variance of each estimate, S t 2 and S 2 2. S difference = The CES sample overlaps almost entirely from month to month, so monthly estimates are not independent. The covariance between these estimates must be accounted for when testing the significance of the change in estimates over time. The standard error of the change can be estimated as follows. S change = If Si = S2, then: S change = + s^ 2ps, Conservative estimates of p after one month are 0.8 for employment, 0.6 for average weekly hours, and 0.8 for average hourly earnings. If the bias is small, then the standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals or range of values that include the true population value. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. Noneconomic code changes. A major source of benchmark revision at the major industry division level and below are noneconomic code changes, which are introduced into the universe data in the first quarter of each calendar year. Approximately onethird of all establishments in the universe are included in the universe program's annual Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) refiling survey. Corrections to individual establishments' SIC and ownership codes are made through this process. The refiling cycle is such that every third year entire division(s) are subject to refiling. The volume of these adjustments is generally quite large and has a substantial impact on universe employment counts at the industry levels, although the total nonfarm employment level remains unaffected. For example, in a year when the services division is refiled, a substantial Table 2C. Employment benchmarks and approximate coverage of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March Industry Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade.. Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate... Services Government: Federal State Local Benchmarks (thousands) 7, ,952 8,366 6,59 6,396 2,023 6,85 33,88 2,770 4,750 2,274 Number of establishments 327,799 3,72 26,429 58, ,432 25,768 63,50 24,268 78, ,335 7,098 9,83 Sample coverage Number (thousands) 44,496 Employees ,968 2,358,53 4,959 2,200 8,286 2,770 3,987 8,600 Percent of benchmarks Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Because not all establishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earnings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment estimates. 2 The Interstate Commerce Commission provides a complete count of employment for Class I railroads plus Amtrak. A small sample is used to estimate hours and earnings data. 3 Federal employment counts by agency for use in national estimates are provided to BLS by the Office of Personnel Management. Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as State and area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of reports covering about 62 percent of employment in Federal establishments. 254

263 Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions (Numbers in thousands) Industry March benchmark revision Level Percent 0year average mean percent revision Actual Absolute " private ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Goodsproducing Mining Metal mining Coalmining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products... Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories... Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing (2). ( 2 ) Nondurable goods 86. ( 2 ).7 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods See footnotes at end of table. 255

264 Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry March benchmark revision Level Percent 0year average mean percent revision Actual Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies... General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments ( 2 ) Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions 3 Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service, Real estate Services 4 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services 3 Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services 3 Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens. Membership organizations Engineering and management services 3 Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations 3 Services, nee ( 2 ) Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service. State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Data relate to the benchmarks, as originally published, unless otherwise noted. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 3 Data relate to Includes other industries, not shown separately. 256

265 Table 2E. Relative standard errors for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings (In percent) Size of employment estimate 50,000 00, , ,000,000,000 2,000,000 Employment Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Relative errors were estimated with sample data from March 994March995. Table 2F. Relative standard errors for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings by industry (In percent) Industry private Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Employment Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Relative errors were estimated with sample data from March 994March995. amount of employment is usually reclassified out of services to other major divisions, thus, lowering the benchmark level for services, and potentially causing a significant downward revision in the services employment totals previously published..7.4 Revisions between preliminary and final data. First preliminary estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, based on less than the total sample, are published immediately following the reference month. Final revised samplebased estimates are published 2 months later when nearly all the reports in the sample have been received. Table 2G presents the rootmeansquare error, the mean percent, and the mean absolute percent revision that may be expected between the preliminary and final employment estimates. Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimates are normally not greater than 0. of an hour for weekly hours and cent for hourly earnings, at the total private nonfarm level, and may be slightly larger for the more detailed industry groupings. STATISTICS FOR STATES AND AREAS (Tables B7, B4, and B8) As explained earlier, State agencies in cooperation with BLS collect and prepare State and area employment, hours, and earnings data. These statistics are based on the same establishment reports used by BLS, however, BLS uses the full CES sample to produce monthly national employment estimates, while each State agency uses its portion of the sample to independently develop a State employment estimate. The CES area statistics relate to metropolitan areas. Definitions for all areas are published each year in the issue of Employment and Earnings that contains State and area annual averages (usually the May issue). Changes in definitions are noted as they occur. Additional industry detail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on the inside back cover of each issue. Caution in aggregating State data. The national estimation procedures used by BLS are designed to produce accurate national data by detailed industry; correspondingly the State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate data for each individual State. State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals nor vice versa. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause distortions at an aggregate level. This has been a particular problem at turning points in the U.S. economy, when the majority of the individual State errors tend to be in the same direction. Due to these statistical limitations, the Bureau does not compile or publish a "sumofstates" employment series. Additionally, BLS cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure, particularly at turning points. 257

