EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS

Transcription

1 EMPLOYMENT AND EARNNGS U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics November

2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Robert B. Reich, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATSTCS Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner E&E Employment and Earnings (SSN ), is prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publications and Special Studies. The data are collected by the Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) and State employment security agencies, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief description of the cooperative statistical programs of the BLS with these agencies is presented in the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. The State agencies are listed on the inside back cover. November Vol. 42 No. 11 Calendar of Features n addition to the monthly data appearing regularly in Employment and Earnings, special features appear in most of the issues as shown below. Household data Annual averages Union affiliation Earnings by detailed occupation Jan. Jan. Jan. Employment and Earnings may be ordered from: New Orders, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box , Pittsburgh, PA Phone (22) Subscription price per year $31 domestic and $38.75 foreign. Single copy $13 domestic and $16.25 foreign. Prices are subject to change by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Correspondence concerning subscriptions, including address changes and missing issues, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 242. Phone (22) POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Employment and Earnings, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 242. Communications on material in this publication should be addressed to: Editors, Employment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC Specific questions concerning the data in this publication should be directed as follows: Household data, (22) or 6378; national establishment data, ; State and area establishment data, ; and State and area labor force data, Second class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Employee absences Revised seasonally adjusted series Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data, persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans, and weekly earnings data Establishment data National annual averages: ndustry divisions (preliminary) ndustry detail Women employees National data revised to reflect new benchmarks and new seasonal adjustment factors Jan. Jan. Jan., Apr., July, Jan. March, June March, June June Revised historical national data Bulletin 1 State and area annual revisions State and area annual averages March May nformation in this publication will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone (22) 66-STAT; TDD phone: (22) ; TDD message referral phone: Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Area definitions State and area labor force data Annual revisions Annual averages May March May 'The most recent publication was issued in September as Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, , BLS Bulletin 2465, and is available from: New Orders, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box , Pittsburgh, PA , at $23 a copy, GPO Stock Number

3 Employment and Earnings Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker Contents Page List of statistical tables 2 Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error 4 Employment and unemployment developments, October 5 Summary tables and charts 7 Explanatory notes and estimates of error 137 ndex to statistical tables 174 Statistical tables Source Historical Seasonall y adjusted seasonally adjusted Household data Establishment data: Employment: National State Area 78 Hours and earnings: National State and area 119 Local area labor force data: Region 123 State Area 13

4 Monthly Household Data Historical Page A-l. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1961 to date 9 A-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1984 to date 1 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A-3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 11 A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 12 A-5. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age 14 Characteristics of the Employed A-6. Employed persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and part-time status 15 A-7. Employed persons by age and sex 16 Characteristics of the A-8. persons by age and sex 16 A-9. Unemployment rates by age and sex 17 A-1. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 18 A-ll. persons by reason for unemployment 19 A-12. persons by duration of unemployment 19 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 2 A-14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 23 A-15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 24 A-16. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race 26 Characteristics of the Employed A-17. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age 27 A-18. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex 28 A-19. Employed persons by industry and occupation 29 A-2. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker 3 A-21. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work 31 A-22. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full- or part-time status 31 A-23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status 32 A-24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or part-time status.. 33 A-25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status 34 Characteristics of the A-26. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 35 A-27. persons by occupation and sex 36 A-28. persons by industry and sex 37 A-29. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 38 A-3. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 39 A-31. persons, total and full-time workers, by duration of unemployment 39 A-32. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 4 A-33. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 41 Persons Not in the Labor Force A-34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 41 Multiple Jobholders A-35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics 42 Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans A-36. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 42 2

5 Monthly Establishment Data Page Historical B-l. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1944 to date 44 B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date 45 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National States B-3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 48 B-4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 5 B-5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 51 B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change 52 B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry 53 Hours and Earnings National B-8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by 61 B-9. ndexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 62 B-1. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry 63 B-l 1. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry 64 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 65 B-l3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 77 States and Areas B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 78 Hours and Earnings National B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 96 B-l5a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SC 3761) manufacturing 116 B-16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 117 B-l7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars 118 States and Areas B-l8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data Seasonally Adjusted Data C-l. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions 123 C-2. Labor force status by State 125 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas 13

6 Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error Page ntroduction 137 Relation between the household and establishment series 137 Comparability of household data with other series 138 Comparability of payroll employment data with other series 138 Household data 139 Collection and coverage 139 Concepts and definitions 139 Historical comparability 142 Changes in concepts and methods 142 Noncomparability of labor force levels 143 Changes in the occupational and industrial classification systems 145 Sampling 145 Selection of sample areas 146 Selection of sample households 146 Rotation of sample 147 CPS sample, 1947 to present 147 Estimating methods 147 Noninterview adjustment 148 Ratio estimates 148 First stage 148 Second stage 148 Composite estimation procedure 148 Rounding of estimates 149 Reliability of the estimates 149 Nonsampling error 149 Sampling error 149 Tables 1-B through 1-H 15 Establishment data 157 Collection 157 Concepts 157 Establishment data Continued Estimating methods 16 Benchmarks 16 Monthly estimation 16 Stratification 16 Link relative technique 16 Bias adjustment 16 Summary of methods table 161 The sample 162 Design 162 Coverage 163 Reliability 163 Measures of error tables 163 Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error 163 Estimated standard errors for employment, hours, and earnings 164 Standard errors for differences between industries and times 164 Noneconomic code changes 164 Revisions between preliminary and final data 167 Statistics for States and areas 167 Region, State, and area labor force data 17 Federal-State cooperative program 17 Estimating methods 17 Estimates for States 17 Current monthly estimates 17 Benchmark correction procedures 171 Estimates for sub-state areas 171 Preliminary estimate- Employment 171 Unemployment 171 Sub-State adjustment for additivity 171 Benchmark correction 171 Seasonal adjustment 172 4

7 Employment and Unemployment Developments, October Nonfarm payroll employment increased in October and the unemployment rate was essentially unchanged at percent. The number of payroll jobs increased by 116,, as several service-producing industries and construction experienced gains. Manufacturing employment was down, reflecting a strike in the aircraft industry. Unemployment Both the number of unemployed persons and the unemployment rate were about unchanged in October at 7.2 million and percent, respectively. The jobless rate has remained in a very narrow range in recent months. The unemployment rate for adult men fell four-tenths of a percentage point in October to percent. The rate for blacks (9.9 percent) also fell; this series often fluctuates widely from month to month. The rates for adult women ( percent), teenagers (17.1 percent), whites ( percent), and Hispanics (9.4 percent) showed little or no change. (See tables A-3 and A-4.) Total employment and the labor force Total employment, at 12 million in October, changed little over the month. The proportion of the working-age population that was employed (the employment-population ratio) was 63. percent in October. This ratio has been at or near that level over the past 12 months. The number of persons working part time for economic reasons fell slightly in October to million. This series has shown no clear trend for more than a year. (See tables A-3 and A-6.) The number of workers who held more than one job in October was 8. million (not seasonally adjusted). These multiple jobholders comprised 6.3 percent of the total employed, little different from a year earlier. (See table A-35.) The civilian labor force, at a seasonally adjusted level of million in October, was unchanged from the previous month. The labor force participation rate also was unchanged at 66.6 percent. (See table A-3.) Persons not in the labor force About 1.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in October that is, they wanted and were available for work but had stopped looking for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. This was about the same number as a year earlier. The number of discouraged workers persons who had stopped looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available to them was 412, in October. (See table A-34.) ndustry payroll employment Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 116, in October to 117. million, after seasonal adjustment. The increase was held down by a net rise in strike activity, which removed 23, workers from payrolls. Most industry divisions in the service-producing sector showed job gains over the month. (See table B-3.) Employment in the services industry rose by 57, in October, the second straight month of relatively slow growth. Sizable increases occurred in health, engineering and management, and auto repair services. Employment in business services, which had grown by nearly 4, jobs over the year ending in September, was essentially unchanged in October, as further gains in computer services were offset by a decline in personnel supply. There were small declines in several other services industries. Employment in transportation and public utilities rose by 22,, more than reversing a decline in the previous month. A job gain of 14, in trucking and warehousing included a return of 5, workers who had been on strike. Air transportation added 6, jobs for the second consecutive month. Finance, insurance, and real estate employment rose sharply; the increase of 18, resulted from strength in real estate, mortgage banking, and credit agencies. Wholesale trade also added workers, largely in durable goods distribution. Employment in retail trade was little changed, following a large increase in the previous month. While auto dealers and service stations posted a sizable job gain, there was a decline of similar magnitude in miscellaneous retail (such as drug stores and catalog companies). Employment in eating and drinking places declined in October, reversing an increase in September. Manufacturing employment declined by 21, in October. A strike in the aircraft industry removed 26, workers from payrolls. Job losses continued in apparel and in printing and publishing. A number of manufacturing industries recorded job gains, including fabricated metals, industrial machinery (despite a strike involving 2, workers), electronic components, and food processing. Construction employment rose by 28,, following a similar increase in September. Despite these gains, the increase in construction employment over the past year is still 5

8 only about 6 percent of the growth in the prior 12 months. Mining continued its downward slide, losing 3, jobs in October. Weekly hours The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by.2 hour in October to 3 hours, seasonally adjusted. Both the manufacturing workweek and factory overtime fell by.2 hour, to 41.5 hours and hours, respectively, the same levels as in August. (See table B-8.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls increased by.8 percent on a seasonally adjusted basis to 13 (1982=1) in October. The manufacturing index fell.5 percent to (See table B-9.) Hourly and weekly earnings Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls advanced 6 cents in October to $11.59 (seasonally adjusted) following a gain of 5 cents in the previous month. Average weekly earnings increased by 1.1 percent, reflecting gains in both the workweek and hourly pay. Over the past year, average hourly earnings rose by 3. percent and average weekly earnings rose by 2.4 percent. (See table B-ll.) Planned Changes in Data Publication Monthly labor force and unemployment data for 11 large States California, Florida, llinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas and 2 sub-state areas New York City and the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Because of anticipated budget reductions, it is expected that the CPS will no longer be of sufficient size to provide reliable data for all of these States and two areas directly. Effective with the publication of data for January 1996, estimates for them will continue to be published in tables C-2 and C-3 but will be developed through the modeling approach used for the other 39 States and the District of Columbia since (See the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error.) The impact of the sample cut on the national statistics would be to increase the variability of most national estimates by about 5 percent. For example, under the reduced sample, a month-to-month change of.19 percentage points in the national unemployment rate would represent a statistically significant change at the 9-percent confidence level; the corresponding change under the current design is.18 points. With this sample reduction, BLS expects to achieve annual cost savings of about $2.5 million. Scheduled Release Dates Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on the following dates: Reference month Release date Reference month Release date November December 8 February March 8 December January 5 March April 5 January February 2 April May 3 6

9 Summary table A. Major labor force status categories, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Category Nov. i Dec. Mar. Apr. May Labor force status July Civilian noninstitutional population. Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Percent of population Not in labor force 197,43 197,67 j 197, , , ,141; 124, ,55 65, ,315 65, , ,155 66, , , , , , , ,183 65, ,7 132, , ,237 65, , , , ,665 65, , , , ,492 66, , , , ,384 66, ,615, 198, ,5, 199, , ,211 j 132,591; 132, ! 66.5; 66.6 \ , ,779! 125,14' 125, J ,559 7,431 ' 7,451, 7,249 66, j 66,414' 66,544 Unemployment rates All workers ' Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over j : Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 17.1 White Black ' 11.1 Hispanic origin, , Summary table B. Employment, hours, and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ndustry Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July p p Employment Total Total private Goods-producing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Service-producing industries Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 14,935 95,74 24, ,88 18,398 9,854 6,61 6,195 2,58 6,935 31,888 19,195-15,427 96,152 24, ,144 18,439 91,252 6,92 6,21 2,73 6,937 32,35 19, ,624 96,45 24, ,166 18,472 91,394 6,121 6,229 2,759 6,931 32,135 19, ,81 96,588 24, ,21 18,52 91,517 6,129 6,251 2,76 6,927 32,228 19, ,123 96,882 24, ,213 18,523 91,799 6,156 6,275 2,794 6,929 32,44 19, ,32 97,54 24, ,256 18,525 91,932 6,175 6,287 2,76 6,938 32,524 19, ,31 97,49 24, ,242 18,56 91,979 6,184 6,3 2,762 6,924 32,548 19, ,248 97,5 24, ,19 18,456 92,2 6,177 6,298 2,747 6,925 32,63 19,243 Over-the-month change 116,547 97,264 24, ,23 18,428 92,37 6,192 6,32 2,798 6,93 32,784 19, ,575 97, ,353 92,419 6,195 6,333 2,851 6,938 32,82 19, ,838 97,492 24, ,233 18,357 92,673 6,217 6,34 2,837 6,947 32,986 19, ,888 97,585 24, ,258 18,319 92,738 6,2 6,344 2,882 6,956 33,53 19,33 117,4 97,76 24, ,286 18,298 92,85 6,222 6,356 2,89 6,974 33,11 19,298 Total Total private Goods-producing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Service-producing industries Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 173! 185 i 51! i " ! ! i -12 [ L Hours of wo rk LJ_ 4 J L_:l 3 _ Total private Manufacturing Overtime ! i ndexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982 = 1) 1 Total private Manufacturing Average hourly earnings, total private: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 2 Average weekly earnings, total private $11.25! $ ! $ $ $ $ Earnings 1 $ $ $ $ ! 133. i ! $ $ $11.59 N.A. $ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 The Consumer Price ndex for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CP-W) is used to deflate these series. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary.

10 Chart 1. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, Thousands 118, Thousands 118, 116, 116, 114, 114, 112, 112, 11, 11, 18, 18, NOTE: Shaded area represents recession. Chart 2. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, Percent 8. Percent NOTE: Shaded area represents recession. Household data beginning in January reflect: 1) The introduction of the results of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey questionnaire and collection methodology, and 2) the introduction of population controls based on the 199 census, adjusted for the estimated population undercount, and are not directly comparable with data for prior years.

11 HOUSEHOLD DATA HSTORCAL A-1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1961 to date (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Annual averages 118,771 12, , , , ,58 129, ,28 134,335 7,459 7,614 71,833 73,91 74,455 75,77 77,347 78,737 8, ,746 66,72 67,762 69,35 71,88 72,895 74,372 75,92 77, ,2 4,944 4,687 4,523 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,66 6,546 61,759 63,76 64,782 66,726 68,915 7,527 72,13 74,296 4,714 3,911 4,7 3,786 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2, ,85 14, , ,96 15,12 153, ,15 159,33 161,91 164,863 82,771 84,382 87,34 89,429 91,949 93,775 96,158 99,9 12,251 14, ,678 79,367 82,153 85,64 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,17 96,48 98, ,463 3,394 3,484 3,47 3,515 3,48 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 4,93 5,16 4,882 4,365 5,156 7,929 7,46 6,991 6,22 6, ,745 17,13 172, , , ,26 18, , , ,393 16,94 18,67 11,24 111,55 113, , , , , , ,33 1,397 99,526 1,834 15,5 17,15 19, ,44 114, , ,364 3,368 3,41 3,383 3,321 3,179 3,163 3,28 3,169 3,199 95,938 97,3 96,125 97,45 11,685 13,971 16,434 19, ,8 114,142 7,637 8,273 1,678 1,717 8,539 8,312 8,237 7,425 6,71 6, ,49 189, , ,55 196, , ,33 126, ,4 131, , , , ,36 123, ,186 3,233 3,27 3,74 3,49 114, , , , ,651 6,874 8,426 9,384 8,734 7, Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 3 197,43 197,67 197, , , , , ,43 124, ,494 3,5 3,532 12,647 12,93 121,38 7,55 7,315 7, , , ,7 198, , , , ,81 199,5 199, , ,38 132, , , , , , , , , , , ,72 124, , , , ,14 125, ,575 3,656 3,698 3,594 3,357 3,451 3,49 3,362 3,273 3, ,64 121, , ,478 12, ,34 121,55 121, , ,944 7,498 7,183 7,237 7,665 7,492 7,384 7,559 7,431 7,451 7, Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 Data, beginning in, are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey (household survey) questionnaire and collection methodology and the introduction of 199 census-based population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. 3 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 9

12 HOUSEHOLD DATA HSTORCAL A-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1984 to date (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Sex, year, and month Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Percent Number!. labor. force Not in labor force Annual averages MEN 83,65 84,469 85,798 86,899 87, ,835 64,411 65,422 66,27 66, ,91 59,891 6,892 62,17 63,273 64, ,668 2,535 2, ,493 2,513 56,423 57,356 58,381 59,564 6,78 61, ' 74 4,521 4,53 4,11 3,655 3, ,771 2, ,93 2, : October... November December 89,65 9,552 91,541 92,62 94,355 94,671 94,768 94,851 68,234 68,411 69,184 69,633 7,817 71,133 71,168 71, ,435 63,593 63,85 64,7 66,45 67,59 67,244 67, ,57 2,552 2,534 2,438 2,554 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted ,584 2,599 2,67 61,928 61,41 61,27 62,263 63,896 64,475 64,645 64,876 3,799 4,817 5,38 4,932 4,367 4,74 3,924 3, ,417 22,141 22,356 22,987 23,538 : January February... March April May June July August September October... 94,749 94,818 94,879 94,952 95,24 95,11 95,191 95,287 95,397 95,492 71,476 71,558 71,673 71, , ,19 71,437 71, ,386 67,79 67,811 67,588 67,11 67,39 67,383 67,18 67,48 67, ,648 2,727 2,75 2,622 2,481 2,61 2,569 2,57 2,468 2,575 64,738 64,981 65,62 64,966 64,63 64,789 64,815 64,61 64,94 64,92 4,9 3,849 3,862 4,67 4,145 3,955 3,955 4,1 4,29 3, Annual averages WOMEN 92,778 93,736 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,63 49,79 51, ,658 54,742 56, ,915 47,259 48,76 5,334 51,696 53, ,262 46,615 48,54 49,668 51,2 52,341 3,794 3,791 3,77 3,324 3,46 3, ,399 99,214 1,35 1,93 12,46 56,554 56,893 57,798 58,47 6, ,479 53,284 53,793 54,66 56, ,8 52,62 53,121 53,97 55,755 3,75 3,69 4,5 3,81 3, Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 3 : October... November December 12,758 12,839 12,913 6,513 6,55 6, ,159 57, ,172 56,258 56,162 3,431 3,391 3,259 : January February... March April May June July August September October... 13,4 13,68 13,128 13,197 13,263 13,342 13,424 13,514 13,68 13,7 6,66 6,75 6,838 61,82 6,556 6,524 61,18 61,12 61, ,252 57,416 57, ,576 57,672 57, ,325 56,488 56,514 56,512 56,332 56,245 56,736 56,816 56,927 57,24 3,48 3,334 3,375 3,598 3,347 3,429 3,64 3,43 3,422 3,452 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 Data, beginning in, are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey (household survey) questionnaire and collection methodology and the introduction of 199 census-based population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. 3 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 1

