THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JANUARY 1985

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1 H ^ ^ ^ B m J K ^ ^ k U.S. Department Labor ^ % l ^ ^ j K m^ m^^^t Bureau Labor Statistics 4??» ^ ^ f l C ^ f m V ^ ^ ^ k Washington, D.C ^«r Technical information: (202) USDL TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS Media contact: RELEASE IS EMBARGOED UNTIL 8:30 A.M. (EST), FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 1, THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JANUARY Unemployment rose in January, while the number of nonfarm payroll jobs also rose, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The overall unemployment rate increased from 1 to 3 percent, and the rate for civilian workers moved up from 2 to 4 percent. The number of nonagricultural payroll jobs as measured by the monthly survey of establishments advanced by 350,000, seasonally adjusted, to 90 million. Civilian employment as measured by the monthly survey of households was little changed, after seasonal adjustment, at 104 million. Despite these over-the-month differences, each series shows employment growth of 3 million over the course of the recovery. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The civilian worker unemployment rate increased by 0.2 percentage point to 4 percent in January. The number of unemployed persons rose by about 300,000, after seasonal adjustment, to 8.5 million; most of this increase occurred among adult women. (See table A-2.) The unemployment rate for adult women rose from 4 to 8 percent in January; it had averaged 6 percent during the fourth quarter of. Jobless rates for adult men (3 percent) and teenagers (18.9 percent) were ******************************************************* * * * Changes in Household Data Series * * * * Effective with data for January, improvements * * have been introduced into the estimation procedures * * used in the Current Population Survey, in conjunction * * with the current redesign of the survey sample. These * * improvements include a revision in the data for * * Hispanics back to January A description of the * * nature and impact of these changes will appear in the * * February issue of Employment and Earnings. * * This release also introduces new seasonally * * adjusted series on persons at work on involuntary * * part-time schedules and modifications in the age * * coverage of data on the Vietnam-era veteran population. * * * ************************************************************

2 - 2 - unchanged from December. The unemployment rate for whites rose from 2 to 4 percent, while rates for blacks (14.9 percent) and Hispanics (6 percent) were about unchanged over the month. (See tables A-2 and A-3.) Short-term (less than 5 weeks) unemployment, at 3.7 million in January, increased substantially over the month, while long-term (15 weeks and over) Table A* Major Indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted Category Labor force \J Total employment \J *.. Civilian employment. Unemployment Not in labor force... Discouraged workers. Quarterly averages Monthly data III IV I I 115, , , ,306 8,447 62,841 1, , , , ,951 8,233 62,948 1,303 Thousands of persons 115, , , ,932 8,142 63,061 N.A. 116, , , , , , ,273(106,391 8,191 8,484 62,842 62,509 N.A.j N.A. s: All workers 1/ All civilian workers... Adult men Adult women Teenagers White Black Hispanic origin 2/ Percent of labor force I II ESTABLISHMENT DATA Nonfarm payroll employment.. Goods-producing Service-producing 94,560 25,056 69,504 Thousands of jobs 95,437p 95,494 25,156pj 25,123 70,281p 70,371 95,661p 96,009p 25,265p 25,347p 70,396p 70,662p Average weekly hours: Total private nonfarm. Manufacturing... Manufacturing overtime p 32 5p 5 3.4p 3.4 Hour 8 of work 3 3p 7p 3.4p 3 2p 6p 3.3p _1/ Includes the resident Armed Forces. 2/ Data for and earlier years have been revised. N.A.=not available. p=preliminary.