266 Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level Actual Mean percent revision Absolute 6,300 0 private 52, Goodsproducing 4, Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 2, , ,000 4,400 3,700 5, , Manufacturing 0,200 Durable goods 6,700 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories... Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing,300,300,00,400,300,800 2,600,400 2,400,300 4,300 3,700,800,700,200 Nondurable goods 5,500 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 3, ,00 2,500,200,700,800,000, Serviceproducing 57,600 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 9,200 8,00 2,200 3,500 5,400,500 2, ,200 4,600 4,500, Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 7,700 4,400 4, See footnotes at end of table. 258

267 Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Continued Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Services 2 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations Services, nee Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 33,00 2,800 7,600 6,200 6,300 2,700,200 5,800 3,600 2,400 8,500 6,00 3,800 2,800 2,300,00,400, ,600 2,800 2,400,000 2,700 29,00 3,200 5,900 8,00 3,900 2,800,800,400 2,400,900,00 5,500 9,700 5,300 2,700 2,000 2,800,800,00 3,200 7,900 4,800, ,800 4,900 2,400 3, ,900 0,400 8,900,600 0,900 4,700 8,800 6,000 2, A The rootmeansquare error is the square root of the mean squared error. The mean squared error is the square of the difference between the final and preliminary estimates averaged across a series of monthly observations. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Errors are based on differences from January 992 through December. 259

268 Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data ("C" tables) FEDERALSTATE COOPERATE PROGRAM Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, labor market areas (LMA's), and other areas covered under Federal assistance programs are developed by State employment security agencies under a FederalState cooperative program. The local unemployment estimates which derive from standardized procedures developed by BLS are the basis for determining eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Annual average data for the States and over 270 areas shown in table C3 are published in Employment and Earnings (usually the May issue). For regions, States, selected metropolitan areas, and central cities, annual average data classified by selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and other small areas have been prepared for administration of various Federal economic assistance programs and may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC The report "Unemployment in States and Local Areas" is published monthly through GPO and is available in microfiche form only, on a subscription basis. ESTIMATING METHODS Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and over 6,500 areas, including nearly 2,400 LMA's, counties, and cities with a population of 25,000 or more. The estimation methods are described below for States (and the District of Columbia) and for substate areas. At the sublma (county and city) level, estimates are prepared using disaggregation techniques based on decennial and annual population estimates and current unemployment insurance data. A more detailed description of the estimation procedure is contained in the BLS document, Manual for Developing Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Estimates for States Current monthly estimates. Effective January, civilian labor force and unemployment estimates for all States and the District of Columbia are produced using models based on a "signalplusnoise" approach. The model of the signal is a time series model of the true labor force which consists of.three components: A variable coefficient regression, a flexible trend, and a flexible seasonal component. The regression techniques are based on historical and current relationships found within each State's economy as reflected in the different sources of data that are available for each State the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, and the unemployment insurance (UI) system. The noise component of the models explicitly accounts for auto correlation in the CPS sampling error and changes in the average magnitude of the error. In addition, the models can identify and remove the effects of outliers in the historical CPS series. While all the State models have important components in common, they differ somewhat from one another to better reflect individual State characteristics. Two models one for the employmenttopopulation ratio and one for the unemployment rate are used for each State. The employmenttopopulation ratio, rather than the employment level, and the unemployment rate, rather than the unemployment level, are estimated primarily because these ratios are usually more meaningful for economic analysis. The employmenttopopulation ratio models use the relationship between the State's monthly employment from the CES and the CPS. The models also include trend and seasonal components to account for movements in the CPS not captured by the CES series. The seasonal component accounts for the seasonality in the CPS not explained by the CES, while the trend component adjusts for longrun systematic differences between the two series. The unemployment rate models use the relationship between the State's monthly unemployment insurance (UI) claims data and the CPS unemployment rate, along with trend and seasonal components. In both the employmenttopopulation ratio and unemployment rate models, an important feature is the use of a technique that allows the equations to adjust automatically to structural changes that occur. The regression portion of the model includes a builtin tuning mechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises a model's coefficients when the new data that become available each month indicate that changes in the data relationships have taken place. Once the estimates are developed from the models, levels are calculated for employment, unemployment, and labor force. Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year, monthly estimates for all States and the District of Columbia are adjusted, or benchmarked, by BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The benchmarking technique employs a procedure (called the Denton method) which adjusts the annual average of the models to equal the CPS annual aver 260