13 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL ' Nov. j Dec. Civilian noninstitutional population 1,197,43 197,67 j 197,765 Civilian labor force!l i 131,718 l Percent of population i 66.7J Employed 1124,141,124,43'124,57 j Employment-population ratio j o 63. 1! 7,55f 7,315! 7,155 Unemployment rate J Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1... Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Men, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1... Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 2 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 94,671 71, , ,584 64,475 4,74 23,538 i 87,439! J 76.8! 63, ! 2,329 j 61,491' 3,3571 2, ,758' 6,513; 58.9! 57,82 j 5 91, 56,172! 3,431 j! 42,245, 94,768 71, , ,599 64,645 3,924 23,6 87,529! 67, ,51 J 73.2! 2.377J 61,674 3,2941! 2, ,839 6, , ,258 3,391 42,289 94, , , ll 2,67 i 64,8761 3,8961! 23,472; 87,617 67, , ,41 61,871 3,169 2,167 Jan. 197, , , ,498 94,749 71, ,386: 71.ll 2, ,738 4,91! 23,273 j 87, , , ,39 61,7431 3,46 j! 19,99; 12,913 13,4! 6,3461 6,66! ! 57,87' 57, j ,162 56,325, 3,2591 3,481,! 42,567! 42,344 j 95,729! 95, ,873 56, ,984, 56, ' 59.2J 54,9 54,129 i 54,37 j ! j 882! 53,227 53,279 i J 2,861 2,8551 2,688!! 38,778 38,837! 39,148 14,261 7, ,231! ,929 1, , 6,743' 14,2571 7,389! ,2231 4! ,951 1,166! 15.8J 6, ,274 7, , ,12 1, ,724 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A-3 95,961 56, , ,257 2,817 39,1! Feb. Mar. 197,886,198,7 132,38 132, ,125 l25, ! 63.3! 14,263 7,646! 5 6,372 4 i 38: 6,641 1, , 6, J 7.237, j 94,818j 71,558! 7J 67,79! 71.4J 2,727' 64,981 3,849! 23,26! 87,572! 67, ,4781 7! 2.512J 61,965-3,741 ; 2,2 i 13,68 6, ,416i 5! ,488! 3,334!! 42, ,2 57,96! 59.5J 54,334! 56.6! ,436! 2,763! 1 38,924 14,294 7, , ,68 1, ,634 94,879 71,673! 7 67,811, ,75:' 65,621 3,862 i i 23,26! 87,622 67, , ,519 61,946 3,178 j 19,979 Apr. 198, , , , ,952! 71,6551 7! 67, J 64,9661 4,67 23,297 87,664 67, , ,384 61,84 3,339 2,11 May! June j July j r! 198, , , , j 6 124,319 l24, ,492 i 7,384! 95,24! 71, ,11! , ,63, 4, J 87,691 : 67, ! 63,841, 72.8 i 2,242 61,599 3,41;! 2,441 13,128 13,197113,2631 6,838; 61,821 6,556, 59.' 59.2! 58.6! J 57, ,28 5: 5j J ,514 i 56,512 j 56,332! 3,375! 3,598 3,3471 j! 42,29' 42,115: 42,77 96,37 57, , ,329 2,8 38,996 14,348 j 7,826 j 5! 6, J 266; 6,3! 1,26j 16.1, 6,522! 96,99] 57, ; 54,43! 56.6, ,477 2,957 38,739 14,385 7, ,446! ,16 1, ,571 j! 96, ,819! 59.1 i 54,97 j 56.3, 828' 53,2681 2, ,322 j 14,4541 7,742! 51 6,381' 4 j 287; 6,94l 1, ! 6, ,11 71, , ,61 64,789 j 3,955 : 23,765! 87,75 67, , ; ,6491 3,238! 2, , , , ,559! 95,191 71, , ,569 64,815 3,955 23,853 87,818 67, , ,327 61,739 3,192 2,56 13,342'13,424 6, , i ,95: 57, L 56,245; 56,736 3,429 i 3,64 \ 42,818 42,243 96,24! 56,773, 59.! 53, l! 53,1241 2,857 l 39, ,498 7, , ,261 1, ,634 i 198,811199,51199, , , , j , ,14 [125, ' 62.9i 63. 7,4311 7,451 i 7,249 '!! 95, J 95,492 71,19 71, , ,18 67,481 67, : 7.7 2,57 2,468! 2,575 64,61 64,94; 64,92 4,1 4,291 3,797! 24,178 23,96 i 24,21 96,265; 57, ' 54, ,732 2,952 38,795! 14,531 7,79 5 i 6, ,8 1, ,741 87,95 67, , ,288 61,583 3,26 2,828 13,514 61, , ,816 3,43 42,412 96,327 57, , ,688 2,849 38,981 j ' 87,94 67, , ,266 61,795 3,282 2,597 13,68 61, , ,927 3,422 42,455 96,49 57, ,6 56.6! 753! 53,847 2,792 39,17 l 14,569' 14,6571 7,7871 7,856 j 53.5 j 5J 6,411! 6,479] , 6,146 6,225 1,377 1, ,781 6,8 88,27 67, , ,363 61,88 3,8 2,776 13,7 61, , ,24 3,452 42,343 96,487 57, , ,889 2,98 38,869 14,678 7, , ,174 1, ,899 through A-12 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 11

14 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June j July WHTE Civilian noninstitutional population 1. Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio... Unemployment rate 165,954; 166,72 111, , ,1 16, ,545 5,395 J , , , , , ,521' 111, ,831111, i 16,366 16,64 16,698: 6 5,51 6 5, ,31 66,613j166,78! 166,822 12, , , ; ,5j15,935!l6, , : 6 5,633-5, , , ,77 6 5, ,58 111, , ,44 167,21 112, , , , , , ,417 Men, 2 years and over Civilian labor force j 57,615 Percent of population j 77.3 Employed j 55,61 Employment-population ratio \ 7 2,554 Unemployment rate j Women, 2 years and over 57,726 57, ,242 55, ,484 2,452! 57,848; 77.5J 55, j 2,559' ; 57, , , ! 55,448 i 7 1 2,42 J 57,768: 77.3' 55,225! 7 1 2,5441! 57,594; ,956! 73.5J 2,638!, i 57, ! 55,133 7i 2,459! ; j 57, , ,355 57, , ,433 Civilian labor force. 47,614 47,631; 47,44 47,443) 47, ,494] 47,765! 47,432! 47,275 : 47,965 47,881 Percent of population i : ! 59.1: 59.1! r\ 59.4 Employed 45,535! 45, ,475 45,419 j 45, ,515; 45,622; 45,431 45,215' 45,873 45,824 Employment-population ratio 56.8i 56.8! 56.7J ! : 56.1 j ,79 2,62 j 1.965J 2,24 : 1,944 1,978! 2,143! 2.28J 2,6l 2,92 2,57 Unemployment rate 1 ' j 1, j!, 57, , ,472 47, , ,97 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years! Civilian labor force j 6,326 Percent of population 56. Employed 5,414 Employment-population ratio. i 47.9 Unemployment rate Men Women ,28 j 5! 5,431 j 48.o! 849: ! , , , , , , , , ,619 ; 58. 5,653! ! 1; 11 6, , , , , , , , , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio.. Unemployment rate Men, 2 years and over 22,99 14, , , ,23 14, , , ,52: 14, , ; 1.422J 9.8! 23,89 14, , , i 23,117 23,142 23,169 14,868 14,818! 14, , , , , , ,61 1.7! 23,192 14, , , i 23,221 14, , , ,249 14, , , ,284 14, , , ,323 14, , , Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio. Unemployment rate Women, 2 years and over Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Employment-population ratio. Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 6, , , , , j 6, ' 7,12! 6.7! 6,39 5! 622! 8.9 j 6,722 j 12.1 \ 6,165! 66.7' 557! 8.3!! 7, , ,7961 7! 6,172; ' 9.2! 7, , ! ! 6,812! 71 6,272! 67.8i : 7,169! 61.7J 6, i 9.; 6, ,297 j 68.! 531! 7.8j 7,131! 61.3J 6,482 5! : 6,826 7: 6, ; 65; 8.9J 7, i 6,532! 56.1! 673! ,749 j 73. 6,158! 66.6! : j 7,153! 61.4; 6,593] ; 7.8! 6, ! 6,117! i 9.1 7, j 6,453! ! 8.7 l 6, , , , , , , , , , , , _L_ 12

15 A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands)!, Employment status, race, sex, age, and f ; ; ]! Hispanic origin i Nov. Dec.! Jan. BLACK Continued j Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ' i l l '! Civilian labor force Percent of population 4.9i 38.8: 36.6! 3 Employed ' J 499 Employment-population ratio j ! 22.3 ; 341 j 285J 283J 275 Unemployment rate 37.5! 33.J 3 3 Men 3: 32.! Women j 39.1' 3 j 3; 37.1 HSPANC ORGN i :! Civilian noninstitutional population 1! 18,291' 18, ,385! 18,368 Civilian labor force j 12,222 12,324 12,224; 12,36 Percent of population 66.8' 67.2i Employed j 11,74] 11, J 1,811 Employment-population ratio 6.5: 61.3i 6O.4! 58.9 j 1,1481 1,88! 1,119i 1,224 Unemployment rate , 9.2! 1.2 Feb ,413 12,17 6 1, , Mar ,458 12,1 6 1, , Apr ,59 12, , , May ,554 12, , , June ': ,64; 12,2291 6, 11, ,98 9. HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED July i " -f ,653 12, , , ! ! 27.; 356! 3, ,72 18,752 18,8 12, ,456! 12, ,158! 11,351 11, , l 6.5 1, , The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 13

16 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-5. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Full- and part-time status, sex, and age EMPLOYED Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July, j -+" Full-time workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Part-time workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1,913 59,51 58,332 41,425 4,687 1,894 23,243 7,617 5,534 15,683 13,421 4,288 11,3 59,677 58,524 41,355 4,593 1,913 23,495 7,677 5,62 15,83 13,575 4,3 11,213 6,32 58,841 41,152 4,49 1,963 23,447 7,592 5,579 15,878 13,583 4,285 11,99 59,833 58,632 41,281 4,538 1,929 23,544 7,64 5,538 15,937 13,566 4,44 11,321 6,65 58,832 41,227 4,528 1,961 23,553 7,527 5,499 16,68 13,67 4,384 11,735 6,13 58,898 41,486 4,76 2,77 23,518 7,521 5,486 15,933 13,48 4,552 11,644 59,87 58,674 41,666 4,914 2,57 23,37 7,63 5,462 15,88 13,491 4,418 11,151 59,64 58,432 41,58 4,665 2,54 23,185 7,385 5,38 15,798 13,513 4,364 11,424 59,976 58,681 41,572 4,661 2,82 22,875 7,368 5,221 15,51 13,188 4,466 11,785 59,983 58,737 41,911 41,67 1,981 23,81 7,433 5,31 15,654 13,47 4,372 11,433 59,872 58,624 41,671 4,831 1,978 23,191 7,288 5,262 15,935 13,56 4,369 11,726'12,24 59,812 58,58 41,926 41,136 2,9 23,516 7,619 5,526 15,81 13,493 4,497 UNEMPLOYED Looking for full-time work Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 6,168 3,562 3,146 2,642 2, ,987 3,458 3,31 2,591 2, ,677 3,311 2,933 2,417 2, ,938 3,27 3,66 2,538 2, ,658 3,35 2,845 2,416 2, ,85 3,236 2,952 2,443 2, ,68 3,381 3,36 2,672 2, ,972 3,6 3,148 2,469 2, ,851 3,441 2,975 2,473 2, ,925 3,321 2,94 2,67 2, ,1 3,483 3,17 2,541 2, ,993 3,494 3,38 2,563 2, Looking for part-time work Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , i UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 1 Full-time workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Part-time workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years _L!! J 5.8! These rates reflect a refined definition of the full- and part-time labor force and differ from the rates published elsewhere in this publication ! prior to. J_ ! 1 l ; j 1!, i j! ! _

17 A-6. Employed persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and part-time status, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Category MARTAL STATUS Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Total Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 124,141 41,511 31,764 7,98 124,43 41,53 31,775 7, ,57 41,68 31,723 7,74 124,639 41,61 31,75 7, ,125 42,19 31,893 7,67 125,274 42,132 32,135 7,71 125,72 42,86 32,18 7, ,319 41,874 32,22 7, ,485 41,956 31,918 7,21 124,959 42,137 32,39 7,81 124,779 42,6 32,226 7, ,14 42,257 32,175 7,1 OCCUPATON Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Self-employed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Private industries Private households Other industries Government Self-employed workers Unpaid family workers PERSONS AT WORK PART TME 1 34,275 37,669 17,62 13,467 18,122 3,655 1,764 1, ,686 93, ,55 18,21 8, ,382 37,767 16,893 13,615 18,56 3,727 1,767 1, ,77 93, ,414 18,357 8, ,576 37,797 16,74 13,677 18,3 3,839 1,738 1, ,96 93,62 1,23 92,597 18,34 8, ,423 37,267 17,12 13,784 18,212 3,881 1,866 1, ,987 93,692 1,75 92,617 18,295 9, ,95 37,313 16,991 13,638 18,333 3,845 1,97 1, ,461 93,957 1,75 92,882 18,54 8, ,846 37,297 16,997 13,91 18,28 3,849 1,987 1, ,649 93,964 1,39 92,925 18,685 8, ,765 37,381 17,75 13,68 18,26 3, J 1 1,649! 1 71 i 35,29 37,31 16,987 13,479 17,985 3, J112, , , , , ,3) 35,692 37,374 16,794 13,459 17,936 3,55 1,848 1, ,16 93, ,97 18,387 8, ,86 16,759 13,433 17,746 3,561 1,832 1, ,331 93, ,86 18,358 9, ,775 37,435 17,25 13,296 17,758 3,511 1,772 1, ,35 94, ,138 18,326 8, ,62 37,66 16,818 13,56 17,974 3,567 1,744 1, ,674 94, ,495 18,196 9, All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find part-time work Part time for noneconomic reasons Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find part-time work Part time for noneconomic reasons 4,411 2,394 1,791 17,644 4,226 2,257 1,756 16,992 4,411 2,394 1,736 17,756 4,246 2,282 1,689 17,11 4,422 2,384 1,734 17,576 4,254 2,272 1,69 16,917 4,693 2,54 1,777 17,94 4,43 2,359 1,737 17,37 4,46 4,53 2,372 2,333 1,739 1,92 18,41 J 17,627 4,187 2,216 1,687 17,381 4,347 2,226 1,854 16,991 4,469! 2,5171 1,686! 18,121 J 4,476 2,52 1,72 17,666 4,171 4,289 2,328 2,364 1,624 1,698 17,232! 17,34 J_ 4,442 2,34 1,785 17,745 4,185 2,158 1,747 17,56 4,42 2,497 1,672 18,299 4,234 2,385 1,613 17,66 4,526 2,586 1,567 18,113 4,316 2,448 1,533 17,473 4,589 2,535 1,738 17,959 4,451 2,432 1,716 17,389 1 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. 15

18 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-7. Employed persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) Age and sex Total, 16 years and over to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 1S years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 124, ,43 124,57 124, , , ,72 124, ,485 24, i124ll299 19,12 6,231 2,636 3,569 12,871 15,31 9,29 15,2 67,59 1,11 3,239 1,39 1,834 6,871 56,969 48,647 8,332 57,82 8,992 2,992 1,246 1,735 6, 48,62 41,382 6,688 Nov. 19,53 6,223 2,61 3,612 12,83 15,34 9,348 15,111 67,244 1,52 3,193 1,369 1,821 6,859 57,187 48,857 8,42 57,159 9,1 3,3 1,232 1,791 5,971 48,153 41,491 6,79 Dec. 19,157 6,252 2,588 3,653 12,95 15,434 9,38 15,83 67,483 1,115 3,22 1,35 1,845 6,913 57,388 48,945 8,435 57,87 9,42 3,5 1,238 1,88 5,992 48,46 41,435 6,648 Jan. 19,174 6,372 2,533 3,89 12,83 15,471 9,331 15,19 67,386 1,24 3,254 1,283 1,946 6,771 57,339, 48,926 8,429 57,252 9,15 3,118 1,25 1,863 6,32 48,131 41,45 6,68 Feb. 19,62 6,313 2,532 3,769 12,749 16,39 9,85 15,84 67,79 1,113 3,231 1,287 1,934 6,881 57,661 49,238 8,352 57,416 57,462 i 57,484 8,95 3,82 1,246 1,836 5,868 48,378 41,613 6,732 Mar. 19,226 6,567 2,595 3,955 12,66 j 16,123 9,964 15,121 67,811 1,172 3,346 1,315 2,17 6,826 57,662 49,27 8,411 9,54 3,22 1,281 1,937 5,833 48,461 41,694 6,691 Apr. 19,126 6,446 2,556 3,886 12,68 15,939 9,777 15,57 67,588 1,155 3,364 1,318 2,43 6,791 57,441 49,23 8,366 8,971 3,82 1,238 1,843 5,89 48,497 41,753 6,691 May! June june i, July j 18,889 19,53 6,381 6, J 2,758 3,882 3,841 12,58 j 12,477 15,429 j 9,597 14,881! 67,11 15,367 9,592 14,824 18,7891 6,375j 2,557, 3,853i 12,415 16,1581 9, ,125! 18,675 6,411 j [ 1 18,626! 18,65 6,4791 6,446 2,558 3,869 12,159 2,51! 2,625 3,928! 3,849 12, ,147 16,119,16,439 91,42 91,19 15,64 15,273! 67.39J 67,383, 67,18i 67,48 9,984 1,124 9, 9,798) 9,894 3,27 3,396, 3,317! 3,236-3,347 1,264 2,15 6,714 1,451 1,958! 6,7281 1,3531 1, J 1,2611 1,333 2,3 i 1,997 6,561 i 6,547 57,11 48,882 57,225! 57,386i 57,371 i 57,498 49,161 48,974 i 49,66 j 8,212 8,239! 8,338! 8,27 57,28! 57,95 57,576, 57,672, 57,732 8,96 i 3,112i 1,2541 1,867j 5,794 48,319 41,715 6,669. 8,929 j 3,18, 1,37! 1,883 5, , ,575, 6,585 8,89, 3,581 1,24j 1,8631 5,751, 8,877 3,174 1,249 1,925 5,73 48, ,748 42,41 41,976! 6.786J 6,795] L 16,727 91,358 15,385 67,494 9,727 3,252 1,298 1,949 6,476 57,758 49,111 i 49,19 8,418 8,561 8,732 3,132, 1,291! 1,851 5,61 48,941 42,79 6,856 57,95 8,878 3,195 1,26 1,92 5,683 48,969 42,168 6,824 A-8. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) Age and sex Total, 16 years and over to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,55 2,564 1, ,277 4,992 4, Nov. 7,315 2,45 1, ,284 4,926 4, Dec. 7,155 2,513 1, ,215 4,717 4, Jan. 7,498 2,464 1, ,19 4,971 4, Feb. 7,183 2,525 1, ,178 4,63 4, Mar. 7,237 2,531 1, ,272 4,653 4, Apr. 7,665 2,571 1, ,22 5,59 4, May June July "t J! i 7,492 7,384i 7,559 7,431, 7,451, 7,249 2,5221 1,288, ,2331 4,851 j 4,231 i 589 2,6911 1,415! 698 i 73 i 1,276 4,823, 4, ,721! 1,377] ] 1,3451 4,76! 68J 598; 2,745 1, ,367! 4,7331 4, ,64 1, ,272 4,674 4, Men, 16 years and over 4,74 3,924 3,896 4,9 3,8491 3,862 4,67 2,539 1, ,179 4,972 4, ! 4,145 3,955; 3,955] 4,1 4,29, 3,797 " 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1, ,682 2, ,431 1, ,31 2, , ,626 2, ,391 1, ,3 2, , ,551 2, ,12] 571! 26! 317! 531 j 2,166 1, , ' 682 2,672 2, ,259! 3,48 1, ! 58 2,299 2, , ,42 2, , ,183 1, , ,48 2, ,334! 3,375 1, ,174 1, , ,676 2, , ; 369' ,7581 2,45 j 346! 1,378! 716! ,564 j 2, i 1, j , ,495! 2,2! 337! 1,563] 796' 379 i 411J 768 j 2,496 : 2,184! 361 1,462! ! , 2,592, 2,223 i 351 3,598! 3,347, 3,429i 3,64, 3,43i 3,422, 3,452 1, , ' 298] ,271 j 652' 319! 326' 1,158] 581! 297' 283 j! 1,283] ] 321' 1, j 619' i 69 2,383 2,214! 2,288 i 2,329! 2,264; 2,142] 2,31 2, J 2,32j 2,46] ,9411 2, , 278, , ,373 2,