3 - 3 - unemployment declined slightly. Both measures of the average duration of unemployment dropped sharply over the month; the mean duration fell by 2 weeks to 13 weeks, while median duration dropped from 4 to 7 weeks. (See table A-) The total number of persons working part time for economic reasons sometimes referred to as the partially unemployed fell by 185,000 in January to 6 million. Nearly all of this decline occurred among those whose hours had been reduced because of slack work; there was little change in the number of persons who could only find part-time work. (See table A-4.) Civilian Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Civilian employment, at 104 million, was about unchanged over the month after seasonal adjustment. The proportion of the civilian population with jobs (the employment-population ratio) was 60.0 percent in January, the highest level since early (See table A-2.) The civilian labor force declined less than seasonally expected in January and, after adjustment for seasonality, increased by 410,000 to million. Virtually all of the over-the-month increase took place among women 16 years and over. The civilian labor force participation rate increased to 64.8 percent, 0.2 percentage point above the December figure. This is the highest seasonally adjusted level ever recorded. Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Total nonagricultural payroll employment increased by 350,000 in January to 90 million, after seasonal adjustment. Increases occurred in nearly three-fifths of the industries in the BLS index of diffusion. The January job count was 3.5 million above its year-earlier level. (See tables B-l and B-) The bulk of the January employment expansion occurred in the service-producing sector, paced by a 130,000 gain in retail trade. Seasonally adjusted increases were pervasive throughout this industry, as employment fell less than it usually has between December and January. This followed exceptionally strong job growth during the holiday period. Retail trade has added 1.6 million jobs since the November 1982 recession trough. Elsewhere in the service-producing sector, job growth continued in services (65,000), with business services and health services contributing about equally to the increase. Employment in business services has risen by more than 900,000 since November 1982 and by nearly 400,000 over the past year. Two-thirds of the 30,000 over-the-month increase in wholesale trade employment occurred in the durable goods portion. Manufacturing employment was little changed over the month. Modest gains in motor vehicles, electrical and electronic equipment, and printing

4 - 4 - and publishing were tempered by little movement or small decreases in other manufacturing industries. Construction employment registered a gain of 70,000 after seasonal adjustment, a partial reflection of the unusually mild weather in early January. Mining employment decreased for the fourth consecutive month. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls edged down a tenth of an hour in January, seasonally adjusted, as did weekly and overtime hours in manufacturing. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls was unchanged over the month at (1977=100), 3.7 percent above the year-earlier level. The manufacturing index decreased by 0.2 percent to 9 (See table B-) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings fell 0.4 percent in January, and weekly earnings were down 0.6 percent, seasonally adjusted. Prior to seasonal adjustment, average hourly earnings rose 3 cents to $8.49, and average weekly earnings were down $4.88 to $294 Over the past year, hourly earnings have risen 23 cents and weekly earnings $3 (See table B-3.) The Hourly Earnings Index (Establishment Survey Data) The Hourly Earnings Index (HEI) was (1977=100) in January, seasonally adjusted, a decrease of 0.2 percent from December. For the 12 months ended in January, the increase (before seasonal adjustment) was 2.7 percent. The HEI excludes the effects of two types of changes unrelated to underlying wage rate movements fluctuations in overtime in manufacturing and interindustry employment shifts. In dollars of constant purchasing power, the HEI decreased 0.2 percent during the 12-month period ended in December. (See table B-4.)

5 Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics Survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, total employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households that is conducted by the Bureau of the Census with most of the findings analyzed and published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonagricultural payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. The sample includes approximately 200,000 establishments employing over 35 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month are actually collected for and relate to a particular week. In the household survey, unless otherwise indicated, it is the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month, which is called the survey week. In the establishment survey, the reference week is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. The data in this release are affected by a number of technical factors, including definitions, survey differences, seasonal adjustments, and the inevitable variance in results between a survey of a sample and a census of the entire population. Each of these factors is explained below. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys The sample households in the household survey are selected so as to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and older. Each person in a household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. Those who hold more than one job are classified according to the job at which they worked the most hours. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid civilians; worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more in an enterprise operated by a member of their family, whether they were paid or not. People are also counted as employed if they were on unpaid leave because of illness, bad weather, disputes between labor and management, or personal reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. People are classified as unemployed, regardless of their eligibility for unemployment benefits or public assistance, if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the survey week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4 weeks. Also included among the unemployed are persons not looking for work because they were laid off and waiting to be recalled and those expecting to report to a job within 30 days. The labor force equals the sum of the number employed and the number unemployed. The unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed people in the labor force (civilian plus the resident Armed Forces). Table A-5 presents a special grouping of seven measures of unemployment based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force. The definitions are provided in the table. The most restrictive definition yields U-l and the most comprehensive yields U- The overall unemployment rate is U-5a, while U-5b represents the same measure with a civilian labor force base. Unlike the household survey, the establishment survey only counts wage and salary employees whose names appear on the payroll records of nonagricultural firms. As a result, there are many differences between the two surveys, among which are the following: The household survey, although based on a smaller sample, reflects a larger segment of the population; the establishment survey excludes agriculture, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, private household workers, and members of the resident Armed Forces; The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed; the establishment survey does not; The household survey is limited to those 16 years of age and older; the establishment survey is not limited by age; The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because each individual is counted only once; in the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job or otherwise appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from the BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. For example, the labor force increases by a large number each June, when schools close and many young people enter the job market. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; over the course of a year, for example, seasonality may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment.