269 age, while preserving, as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal pattern of the model estimates. Estimates for substate areas Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates for two large substate areas New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area are obtained using the same modeling approach as for states. Estimates for the nearly 2,400 remaining LMA's, are prepared through indirect estimation techniques, described below. Preliminary estimate employment. The total civilian employment estimates are based largely on CES data. These "placeofwork" estimates must be adjusted to refer to place of residence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting from place of work to place of residence have been developed on the basis of employment relationships at the time of the 990 decennial census. These factors are applied to the CES estimates for the current period to obtain adjusted employment estimates, to which are added estimates for employment not represented in the CES agricultural employees, nonagricultural selfemployed and unpaid family workers, and private household workers. Preliminary estimate unemployment. In the current month, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate of the estimates for each of two categories: () Persons who were previously employed in industries covered by State UI laws; and (2) those who were entering the civilian labor force for the first time or reentering after a period of separation. SubState adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employment and unemployment are prepared for the State and all LMA's within the State. The LMA estimates geographically exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjustment is applied to all substate preliminary LMA estimates to ensure that they add to the independently estimated State totals for employment and unemployment. For California and New York, the proportional adjustment is applied to all LMA's other than the two modeled areas, to ensure that the LMA estimates sum to an independent modelbased estimate for the balance of State. Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, substate estimates are revised. The revisions incorporate any changes in the inputs, such as revisions in the CESbased employment figures, corrections in UI claims counts, and updated historical relationships. The updated estimates are then readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) State estimates of employment and unemployment. 26

270 Seasonal Adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force, the levels of employment and unemployment, and other measures of labor market activity undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make it easier to observe the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. In evaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it is important to note that seasonal adjustment is merely an approximation based on past experience. Seasonally adjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible error than the original data on which they are based, because they are subject not only to sampling and other errors but are also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonal adjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series for selected labor force and establishmentbased data are published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Household data Since January 980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called Xll ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average), which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard Xll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Catalogue No E, January 983. BLS uses an extension of Xl ARIMA to allow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of the presence or absence of religious holidays in the April survey reference period and of Labor Day in the September reference period. This extension was applied for the first time at the end of 989 to three personsatwork labor force series which tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data associated with the timing of Easter. At the beginning of each calendar year, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the JanuaryJune period. In July of each year, BLS calculates and publishes in Employment and Earnings projected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the second half, based on the experience through June. Revisions of historical data, usually for the most recent 5 years, are made only at the beginning of each calendar year. However, as a result of the revisions to the estimates for 9708 based on 980 census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjusted series in early 982 were carried back to 970. In 994, data were revised only for that year because of the major redesign and 990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, introduced into the Current Population Survey. In, data also were revised to incorporate these 990 censusbased population controls and seasonally adjusted series were revised back to 990. Subsequent revisions are only carried back to 994. All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series. For example, for each of the three major labor force components agricultural employment, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment data for four sexage groups (men and women under and over 20 years of age) are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. The seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components. The total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components, and the unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Because of the independent seasonal adjustment of various series, components will not necessarily add to totals. In each January issue (March issue in ), Employment and Earnings publishes revised seasonally adjusted data for selected labor force series based on the experience through December, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian unemployment estimate for the first 6 months of the following year, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure. Establishment data In June, with the release of the March benchmark revisions, BLS utilizes an updated version of the Xl2 ARIMA software developed by the Bureau of the Census to seasonally adjust national establishmentbased employment, hours, and earnings series. The Xl2 ARIMA (first introduced in June ) replaces the Xll ARIMA, which had been used to adjust these series since the early 980's. All national establishmentbased series were revised back to 988. The conversion to Xl2 ARIMA allows BLS to refine its seasonal adjustment procedures to control for survey interval variations, sometime referred to as the 4vs. 5week effect. While the CES survey is referenced to a consistent concept, the pay period including the 2th day of the month, inconsistencies arise because there are variations of 4 or 5 weeks between the week of the 2th in any given pair of months. In highly seasonal months and industries, this varia 262