19 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-9. Unemployment rates by age and sex, seasonally adjusted Age and sex Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Total, 16 years and over to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 16 years and over to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over

20 HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-1. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted Category CHARACTERSTC Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Total Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families, OCCUPATON 1 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing NDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goods-producing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Service-producing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 18

21 ^ HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-11. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reason! Nov. ' Dec. Jan. j Feb., Mar. * Apr. : May June ' July. NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, 3,51313,495 ; 3,442 On temporary layoff 848, ' Not on temporary layoff i 2,665' 2,614 2,512! Job leavers 755 j j Reentrants 2,626. 2,5751 2,525. New entrants 614.! PERCENT DSTRBUTON Total unemployed j 1. 1 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs [ 46.8 On temporary layoff ' 11.3, Not on temporary layoff 3' Job leavers, 1.1! Reentrants ' 3, New entrants. UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CVLAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. Job leavers Reentrants New entrants i 8.2! 2.7'.6; 2..5' ! 12.! i 7.9; i 2.;.4' j l i ! 3,658, 1,61; 2,598! 694; 2,488! 597 l : 1 3' j ! 3,339 1,25 2, , ! 1! ! 8.' 8. 1! 2.5.6i 1.9:.4 3,352j 3,532' 1,32 1,1451 2,32! 2,387i ,43. 2, i 1; J 4! ! 1.5 3, 8.4! 2.5',5'.5' l 35.8! ! 3, ,657 87j 2,458; 522 j! : 12.8; i 32.9; ;.7 1.9! 4 i i ' i! 3,423! 1,66; 2, i 2,526 54: ! ; % 1.9i 4 i 3,615 1,184 2, , ,4261 3,367' 1,36! 874: 2,39! 2,492 i 871' 887! 2,537; 2,578; 574, 614, ! 46.2; 1 1! 31.9,' ! ! 3: 7.5, i 2.7: j j i:s!.4! 1., 4! 11.7J ' 7 1.9: 3, , , A-12. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Duration NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Nov. t - r! Less than 5 weeks i 2, to 14 weeks > 2,256!! 15 weeks and over 2,934 2,599' 2,163 2,661 ) 15 to 26 weeks j 1,344! 1,187, 1 27 weeks and over i 1,59 1,474 j Dec. i 1 2,587 ' 2,149! 2,456. 1,88, 1,368 ' Jan., T : 2,937! 2,122 i 2,386 i 1,33 1,353, Feb. 2,6 2,165 ; 2,298 1,9! 1,27 '! Mar. Apr. -- t- i 2,523, 2,319 ' 2, ' 1,347!. _ i 2,629! 2,43 : 2,55 ' 1,115! 1,39 May 2,598 j 2,34 : 2,585 ' 1,282 ' 1,33!! June -4- T 2,742! 2,348 i 2,299 ; 1,96 i 1,23 July! i 2,6! 2,621! 2,319 1,23 i 1,297. i i. 2,713 i 2,434 2,38 : 1,15! 1,23! ; i 2,868! 2,272! 2,352! 1,71 : 1,281 i 2,74 2,348 2,296 1,68 1,228 Average (mean) duration, in weeks 19.3 Median duration, in weeks ' ! 9.1! 17.8! ' 7.9 ' 16.9! ! 7.9! 17.7; i 9. i 1 ' 7.5 i ' i , PERCENT DSTRBUTON i i Total unemployed, 1.! 3! Less than 5 weeks i , 5 to 14 weeks \ weeks and over 38.5 i 16. ' 15 to 26 weeks 17.6 i 19.9! 27 weeks and over! ' 36.! 29.9! 3 i 1 : ' 32. ' 1! 18.2 ' 1. : 36.8 ' 32.5! 1 ' 17.1 i 1. j 3 i 32.6 j ! 1. 3 i i , 1.! 3 ' 3 ' 17.1! : 37.1! 31.8! 31.1 ' ! 3 " 3 j i i ' 1. ' 38.3 ' ! 1 i

22 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) October Civilian labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population j Percent of population Total Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 99,192 14,678 7,477 7,21 17,79 14,459 4,641 19,6 21,581 42,484 22,193 2,291 31,334 17,736 13,598 2,781 1,97 9,811 31,564 9,748 8,595 13,22 132,863 7,412 3,57 4,356 13,392 95,983 34,266 15,957 18,39 36,189 18,765 17,424 25,528 14,846 1,682 12,11 7,523 4,587 3,966 2,211 1, ,979 6,154 2,477 3,677 12,211 92,67 32,627 15,18 17,447 34,679 17,928 16,751 24,761 14,386 1,375 11,742 7,28 4,462 3,86 2,129 1, , , ,5 5,92 2,366 3,555 11,899 89,985 31,925 14,858 17,68 33,86 17,494 16,367 24,199 14,9 1,19 11,3 7,34 4,267 3,395 1, ,884 1, ,182 3,916 1, , ,329 7,266 4,42 2,845 4,317 18,477 6,376 3,14 3,272 6,295 3,428 2,867 5,86 2,89 2,916 8,671 3,447 5,224 27,598 7,538 7,465 12,596 Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 95,492 7,465 3,854 3,612 8,747 56,199 19,992 9,359 1,634 2,914 1,933 9,981 15,293 8,692 6,61 9,883 5,261 4,622 13,198 4,45 3,766 4,982 71,324 3,851 1,57 2,281 7,128 51,429 18,565 8,581 9,983 19,313 1,111 9,22 13,552 7,845 5,77 6,634 4,73 2,561 2,282 1, ,85 3,139 1,258 1,88 6,532 49,548 17,8 8,2 9,6 18,62 9,724 8,878 13,146 7,625 5,521 6,445 3,954 2,491 2,185 1, , , ,268 2,955 1,165 1,789 6,274 48,33 17,258 7,932 9,326 18,29 9,42 8,69 12,746 7,397 5,348 6,139 3,794 2,344 1,868 1, , , , ,168 3,614 2,284 1,33 1,619 4,77 1, , , ,249 1,188 2,61 1,916 3,193 3,128 4,595 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 3,7 7,213 3,623 3,59 8,962 58,26 2,649 9,72 1,947 21,57 11,26 1,31 16,41 9,44 6,997 1,898 5,78 5,19 18,366 5,299 4,83 8,238 61,539 3,561 1,487 2,74 6,265 44,553 15,71 7,375 8,326 16,876 8,654 8,223 11,976 7,1 4,975 5,476 3,45 2,27 1, ,129 3,15 1,219 1,797 5,678 42,519 14,827 6,981 7,846 16,76 8,24 7,873 11,615 6,761 4,854 5,296 3,326 1,97 1, ,232 2,966 1,21 1,765 5,626 41,952 14,667 6,926 7,742 15,831 8,74 7,758 11,454 6,693 4,761 5,162 3,239 1,923 1, , , i ' ,161 3,652 2,137 1,515 2,698 13,77 4,948 2,326 2,622 4,694 2,67 2,88 4,65 2,43 2,22 5,422 2,259 3,163 16,683 4,344 4,337 8,1 2

23 A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) October Civilian labor force HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagri- cultural industries Number Percent of labor force WHTE 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 167,327 11,549 5,851 5,698 14,168 95,355 33,193 15,466 17,727 35,423 18,448 16,975 26,739 15,53 11,686 18,16 9,463 8,552 28,239 8,541 7,694 12,4 112,322 6,216 2,637 3,579 1,967 8,838 28,316 13,98 15,218 3,464 15,733 14,731 22,59 12,746 9,312 1,672 6,61 4,7 3,629 2,1 1, ,294 5,319 2,25 3,114 1,138 77,988 27,192 12,573 14,62 29,342 15,115 14,227 21,454 12,394 9,6 1,356 6,396 3,96 3,494 1, , , ,36 5,97 2,13 2,995 9,851 76,58 26,537 12,266 14,271 28,588 14,716 13,872 2,934 12,122 8,812 9,93 6,154 3,776 3,1 1, , ,85 1, , Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 8,957 5,896 3,9 2,886 7,93 47,432 16,571 7,711 8,859 17,672 9,217 8,455 13,189 7,456 5,733 8,671 4,592 4,78 11,865 3,921 3,38 4,564 61,13 3,277 1,367 1,911 5,926 43,911 15,585 7,16 8,425 16,498 8,631 7,867 11,828 6,79 5,39 5,928 3,632 2,296 2,87 1, ,528 2,745 1,125 1,621 5,492 42,524 15,52 6,898 8,153 15,957 8,328 7,63 11,515 6,63 4,885 5, ,234 2,4 1, , , ,143 2,571 1,39 1,532 5,259 41,142 14,546 6,644 7,93 15,444 8,55 7,389 11,152 6,425 4,727 5,47 3,372 2,98 1, , , Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over 86,37 5,653 2,842 2, ,923 16,622 7,754 8,867 17,751 9,231 8,52 13,55 7,597 5,953 9,345 4,871 4,474 16,374 4,621 4,314 7,44 51,192 2,939 1,27 1,669 5,4 36,927 12, ,793 13,966 7, ,23 5,956 4,274 4,744 2,97 1,774 1, [ ,766 2,574 1,8 1,493 4,645 35,464 12,141 5,674 6,466 13,384 6,787 6,597 9,939 5,764 4,175 4,593 2,867 1,726 1, ,893 2,527 1,64 1,463 4,592 34,916 11,99 5,622 6,368 13,144 6,661 6,482 9,781 5,697 4,85 4,46 2,781 1,678 1, , , , j 3 j 16! l 2.3 > 3.2 j 3.5 i 2.7 ; 3.4 j 3.5! 2.5 i i 21

24 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) October Civilian labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Total Percent of population Employed Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not labor force BLACK 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over Men 23,357 2,31 1,213 1,97 2,529 13,843 5,326 2,546 2,78 5, ,46 3,296 1,932 1,364 2,92 1, , , ,716 11,56 4,312 2,59 2,253 4,267 2,37 1,96 2,477 1, , , ,424 1,253 3,911 1,863 2,48 3,978 2,141 1,837 2,365 1, , , ,412 1,194 3,892 1,858 2,34 3,955 2,13 1,825 2,347 1, , , o 8,414 1, ,787 1, , , years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. Women 1,464 1, ,144 6,255 2,385 1,126 1,259 2,383 1,296 1,87 1, , , ,29 2, ,88 2,38 1, , , ,937 1, ,14 1,95 1, , , ,881 1, ,2 1,882 1, , V) 3, years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 3 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 6 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 7 to 74 years 75 years and over. 12,893 1, ,385 7,588 2,941 1,42 1,521 2,838 1,519 1,319 1,81 1, , , , ,766 2,246 1,81 1,165 2,229 1,25 1,24 1, , ,316 2, ,34 2,73 1, , ,312 2,1 97 1,32 2,73 1, , O ( 1 ) V) 5, , , Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 22

25 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Total Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 1S years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population. Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 197,43 131, ,724 3, ,22 7,155 65,55 199, , ,979 3, ,5 6,884 66,329 87,439 67, ,294 2,377 61,917 3,98 2,47 88,27 67, ,711 2,398 62,313 2,762 2,554 95,729 57, , ,585 2,829 38,427 96,487 57, , ,266 2,864 38,59 14,261 7, , ,7 1, ,76 White Civilian noninstitutional population. Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 165, , ,435 3,273 13,163 5,141 54, , , ,294 3,258 14,36 5,27 55,5 74,54 57, ,41 2,172 53,238 2,294 16,8 75,61 57, ,783 2,21 53,573 2,69 17,29 8,144 47, , ,969 2,5 32,322 8,717 48, , ,366 2,61 32,463 11,37 6, , , ,255 Black Civilian noninstitutional population. Civilian labor force Percent of population Employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 22,99 14, , ,12 1, ,275 23,357 14, , ,422 1, ,414 9,221 6, , , ,461 9,316 6, , , ,57 11,546 7, , , ,451 11,731 7, , , ,399 2, ,363 23

26 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) October Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years High school College Full-time students Part-time students Men, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years High school College Full-time students Part-time students Women, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years High school College Full-time students Part-time students Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years Men Women High school College Full-time students Part-time students Men Women High school College Full-time students Part-time students See footnotes at end of table. 24

27 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Total, 16 to 24 years. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years TOTAL NOT ENROLLED Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates Men, 16 to 24 years. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates Women, 16 to 24 years. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates i Civilian j noninsti- tutional population i 4! 15,489 3,391 12,99 3,854 6,585 3,582 1,468 7,7 1,662 6,38 1,977 3,497 1, ,789 1,728 6,61 1,877 3,88 1, ,455 2,47 9,985 2,427 5,491 3,156 1,381 j 6,92 j 1,365 5,536 i 1,68 3,161 1, ,553 : 1,14! 4, ,33 1, Percent of population Total 1,966. : 1,967 8,999 1,882 4,835 2,951 j 1,298 j 6,97! ; 1,76 ' 5,21 1,298 2,86 1, i 4,869 ' 891 3, ,28 1, T October Employed Full i time i -h i 9,145 1,389 7,756 Civilian labor force J 1,478 3,99 2,487 1,19 5, ,82 2,58 1, , , ,482 1, Part time u 1,821 i 578 1,243 j j 464 i 18 ' 694 i 235 j ! 298 i 146 i 34 i 1,127 i 343 j 784 i ! Total 1, j 986 i 544! i 83!! 84 i " : 15 35! 684! ' Looking for full-time work 1, i i i 761! j 34! i 6 i 172 j 429! i 197, , 48 Looking for part-time work ; Percent! Of! labor j force White Total, 16 to 24 years. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years Men Women. Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college, Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates Total, 16 to 24 years. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years Men Women. Black Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college. Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates Hispanic origin 12,287 2,668 9,619 6,195 6,92 2,966 5,138 2,88 1,32 2, ,85 1,83 1, , ,93 j 2,3 8,9!! 5,691 4,42 1,943 i 4,363 2,557 1,23 1,731 j 352 1, ,77 1,663 7,414 5,18 3,969 1,583 3,98 j 2,425 j 1,161 i! 1,339 i 218 j" 1, ,641 i 1,216 i 6,425 i 4,563! 3,78 1,252 j ,74 1,7 1,32! ,436! 447 i j ' i j 118 i 188 j i 51 j 157 9! 8 1,16 : l j i ; '' 19, 13! 8! 4 ', Total, 16 to 24 years. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years Men Women. Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 2, ,61 j 1,436 j 1,266 i 1, ! , ,543! 1, Data not shown where base is less than 75,. NOTE: n the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin _L 1, ,363 1, j ! 57 ' 1, j 1,218 1,3 i ! , ! ! J-! 34, 17! 18 ' groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black groups are not population 25

28 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-16. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race (n thousands) October Full-time workers Employed 1 Part-time workers _._L T Age, sex, and race Total 35 hours or more At work 1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons Not at work Total Part time for economic reasons At work 2 Part time for noneconomic reasons Not at work Looking for full-time work i Looking for part-time work TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 12,383 1, ,632 1,592 8,771 91,82 8,71 11,111 87,512 1, ,424 85,955 7,7 78,255 69,159 9,96 11, , ,583 9,132 1,451 3, ,982 2, ,595 4,362 2,316 2,45 19,233 3,439 15,794 11,357 4,437 2, , ,169 1, ,384 3,94 2,173 1,767 15,444 2,754 12,691 8,84 3,851 1, , , , ,834 3, , Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,261 1,66 59,195 5,113 54,82 47,293 6,789 52, ,34 4,569 47,465 41,77 5,694 5, , ,24 4, , , ,593 1, ,589 2,72 5,516 1,419 4,97 2,255 1,842 1, , ,944 1,864 4,8 1,83 2,997 1,388 1, , , ,992 1, Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 42, ,397 3,658 37,738 33,416 4,322 34, ,921 3,131 3,791 27,389 3,42 6, , ,559 4, , , ,388 1, ,7 2,29 13,717 2,2 11,697 9,12 2,595 1, , ,279 1, ,44 2,75 11,364 1,671 9,694 7,452 2, , , ,842 1, White Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 51, ,7 4,35 46,766 4,682 6,84 45, ,93 3,863 41,67 35,991 5,75 4,78 1 4, ,291 3, , , ,48 1, ,533 1,82 4,713 1, , , ,237 1,639 3, ,65 1,176 1, , , ,55 1, Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 34, ,18 2,973 31,46 27,343 3,73 28, ,79 2,54 25,25 22,357 2,893 5, , ,63 4, , , , ,112 1,938 12,174 1,673 1,51 8,121 2,38 1, , , ,988 1,78 1,28 1,399 8,88 6,747 2, , , ,286 1, Black Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , , , ,14 4, , , ,499 4, ,66 5 4, ,182 3, , , , i ' 657 i 83 " i Employed persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status. 2 ncludes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. 26