6 Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. To return to the school's-out example, the large number of people, entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place since May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. Measures of labor force, employment, and unemployment contain components such as age and sex. Statistics for all employees, production workers, average weekly hours, and average hourly earnings include components based on the employer's industry. All these statistics can be seasonally adjusted either by adjusting the total or by adjusting each of the components and combining them. The second procedure usually yields more accurate information and is therefore followed by BLS. For example, the seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is the sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components, plus the resident Armed Forces total (not adjusted for seasonality), and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components; the total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components; and the overall unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated regularly. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-Juro period and again for the July-December period. The January revision is applied to data that have been published over the previous 5 years. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated only once a year, along with the introduction of new benchmarks which are discussed at the end of the next section. Sampling variability Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to sampling error, that is, the estimate of the number of people employed and the other estimates drawn from these surveys probably differ from the figures that would be obtained from a complete census, even if the same questionnaires and procedures were used. In the household survey, the amount of the differences can be expressed in terms of standard errors. The numerical value of a standard error depends upon the size of the sample, the results of the survey, and other factors. However, the numerical value is always such that the chances are approximately 68 out of 100 that an estimate based on the sample will differ by no more than the standard error from the results of a complete census. The chances are approximately 90 out of 100 that an estimate based on the sample will differ by no more than 1.6 times the standard error from the results of a complete census. At approximately the 90-percent level of confidence the confidence limits used by BLS in its analyses the error for the monthly change in total employment is on the order of plus or minus 328,000; for total unemployment it is 220,000; and, for the overall unemployment rate, it is 0.19 percentage point. These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes but, rather, that the chances are approximately 90 out of 100 that the "true" level or rate would not be expected to differ from the estimates by more than these amounts. Sampling errors for monthly surveys are reduced when the data are cumulated for several months, such as quarterly or annually. Also, as a general rule, the smaller the estimate, the larger the sampling error. Therefore, relatively speaking, the estimate of the size of the labor force is subject to less error than is the estimate of the number unemployed. And, among the unemployed, the sampling error for the jobless rate of adult men, for example, is much smaller than is the error for the jobless rate of teenagers. Specifically, the error on monthly change in the jobless rate for men is.26 percentage point; for teenagers, it is 1.25 percentage points. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most current months are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. When all the returns in the sample have been received, the estimates are revised. In other words, data for the month of September are published in preliminary form in October and November and in final form in December. To remove errors that build up over time, a comprehensive count of the employed is conducted each year. The results of this survey are used to establish new benchmarks comprehensive counts of employment against which month-to-month changes can be measured. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries and allow for the formation of new establishments. Additional statistics and other information In order to provide a broad view of the Nation's employment situation, BLS regularly publishes a wide variety of data in this news release. More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $4.50 per issue or $31.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., A check or money order made out to the Superintendent of Documents must accompany all orders. Employment and Earnings also provides approximations of the standard errors for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, the standard errors appear in tables B through J of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables M, O, P, and O of that publication.