271 tion can be an important determinant of the magnitude of seasonal hires or layoffs that have occurred at the time the survey is taken, thereby complicating seasonal adjustment. The interval effect adjustment is accomplished through the REGARIMA (regression with autocorrelated errors) option in the X2 software. This process combines standard regression analysis, which measures correlations between two or more variables, with ARIMA modeling, which describes and predicts the behavior of a data series based on its own past history. In this application, the correlations of interest are those between employment levels in individual calendar months and the length of the survey intervals for those months. The REGARIMA models estimate and remove the variation in employment levels attributable to separate survey intervals, one specified for each month, except March. March is excluded because there are always 4 weeks between the February and March surveys. Projected seasonal factors for the establishmentbased series are calculated and published twice a year, paralleling the procedure used for the household series. Revisions to historical data are made once a year, coincident with benchmark revisions. All series are seasonally adjusted using multiplicative models in X2; additive models are not considered. Seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied at component levels. For employment series, these are generally the 2digit SIC levels. Seasonally adjusted totals are arithmetic aggregations for employment series and weighted averages of the seasonally adjusted data for hours and earnings series. Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are the product of seasonally adjusted average hourly earnings and seasonally adjusted average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by dividing average weekly earnings, seasonally adjusted, by the seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW), and multiplying by 00. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by multiplying average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, by production or nonsupervisory workers, seasonally adjusted, and dividing by the 982 annual average base. For total private, total goodsproducing, total private serviceproducing, and major industry divisions, the indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, for the appropriate component industries and dividing by the 982 annual average base. Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a number of series characterized by small seasonal components relative to their trendcycle and/or irregular components. These failed or unsatisfactory seasonally adjusted series, however, are used in the aggregation to broader level seasonally adjusted series. Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Government employment are derived from unadjusted data which include Christmas temporary workers employed by the Postal Service. The number of temporary census workers for the decennial census, however, are removed prior to the calculation of seasonal adjustment factors. BLS also makes special adjustments for floating holidays for the establishmentbased series on average weekly hours and manufacturing overtime hours. From 988 forward, these adjustments are now accomplished as part of the X2 ARIMA/REGARIMA modeling process rather than through the previously used movingholiday extension of Xll ARIMA. The special adjustment made in November each year to adjust for the effect of poll workers in the local government employment series also is incorporated into the X 2 process from 988 forward; this replaces the Xll ARIMAbased procedure previously used to account for this effect. Revised seasonally adjusted national establishmentbased series based on the experience through March, new seasonal adjustment factors for MarchOctober, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure appear in the June issue of Employment and Earnings. Revised factors for the September April 998 period will appear in the December issue. Beginning in 993, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted nonfarm payroll employment data by major industry for all States and the District of Columbia (table B7). Seasonal adjustment factors are applied directly to the employment estimates at the division level (component series for manufacturing and trade) and then aggregated to the State totals. The recomputation of seasonal factors and historical revisions are made coincident with the annual benchmark adjustments. State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate (unadjusted and seasonally adjusted) data for each individual State. BLS independently develops a national employment series; State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregate level. Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile a "sumofstates" employment series, and cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure. Region and State labor force data Beginning in 992, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted labor force data for the census regions and divisions, the 50 States, and the District of Columbia (tables Cl and C2). Using the Xll ARIMA procedure, seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied independently to the component employment and unemployment levels and then aggregated to regional or State totals. Current seasonal adjustment factors are produced for 6month periods twice a year. Historical revisions usually are made at the beginning of each calendar year. Because of the separate processing procedures, totals for the Nation, as a whole, differ from the results obtained by aggregating regional or State data. 263