29 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-17. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age (n thousands) Occupation Total 16 years and over 16 years and over Men! 2 years and over 16 years and over Women 2 years and over Total Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Management-related occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales-related occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 124,724 34,462 16, ,662 4,262 17,84 1,913 1, , , ,338 37,58 3,955 1,583 1,196 1,176 14,949 4,423 2,436 1,467 6, , ,74 2,221 1,38 9,924 16, ,279 13,812 5,98 2,159 2,877 2, ,979 36,31 17, ! 12,533 i 4,243 18,573 2,25 1, ,88 2, , ,528 37,327 3,918 1,66 1,162 1,96 15,16 4,476 2,427 1,525 6, , ,17 2,184 1,5 9,942 16, ,242 13,826 5,712 2,347 2,934 2,832 67,424 17,926 9, ,112 2,1 8,411 1, , ,184 13,348 1, ,485 2,681 1,464 1,129 2, , ,531 6, ,899 4,887 2, , ,85! 64,294 i 18,73 17,832 9,974 9, ,735 7,75 1,882 1,997 8,729 8,358 1,857 1, ,146 1, ,178 2,144 13,15 1, ,563 2,691 1,396 1,152 2, , ! ,49 i 6, ,91 4,783 2, i 1, j 12,719 1, ,56 2,675 1,458 1,125 1, , ,399 5, ,873 4,7 1, , ,711 18,556 9, ,687 1,87 8,642 1, , ,121 12,418 1, ,79 2,659 i 1,375 1,142 1,882 j 21 i 3, ,257 57,31 16,535 7, ,55 2,261 9, , , ,154 24,161 2,48 1, ,463 1, , , ,12 2, ,393 5,863 1, , ,945 8,925 1,715 3, ,917 1,548 1, ,259! ' ' \._..] 58,129! 54,473! 55,113 17,328 16,397 ; 17,173 7,484! 7,58! 7, : 324 4,798 4,51 j 4,756 2,361 i 2,253 2,359 9,843 j 9,339 9, j ! 16 i 419 i ' ,41 i 2,341 ' 2,47 383! 421 ; 379 3,495 ' 3,261 : 3, j ,35 j 2,119 2,36 i 24,222 2,36 j 1, ,543 1,785 1, , , ,924 2, ,534 22,684 ' 22,714 2,3! 1,289 ' ,47! 1,723 : ! 3,388 i 84 14, ,918 2,4 39 7,59 1,141 9, ,43 8,63 3,361 i 2,842 2,66 1,856 1,284! 1,225 2,333 i 2,139 2,22 1, ,531 1,769 1, , , ,848 1, ,174 9, ,39 2,72 1,977 1,194 2,166 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 13,692 4,356 5,25 4,131 13,665 4,482 5,151 4,32 12,422 4,156 5,72 3,194 12,437 4,35 5,33 3,99 12,183 4,9 4,948 3,144 12,162 4,218 4,91 3,43 1, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 18,53 8,73 5,231 3,986 1,246 5, ,343 18,336 13,937 8,24 4,959 5,241 4,743 3,977 3,545 1,264 1,198 5,7 4, ,18 3,414 13,879 5,43 4,733 3,533 1,2 4, ,242 12,937 4,757 4,635 3,458 1,177 3, ,773 12,947 4,859 4,63 3,454 1,176 3, ,661 4,566 3, ,457 j 4,353 2,982 3, ,259 2, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,711 1,468 i 2,243 3,74 1,386 2,354 2,972 j 2,987! 2,717 1,89 i 1,31 i 1,51 1,884 i 1,956 1,666 L _ 2,766 1,1 1,

30 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-18. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Total Men Women TOTAL Total, 16 years and over (thousands). Percent 124, , , , , , Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing ! i 1 J 12.9 ; 19.3! j i j 18.3! White Total, 16 years and over (thousands). Percent 16, , , , , , Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black Total, 16 years and over (thousands). Percent 13, , , , , , 1. Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. Farming, forestry, and fishing ' Less than.5 percent. 28

31 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-19. Employed persons by industry and occupation (n thousands) 1 October ndustry! Managerial and Technical, sales, and! i professional administrative : specialty support Agriculture 3, : 95 ; , Mining 586j 94 j ! Construction ; 7,942! 1, , 45! 56; 417 Manufacturing 12,844, 2,869 j 1,869 ' , 2,132 ; Durable goods! 12,45 l 1,754 1,23; 397 ' 294 ; 1,14 Nondurable goods, 8,439, 1, i , Transportation and public! : utilities, 8,89 1,88 549, 343' ,332; Wholesale and retail trade! 26,21 \ 2,357 ; ,916 2,313 \ Wholesale trade! 5,166 : 572 ' ' 2,48 87 Retail trade 121,35; 1,785, :8,867 1,56: Finance, insurance, and! real estate 7,832 2, ! 134 2,3 2,573 j Services!44,536 : 6,148! 14,113 2,323! 1,91 : 6,962 Private households ; : 2 1 ; Other service industries 143,572 6,142 \ 14,96 2,32 1,91: 6,952 Professional services 3,125! 3,73 12,522 1,982; 19 5,236 : Public administration i 5,75 1, ,386, occupations ;!, _ - - i - i i -! - -! ' - i - Other service , , , ,775 5,378 1,512 i Total i Executive em-! tx ecutive,;. Technj_ Adminis-, i ployed a "J " ' Profes- cians! trative ' Private!! H ' i sional ; and, Sales, support, j household. an specialty related ; including ; mana l" support clerical 1! genal i j i i Precision production, craft, and repair ,397 3,961 2,748 1,213 1,257 1, , ,913-1, ,56 3,659 2, Operators fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving ,111 1, Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers , , , Farming forestry, and fishing 2, ncludes protective service, not shown separately. 29

32 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-2. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker (n thousands) L October Age and sex \.! j Wage and salary workers -._._.., Self- : i employed workers! Unpaid. family workers, Total Wage and salary workers Total Private industries T"! Private household workers Other private ; i industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over i 1, ! 75 : 1,557 " 43 : 31 i i ! 12 ; 44!! i i i ; 9 ' '' : 8 5 4! 6 7 : 113,374 j 5,827 2,32 i 3,57! 11,613 3,184 : 31,86 21,953, 9,969 2,742 94,981 5,586 2,262 i 3,324 : 1,614 26,183 i 25,47. 16,952 7,98 2,258 ; i 94,22 ' 5,481 2,194, 3,287!! 1,52 26,4 : 25,195 16,814 i 7,848 2,179 i 18, , 5,679 5,1 1, , ,726 2,737. 2,225 1, Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over! 1,428 i : i 132! j ' ! 72 1,131 i 42 " , 136 ' : 1! ,676 2,99 ; 1,146 1,763. 6,126 16,257 16,327 ' 11,38 5,312 1,435 51,527 2,85 1,119 1,686 i 5,676 14,394 13,935 ' 9,11 4,42 j 1,195 ; ,47 2,787 1,12 1,686! 5,66 14,367 ' : 13,92 9,88 j 4,415 1,187 8, ,864 2,393 2, , ! 1,695 1, : Women, 16 years and over. 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over! ! 1 1! ! : i _ ,698 2,917! 1,174 1,744 : 5,487 13,926 ' 14,759. 1,646 ; 4,657 1,36 43,454 l 2,78 1,143! 1,637 4,938! 11,789! 11,472 7,852 ; 3,56 '. 1, ' 42,616, 2,693 i 1,92 1,61 4,841 11,638,, 11,292 7,726 ; 3,433! , ,137 3,287 2,794 1, ,462, 46 ; 25 ; ,

33 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-21. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work October Hours of work All industries Thousands of persons Agriculture Nonagricultural industries A " industries Percent distribution T " " ' "' ' Nona 9 ricultural Aariculture ' i A 9 r,culture. industries Total, 16 years and over 121,577 3, , to 34 hours 1 to 4 hours 5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 hours 3 to 34 hours 33,184 1,164 5,15 15,836 11, ,199 1,93 4,879 15,374 1, hours and over 35 to 39 hours 4 hours 41 hours and over 41 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 6 hours and over 88,393 8,452 4,763 39,179 14,25 14,164 1,81 2, , ,33 8,297 4,142 37,594 13,913 13,75 9, Average hours, total at work Average hours, persons who usually work full time NOTE: Detail on persons at work in tables A-21 through A-25 may not sum to the totals shown because of minor editing problems associated with the redesigned survey. A-22. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full- or part-time status (Numbers in thousands) October Reason for working less than 35 hours Total All industries T Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually Usually Total work work full time part time Total, 16 years and over 33,184 11,72 21,482 32,199 11,467 2,732 Economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find part-time work Seasonal work Job started or ended during week 4,92 2,324 1, ,283 1, ,89 1,264 1, ,923 2,221 1, ,26 1, ,717 1,22 1, Noneconomic reasons Child-care problems Other family or personal obligations Health or medical limitations n school or training Retired or Social Security limit on earnings Vacation or personal day Holiday, legal or religious Weather-related curtailment All other reasons 29, , ,589 2,8 3,229 3, ,169 1, ,229 3, ,54 18, , ,533 2,8 3,629 28, , ,432 1,916 3,187 3, ,999 1, ,187 3, ,486 18, , ,376 1,916 3,513 Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons

34 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status (Numbers in thousands) October Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours ndustry and class of worker Total at work Total For. economic j reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time i Worked -j 35 hours Usually! or more work part! time Total at work Persons who usually work full time Total 16 years and over. Wage and salary workers. Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods. Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate. Service industries Private households.. All other industries.. Public administration.. Self-employed workers. Unpaid family workers.. 118,232 ; 19, ' i 6,266 19,792 j 11,776 j 8,15 8,4 23,695 6,835 38, ! 38,21 j 5,525 j 8, j 32,199 29,288 : J 4 j 1,18 2,599 1,389! 1,21 1,459! 8,29 1,692 12,615! 553 j 12,62 j 1,674 2, ,923 3, ,26 j 9,684 ' 23 j 517! 1, ! 549! , ,134! 85 i 958 1,48 i 3,542! 11, 55! 1,38! 3,487 j 45! 1, j 18,16 16,136, 15! 327 ' , 5, ' 7,664 j 397 7, ,83 j 5 86,33 8, ,86 17,192 1,387 6,85 6,581 15,666 5,143 26, ,959 3,851 5, i 43.! 41.6! i ' i : O 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 32

35 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or part-time status (Numbers in thousands) October Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Age, sex, race, and marital status Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 118,232 5,727 2,273 3, ,55 11,627 1,878 87,9 13,869 32,199 4,183 2,136 2,47 28,16 4,32 23,984 18,893 5,91 3, , ,97 2, , , ,392 8,13 1,261 18,16 3,746 2,64 1,682 14,27 2,648 11,622 8,175 3,448 86,33 1, ,47 84,489 7,595 76,894 68,116 8, Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 63,315 2,853 1,118 1,735 6,462 6,175 54,287 46,73 7,583 12, 1,947 1, ,54 1,759 8,294 6,91 2,23 1, , ,34 1, , , ,35 3, ,381 1, ,649 1,44 2,65 1,225 1,38 51, ,48 4,416 45,993 4,612 5, Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 54,917 2,874 1,155 1,719 52,43 5,451 46,591 4,36 6,286 2,199 2,236 1,99 1,137 17,962 2,272 15,69 12,82 2,888 2, , ,631 1, , , ,42 4, ,634 2,14 1, ,621 1,63 9,17 6,949 2,68 34, ,81 3,179 3,92 27,54 3, O Race White, 16 years and over Men Women 1,326 54,427 45,899 27,684 1,251 17,433 3,8 1,461 1,618 8,64 4,56 4,584 15,965 4,735 11,23 72,642 44,175 28, Black, 16 years and over Men Women 13,25 6,269 6,757 3,318 1,261 2, , , ,77 5,8 4, Marital status Men, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 39,741 7,87 16,487 5,754 1,251 4, , ,19 1, ,188 33,987 5,836 11, Women, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,344 11,59 13,514 11,163 3,386 5, ,96 1,243 1,175 7,121 1,634 3,88 19,182 7,672 7, Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 33

36 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status (Numbers in thousands) October Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Total, 16 years and over 1 Occupation and sex Total at work + Total 117,99 i 32,129 For economic reasons 3,95 For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time 1,29 Usually work part time 18,15 Worked 35 hours or more 85,861 Total at work 39.2 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 34,871 16,875 17,996 35,96 3,737 14,577 17,646 16, ,157 13,34 13,177 17,72 7,743 5,26 4,933 7,695 2,916 4,778 11, ,549 6,96 6, ,11 2,6 3,767 1, , , ,537 1,595 1,942 3, ,182 1, ,43 1, ,66 1,133 2,473 7, ,247 3,464 4, , , ,176 13,959 13,217 24,318 2,74 1,28 11,55 9, ,774 7,239 11,117 13,935 6,439 4,119 3, Men, 16 years and over 1 62,926 11,845 1,862 4,697 5,286 51, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 18,237 9,685 8,552 12,72 1,83 7,365 3,552 6, ,839 4,633 12,24 13,431 4,878 4,547 4,6 2,853 1,264 1,589 2, , , ,712 1,781 2, , , , , , , ,384 8,421 6,963 1,81 1,465 5,998 2,618 4, ,569 2,921 1,243 1,864 4,233 3,855 2, Women, 16 years and over 1 55,65 2,285 2,44 5,512 12,729 34,78 3 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 16,634 7,19 9,444 23,24 1,934 7,212 14,94 9, ,77 1,153 4,271 2, ,842 1,652 3,19 9, ,182 5,162 4, , , , ,89 2, , , ,897 5, ,359 3,16 3, , ,792 5,537 6,254 14,237 1,275 4,3 8,933 4, , ,71 2, Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 34

37 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-26. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Total, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,745 1, ,931 3,474 1, , ,41 1, ,371 3,41 1, , White, 16 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2, ,332 2, , ,44 1, ,426 1, Black, 16 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) Total, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,459 1, ,166 1, ,295 1, ,278 1, White, 25 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 1, , , , Black, 25 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married)

38 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-27. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Total Total Men Women Total, 16 years and over 1 7,155 6,884 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical... 1, ; i 1, Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective., ,219 1, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers., , Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience. 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 years and over j ncludes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 36

39 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-28. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates ndustry Total Total Men Women Total, 16 years and over 7,155 6,884 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 5,554 5, Mining Construction O Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery and computing equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries 1, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries , , , , , , , Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, self-employed, and unpaid family workers No previous work experience Less than.5 percent. 37

40 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Table A-29. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason Total, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years! White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Total unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 7,155 3, ,531 1, , ,884 3, ,384 1, , ,98 1, ,58 1, ,762 1, , ,829 1, , ,864 1, , , , ! 5,141 i 5,27 2,41! 2,43 497; 579 1, , , ! 361 1,824 1, , PERCENT DSTRBUTON Total unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants ! UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CVLAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants

41 A-3. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) October HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Reason, sex, and age Total unemployed Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks Duration of unemployment Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Total, 16 years and over 6, Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3, ,384 1, , Men, 2 years and over 2, Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 1, , O O Women, 2 years and over 2, Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 1, , Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1, Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants Data not shown where base is less than 75,. A-31. total and full-time workers by duration of unemployment Total Full-time workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution i! i Total, 16 years and over 7,155 6, , Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 5 to 1 weeks 11 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 27 to 51 weeks 52 weeks and over 2,274 2,179 1, ,73 1,225 1, ,529 2,257 1, , , ,587 1,692 1, ,391 1, ,74 1,78 1, , , Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks _ 39

42 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-32. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment October Sex, age, race, and marital status Total Less than 5 weeks Thousands of persons 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Weeks TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 6,884 1,258 1,182 1,639 1, , , , , Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 2 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , O Race White, 16 years and over Men Women 5,27 2,61 2,426 1, ,39 1, , Black, 16 years and over Men Women 1, Marital status Men, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated... Single (never married) 1, , Women, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated... Single (never married) 1, , Data not shown where base is less than 75,. 4

43 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-33. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment October Thousands of persons Weeks Occupation and industry OCCUPATON Total Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average ; (mean) Median duration duration L Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 839 1,76 1, , NDUSTRY 1 Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration , , No previous work experience ! ncludes wage and salary workers only. A-34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex (n thousands) Total Age Sex Category 16 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men Women i ; i Total not in the labor force Do not want a job now 1 Want a job 1 Did not search for work in previous year Searched for work in previous year 2 Not available to work now Available to work now Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 Reasons other than discouragement Family responsibilities n school or training ll health or disability Other 4 65,55 6,4 5,51 3,181 2, , , ,329 6,959 5,37 3,115 2, , , ,326 9,292 2,35 1, ,583 9,772 1, ,169 15,586 2,583 1,357 1, ,477 15,93 2,546 1,418 1, ,56 35, ,269 35,256 1, ,53 21,299 2,24 1, ,168 22,42 2,126 1, i i 248! 53! ! j 42.47J 42,161 38,742! 38,917 3,36 3,244 1,952! 1,969 1,353! 1, J ! j ' 375' ncludes some persons who are not asked if they want a job. 2 Persons who had a job in the prior 12 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3 ncludes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4 ncludes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained. 41

44 HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A-35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women Characteristic Number Rate 1 Number Rate 1 Number Rate 1 AGE Total, 16 years and over 2 16 to 19 years 2 years and over 2 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 7, , ,454 5, , , ,847 6, , ,6 56 3,554 3, , , ,79 3, , , ,9 2, , , ,57 2, RACE AND HSPANC ORGN White Black Hispanic origin 6, , , , , , MARTAL STATUS Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,317 1,276 2,56 4,594 1,37 2, , ,79 2, , , , FULL- OR PART-TME STATUS Primary job full time, secondary job part time... Primary and secondary jobs both part time Primary and secondary jobs both full time Hours vary on primary or secondary job 4,388 1, ,236 4,55 1, ,274 2, , ,722 1, ,796 1, Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2 ncludes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. A-36. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Veteran status and age Total Employed Number Percent of labor force VETNAM-ERA VETERANS Total, 4 years and over 4 to 54 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,439 6,497 1,677 3,257 1, ,628 6,515 1,381 3,222 1,912 1,113 6,51 5,935 1,546 2,994 1, ,556 5,93 1,257 2,939 1, ,31 5,765 1,496 2,91 1, ,374 5,732 1,212 2,862 1, NONVETERANS Total, 4 to 54 years 4 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 5 to 54 years 16,546 7,743 4,824 3,979 17,649 8,278 5,37 4,1 15,6 7,226 4,381 3,399 15,882 7,646 4,821 3,416 14,477 6,989 4,227 3,262 15,353 7,386 4,682 3, NOTE: Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 1964 and May 7, Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. 42