7 TaMe A-1. Eaeptoyment status of the population, Including Armed Forces In the United States, by sex SeeeonsfJy adjusted 1 EaejeeyaMnt status and sex Dec. Oc t. TOTAL I population 1 Labor toroe* * Total employed' ant-population ratio 4.. it Armed Forces Civilian employed Agriculture Nonagrlcultural Industries * Not in labor force 177, , , , ,270 2,807 98,463 9, , , , , , ,049 3, ,037 7,978 63, , , , , ,344 2, ,514 9, , , , , , ,294 3, ,000 9, , , , , , ,394 3, ,075 8, , , , , , ,649 3, ,480 8, , , , , , ,932 3, ,598 8, , , , , , ,273 3, ,888 8, , , , , , ,391 3, ,071 8, ,509 Men, 16 years and over Hontnetrhrtlonal population' Labor fores' * Total employed' Employment-population ratio 4.. Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed * 84,745 64, , ,542 56,830 5, ,607 65, , ,550 59,179 4, ,629 64, , ,549 58,160 5, ,745 64, , ,542 58,301 5, ,352 65, , ,571 59,388 4, ,439 65, , ,557 59,461 4,540 85,523 65, , ,552 59,603 4,502 85,607 65, , ,550 59,702 4,562 85,629 65, , ,549 59,664 4,609 0 Nontnstltutlonal population 1 Labor force* Participation rale 1 Total employed 1 Employment-population ratio 4 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed *, 92,474 48, , ,440 3, ,397 50, , ,870 3, ,452 50, , ,184 3, ,474 49, , ,993 3, , , , ,006 3, ,222 50, , ,188 3, ,311 50, , ,329 3, ,397 50, , ,571 3, ,452 50, , ,727 3,875 6 * The population and Anned Forces figures are not adjusted for eeaeonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. * Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Labor force as a percent of the nonlnstltutional population. 4 Total employment as a percent of the nonlnstltutional population. ' Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (Including the resident Armed Forces).

8 Tabla A-2. Employment status of tha civilian population by aax and aga (Numbers In thousands) Employment status, sex, and age illy adjusted Dec. TOTAL Civilian nonlnstitutlonai population Employment-population ratio',.. 175, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,191 2 Men, 20 years snd over Civilian nonlqstltutlonal population Civilian laborforce Employment-population ratio'... Agriculture Nonagrlcultural industries 75,692 58, , ,130 51,853 4, ,753 59, , ,303 53,787 3, ,760 59, , ,173 53,010 4, ,692 59, , ,367 52,645 4, ,451 59, , ,414 53,661 3, ,565 59, , ,334 53,848 3, ,663 59, , ,434 53,835 3, ,753 60, , ,494 53,878 3,759 3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian nonlnstitutlonai population Employment-population ratio*... Agriculture Nonagrlcultural industries 84,860 44, , ,050 3, ,995 46, , ,330 2, ,015 46, , ,846 3, ,860 45, , ,219 3, ,688 45, , ,316 3, ,793 46, , ,522 3,173 85,897 46, , ,672 3, ,995 46, , ,916 2,952 4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian nonlnstitutlonai population Civilian laborforce Employment-population ratio*... Agriculture Nonagrlcultural Industries 14,981 7, , ,560 1, ,557 7, , ,919 1, ,610 7, , ,659 1, ,981 8, , ,136 1, ,624 7, , ,098 1, ,598 7, , ,110 1, ,575 7, , ,091 1, ,557 7, , ,094 1, The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, Identical ' Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian nonlnstitutlonai population, numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

9 Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers In thousands) Employment status, race, sax, aga, and Hispanic origin Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted' WHITE Civilian non<n«twualoi»ej population. Civilian labor toe* PmicipaiaVMt rata Enapioyaaant^opuastJon ratio* * * laiempptyea Unomotoyment rate 151,939 96, , , ,734 98, , , ,103 98, , , ,939 97, , , ,471 98, , , ,605 98, , , ,659 98, , , ,734 99, , , ,103 99, , ,372 4 Garialaa) labor force Cmpicyniont-popoieuon ratio' 51, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,918 5 Women, 20 years and over Einptoyment-popuiation ratio* 38, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,348 9 Both sexes, 16 to 10 years Employment-population ratio* Men Women 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population. Employment-population ratio*...'..- 19,196 11, , , ,513 12, , , ,518 12, , , ,196 11, , , ,416 12, , , ,449 12, , , ,481 12, , , ,513 12, , , ,518 12, , , Men, 20 years and over Employment-population ratio* Women, 20 years and over, Employment-population ratio* Both sexes, 16 to 19 Employment-population ratio*.. Men wn HISPANIC ORIGIN' 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Civilian noninstitutional population Employment-population ratio*... 10,995 7, , ,332 7, , ,363 7, , ,995 7, , ,240 7, , ,270 7, , ,301 7, , ,332 7, , ,363 7, , The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal vacation; therefore, identical numbers appear In the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. ' Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. 1 Data for and earlier years have been revised. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