272 INDEX TO STATISTICAL TABLES TABLE KEY: A: Monthly household data; B: Monthly national and State and area establishment data; C: Monthly regional, State, and area labor force data; D: Quarterly, household data only, In the January, April, July, and October Issues. Annual averages: Household data In the January Issue; national establishment data In the January, March, and June Issues; State and area establishment and labor force data In the May Issue. For additional Information see the listing on the Inside front cover of this publication. Monthly Quarterly averages Topic Seasonally adjusted Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Not seasonally adjusted Annual averages Absences from work Aggregate weekly hours (Index) Agricultural Industries At work Class of worker Diffusion index Discouraged workers Earnings, hourly Earnings, weekly Educational attainment and school enrollment Employment by: Age Hispanic origin Industry Occupation Race Sex B9 A3,6,0 A6 A6 B6 B B A35,7 A4 B35,7 A6 A4 A27; B4 A4,920, 28,33 A225 A20 A34 B2,58 B2,5,5a, 78 A5 A37,20 A5 A9; B2 4 A79 A36,8 A38,20; B3 D,4,8 D4 D4 D3,5 D2 D4 D2 D5 D4 D34 D92 D2,5 D5 D34 D,3,5 D A2; 2,5 6,23,5. 78,26, ,56 35 B2,57; 50; 2 B2,5,5a, 7; 3739, 50; ,45 47,3,8 B,23; 68; 93,7 3, 5, 78,0 2,4,78 B3; 28 Fulltime workers Historical data Hours of work Jobsearch methods Marital status Multiple jobholders Nonagricultural industries Not in the labor force Parttime workers Production or nonsupervisory workers A5 B80 A6,0 A3,6 A5 B5,89, A6,3 A225; B2, 5,8 A26,32 A35 A4,20 A34 A6 B2,58 D3 D4,8 D, 4 D3 D34 D34 8,23,30 A2; B2; 2 B5; 923, 50; ,3 36 A2; 2,5 6,23,5 35 8,23 B2,57; 4950 State, region, and area data Unemployment by: Age Duration Hispanic origin Industry of last job Occupation of last job Race Reason Sex Union affiliation Veterans, Vietnamera B7;C2 A35,89 A2 A4 A0 A0 A4 A A25,89 B4,8;C3 A36,26, 2930,32 A3033 A5 A28,33 A27,33 A36,26, 29,32 A2930 A36,26 30,32 A36 D2,67 D0 D2 D8 D8 D2 D9 D2,67 D2,6 D8 D2, 68 D,620 D7 D2,6 D , 24,27,29, ,28 26,32 25,32 3, 5, 78,24, 28,3, ,24,2527, 29,3,

273 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Office Cooperating State Agencies Current Employment Statistics (CES) and State and Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Programs BLS BLS Region REGION I BOSTON JFK Federal Building Rm E30 Boston, MA Phone: (67) REGION IINEW YORK Room Varick Street New York, NY 004 Phone: (22) REGION IllPHILADELPHIA 3535 Market Street P.O Box 3309 Philadelphia, PA 90 Phone: (25)59654 REGION ATLANTA Room 7T50 6 Forsyth Street. SW. Atlanta. GA Phone: (404) REGION VCHICAGO 9th Floor 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL Phone: (32) REGION VIDALLAS Room 22 Federal Building 525 Griffin Street Dallas, TX Phone: (24) REGIONS VII and VIM KANSAS CITY City Center Square 00 Main. Suite 600 Kansas City, MO Phone:(86) REGIONS IX and X SAN FRANCISCO 7 Stevenson Street P.O. Box San Francisco. CA 949 Phone: (45) X IX VI IX ALABAMA ALASKA ARIZONA ARKANSAS CALIFORNIA VIII COLORADO I III III IX X V V CONNECTICUT DELAWARE DIST. OF COL. 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