45 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HSTORCAL EMPLOYMENT B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1945 to date (n thousands) Total Total private Goods-producing Total Mining Construction Manufacturing Service-producing Total Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Federal Annual averages 4,374 41,652 43,857 44,866 43,754 45,197 47,819 48,793 5,22 48,99 5,641 52,369 52,855 51,322 53,27 54,189 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 6,763 63,91 65,83 67,897 7,384 7,88 71,211 73,675 76,79 78,265 76,945 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 9,46 91,152 89,544 9,152 94,48 97,387 99,344 11,958 15,21 17,895 19,419 18,256 18,64 11,73 114,34 34,431 36,56 38,382 39,216 37,897 39,17 41,43 42,185 43,556 42,238 43,727 45,91 45,239 43,483 45,186 45,836 45,44 46,66 47,429 48,686 5,689 53,116 54,413 56,58 58,189 58,325 58,331 6,341 63,58 64,95 62,259 64,511 67,344 71,26 73,876 74,166 75,121 73,77 74,282 78,384 8,992 82,651 84,948 87,824 9,117 91,115 89,854 89,959 91,889 94,917 17,57 17,248 18,59 18,774 17,565 18,56 19,959 2,198 21,74 19,751 2,513 21,14 2,967 19,513 2,411 2,434 19,857 2,451 2,64 21,5 21,926 23,158 23,38 23,737 24,361 23,578 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,6 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 25,497 23,812 23,33 24,718 24,842 24,533 24,674 25,125 25,254 24,95 23,745 23,231 23,352 23, ,27 1,139 1, ,147 1,683 2,9 2,198 2,194 2,364 2,637 2,668 2,659 2,646 2,839 3,39 2,962 2,817 3,4 2,926 2,859 2,948 3,1 3,97 3,232 3,317 3,248 3,35 3,575 3,588 3,74 3,889 4,97 4,2 3,525 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 4,188 3,94 3,946 4,38 4,668 4,81 4,958 5,98 5,171 5,12 4,65 4,492 4,668 5,1 15,524 14,73 15,545 15,582 14,441 15,241 16,393 16,632 17,549 16,314 16,882 17,243 17,176 15,945 16,675 16,796 16,326 16,853 16,995 17,274 18,62 19,214 19,447 19,781 2,167 19,367 18,623 19,151 2,154 2,77 18,323 18,997 19,682 2,55 21,4 2,285 2,17 18,78 18,432 19,372 19,248 18,947 18,999 19,314 19,391 19,76 18,46 18,14 18,75 18,33 22,869 24,44 25,348 26,92 26,189 26,691 27,86 28,595 29,128 29,239 3,128 31,264 31,889 31,811 32,857 33,755 34,142 35,98 36,13 37,278 38,839 4,743 42,495 44,158 46,23 47,32 48,276 5,7 51,897 53,471 54,345 56,3 58,125 61,113 63,363 64,748 65,655 65,732 66,821 69,69 72,544 74,811 77,284 8,86 82,642 84,514 84,511 85,373 87,378 9,121 3,96 4,61 4,166 4,189 4,1 4,34 4,226 4,248 4,29 4,84 4,141 4,244 4,241 3,976 4,11 4,4 3,93 3,96 3,93 3,951 4,36 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 5,165 5,81 4, ,233 5,247 5,362 5,514 5,625 5,793 5,762 5,721 5,829 6,6 1,955 2,298 2,478 2,612 2,61 2,643 2,735 2,821 2,862 2,875 2,934 3,27 3,37 2,989 3,92 3,153 3,142 3,27 3,258 3,347 3,477 3,68 3,7 3,791 3,919 4,6 4,14 4,127 4,291 4,447 4,43 4,562 4,723 4,985 5,221 5,292 5,375 5,295 5,283 5,568 5,727 5,761 5,848 6,3 6,187 6,173 6,81 5,997 5,981 6,14 5,359 6,77 6,477 6,659 6,654 6,743 7,7 7,184 7,385 7,36 7,61 7,831 7,848 7,761 8,35 8,238 8,195 8,359 8,52 8,812 9,239 9,637 9,96 1,38 1,785 11,34 11,338 11,822 12,315 12,539 12,63 13,193 13,792 14,556 14,972 15,18 15,171 15,158 15,587 16,512 17,315 17,88 18,422 19,23 19,475 19,61 19,284 19,356 19,773 2,437 1,481 1,675 1,728 1,8 1,828 1,888 1,956 2,35 2,111 2,2 2,298 2,389 2,438 2,481 2,549 2,628 2,688 2,754 2,83 2,911 2,977 3,58 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 3,772 3,98 4,46 4,148 4,165 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,16 5,298 5,34 5,466 5,684 5,948 6,273 6,533 6,63 6,668 6,79 6,646 6,62 6,757 6,933 4,222 4,697 5,25 5,181 5,239 5,356 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,24 6,497 6,78 6,765 7,87 7,378 7,619 7,982 8,277 8,66 9,36 9,498 1,45 1,567 11,169 11,548 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 14,551 15,32 16,252 17,112 17,89 18,615 19,21 19,664 2,746 21,927 22,957 24,11 25,54 26,97 27,934 28,336 29,52 3,197 31,488 2,88 2,254 1,892 1,863 1,98 1,928 2,32 2,42 2,35 2,188 2,187 2,29 2,217 2,191 2,233 2,27 2,279 2,34 2,358 2,348 2,378 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 2,772 2,739 2,774 2,87 2,875 2,899 2,943 2,971 2,988 3,85 2,966 2,969 2,915 2,87 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 14,935 15, ,81 16,123 16,32 16,31 16,248 16,547 16,575 16,838 16,888 17,4 95,74 96,152 96,45 96,588 96,882 97,54 97,49 97,5 97,264 97,293 97,492 97,585 97,76 24,81 24,175 24,23 24,293 24,324 24,37 24,331 24,228 24,24 24,156 24,165 24,15 24, ,88 5,144 5,166 5,21 5,213 5,256 5,242 5,19 5,23 5,226 5,233 5,258 5,286 18,398 18,439 18,472 18,52 18,523 18,525 18,56 18,456 18,428 18,353 18,357 18,319 18,298 9,854 91,252 91,394 91,517 91,799 91,932 91,979 92,2 92,37 92,419 92,673 92,738 92,85 6,61 6,92 6,121 6,129 6,156 6,175 6,184 6,177 6,192 6,195 6,217 6,2 6,222 6,195 6,21 6,229 6,251 6,275 6,287 6,3 6,298 6,32 6,333 6,34 6,344 6,356 2,58 2,73 2,759 2,76 2,794 2,76 2,762 2,747 2,798 2,851 2,837 2,882 2,89 6,935 6,937 6,931 6,927 6,929 6,938 6,924 6,925 6,93 6,938 6,947 6,956 6,974 31,888 32,35 32,135 32,228 32,44 32,524 32,548 32,63 32,784 32,82 32,986 33,53 33,11 2,858 2,854 2,853 2,838 2,831 2,828 2,826 2,831 2,838 2,834 2,825 2,817 2,86 4,589 4,596 4,598 4,599 4,61 4,613 4,68 4,62 4,612 4,6 4,64 4,594 4,59 1 Not available. 2 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in This inclusion resulted in an increase of 212, (.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 1959 benchmark month. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 1991) are subject to revision. 44 Digitized for FRASER

46 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HSTORCAL HOURS AND EARNNGS B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Year and month Weekly hours Total private 1 Weekly earnings Weekly hours Construction Hourly! earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ , 1979, ! 3.45 ; 4! 4 3 6! 5 9 j ! 6.66 i 7.25 i : October j 3 November i 3 December i 3 : ; January j 3 February j 3 March ; 3 April 3 May! 3 June 3 July 3 August! 3 September"! 3 October" j 3 $ T" $ Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted $11! $ ! $ See footnotes at end of table. 45

47 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HSTORCAL HOURS AND EARNNGS B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Continued Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Year and month Weekly hours Hourly earnings Hourly earnings, excluding overtime Weekly earnings Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Hourly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : October November. December. : January February... March April May June July August September 41 October" $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table. 46

48 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HSTORCAL HOURS AND EARNNGS B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Continued Year and month Weekly hours Retail trade Hourly Weekly earnings earnings Weekly hours Finance, insurance, and real estate Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Services Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : October November. December. : January February... March April May June July August September* October" $ $ $ $ $ Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 47

49 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) ndustry Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May j June July i Total 114,935) 115, , ,81 116, ,32 116,31 116, , , , ,888 Total private 95,74 96,152 96,45 96,588 96,882 97,54 97,49 97,5 97,264 97,293 97,492 97,5851 Goods-producing 24,81 24,175 24,23 24,293 24,324 24,37 24,331 24,228 24,24 24,156 24,165 24,151 Mining 1 Metal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels j ! J Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 5,88 1, ,132 5,144l 1, ,17 5,166 1, ,186 5,21 1, ,29 5,213 1, ,223 5,256 1, ,251 5,242 1, ,244 5,19 1, ,223 5,23 1, ,252 5,226 1, ,25 5,233 1, ,258 5,258 1, ,279j Manufacturing 18,398 18,439 J 18, ,52 18,523 18,525 18,56 18,456 18,428 18,353 18,357 18,319 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment... Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 1, ,45 1, , , , ,412 2, ,595 j 556] 1, , j ,421 2, , , , ,428 2, , , , ,435 2, , , , ,439 2, , , , ,442 2, , , , , ! ,4391 1,432 2,34 2, , , , , , ,432 2, , , , ,433 2, , , ,573! j ,4281 2, , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products... Leather and leather products 7,885 1, ,55 1, ,8891 1, ,551 1, ,898 1, ,556 1, ,96; 1, ,557 1, ,91 1, ,561 1, ,892 1, ,561 1, ,874 1, ,557 1, ,845 1, ,555 1, ,831 1, ,561 1, ,784 1, ,557 1, ,77 1, ,554 1, ,746! 1, i 1,552 1, Service-producing 9,854 91,252 91,394 91,517 91,799 91,932 91,979 92,2 92,37 92,419 92,673 92,738 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services... 6,61 3, , ,24 1, ,92 3, , ,246 1, ,121 3, , ,251 1, ,129 3, , ,243 1, ,156 3, , ,256 1, ,175 3, , ,261 1, ,184 3, , ,265 1, ,177 3, , ,267 1, ,192 3, , ,272 1, ,195 3, , ,27 1, ,217 3, , ,267 1, ,2 j 3, , ,265 1, j Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,195 3,574 2,621 6,21 3,587 2,623 6,229 3,599 2,63 6,251 3,615 2,636 6,275 3,631 2,644 6,287 3,643 2,644 6,3 3,65 2,65 6,298 3,653 2,645 6,32 3,667 2,653 6,333 3,674 2,659 6,34 3,679 2,661 6,3441 3,6851 2,659 See footnotes at end of table. 48

50 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) ndustry Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies! General merchandise stores j Department stores! Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments... j ; Nov. -f- 2,58 2,73 84! 844 2,563! 2,598 2,232! 2,268 3,298 j 3,38 2,154! 2, ! 984 1,136! 1, ,86 7,134 2,588 2,598 Dec. 2, ,585 2,256 3,32 2, , ,182 2,6 Jan. 2, ,562] 2,236! 3,325; 2,182; 993! 1,122; 933 7,188 2,597! Feb. 2, ,545 2,223 3,328 2, , ,221 2,64 Mar. Apr. 2,761 2, i 852 2,53! 2, J 2,218 3,332 3,345 2, , ,191 2,63 2,25 1, 1, ,17 2,63 May 2, ,532 2,213 3,343 2,25 1, 1, ,169 2,61 June 2, ,532 2,215 3,353 2, , ,29 2,66 July 2, ,534 2,218 3,357 2, , ,258 2,61 ; p i p 2.837J 2,882! 2,89 85j 852! 855 2,53j 2,5411 2,558 2,215; 2,226! 2,247 3,371! 3,368; 3,374 2,214! 1,2! 1,92! 953; 7,222: 2,65! 2,222; 1,5! 1,77! 958 j 7,239! 2,625! 2,233 1,9 1, ,221 2,611 Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices. nsurance nsurance carriers nsurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 6,935 6,937 3,32! 3,319 2,72 2,71 1,496 ; 1,498 3! ! ! ,236! 2,236 1,544 i 1, ,379 : 1,382 6,931 3,317 2,7 1, ,232 1, ,382 6,9271 3,312! 2,67 1,497; 293i 478! ' 2,233; 1,535! 698; 1,382; 6,929 3,312 2,66 1, ,233 1, ,384 6,938 3,313 2,66 1, ,238 1, ,387; 6,924 3,35 2,63 1, ! 2,2391 1,536) 73 1,38 6,925 3,37 2,6 1, ,237 1, ,381 6,93 3,34 2,54 1, ,24 1, ,386 6,938 3,37 2,52 1, ,242 1, ,389 6, J 2,481 1, ,246 1, ,3911 6,956; 3,314; 2,48; 1,487! 279! 49! 531! 245! 2,249i 1,543; 761 1,393! 6,974 3,323 2,47 1, ,251 1, ,4 Services 1 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities... Hospitals Home health care facilities Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations 31,888 j 32,35 578! 584 1,612 j 1,65 1,14 i 1,14 6,392! 6, j 869 2,337! 2,373 2,77 2, i i i ! 519 1,364 ; 1,371 9,74 ; 9,96 1,553! 1,557 1,661 1,663 3,781! 3, j ! 93 1,843 i 1,851 2,216 2, i ,66 2,66 2,595 j 2,66 785! , ,612 1,138 6, ,386 2, , ,375 9,121 1,562 1,667 3, ,854 2, ,62 2, ,228; 575: 1,614: 1,148; 6,513! 868! 2,48! 2,138; 994 i 1,6: 34; 545 1,381 9,141; 1,563; 1,672: 3,792; : 1,843; 2,244! ! 8 i 2,62 i 2,634] 793! , ,614 1,16 6, ,427 2,152 1,6 1, ,398 9,168 1,57 1,676 3,796! 596 i 932 1,864! 2, ; 626! 81 j 2,6 j 2, ,524; 584J 1,616 1,158 6, ,399 2,138; 1,17! 1.14J 344; 577 1,434 9,197 1,576 1,679 3, ,863 2, ,59 2, , ,611 1,152 6, ,368 2,97 1,26! 1, ,462 9,211 1,578 1,682 3, ,866 2, ,57 2, , ,615 1,146 6, ,371 2,96 1,39 1, ,471 9,223 1,58 1,683 3,81 6] 93! 1,875) 2, j 811 2,6 2, , ,628 1,145 6, ,375 2,98 1,45 1, ,511 9,253! 1.585J 1,689! 3, ,8871 2,274' ,62 2, , ,635 1,144 6,6 87 2,373 2,95 1,51 1, ,522 9,267 1,586 1,693 3, ,887 2, ,986! 33,53; 33, ,634! 1,632 1,142 1,133 6,681 i 6,749 1,624 1,138 6, ,46! 2,129; 886 2,456 2, ,44 2,166 1,63 j 1,31! 342! 592; 1,5251 9,298 1,591 1,697 3, ,96 2, ,65 i 2,72 2,716 2, j ,72 1, ,55 9,322 1,598 1,74 3, ,889 2, ,59 2,727 86; 821 1,81 1, ,496 9,349 1,6 1,76 3, ,94 2, ,56 2, Government 19,195! 19,275 Federal Federal, except Postal Service. State 2,858! 2,31 4,589 2,854 2,22 4,596 Education 1,888! 1,892 Other State government 2,71 2,74 Local 11,748 i 11,825 Education 6,544 6,549 Other local government j 5,24! 5, ,219 2,853 2,14 4,598 1,891 2,77 11,768 6,557 5,211 19,222i 2,838! 2.4J 4,599! 1,889 2,71; 11,785] 6,577! 5,28' ncludes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from 19,241 19,248 19,261 19,243 19,283 19,282 19,346 19,33 19,298 2,831 2,828 2,826 2,831 2,8381 2,834 2,825! 2,817 2,86 1,997 1,992 1,987 1,995 1,993 1,99 1,9821 1,972 1,961 4,61i 1,91' 2,79 4,613 1,94 2,79 4,68 1,95 2,73 4,62 1,96 2,6961 4,612 1,919 2,693 4,6 1,923 2,677 4,64 1,923 2,681 4,594 1,913 2,681 4,59 1,98 2,682 11,8 11,87 11,827 11,811 11,833 11,848 11,917 11,892 11,92 6,591 6,599 6,614 6,66! 6,69 6,647 J 6,76 6,669 6,653 5,29 5,28 5,213 5,24' 5,224 5,211 5,211 5,223 5,249 -L. March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1991 forward are subject to revision. 49

51 ESTABLSHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) ndustry Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Total 55,271 55,39 55,459 55,687 55,762 55,89 55,956 56,14 56,48 56,112 56,256 56,287 Total private 44,853 44,945 45,9 45,182 45,277 45,322? 45,442 J 45,495! 45,513 45,579 45,699 45,71 Goods-producing 6,647 6,65 6,665 6,676 6,684 6,694 6,698 6,694 6,682 6,664 6,651 6,611 Mining Construction J Manufacturing 6,6 6,5 6,18 6,24 6,33 6,36 6,35 6,281 6,17 6,1 5,982 5,942 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2, , , , , , , , , , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3, , , , , , , , , , , , Service-producing 48,624 48,74 48,794 49,11 49,78 49,115 49,258 49,32 49,366 49,448 49,65 49,676 Transportation and public utilities 1,778 1,78 1,786 1,796 1,89 1,89 1,819 1,825 1,833 1,832 1,835 1,838 Wholesale trade 1,89 1,897 1,9 1,95 1,911 1,917 1,923 1,923 1,928 1,927 1,938 1,941 Retail trade 1,826 1,858 1,854 1,918 1,939 1,956 1,95 1,929 1,899 1,98 1,945 1,966 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,386 4,38 4,375 4,372 4,373 4,369 4,364 4,371 4,368 4,372 4,378 4,382 Services 19,326 19,38 19,429 19,515 19,561 19,577 19,688 19,753 19,83 19,876 19,952 19,963 Government Federal State Local 1,418 1,194 2,292 6,932 1,445 1,195 2,296 6,954 1,45 1,194 2,3 6,956 1,55 1,192 2,34 7,9 1,485 1,199 2,34 6,982 1,487 1,187 2,35 6,995 1,514 1,186 2,313 7,15 1,519 1,186 2,315 7,18 1,535 1,186 2,318 7,31 1,533 1,188 2,317 7,28 1,557 1,191 2,325 7,41 1,586 1,188 2,32 7,78 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1991 forward are subject to revision. 5

52 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-5. Production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) ndustry Nov. Dec. Jan. i Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July i j p Total private. 78,185 78,554 78,769 78,914; 79,164 79,351 79,37 79,322 79,514 79,541 79,74; 79,797 j 79,948 Goods-producing 17,66 17,168 17,211 17,273 17,32 17,341 17,311 17,26 17,211 17, J 17, ,149 Mining Construction 3,932 3,983 4, 4,33 4,42 4,81 4,67 4,8 4,47 4,39 4,41! 4,62 i 4,83 Manufacturing 12,79 12,759 12,785 12,813 12,833 12,832 12,818 12,772 12,738 12,672 12,684! 12, ,648 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products... Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products. Leather and leather products 7, ,53 1,25 1,22 1, f) 28 5,534 1, , ,6 1,255 1,32 1, ,541 1, , ,67 1,258 1,39 1, ,546 1, , ,74 1,263 1,42 1, ,554 1, , ,8 1,268 1,49 1, ,545 1, , ,84 1,274 1,45 1, ,535 1, , ,85 1,281 1,43 1, ,522 1, , ,81 1,279 1,43 1, ,51 1, , ,75 1,282 1,4 1, ,488 1, , ,74 1,283 1,43 1, ,445 1, , ,74 1,282 1,41 1, ,44 1, ! 7, ,69 1,284 1,44 1,166 73! 275! 5,4241 1,235! Service-producing 61,119 61,386 61,558 61,641 61,862 62,1 61,996 62,116 62,33 62,46 62,558 62,66 Transportation and public utilities. 5,69 5,92 5,124 5,131 5,147 5,172 5,182 5,1691 5,174 5,174 5,193 5,192 Wholesale trade 5,1 5,14 5,34 5,54 5,76 5,9 5,95 5,11 5,124 5,133 5,138 5,144j 5,147 Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 18,12 5,45 18,27 5,44 18,244 5,39 18,271 5,4 18,286 5,42 18,267 5,44 18,238 5,42 18,237 5,5 18,274 5,58 18,338 5,62 18,324 5,7 18,347! 18,348 5,75; 5,89 Services 27,92 28,29 28,117 28,145 28,311 28,437 28,439 28,559 28,673 28, ,833! 28,92! 29,7 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1991 forward are subject to revision. -L. 51

53 ESTABLSHMENT DATA DFFUSON NDEXES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. j Feb. Apr. ; May June July Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries 1 Nov. Over 1-month span: P p Over 3-month span: P P Over 6-month span: P P Over 12-month span: P : , ; Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries 1 Over 1-month span: P Over 3-month span: P P Over 6-month span: ' Over 12-month span: ; Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 5 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 1991) are subject to revision. 52