10 Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally ad^wtod Category CHARACTERISTIC Civilian employed, 16 years and over Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 101,270 38,102 24,897 5, ,049 39,296 26,452 5, ,344 38,849 25,808 5, ,294 38,676 24,991 5, ,394 39,071 25,715 5, ,649 39,054 25,897 5, ,932 39,337 25,995 5, ,273 39,443 26,122 5, ,391 39,441 25,912 5,584 MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Self-employed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Self-employed workers Unpaid family workers 1,169 1, ,416 15,675 74,741 1,099 73,642 7, ,432 1, ,968 15,987 78,981 1,256 77,725 7, ,267 1, ,555 15,848 77,707 1,235 76,472 7, ,468 1, ,812 15,562 76,250 1,216 75,034 7, ,565 1, ,140 15,881 78,259 1,198 77,061 7, ,511 1, ,415 15,997 78,418 1,213 77,205 7, ,593 1, ,442 15,785 78,657 1,228 77,429 7, ,733 1, ,725 15,858 78,867 1,257 77,610 7, ,596 1, ,068 15,738 79,330 1,374 77,956 7, PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME' All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time 6,010 2,881 2,814 13,228 5,684 2,724 2,701 14,308 5,690 2,798 2,583 13,529 5,946 2,508 3,112 13,048 5,690 2,461 2,943 13,144 5,710 2,514 2,879 13,126 5,623 2,449 2,855 13,142 5,814 2,596 2,873 13,239 5,628 2,431 2,848 13,355 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time 5,815 2,724 2,776 12,840 5,472 2,558 2,658 13,897 5,486 2,639 2,540 13,131 5,719 2,368 3,013 12,570 5,449 2,306 2,847 12,669 5,483 2,364 2,821 12,679 5,413 2,319 2,782 12,670 5,596 2,473 2,793 12,778 5,389 2,287 2,749 12,861 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Table A- Range of unemployment measures based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Quarterly averages Measure 1983 IV II III IV U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian labor force U-2 Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force U-3 persons 25 years and over as a percent of the civilian labor force U-4 full-time jobseekers as a percent of the full-time civilian labor force U-5a U-5b Total unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force U-6 Total full-time jobseekers plus V> part-time jobseekers plus V» total on part time for economic reasons as a percent of the civilian labor force less '/» of the part-time labor force.* U 7 Total full-time jobseekers plus '/» part time jobseekers plus '/»total on part time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less '/«of the part-time labor force N.A. N.A. N.A N.A = not available. NOTE: Data for U-6 and U-7 for and earlier years have been revised.

11 Tab* A-fc Selected ui t indicators, seasonally adjusted Unemployment i Category CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and ower Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16to 19years 9,026 5,123 4,273 3,903 3,191 1,562 8,191 4,562 3,759 3,629 2,952 1,480 8,484 4,609 3,798 3,875 3,161 1, Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 2,030 1, ,828 1, ,888 1, Full-time workers Part-time workers Labor force time lost* 7,532 1,480 6,811 1,396 6,963 1, INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utltrtles Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers 6, ,832 1, ,781 1, , , ,628 1, , , ,695 1, , 4, " , 11, 4, 12, Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. Aggregate hours- lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. Table A- Duration of unemployment (Numbers In thousands) Weeks of unsfnptoymsent ty adjusted Seasonally adjusted DURATION Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 3,618 2,689 3,448 1,360 2,088 3,060 2,647 2, ,321 3,995 2,720 2,416 1,059 1,357 3,298 2,529 3,201 1,194 2,007 3,313 2,533 2,605 1,106 1,499 3,395 2,406 2,527 1,092 1,435 3,352 2,324 2, ,438 3,282 2,516 2, ,402 3,662 2,552 2, ,302 Average (mean) duration, In weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over ,

12 Table A-8. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,636 1,692 3, ,258 1,020 4,343 1,157 3, , ,033 1,652 3, , ,829 1,257 3, ,199 1,185 4,188 1,110 3, ,254 1,057 4,261 1,151 3, ,150 1,060 4,141 1,068 3, ,161 1,024 4,176 1,070 3, ,218 1,011 4,313 1,229 3, ,244 1,049 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants Table A-9. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Sex and age Number of unemployed persons (in thousands) Total, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and'over 9,026 3,534 1, ,972 5,487 4, ,191 3,230 1, ,7 50 4,965 4, ,484 3,251 1, ,726 5,233 4, , Men, 16 years and over to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years. 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over... 5,123 1,958 8S ,108 3,149 2, ,562 1, ,785 2, ,609 1, ,853 2, lli 5, 4. Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years, 16to17years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over.. 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 3,903 1, ,338 2, ,629 1, ,180 1, ,875 1, ,380 2, , 1*3, Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.