54 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted (n thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. Nov.! Dec. Apr. May June July Total 1 1, ,71 1, , ,76 1, , , ,49 2, ,33.3 1,17 1,62.1 1, , , ,17.5 2, ,59.1 2,49] , j 7,821.7J 3, ,1. 1,28 1,37 5, , , , ,22.2! 2, , , ,71 1, , , , ,86 3, ,59.8 2, ,33.5 1, ,619. 1, , , , ,33.6 1,58.2 2, , , , , ,292. 1, , , , , ,42.4 2, , ! 1, , , ,18 1, , , , , , , , ,62 1, ,1 2, , ,33 1,6.3 2, , , , ,121. 1, , , , ,469.5 j 7, ,5.4 2, , , , , ,19 1,78.1 1, ,9.6 3, , , , ,18 1,62 1, , , ,2.8 2, ,61.2 2, , , , ,132. 1,3 1,39 5, , , , ,5 2, , , ,73 1, ,15.1 1, , , , ,52.9 2, , ,18 1, , , , , ,34 1,57.7 2, , ,829. 3, , , ,39 5, , ,46 7, ,6.5 2, , , ,74 1,6 12,22 1, , , , ,53 2, ,34.9 1, , , ,15 2,94 4, ,35.1 1, 2, , , , ,16.8 1, , , , , , ,61.5 2, , , , ,6 12, , , , , ,54 2,77.3 1,34 1, , , ,16.8 2, ,24 2, ,55.8 2, , , , ,17 1,29 1,48.2 5, , , , ,69.3 2, , , , ,7.6 12,23 1, , , , , ,768. 1, ,19.9 1,629. 1, , , ,25 2, ,55.8 2, , , , ,17 1, ,49.5 5, , , , ,7 2, , , , ,7.1 12,242. 1, , ,986. 3, , , , ,19 1, , , , , , ,5 2, ,6 68 7, , , , ,41 5, , , ,73.4, , , ,75 1,7.8 12,25 1,79.3 1, ,2.1 3, ,53 2,75. 1,35 1,22.4 1, , , ,95 4, , ,52.4 2, , , , , ,32.8 1, , , ,48 8, ,8.1 2, , , , , , ,8.6 1, ,.9 3, ,53 2,756. 1, ,2.3 1, , ,161. 2,961. 4, , ,52.5 2, , , , ,15 1,31.3 1,42 5, , , , ,8.5 2, , , , , ,82.6 1, ,1 3, ,54 2,75 1, , ,64 1, , ,96 4, ,37 1,59.1 2, , , , , ,32. 1,43.4 5, , ,48 8, ,83. 2, , Digitized for FRASER

55 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major ndustry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July Construction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii' daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table ] 77.2) ! ! ] ! 151.9J Digitized for FRASER

56 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July p Manufacturing Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table , J , , , , , , , , , , , , ) , , , ] 42 2 j , , , ] , , , , , J , ) ) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Digitized for FRASER

57 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July P Transportation and public utilities Digitized for FRASER

58 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Nov. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. Wholesale and retail trade , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Digitized for FRASER

59 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. Finance, insurance, and real estate Digitized for FRASER

60 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Nov. Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. Services , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.3 1, ,6 18 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,2.5 1, , , , , , , , , ,7.1 1, , , , , , , , , ,12.5 1, , , , , , Digitized for FRASER

61 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (n thousands) State Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July Government Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia , , , , j 17: 2, ! 91.9, , , , ! 175.8! 2, j 213.5! 51.1! 256.] 92J 57! , , , Hawaii daho llinois ndiana owa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland J J J j j 237.5! j j 418.7] ] J Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota...: Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode sland South Carolina , , , , , , , , , , , , South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming , ncludes mining, not shown separately. Mining is combined with construction. = preliminary , , , , , , , , , , , NOTE: All data have been adjusted to March benchmarks and incorporate updated seasonal adjustment factors. 6

62 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ndustry Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.! May June July p Total private Goods-producing Mining Construction Manufacturing j 42.1 Overtime hours! Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products... Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products. Leather and leather products 42.9 ; i 43.5 i 4 i 4 i 42.9 \ 4! 42.2! 4 j 45.8 j 41.9 j 4.1 j i Service-producing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate ( 2 O ) Services! J_ 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components, which are small relative to the trend-cycle and ! ! irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1991 forward are subject to revision. 61

63 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-9. ndexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (1982=1) ndustry Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July j p i Total private j 13 Goods-producing ! 19.7 Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Service-producing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1991 forward are subject to revision. 62

64 ESTABLSHMENT DATA ALL-EMPLOYEE HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-1. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted Millions of hours (annual rate) 1 Percent change ndustry August ' ' p to Oct p August to Sept ' to p Total 215, , Private sector 176, , , Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities.. Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 1,326 1,531 39,683 23,257 16,427 12,759 12, ,843 55,965 1,344 1, , ,635 31,273 12,977 56,324 1, , , ,273 56, Government 38,873 38,777 38, Total hours paid for 1 week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multiplied by 52. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees production workers. nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers and are based largely on establishment data. See BS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2414, chapter 1, "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors". SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 63

65 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EARNNGS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-11. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted ndustry Nov. ; Dec., Jan. Feb. : Mar. j Apr. ; May ; June ; July j! p ; p Average hourly earnings Total private (in current dollars) $11.25 $11.24 $11.27; $11.29' $11.32 $11.34 $11.4 $11.37 $11.43 $11.5 $11.48 $11.53j $11.59 Goods-producing 12.81! Mining 14] 14 Construction 1J 14 Manufacturing Excluding overtime ; ] , ^ : ; ; ] 12.43] 11.78] Service-producing ' ; ! 11.6 Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate. Services 19] ] ; ! ] : i 11.2V 13; 12.23: 7.59' ' : 12.41; 7.63; 12.28; 11.39; ! 12.48; 7.75; 12.43' 11.47; Total private (in constant (1982) dollars) 3 Goods-producing Service-producing 7.42] 8.45] 7.6] ! O Average weekly earnings Total private (in current dollars) Goods-producing Mining Construction... Manufacturing ! ( 5 ), ] 391.7! ' ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ' ( 5 ) ' ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) 512 l ] ] ( 5 )! ! 7.4 ( 5 ) Service-producing...! : j Transportation and public utilities i Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate. ( 5 ) Services ( 5 ) Total private (in constant (1982) dollars) 3 Goods-producing Service-producing ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) : , ( 5 ) : ( 5 ) : : 349.8; i 231.4! ! ! ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) O 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. 3 The Consumer Price ndex for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CP-W) is used to deflate these series. 4 Not available. 5 These series are not computed because the average weekly hours' components are not available on a seasonally adjusted basis. p -- preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1991 forward are subject to revision. 64

66 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry (n thousands) Total ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p 115, , , , ,971 Production workers 1 p + p Total private 96,31 96,363 98,498 98,334 98,394 78,735 78,7911 8,667! 8,493 Mining Metal mining ron ores Copper ores ; 7.8; 12.6! Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services ! j Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Sand and gravel Chemical and fertilizer minerals , Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway ,371 1, ,347 1, ,596 1, ,56 1, ,554 1, , , , ,359 i 92. j 43J ! 71.7J j Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work , , , , , , , , , Manufacturing Durable goods 18,5 1,527 18,494 1,546 18,479 1,596 18,46 1,617 18,389 1,589 12,86 7,188 12,81 7,27 12,786 7,246 12,785; 12,736 i 7,272 j 7,255 Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products J 69.7! 16.8) 127.2J 32.! J 1! j 32.2! 217.3J 8! 6.5! 21.1! 2! ! J Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings j j ! 1! i 2! See footnotes at end of table. 65

67 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 i p p Durable goods Continued Furniture and fixtures Continued Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Ready-mixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Mineral wool Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes ron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings ron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee , , , , ' ! ! J J ! ] , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 66

68 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 p Durable goods Continued Fabricated metal products Continued Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Miscellaneous fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products ndustrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets nternal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment ndustrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8,* ,9 1, , , , , , , , , Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans , , , , ,63 1, , ! 1, , See footnotes at end of table. 67

69 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry Durable goods Continued Electronic and other electrical equipment Continued Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Current-carrying wiring devices Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Miscellaneous transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers 1987 SC Code ; j 19.7j 21.8! ! , ! 1J J i 62.9J 19.7! 21.9i 91.i 63.1 j i 2J 227.1! 132.1! , ! 26! 9.4J 112.1! J 1! 7! All employees Production workers 1! p 181.5! 23.4J 6! 19.3; ! 249.9! 111.4! 586.8i 2! 24J 138.1! 152.8J 26.! ,736.5! j 35' j i 7.1; 5.7J 21.2J 181.4! 23.! 6] 19.2! 2.7i 9! 6; ! 2i 247.2J 138.5! 153.3! ,742.7i 936.8! p 59 i 1, , ! 61.2! J , ! i j p! 13.: 17.4! 42.7! 1! 1; 62.8! 39.5; 12! 59.: 35.1! 16.6; 18.! : 2.2; 52.1: 1,161.1! 727.8! 26! 33.! 38: 29.3 j 2! 9! 43.3; 65.8; 123.3! 77.i 46.3! 28.! 27.8: 17.9! 36.3; 17.7: --{ ! 17.1! 42.4! 1! 1! 6! 4.7; 123.! 58.7! : 19.! 9.9! 19.5: 2.5! 52.8: 1,168.7! 732.8! 27.9; 32.3! 386.1; 28.7! 2! 9! 4! 6! 12; 78.2: 47.5! 28.2; 27.1! 17.2i ! nstruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments nstruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts ! ! 28! 4! J i 1.1 j 96.3! ! ! 62.5; 72.! 262.8! 11.3; 9J 36.! 86.2; 7.9^ ; 417.4; ! 28.9! 31.! 33.2j 151.! 62.2! 59.5! ; ; j 47.9! 148.6; 28.9; 3.9! 33.! 15.6! 61.8; 59.6! 2! 39.3! 6.; Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles. Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , ! 18.9i ! 39! 5.7 i 37.8! 1; 11! 4! 7.3! 33.; 27.3J 16.3! ! 3! 2! : J 82.7! 3.! 52.7! 21.9! 18.8; 11.2! 19.! 43.1 See footnotes at end of table. 68

70 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees " p Production workers 1 p Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , ,973 1, ,948 1, ,883 1, ,843 1, ,8 1,729. 5,618 1, ,594 1, ,54 1, Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee J See footnotes at end of table. 69

71 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 p Nondurable goods Continued Apparel and other textile products- Continued Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings J ) ! Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes J J Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services , , , , , Chemicals and allied products ndustrial inorganic chemicals ndustrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products ndustrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates ndustrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , , , , , , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee See footnotes at end of table. 7

72 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 j j! p! p Nondurable goods Continued Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods i ' J Transportation and public utilities 6,95 6,117 6,197 6,25 6,279 5,14 5,123 5,188 5,239 Transportation 3,856 3,874 3,914 3,979 4,4 Railroad transportation Class railroads plus Amtrak Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs ntercity and rural bus transportation School buses Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air... Public warehousing and storage , , , , ,96.1 1, ,89 1, ,91 1,67.1 1, ,61 1, , , , , Water transportation Water transportation of freight, nee Water transportation services Transportation by air Air transportation, scheduled Air transportation, scheduled Airports, flying fields, and services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications and public utilities 2,239 2,243 2,283 2,271 2,275 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Radio broadcasting stations Television broadcasting stations Cable and other pay television services , , , , , , , , , Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade 6,198 6,216 6,374 6,363 6,377 5,4 5,23 5,174 5,159 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Automobiles and other motor vehicles Motor vehicle supplies and new parts Furniture and home furnishings Furniture Home furnishings , , , , ,695 2, , , , See footnotes at end of table. 71

73 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 i p Wholesale trade Continued Durable goods Continued Lumber and other construction materials Lumber, plywood, and millwork Construction materials, nee Professional and commercial equipment Office equipment Computers, peripherals and software Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Electrical apparatus and equipment Electrical appliances, television and radio sets Electronic parts and equipment Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment Hardware Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Construction and mining machinery Farm and garden machinery ndustrial machinery and equipment ndustrial supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Scrap and waste materials ! 121.8J ) J J ! 11! 32.1) J ; J 113.2J 37! 37! Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Stationery and office supplies Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Groceries, general line Meats and meat products Fresh fruits and vegetables Farm-product raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum products, nee Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Beer and ale Wine and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Farm supplies , i ) J ! 139.3J 16J j ! 2, , , ,682 2, , , , Retail trade 2,647 2,62 21,17 2,966 2,932 18,175 18,141 18,489 18,421 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores J 7.4 General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores Food stores Grocery stores Meat and fish markets Dairy products stores Retail bakeries Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers , , , , , ,59 2, ,33.1 2, , , , ,38 3, ,24 1,7.9 2,52 2, ,36 2, , ,11.2 2, , , , ,1 2, , ,99 2, , ,42 2, ,6.1 2, , , , ,8.3 2, , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 72

74 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry Retail trade Continued Automotive dealers and service stations Continued Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 j ;! j p J 31; ! j 56; ! 6.11! 5.8 p Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores ,121. 1, ! , , , ! 65.8! 268.9i 258.! 162.5J 863.4! 6J 26! 247.7i 157.6! Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores i 76 4! ! 29! 13.3! 57.5J 61.5: 32.! 132.6! 58.8! Eating and drinking places 58 7, ,69.7 7,417. 7, ,26.5 6,53 6,368.5; 6,72.9! 6,642.9! Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Liquor stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Sporting goods and bicycle shops Book stores Stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods Nonstore retailers Catalog and mail-order houses Merchandising machine operators Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Florists, tobacco stores, and newsstands Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee ,3, , , , , , , , ,13 52.! ! 766.1! 266.9! j i 2, ! 76 j ! 78.3! 78.3! 377.9! 378.3! Finance, insurance, and real estate 3 6,957 6,919 7,3 6,972 6,959 5,6 5,27 5,146! 5,85: 5,69 Finance 3,321 3,39 3,332 3,311 3,313 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee Savings institutions Federal savings institutions Savings institutions, except federal Credit unions , ,7.4 1, ,6 1, ,6 1, ,46.3 1, ,41.1 1, , , , , , ,472.! 1,67. j 1,5! 44 i j ! 12 12! Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Business credit institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers ! 99.3! ! 1! Security and commodity brokers Security brokers and dealers Commodity contracts brokers, dealers, and exchanges Security and commodity services , ! J 6! Holding and other investment offices Holding offices See footnotes at end of table. 73

75 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 p Finance, insurance, and real estate Continued nsurance 63,64 2,232 2,232 2,253 2,246 2,247 nsurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Title insurance , , , , ,54.1 1, , , , nsurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Real estate operators and lessors Real estate agents and managers Subdividers and developers , , , , ,399 Services 31,935 32,47 33,219 33,182 33,326 27,936 28,52 29,64 29,18 Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places Hotels and motels ,67.4 1, ,62.6 1, ,76. 1, , , , , , , ,42 Personal services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Photographic studios, portrait Beauty shops Funeral service and crematories Miscellaneous personal services , ' , , , , Business services Advertising Advertising agencies Credit reporting and collection Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services Employment agencies Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Prepackaged software Computer integrated systems design Data processing and preparation nformation retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Photofinishing laboratories , , , , , , , , , , ,19 1, , , , ,24 1, , , , ,276. 1,76.7 5, , , , , , , , , , , , Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 74

76 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees p p Production workers 1 p Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Continued Automotive services, except repair Carwashes Miscellaneous repair services Electrical repair shops Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Motion picture theaters Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs , , , , , , , ,457. 1, , , , , , Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Offices and clinics of chiropractors and optometrists Nursing and personal care facilities Skilled nursing care facilities ntermediate care facilities Nursing and personal care, nee Hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals Psychiatric hospitals Specialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric Medical and dental laboratories Home health care services , ,5 1, , , , , ,77.1 1, , , , , , , ,7 1, , , , , ,7 1, , , ,349. 1,61.9 1,77.7 3, ,12.9 1, , , ,33.4 1, , , , , , ,53. 3, ,25 1, , Legal services Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools , , , , , , , ,29.9 Social services ndividual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee , , , , , , , , , Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Business associations Professional organizations Labor organizations Civic and social associations , , , , , Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping , , , , , , , , , ! 37! See footnotes at end of table. 75

77 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (n thousands) ndustry 1987 SC Code All employees i p p Production workers 1 p " Services Continued Engineering and management services Continued Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services ! ) 6 j Services, nee Government 18,959 19,466 18,9 19,55 19,577 Federal Government 4 2,863 2,844 2,839 2,817 2,792 Executive, by agency 4 Department of Defense Postal Service 5 Other executive agencies Legislative Judicial Federal Government, except Postal Service 2, , ,4 2, , ,2.7 2, , , ,97 1,951.2 Federal Government, by industry: Manufacturing activities Ship building and repairing Transportation and public utilities, except Postal Service Services Hospitals State government Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions State government, except education Local government Transportation and public utilities Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions Local government, except education , , ,79 2,77 4, ,17.8 1,78 2,689 (11,557. OH 1,9111,97.11,69112, J 676.9! 457.5i 69.1 i ,36.1 6,79.9 5,471.9! 6,47! 6,96. 3, ,58 5, ,12 4, , , ,722 3, ,43 4, ,85 1,8 2,689 4,78. 2,39.7 2,668 3,648. 5, , Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Data relate to line-haul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 1993 and to Amtrak. 3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. 4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to civilian employment only and exclude the Central ntelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. 5 ncludes rural mail carriers. - Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 76

78 ESTABLSHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-13. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (n thousands) ndustry July June July Total 54,299 54,462 56,516 55,466 Total private 44,775 44,993 45,929 45,764 Goods-producing 6,611 6,716 6,689 6,69 Mining Construction Manufacturing. 5,96 6,61 6,1 5,924 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment. Transportation equipment nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2, , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products... Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products. Leather and leather products 3, , , , Service-producing 47,688 47,746 49,827 48,857 Transportation and public utilities. 1,75 1,758 1,844 1,82 Wholesale trade 1,883 1,89 1,944 1,943 Retail trade 1,824 1,89 11,11 1,988 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,425 4,42 4,49 4,421 Services 19,282 19,319 2,32 19,983 Government. Federal State Local 9,524 1,22 2,157 6,165 9,469 1,2 2,154 6,115 1,587 1,199 9,72 1,198 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 77

79 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry (n thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area p? Alabama Birmingham.. Huntsville Mobile Montgomery. Tuscaloosa.. 1, , , V) O O ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Alaska Anchorage ol Arizona Phoenix-Mesa. Tucson 1, , , , , , ! Arkansas Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers. Fort Smith Little Rock-North Little Rock Pine Bluff 1, , , ( 1 ) V) California Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Long Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc. Santa Rosa Stockton-Lodi Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa Ventura 12, , , , , , , , ) Colorado Boulder-Longmont. Denver 1, , , V) Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New Haven-Meriden... New London-Norwich. Stamford-Norwalk Waterbury 1, , , ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) V) V) O Delaware Dover Wilmington-Newark District of Columbia. Washington PMSA , , , Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort Myers-Cape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland-Winter Haven Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola Sarasota-Bradenton Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater. West Palm Beach-Boca Raton 5, , , , {2), (*)* (? ) / ' See footnotes at end of table. 78

80 B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry- Continued (n thousands) ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing p Transportation and public utilities? Wholesale and retail trade p Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona Phoenix-Mesa Tucson Arkansas Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Fort Smith Little Rock-North Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Long Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc Santa Rosa Stockton-Lodi Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa Ventura 1, , , , , , Colorado Boulder-Longmont Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New Haven-Meriden New London-Norwich Stamford-Norwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover Wilmington-Newark District of Columbia Washington PMSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort Myers-Cape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland-Winter Haven Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola Sarasota-Bradenton Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater... West Palm Beach-Boca Raton , , , See footnotes at end of table. 79

81 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate ^ Services c: Government Alabama Birmingham.. Huntsville Mobile Montgomery. Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona Phoenix-Mesa. Tucson Arkansas Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers. Fort Smith Little Rock-North Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Long Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc. Santa Rosa Stockton-Lodi Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa Ventura , , , , , , , , Colorado Boulder-Longmont. Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New Haven-Meriden... New London-Norwich. Stamford-Norwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover Wilmington-Newark District of Columbia. Washington PMSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort Myers-Cape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland-Winter Haven Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola Sarasota-Bradenton Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater. West Palm Beach-Boca Raton , , , See footnotes at end of table. 8

82 ( ) B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area ; : Georgia Albany. Athens Atlanta Augusta-Aiken. Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu. 3, , , , , , (! ) () () 1.5:'.41 C) ( ) C) daho Boise City o; llinois Bloomington-Normal Champaign-Urbana Chicago Davenport-Moline-Rock sland. Decatur Kankakee Peoria-Pekin Rockford Springfield 5, , , , , , C) O ( : ) ( (' ) n o () () ( () C) ndiana Bloomington Elkhart-Goshen Evansville-Henderson. Fort Wayne Gary ndianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute 2, , , O C) (' ) o n o o C) () () C) C) C) owa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque owa City Sioux City Waterloo-Cedar Falls. 1, , , C) C) ( : ) (' ) O () () 2.3! C) Kansas Lawrence. Topeka Wichita 1, , , (' ) 1.5! () () 1.5: Kentucky Lexington... Louisville Owensboro. 1, , , i.2\ 6; ;.2: 26.6: 2J.6 ;.5; Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport-Bossier City. 1, , , : 1.1: 6.6; 11.9: 1.4i ! 2.5J 5.4'.1: 1.1; ; 1.4'.3; 13.2; 2.5: Maine Lewiston-Auburn. Portland ( ; ).2 ( ) ( ') () ('') See footnotes at end of table. 81

83 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta-Aiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu daho Boise City llinois Bloomington-Normal Champaign-Urbana Chicago Davenport-Moline-Rock sland Decatur Kankakee Peoria-Pekin Rockford Springfield ndiana Bloomington Elkhart-Goshen Evansville-Henderson Fort Wayne Gary ndianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute owa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque owa City Sioux City Waterloo-Cedar Falls Kansas Topeka Wichita Kentucky Louisiana Monroe New Orleans Shreveport-Bossier City Maine Portland Manufacturing , P Transportation and public utilities p Wholesale and retail trade , , ? , See footnotes at end of table. 82 Digitized for FRASER

84 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , , Services , , p , , Government P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta-Aiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu daho Boise City llinois Bloomington-Normal Champaign-Urbana Chicago Davenport-Moline-Rock sland Decatur Kankakee Peoria-Pekin Rockford Springfield ndiana Bloomington Elkhart-Goshen Evansville-Henderson Fort Wayne Gary ndianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute owa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque owa City Sioux City Waterloo-Cedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport-Bossier City Maine Lewiston-Auburn Portland See footnotes at end of table. 83 Digitized for FRASER

85 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) Total Mining State and area ' ' J Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban Maryland-D.C. Massachusetts Barnstable-Yarmouth. Boston Brockton Fitchburg-Leominster. Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 2, , ,941. l 5 i 1, i 49.1 i i 1! i i 21 ; 2,16. ; 1,116.2! 41.7 i 791.1! 2,95 i j 49.1! j ; i 2,17 1, , i 88.! 14.7 j ! 216.5! < 2 ) (? ) (? ) (? ) ( : ) o o Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Jackson Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Lansing-East Lansing Saginaw-Bay City-Midland Minnesota Duluth-Superior Minneapolis-St. Paul. Rochester St. Cloud 4,19 i ] 7.2 i 1,976. i ! j ,33 ' 1 1, ,228. ; 24 i 7.8 i 2, ; 53.2 j 58.4 i 2.5! 21! 17 2,373. i j 69.3! 79.3 ; 79.1! 25 i 71.3 i j 18! ! 26. i 22.8 i i 16. i 1,541.4! 69.4! 81.5 O V) V) a o 8.3 V) o ( ) o o 8.2 o ( ) o C) o Mississippi. Jackson... Missouri Kansas City. St. Louis Springfield... 1, , , i i j j 1,59.2 i , ,24 15 O o (*) ( ) Montana.. Nebraska. Lincoln... Omaha i j 13 i j O 1.4 ( ; ) 1.4 O Nevada Las Vegas. Reno \ j 17.6, New Hampshire Manchester Nashua Portsmouth-Rochester. New Jersey Atlantic-Cape May Bergen-Passaic Camden Jersey City Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon Monmouth-Ocean Newark Trenton Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton j i 3, j 88.3 : 83.2! 16.9 j 3, j 619.9! 446.6! i ' ! i 3,621.9 j i i ! 36. i 92! 191.6! 58.7 ' O o ( ) o o O O O {' ) V) C) {' ) New Mexico.. Albuquerque. Las Cruces... Santa Fe New York Albany-Schenectady-Troy. Binghamton , , , ( ; ) O O See footnotes at end of table. 84

86 B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major ndustry Continued (n thousands) ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities? Wholesale and retail trade Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban Maryland-D.C Massachusetts Barnstable-Yarmouth Boston Brockton Fitchburg-Leominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Jackson Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Lansing-East Lansing Saginaw-Bay City-Midland , Minnesota Duluth-Superior Minneapolis-St. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua Portsmouth-Rochester New Jersey Atlantic-Cape May Bergen-Passaic Camden Jersey City Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon. Monmouth-Ocean Newark Trenton Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe New York Albany-Schenectady-Troy Binghamton , , See footnotes at end of table. 85

87 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate p Services ^ Government Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban Maryland-D.C Massachusetts Barnstable-Yarmouth. Boston Brockton Fitchburg-Leominster. Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester , , j Michigan Ann Arbor, Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Jackson Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Lansing-East Lansing Saginaw-Bay City-Midland , , , Minnesota Duluth-Superior Minneapolis-St. Paul. Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi. Jackson Missouri Kansas City., St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska. Lincoln... Omaha Nevada Las Vegas. Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua Portsmouth-Rochester New Jersey Atlantic-Cape May Bergen-Passaic Camden Jersey City, Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon Monmouth-Ocean Newark Trenton Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton , , , New Mexico... Albuquerque. Las Cruces... Santa Fe New York Albany-Schenectady-Troy. Binghamton , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 86

88 B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area p *? New York-Continued Buffalo-Niagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls Nassau-Suffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse Utica-Rome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill Greensboro Winston-Salem High Point Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck Fargo-Moorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton-Massillon Cincinnati Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria Columbus Dayton-Springfield Hamilton-Middletown Lima Mansfield Steubenville-Weirton Toledo Youngstown-Warren ,7 3,79 3, , , , , , , ,8.2 3,83.1 3, , , , O ( 1 ) V).3 O V) V) ( 1 ) V) V) O 1 ( 1 ) V) ( 1 ).3 ( 1 ).8 O O 1 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) O O ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) V) ( 1 ) V) Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa 1, , , Oregon Eugene-Springfield Medford-Ashland Portland-Vancouver Salem 1, , , Pennsylvania Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton...: Altoona Erie Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading Scranton Wilkes-Barre Hazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York 5, , , , , , , , , O V) O V) V).4 ( 1 ) V).6 O o O 1 ( 1 ).4 ( 1 ) O.6 O O 1 ( 1 V) ).4 V) V).5 V) ( 1 ) O See footnotes at end of table. 87

89 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Manufacturing p Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade t: New York-Continued Buffalo-Niagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls Nassau-Suffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse Utica-Rome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill Greensboro Winston-Salem High Point Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck Fargo-Moorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton-Massillon Cincinnati Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria Columbus Dayton-Springfield Hamilton-Middletown Lima Mansfield Steubenville-Weirton Toledo Youngstown-Warren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon Eugene-Springfield Medford-Ashland Portland-Vancouver Salem Pennsylvania Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Altoona Erie Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading Scranton Wilkes-Barre Hazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table , , , , , , , , , Digitized for FRASER

90 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area New York-Continued Buffalo-Niagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls Nassau-Suffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse Utica-Rome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill Greensboro Winston-Salem High Point Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck Fargo-Moorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton-Massillon Cincinnati Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria Columbus Dayton-Springfield Hamilton-Middletown Lima Mansfield Steubenville-Weirton Toledo Youngstown-Warren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon Eugene-Springfield Medford-Ashland Portland-Vancouver Salem Pennsylvania Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Altoona Erie Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading Scranton Wilkes-Barre Hazleton State College Williamsport York Finance, insurance, and real estate " Services , , , , , , , , p ,339. 1, , , Government " See footnotes at end of table. 89 Digitized for FRASER

91 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area p P Rhode sland Providence-Fall River-Warwick J South Carolina Charleston-North Charleston Columbia Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson. 1, , , ( 1 ) ( 1 ) O ( 1 ) O 1.9 ( 1 ) V) South Dakota. Rapid City Sioux Falls ( 1 ) 2.6 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol. Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin-San Marcos Beaumont-Port Arthur Brazoria Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito. Bryan-College Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. Worth-Arlington Galveston-Texas City Houston Killeen-Temple Laredo Longview-Marshall Lubbock McAllen-Edinburg-Mission Odessa-Midland San Angelo San Antonio Sherman-Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah Provo-Orem Salt Lake City-Ogden.. 2, , , , , , , , , , , , ( 1 ).5 n o ( 1 ).6 2.6! ( 1 ) ( 1 ) > 3.2 o.5 V) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) V) V) ( 1 ) 3.2 o ( 1 ) o i O.6 6 O ( 1 ) j 12.3J Vermont Barre-Montpelier. Burlington O.6 ( 1 ) ( 1 ).7 O Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News Northern Virginia Richmond-Petersburg Roanoke Washington Seattle-Bellevue-Everett. Spokane Tacoma 3, , , , ,36.9 1, , ,4.9 1, ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) V) V) V) See footnotes at end of table. 9

92 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Manufacturing , , ? , Transportation and public utilities p Wholesale and reta , , il trade ' , Rhode sland Providence-Fall River-Warwick South Carolina Charleston-North Charleston Columbia Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin-San Marcos Beaumont-Port Arthur Brazoria Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito Bryan-College Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. Worth-Arlington Galveston-Texas City Houston Killeen-Temple Laredo Longview-Marshall Lubbock McAllen-Edinburg-Mission Odessa-Midland San Angelo San Antonio Sherman-Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah Provo-Orem Salt Lake City-Ogden Vermont Barre-Montpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News Northern Virginia Richmond-Petersburg Roanoke Washington Seattle-Bellevue-Everett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 91 Digitized for FRASER

93 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Rhode sland Providence-Fall River-Warwick South Carolina Charleston-North Charleston Columbia Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin-San Marcos Beaumont-Port Arthur Brazoria Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito Bryan-College Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. Worth-Arlington Galveston-Texas City Houston Killeen-Temple Laredo Longview-Marshall Lubbock McAllen-Edinburg-Mission Odessa-Midland San Angelo San Antonio Sherman-Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah Salt Lake City-Ogden Vermont Barre-Montpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Lynchburg Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News Northern Virginia Richmond-Petersburg Roanoke Washington Seattle-Bellevue-Everett Tacoma Finance, insurance, and real estate i " Services , , " , Government , , " , See footnotes at end of table. 92 Digitized for FRASER

94 B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls n States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area (> " ' 1 West Virginia Charleston Huntington-Ashland... Parkersburg-Marietta. Wheeling Wisconsin Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah. Eau Claire Green Bay Janesville-Beloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee-Waukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming. Casper... 2, , , ( 1 ) n o C) o Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan-Bayamon. Virgin slands (").9 O.5 ('') 1..6 o See footnotes at end of table. 93

95 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities p Wholes ale and reta il trade ^ West Virginia Charleston Huntington-Ashland Parkersburg-Marietta Wheeling Wisconsin Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah. Eau Claire Green Bay Janesville-Beloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee-Waukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan-Bayamon Virgin slands (? ) See footnotes at end of table. 94

96 B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (n thousands) ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate? Services p Government West Virginia Charleston Huntington-Ashland Parkersburg-Marietta Wheeling Wisconsin Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah Eau Claire Green Bay Janesville-Beloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee-Waukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan-Bayamon Virgin islands Combined with construction. Not available. = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 95

97 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours ; j! p i p 4 _ Total private Goods-producing Mining Metal mining 1 ron ores.11 Copper ores Coal mining 12 Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction 13 Crude petroleum and natural gas 13i Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 14 Crushed and broken stone 142 Construction General building contractors 15 Residential building construction 152 Operative builders 153 Nonresidential building construction 154 Heavy construction, except building 16 Highway and street construction 161 Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors 17 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning 171 Painting and paper hanging 172 Electrical work 173 Masonry, stonework, and plastering 174 Carpentry and floor work 175 Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products 24 Logging 241 Sawmills and planing mills 242 Sawmills and planing mills, general 2421 Hardwood dimension and flooring mills 2426 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 243 Millwork 2431 Wood kitchen cabinets 2434 Hardwood veneer and plywood 2435 Softwood veneer and plywood 2436 Wood containers 244 Wood buildings and mobile homes 245 Mobile homes 2451 Miscellaneous wood products j 3.4! 3.5 i 6.2 i 3.2 j : ; 3.4 Furniture and fixtures 25 Household furniture 251 Wood household furniture 2511 Upholstered household furniture 2512 Metal household furniture 2514 Mattresses and bedsprings 2515 Office furniture 252 Public building and related furniture 253 Partitions and fixtures 254 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures i ; j! 2.9 See footnotes at end of table. 96

98 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Total private Goods-producing ndustry 1987 SC Code $ Average hourly earnings $ $ p $ p $ $ Average weekly earnings $ i T p $396.37! $ $48 i Mining Metal mining ron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway j ! Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures See footnotes at end of table L 97

99 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours p! p Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Ready-mixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes ron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings ron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products , See footnotes at end of table. 98

100 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued,ndustr y ; -.qgy nvciayc VJU ly c sic r Sep,: oct : : '! : ' Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products 32 $12.27 $12.22 $12.46 Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown ; ; 12: Glass containers ;3221 : 14 16; 15; Pressed and blown glass, nee ; Products of purchased glass : Cement, hydraulic : , Structural clay products ' Pottery and related products : 1.64: Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products ' s Concrete block and brick , Concrete products, nee ; Ready-mixed concrete : 3273! Misc. nonmetallic mineral products ; Abrasive products 3291, 1.9 : ; Asbestos products ;3292 j Primary metal industries!33 1; Blast furnaces and basic steel products J ; ' Blast furnaces and steel mills > J Steel pipe and tubes ^ : : ron and steel foundries ; Gray and ductile iron foundries : Malleable iron foundries 3322 ; : Steel foundries, nee 3325 : 11.97: : Primary nonferrous metals 333 ; Primary aluminum!3334 ; 15' : Nonferrous rolling and drawing J335 ; 13.36; ^ Copper rolling and drawing ; ; Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil ' ; Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating J ; Nonferrous foundries (castings) ; ' Aluminum foundries : ; 1.83! Fabricated metal products ; 11.92; 12.1 Metal cans and shipping containers ' Metal cans : 16.66' 16.39, : Cutlery, handtools, and hardware : ; Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws , ; Hardware, nee : ; Plumbing and heating, except electric ' Plumbing fixture fittings and trim J ; : Heating equipment, except electric J , Fabricated structural metal products ; : Fabricated structural metal ; ; 11.3^ Metal doors, sash, and trim : ; 9.6 : Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) ; Sheet metal work ; : Architectural metal work ; ; 1.68! Screw machine products, bolts, etc! : Screw machine products : : Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers ^ 12.74' 12.73; Metal forgings and stampings ;346 19; J ron and steel forgings ;3462 ; 11; ! Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee 3469! 11.22: J Metal services, nee ' : : Plating and polishing 3471 [ : 1.12 Metal coating and allied services ;3479 ; 1.6; Ordnance and accessories, nee 348 ; 18; 15 12; Ammunition, except for small arms, nee ; ; Misc. fabricated metal products ; Valves and pipe fittings, nee : : ^ Misc. fabricated wire products ; See footnotes at end of table. arnings : p : $12.55; 17.94' ' 1.97; 16.38: : ' 12.92: 12.94! 11.39: 17: 19' ' 18' 13.26; 14: 16.12: ; 14: 13.37: 1: 12: 11.42' ', 16.88; 12.23: 11.42' ; 1.32: 11.16: 11.42: 11.46' ; 11.73; 1.8: : 12.9' 11; , 11.5: 1.19! 1.13; 1.29' 17: : ' p : $12.57, ; -! - : - : - ; ; - : ' 17.26: - ; - : - ' - ; :! -. - ; 12.16! - ; ;! - ; 1 - : - 1 ' - : ;! ; 1 - ;! : ; -! - : 1 j $542.33! ; : 545! 466! 686! ! ! ! 529! 474! 599! ; ; ! 648.! 78.89; ; 6.32! 68.76! ! 683.1! 53.27! i 67.95! ! ! 593; ; ! ! ! ! 47 j 51.27; ! 46.7! 488; 472.l ; ! 536! j J i 47! ! 65.43! ! ! 48; J j ; j ! ! Average weekly earnings $ J j ! 479! 51 j ; j 53; ! 511.! i ! ! 586! J 417.9! ! ! j $54; ; 6.6! 638! ; 452.5! 77.7; ! : ' ; 597.6, ! 46.2! 67; ! 767! ! 69! ! ; 54] ; 675! 67! 597.4! 723: 62.99! ; ! ! ! 491; ! 413! 465! i 496.7; ! ! 488! i 478! ! 62.1! 561.7! 737.3! ; 46.82' 429.8! ! 622.2; ! ! ; p : $552.2' ' : : 593' ; ; 536.; 49.15! 62.7! 553 ; 46V 676; ! ; 61.72; 586.9; ! 71.89; ; ! 673.4! ! : 717.6! 68.3! 481! ! 521: ! 73.9! 527! ! ; ! ! i ; 56.53: 42.82! ; ; 46] ; ' ' 639.8' 598! 76.19! ! ; ! , 638! 487.9! 52.79! ! 99

101 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Average weekly hours Average overtime hours ndustry Durable goods Continued ndustrial machinery and equipment. Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets. nternal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment ndustrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8,< , ! j 46.2 j 4! j 4! 4 4 i ! 41.9 j 42.3 i 4 i 4 4 4! ; ! j i 47. ; 43.1 ; 42.9! 4 ' 4 4 j 4 : 4 i 43. j j 43.4 j 43.1 i 4! ! 43. j 4 ; 42.4! ! 45.8! 43.1 j ; 1_ ~"~~ "" ; ;!! ;! :!! !! 6.6! 6.7 ; ;! j 5.8 ; : : : : ; 6.9 : : 3.4 ; 3.4! ; 6.1 ; 5.8 ; 5.8!,. : : ' 2.8 ; 3.! : 7.3 ; 6.3! : 6.! 6.2 j ; :! i '. 6. ;! i ; ; 3.5!!! p Electronic and other electrical equipment.. Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus. Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers... Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Current-carrying wiring devices Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment... Household audio and video equipment. Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories. Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies.. Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment J i 43.! 43.3 j : j 41.4 i ! ] ! j 4 4 j 4! i j 4.8 i 39.8! 4.6 j ! 4.5 j ! 39.5! 41.8! 4.5 ' ! 41.3 ; 41.6 j 41.6 i j i 41.2! 4! 4.! 41.6! 4.3 ; ! 42.2 i j 42.3! ! : : l! : i! 3.1 :.7!! : ; ; 3.5 : 5.8! ; : : ! 3.2 i j 3.5! 3.4! 3.4! ; 2.4 i 3.5: i 3.3 j 2.4! 2.2 ; ' 3.1 ; i ; ; ;! j 6.9 ' See footnotes at end of table. 1