13 Table A- Employment status of Mack and other workers (Numbers In thousands) Eniptoyinstn ssssss Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted 1 Civilian nonlnstitutlonal population.. Employment-population ratio 1 Not In labor force 23,594 14, , , ,336 24,572 15, , , ,143 24,282 15, , , ,140 23,594 14, , , ,090 24,292 15, , , ,027 24,351 15, , , ,947 24,477 15, , , ,009 24,572 15, , , ,032 24,282 15, , , ,867 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear In the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 1 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian nonlnstitutlonal population. Table A-11. Occupational status of the employed and unemployed, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers In thousands) Civilian Occupation Total, 16 years and over' 101, ,344 9,755 9, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 24,384 11,169 13,214 25,311 12,021 13, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 31,466 3,129 12,108 16,230 '32,622 3,326 12,388 16,908 1, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 13, ,669 11,142 14,277 1,033 1,682 11,561 1, ,329 1, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 12,570 4,283 4,208 4,079 12,770 4,345 4,429 3,996 1, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and Inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 16,254 7,841 4,190 4, ,683 16,412 7,837 4,359 4, ,686 2,627 1, ,529 1, Farming, forestry, and fishing 2,873 2, 'Persons with no previous work experience and those whose last job was In the Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

14 Tablo A-12. Ei Of fvmm VWMMIt^fV and nonvtf rw by ago, not adjusted (Numbers In thousands) ClvWan labor focce Total cmptoyad Pofoeni of 198S VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS Total. 30 years and over 30 to 44 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 years and over 7,330 6,371 1,927 3,178 1, ,565 6,509 1,506 3,398 1,605 1,056 6,838 6,113 1,820 3,080 1, ,090 6,272 1,454 3,286 1, ,353 5,671 1,635 2,889 1, ,650 5,875 1,324 3,099 1, NONVETERANS Total, 30 to 44 years 30 to 34 years 36 to 30 years 40 to 44 years 15,782 7,123 4,645 4,014 16,791 7,740 4,774 4,277 14,920 6,731 4,412 3,777 15,903 7,350 4,524 4,029 13,871 6,199 4,115 3,557 14,903 6,828 4,272 3,803 1, , NOTE: Male Vietnam-era veterans ara man who served m the Armed Forces between August 1964 and May 7,197 Nonveterans ara men who have newer served In the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 30 to 44 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnam-era veteran population. Data for 25- to 29 year-old veterans are no longer shown in this table because tha group Is rapidly disappearing (into the 3044 age category) and the numbers remaining for some labor force categories are not large enough to warrant their continued publication.

15 Table A- Employment status of the civilian population for eleven large States (Numbers In thousands) State and employment statu* Net seasonally adjusted' SepC, Seasonally adjusted 1 California Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population. Unemployment rata 18,861 12,278 11,153 1, ,137 12,644 11, ,161 12,761 11,738 1, ,861 12,327 11,295 1, ,058 12,614 11,592 1, ,086 12,623 11, ,111 12,609 11, , ,635 11, ,161 12,815 11, Florida Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population. 8,500 5,011 4, ,676 5,196 4, ,691 5,237 4, ,500 5,088 4, ,626 5,113 4, ,644 5,104 4, ,660 5, 121 4, ,676 5,170 4, ,691 5,311 4, Illinois Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population. 8,595 5,509 4, ,631 5,640 5, ,634 5,631 5, ,595 5,560 5, ,620 5,586 5, ,625 5,645 5, ,628 5,643 5, ,631 5,673 5, ,634 5,681 5, Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population. 4,495 3,008 2, ,540 3,067 2, ,544 3,019 2, ,495 3,028 2, ,527 3,058 2, ,532 3,049 2, ,536 3,058 2, ,540 3,061 2, ,544 3,037 2, MleMgan Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population. 6,736 4,146 3, ,7 90 4,318 3, ,794 4,309 3, ,736 4,232 3, ,774 4,363 3, ,780 4,395 3, ,785 4,414 3, ,790 4,384 3, ,794 4,396 3, New Jofeoy Civilian nonlnatltutlonal population. 5,812 3,774 3, ,868 3,766 3, ,873 3,780 3, ,812 3,810 3, ,852 3,822 3, ,858 3,816 3, ,863 3,783 3, ,868 3,794 3, ,873 3,818 3, New York Civilian nonlnatltutlonal population 13,592 7,881 7, ,674 8,210 7, ,680 8,179 7, ,592 7,939 7, ,649 8,103 7, ,658 8,188 7, ,666 8,230 7, ,674 8,275 7, ,680 8,242 7, North Carolina Civilian nonlnatltutlonal population 4,532 4,614 4,621 2,999 2, ,532 4,591 4,599 4,606 OX 4,614 4,621 3,056 2, OMo Civilian nonlnatltutlonal population. 8,043 4,959 4, ,070 5,104 4, ,072 5,022 4, ,043 5,065 4, ,061 5,140 4, ,065 5,137 4, ,067 5,107 4, ,070 5,151 4, ,072 5,130 4, Pennsylvania Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population 9,195 5,382 4, ,227 5,545 5, ,230 5,414 4, ,195 5,464 4, ,217 5,494 4, ,221 5,497 5, ,224 5,509 5, ,227 5,533 5, ,230 5,500 5, Texaa Civilian nonlnatltutlonal population. 11,378 7,601 7, ,509 7,903 7, ,520 7,755 7, These are the official Bureau of Labor Statistics' estimates used in the administration of Federal fund allocation programs. ' The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, Identical Digitized for FRASER numbers appear in the unadjusted and the seasonally adjusted columns. 11,378 7,663 7, ,471 7,937 7, ,484 7,927 7, ,496 7,883 7, ,509 7,937 7, ,520 7,822 7, 'Official estimates for North Carolina prior to are not derived from the household survey. Consequently, seasonally adjusted data are not published. The unadjusted estimates are available upon request.

16 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonagiicullural payrolls by industry (In thousands) Industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted p p Total 91,065 96,257 96,291 94,594 92,391 94,807 r95,157 95,494 95,661 Total private 7, ,887 80,030 78,538 76,533 78,698 79,054 79,371 79,616 Goods-producing 23,777 25,368 25,159 24,703 24,383 25,010 25,080 25,123 25,265 Mining Oil and gas extraction ,012 1, , , , , Construction General building contractors 3,779 1, ,567 1, ,407 1, ,115 1, ,154 1,100 4,374 1,140 4,382 1,140 4,396 1,146 4,452 1,157 Manufacturing Production workers 19,030 13,034 19,789 13,573 19,749 13,512 19,603 13,379 19,254 13,234 19,616 13,448 19,686 13,497 19,718 13,505 19,810 13,577 Durable goods Production workers 11,223 7,537 11,803 7,950 11,805 7,934 11,734 7,864 11,343 7,643 11,696 7,876 11,752 7,915 11,776 7,925 11,843 7,974 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products.. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing , ,133 2,144 1, ,249.,278., ,501 2,258 2,282 1, ,247,284, ,440 2,137 2,152 1, ,485 2,243 2,263 1, ,495 2,255 2,269 1, ,498 2,251 2,274 1, , Nondurable goods Production workers 7,807 5,497 7,986 5,623 7,944 5,578 7,869 5,515 7,911 5,591 7,920 5,572 7,934 5,582 7,942 5,580 7,967 5,603 Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 1, , ,327 1, , , ,390 1, , , ,393.4, , , ,393 1, , , ,328 1, , , ,375 1, , , ,380 1, , , ,386 1, , , ,385 1, Service-producing 67,288 70,889 71,132 69,891 68,008 69,797 r70,077 70,371 70,396 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communication and public utilities 5,023 2,757 2,266 5,256 2,983 2,273 5,265 2,991 2,274 5,172 2,900 2,272 5,095 2,816 2,279 5,213 2,937 2,276 5,225 2,951 2,274 5,226 2,953 2,273 5,238 2,964 2,274 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 5,364 3,151 2,213 5,642 3,320 2,322 5,652 3,331 2,321 5,634 3,335 2,299 5,406 3,168 2,238 5,588 3,293 2,295 5,612 3,301 2,311 5,623 3,317 2,306 5,645 3,331 2,314 Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations Eating and drinking places 15,680 2,265 2,605 1, ,856 16,877 2, , , , ,217 2,676 2,753 1, ,284 16,514 2, ,702 1, , ,914 2,210 2,618 1,725 5,111 16,342 2,318 2,648 1,755 5,255 16,468 2,334 2,677 1,763 5,280 16,644 2,391 2,696 1,772 5,303 16,635 2,351 2,707 1,779 5,325 Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Insurance Real estate 5,537 2,798 1,733 1,007 5,714 2,880 1,774 1,060 5,736 2,895 1,782 1,059 5,724 2,897 1,782 1,045 5,573 2,797 1,737 1,039 5,684 2,856 1,766 1,062 5,705 2,865 1,774 1,066 5,725 2,874 1,778 1,073 5,748 2,886 1,784 1,078 Services Business services Health services 19,828 3, ,02 21,030 4,171 6, ,001 4, ,101 20,791 4,16 6, ,162 3,798 6,030 20,861 4,085 6,085 20,964 4,110 6,087 21,030 4,142 6,104 21,085 4,152 6,112 Government Federal State Local 15,856 2,738 3,642 9,476 16,370 2,784 3,825 9,761 16,261 2,783 3,780 9,698 16,056 2,777 3,685 9,594 15,858 2,760 3,670 9,428 16,109 2,804 3,725 9,580 ri6,103 r2,793 3,719 9,591 16,123 2,801,724,598 16,045 2,794 3,706 9,545 p = preliminary. r=revised.

17 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervlsory workers 1 on private nonagriculturat payrolls by Industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry P i'985 P Dec P Jan* P Total private Mining <2) Construction Manufacturing Overtime hours Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing , , 42l Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products, Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products , Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade *. 4 Retail trade Finance, Insurance, and real estate Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; to construction workers in construction; and to nonsupervlsory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, Insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonagricultural payrolls. *This series is not published seasonally adjusted since the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle and/or Irregular components snd consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary.

18 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Tabla B-3. Avaraga hourly and waakly aarnlnga of production or nonauparvlaory worksra 1 on privata nonagrlcultural payrolls by Industry Avaraga hourly aarnlnga. Avaraga waakly aamlngs Industry Dec P P P P Total private Seasonally adiuatad $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Btton Manufacturing Durabta goods Lumbar and wood products Furnlturs and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blaat furnaces and basic steel products.. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 9, 6 9, 11, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products , Transportation and public umihlea Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real aetata See footnote 1, table B-2. p> preliminary. Tabla B-4. Hourly Earnings Indax for production or nonsuparvlaory worksra 1 on privata nonagrlcultural payrolls by industry (1977» 100) Not seasonally adjuatad Seasonally adjusted Industry p p Percent change from: - p p Percent changa from: - Total privata nonfarm: Current dollars Constant(1«77)doMara Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and pumie uthwee Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, Insurance, and real estate N.A N.A » Digitized for FRASER 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 Percent change Is -0.2 percent from December 1983 to December, the latest month available. 3 Percent change Is 0.4 percent from November to December, the latest month available. 4 These series are not seasonally adjusted since the seasonal component Is small relative to the trend-cycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. N.A. - not available, p - preliminary.

19 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B- Inde.xes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonagricuhural payrolls by industry (1977=100) Industry Not seasonally adjusted P P Sept Seasonally adjusted Dec P Total Goods-producing Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries. Blast furnaces and basic steel products.. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Service-producing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services , , , See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. Table B- Indexes of diffusion: Percent of industries in which employment 1 increased Time span Year Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Over 1-month span lp :o p Over 3-month span p p Over 6-month span p p Over 12-month span p p Number of employees, seasonally adjusted for 1,3, and 6 month spans, on payrolls of 185 private nonagricultural industries. p=preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the spans.