102 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average hourly earnings p! p i! Average weekly earnings [ p! p Durable goods Continued ndustrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets nternal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment ndustrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, dnves, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Current-carrying wiring devices Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment ,8,< , $ j $ j $ $ $13.35J $569.85J ; ! , i ! ! ! J J 57! ; 4! 567J ! $ ! ! ; ! ! 66.32! ; 53) ! ; ! 528; 487.3; ! ; ! 61.21! ; ! ; ; ! 626; ! J 63; J ! 527! ; ; ] 57; 67.48/ 61.22! $ ; 59.92; 463.1! 592! 542J ; ; ! ! 69.J j 482! ! 434; 57.17; 453.4! 423! 55.86! ; 56.68; [ ! ! ! 442! ! ,' i ! 654! ! $ ! ! 714; 544; ! 569! ; j ; 54.47! 56.65! 617.3! 644J 658! j ; 5.95] 591! 496; ! 596.7! ; ! 65.87! 542.7! j ! ! J ; i ! i $ J ! 441; J ! 438.9J ! ! ! i ! 462! ! 53.4) ! ; ; j ; ; See footnotes at end of table. 11

103 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours -4- Sept p _ T _ p Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts.. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers j i 9. j! 7.4! j j j! ! 2.3! C ( 5.C 6.6 5/ nstruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments nstruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts ; 41.2! ! 42.5! i 2.9! 3.5!! 3.4 j ! 2.4!! 3.4 i 2.7! 3.4! i i ' Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties Nondurable goods , j 3.3! j! 2.7!!! Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table ! 8.5! J_

104 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment... Motor vehicles and car bodies. Truck and bus bodies 1987 SC Code Motor vehicle parts and accessories '3714 Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers nstruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments nstruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles. Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties Nondurable goods. Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing.. Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table , Average hourly earnings r! $ $ ! ! ; ; ! 18.18! $17.34; $ ! ; ! ; ! J 17.7! $11.9 $ ! ; 16.87! 12.28J 1.86J ; 7.22! 1.12; 1.49; j ; 9.85! 9.66 j 9.18! 8.89; 9.34! 1.79! 8.22! 7.6! ! p r! $ ! j $17.12! 16.! J 17.86J j $11.8i 11.15! 12.71! 16.52; 12.58! 11.34; 12.9! 12; 11.48! 11.3! 1.78; 9.66! ! i 9.95! 1.18] 1.21 j ; ! 1.89i 8.5! 7.32J 1.3! 1.69! i $ $ $ ! ! ! 17! 11.73J 11.33; i 13] 8.8! i i ! J 9.9J 9.83! 1.88; 8.57! 7.35J 1.51) 11.! p $ $ J , ! j $ ! j i j i ! ! 11.67! 11.69! j ] 8.8 j 12.34] ! ; 9.25! 13.44! 11.86; 1.8! ] $432! 434] ! - ] ; -! j ! 58 -! 573 -! ; ! ] ] J i ; i ] ! ! Average weekly earnings $ $ $ J ' $ $ $ ; 453 j ! 41.88! ! 556! p $ ! 452! ! $ $

105 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours p i p Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 14

106 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average hourly earnings p p Average weekly earnings p Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , $ $ $ $ $ $ ! ! 5! 646; ! ! $ $481! 487.2; 48.5J 48; 52.64; ! 427; ! j ! 49.94! Tobacco products Cigarettes $ ,1 785! ,33.18! 1, $ ' Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods : ! 332! ! ! 327.2; 347.9! ! 42 i 4.64! 416.7! Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings ! ! j j ! j 26.14! ! ) ! j 37.7 j 258! ! 262! ; J 29.4! 26.27! i ! Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table ! ! ; 817.2; ! !

107 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours p p Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated. Envelopes Printing and publishing!27 Newspapers J271 Periodicals ;272 Books 273 Book publishing 2731 Book printing J2732 Miscellaneous publishing J274 Commercial printing 275 Commercial printing, lithographic J2752 Commercial printing, nee 2759 Manifold business forms 276 Blankbooks and bookbinding J278 Printing trade services J ! Chemicals and allied products j28 ndustrial inorganic chemicals ;281 ndustrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics J282 Plastics materials and resins J2821 Organic fibers, noncellulosic 2824 Drugs ;283 Pharmaceutical preparations 2834 Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods 284 Soap and other detergents J2841 Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations j 2842,3 Toilet preparations 2844 Paints and allied products 285 ndustrial organic chemicals ;286 Cyclic crudes and intermediates ndustrial organic chemicals, nee 2869 Agricultural chemicals 287 Miscellaneous chemical products J Petroleum and coal products J29 Petroleum refining 1291 Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products!3 Tires and inner tubes '31 Rubber and plastics footwear J32 Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing 35 Rubber and plastics hose and belting. Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee j 6.1 j 2.1 j! Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic. Luggage. Handbags and personal leather goods J ! j 1.8! 1.6 j 1.8! 2.6 i Service-producing Transportation and public utilities See footnotes at end of table. 16

108 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average hourly earnings p p Average weekly earnings : p : p Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes $ $ $ $ $58 $521.26! ; ! ! ! ; ! $ $525! ! ; ! ; Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services $ ! ! J ! ; ! ! ! ! i ; ' 42.46: ^ 471' ; ! : 519! ; ! ! ; $479 Chemicals and allied products ndustrial inorganic chemicals ndustrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products ndustrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates ndustrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Service-producing Transportation and public utilities , ! $ ! J ! 662; ! ! ; 8.66] ! ! ! ! 67.74; ! 469; 56.72; ! 822.2! ! i ! j ! ; 31.7; ) ! ; i ' i 351 i 563.2! ! ; ! 712.8! ! 627: 638.1! ; ; : ! ! i ; ! 731.7; : 85.6 ; 92.63! 717; ! 333! : 484! ; ; ! 31.58' 273; : $ See footnotes at end of table. 17

109 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours p p Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class railroads plus Amtrak Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation ntercity and rural bus transportation Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage Water transportation: Water transportation services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services j i 42.3! ' 41.8, 43.1 ; Wholesale trade 38.4 : Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods j ! j Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farm-product raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade i i 37.! 37.! i i Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores j 38.1 i See footnotes at end of table. 18

110 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average hourly earnings p! p! Average weekly earnings p Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: j Class railroads plus Amtrak $16.85 $17.1 $17.27 $17.61 $781,841 $86.27 $789 $ Local and interurban passenger transit 41 Local and suburban transportation ntercity and rural bus transportation ! ] 499] Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air. Public warehousing and storage ! ; ; Water transportation: Water transportation services. Pipelines, except natural gas ! i 882' Transportation services 47 Passenger transportation arrangement j472 Travel agencies 4724 Freight transportation arrangement 473 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services ! 43! i 612; j ! Electric, gas, and sanitary services [49 Electric services '491 Gas production and distribution. 492 Combination utility services 493 Sanitary services ] ! ! J ! Wholesale trade $ ! ! $484 Durable goods i 5 Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies 51 Furniture and home furnishings [52 Lumber and other construction materials 53 Professional and commercial equipment j54 Medical and hospital equipment [547 Metals and minerals, except petroleum 55 Electrical goods 56 Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment. 57 Machinery, equipment, and supplies 58 Misc. wholesale trade durable goods 59 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farm-product raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods ! ! 418! 47.26; 584 j ] 54] ! ! i ! J 533! j ! j ) J 356! J j j ; ; Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies j 52 Lumber and other building materials. 521 Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores 525 Retail nurseries and garden stores ] i ! ] ; See footnotes at end of table. 19

111 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ; 1987 : ndustry SC, ; Code _?E Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores : Department stores Variety stores : Misc. general merchandise stores : Average weekly hours p ' ' 29.2 p Average overtime hours j! p! p Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries ;. 28.7; Automotive dealers and service stations 55 3 New and used car dealers ; Auto and home supply stores : Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee ; 38. : ; Apparel and accessory stores ; Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores : : : _ i Furniture and home furnishings stores ; Furniture and home furnishings stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores ; 32.1! Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments ; Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores '5995 ' 33.3 Miscellaneous retail stores, nee : Finance, insurance, and real estate Depository institutions 6 3 Commercial banks 62 3 State commercial banks :622 3 National and commercial banks, nee ;621,9 3 Credit unions , ; _! Nondepository institutions, Personal credit institutions : Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services nsurance carriers ; Life insurance, Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance 633 ' : 37.7 ; Services ; Agricultural services : i 3. See footnotes at end of table. 11

112 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average hourly earnings p p Average weekly earnings p p Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Food stores Grocery stores. Retail oakeries Automotive dealers and service stations 55 New and used car dealers 1551 Auto and home supply stores 553 Gasoline service stations 554 Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores. Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores. Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores. Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee Finance, insurance, and real estate $ $ Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee. Credit unions , Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services nsurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance. Hospital and medical service plans.. Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Agricultural services See footnotes at end of table. 111

113 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours p p Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design nformation retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services ! Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes , Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners.. Nursing and personal care facilities ntermediate care facilities Hospitals See footnotes at end of table. 112

114 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average hourly earnings p p Average weekly earnings Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services $ $ $ $ $ $ $254 $ ! Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services ! Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design nformation retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes , ' 242 J Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners.. Nursing and personal care facilities ntermediate care facilities Hospitals See footnotes at end of table. 113

115 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry 1987 SC Code Average weekly hours p p Average overtime hours p p Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services Legal services Social services ndividual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Membership organizations: Professional organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services Services, nee See footnotes at end of table. 114

116 ESTABLSHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued ndustry Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services. Legal services i 1987 j SC! Code -h J88! 81 $ Average hourly earnings $ $ p $ p $ Average weekly earnings $ $ p $ Social services ndividual and family services Job training and related services. Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Membership organizations: Professional organizations Engineering and management services 87 Engineering and architectural services 871 Engineering services 8711 Architectural services ]8712 Surveying services i8713 Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping 872 Research and testing services J873 Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research 8732 Noncommercial research organizations i8733 Management and public relations 874 Management services [8741 Management consulting services 8742 Public relations services ' Services, nee Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 See table B-15a for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SC 3761) manufacturing. 3 Data relate to line-haul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 1993 and to Amtrak. 4 Money payments only; tips, not included. 5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. - Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 115

117 A Note on Average Hourly Earnings in Aircraft (SC 3721) and Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (SC 3761) Manufacturing For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics average hourly earning series for production workers in aircraft manufacturing (SC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles manufacturing (SC 3761) have been used to escalate labor costs in contracts between aerospace companies and their customers. Although the Bureau's series by definition take account of traditional wage rate changes, they do not capture "lump-sum payments to workers in lieu of general wage increases" which were negotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargaining agreements beginning in late Because of special circumstances in the aerospace industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earnings series for SC 3721 and SC 3761 which include lump-sum payments. These series, beginning in October 1983, the effective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreement using lump-sum payments, were published in the June 1988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and year earlier data are presented in table B-15a along with the average hourly earnings series produced as part of the Current Employment Statistics program. An explanation of the methodology used to derive these series appears in the Explanatory Notes of this publication. B-15a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SC 3761) manufacturing Aircraft (SC 3721) Guided missiles and space vehicles (SC 3761) Series Average hourly earnings, excluding lump-sum payments. $19.66 $19.67 $2.28 p!! $2.37 j $18.45 ; $18.62, $18.72 p $18.92 Average hourly earnings, including lump-sum payments., preliminary. 116

118 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, 1 of production workers on manufacturing payrolls ndustry p Manufacturing $11.45 $11.43 $11.7 $11.77 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. 2 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 117

119 ESTABLSHMENT DATA EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings ndustry p p p p Total private: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $ $ $ $ $11.62 J $39.46 i $39! $ ! 252 $399.98, $ ' Mining: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $ , $ ' Construction: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $ ' ! ; $ ; Manufacturing: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $ ] i ! S : Transportation and public utilities: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $ l ! ; $ j Wholesale trade: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars, $ ! ' i $ ; Retail trade: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars, $ ! ; $ i Finance, insurance, and real estate: Current dollars, Constant (1982) dollars $ i ! ; $455.$ 281 Services: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $ , $ :. 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: The Consumer Price ndex for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CP-W) is used to deflate the earnings series. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 118

120 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area p P Alabama Birmingham Mobile $ $ $ $ ' $ Alaska Arizona Arkansas Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Fort Smith Little Rock-North Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Long Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc Santa Rosa Stockton-Lodi Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa Ventura Colorado Denver ) Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New Haven-Meriden New London-Norwich Stamford-Norwalk Waterbury Delaware Wilmington-Newark District of Columbia: Washington PMSA Florida Georgia Atlanta Savannah Hawaii Honolulu daho llinois Bloomington-Normal Champaign-Urbana Chicago Davenport-Moline-Rock sland Decatur Kankakee Peoria-Pekin Rockford Springfield ndiana Bloomington Elkhart-Goshen Evansville-Henderson Fort Wayne See footnotes at end of table. 119

121 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued State and area ndiana-continued Gary ndianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute owa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Kansas Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Louisiana Baton Rouge New Orleans Shreveport-Bossier City Maine Lewiston-Auburn Portland Maryland Baltimore PMSA Massachusetts Boston Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Jackson Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Lansing-East Lansing Saginaw-Bay City-Midland Minnesota Duluth-Superior Minneapolis-St. Paul St. Cloud Mississippi St. Louis Springfield Montana Nevada Average weekly hours " Average hourly earnings $ $ P $ i Average weekly earnings $ , $ , ! p $ , See footnotes at end of table. 12 Digitized for FRASER

122 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued State and area New Jersey New Mexico Albuquerque New York Albany-Schenectady-Troy Binghamton Buffalo-Niagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Nassau-Suffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse Utica-Rome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill Greensboro Winston-Salem High Point Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill North Dakota Fargo-Moorhead Ohio Akron Canton-Massillon Cincinnati Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria Columbus Dayton-Springfield Hamilton-Middletown Lima Mansfield Steubenville-Weirton Toledo Youngstown-Warren Oklahoma Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon Eugene-Springfield Medford-Ashland Portland-Vancouver Salem Pennsylvania Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Altoona Erie Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Johnstown Philadelphia PMSA Reading Scranton Wilkes-Barre Hazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings $ $ p $ Average weekly earnings $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table. 121 Digitized for FRASER

123 ESTABLSHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNNGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area ^ p Rhode sland Providence-Fall River-Warwick South-Carolina South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville $ $ $ $ $ Texas Dallas Ft. Worth-Arlington Houston San Antonio Utah Salt Lake City-Ogden Vermont Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Northern Virginia Richmond-Petersburg Roanoke Washington West Virginia Charleston Huntington-Ashland Parkersburg-Marietta Wheeling Wisconsin Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah Eau Claire Green Bay Janesville-Beloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee-Waukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Puerto Rico Virgin slands ( 1 ) Not available. (: =- preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 122

124 HOUSEHOLD DATA REGONS AND DVSONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-1. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted 1 (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division r Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July j NORTHEAST Civilian noninstitutional population 2 ' 39,574 Civilian labor force : 25,313 Employed 23,743 1,57 Unemployment rate 6.2! 39,58 25,25 23,77 1, ,58 25,356 23,897 1, ,572 25,29 23,756 1, ,571 25,4 23,9 1,5 39,566 25,458 23,927 1, ,596 25,541 23,972 1, ,592 25,293 23,86 1,487 39,596 25,244 23,736 1, ,599j 39,68: 25,53 i 25,343! 23,957, 23,779 1,547! 1,564: 6.1 i 6.2! 39,621' 25,44 : 23,845: 1,559 : ,628 25,359 23,941 1,418 New England j Civilian noninstitutional population 2 j 1,24 Civilian labor force 6,945 Employed 6, Unemployment rate j 5.8 1,242 6,988 6, ,241 7, 6, ,239 7,5 6, ,241 7,69 6, ,24 6,999 6, ,217 6,984 6, ,215 6,859 6, ,217 6,822 6, ,218 1,221 1,225 1,227 6,925 6,864! 6,92 6,955 6,58 6,496 i 6,553 6, , 35 6.! Middle Atlantic Civilian noninstitutional population 2 j 29,334 Civilian labor force ' 18,369 Employed j 17,21 j 1,168 Unemployment rate ', SOUTH 29,338 18,263 17,118 1, ,339 18,357 17,275 1,82 29,333 18,239 17,15 1, ,33 18,331 17,239 1, ,326 18,458 17,36 1, ,379 18,557 17,374 1,183 29,377 18,434 17,32 1, ,379 18,422 17,292 1, ,381 18,578 17,449! 1, ,387 18,479! 17,2831 1,196; 6.5' 29,396 18,484 17,291 1,192 Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 68,923 45,714 43,15 2,69,! 69,11 45,976 43,428 2,548 69,92 45,847 43,368 2,479 69,16 45,868 43,424 2,445 69,233 45,64 43,427 2,213 69,32 45,883 43,593 2,29 69,334 45,834 43,323 2,512 69,413 45,744 43,281 2,463 69,499 45,758 43,194 2,564 69,583 45,836 43,288 2,548 69,676! 69,776, 69,87 45,744! 45,947' 45,943 43,216 43,3 43,323 2,528! 2,647, 2, ' South Atlantic Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 35,665 23,64 22,363 1,277 East South Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 j 12,159 Civilian labor force 7,946 Employed i 7,52 Unemployment rate. 444 West South Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 ', 21,99 Civilian labor force 14,128 Employed j 13,239 j 888 Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 35,712 23,827 22,541 1,287 12,173 7,913 7, ,126 14,236 13, ,754 23,68 22,455 1,225 12,185 8,71 7, ,153 14,96 13, ,789 23,629 22,443 1,186 12,196 8,14 7, ,175 14,226 13, ,827 23,449 22,4 1,48 12,26 7,947 7, ,2 14,245 13, ,862 23,721 22,665 1,56 12,217 7,863 7, ,223 14,299 13, ,86 23,673 22,445 1,228 12,219 7,888 7, ,256 14,274 13, ,91 23,643 22,425 1,217 12,231 7,811 7, ,281 14,29 13, ,945 23,64 22,395 1,245 12,245 7,789 7, ,38 14,328 13, ,99 23,788 22,542 1,246 12,257 7,76 7, ,336 14,288 13, J 36,91 i 36,139 23,791 23,659! 23,676 22,551 22,48' 22, J 1,251! 1,281 ;!! 12,272 7,8321 7, ,287 7,924! 7,414, 51;! 12,32 7,91 7, ,367j 21,398, 21,429 14,23! ,357 13, , i

125 HOUSEHOLD DATA REGONS AND DVSONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-1. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted 1 Continued (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July MDWEST Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate East North Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate West North Central Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 46,267 32,1 3,515 1,584 32,665 22,276 21,9 1,186 13,62 9,823 9, ,291 32,188 3,693 1,495 32,681 22,32 21,218 1,84 13,61 9,885 9, ,314 32,176 3,715 1,461 32,696 22,24 21,229 1,11 13,618 9,936 9, ,324 32,225 3,829 1,396 32,72 22,256 21,244 1,12 13,622 9,969 9, ,341 32,28 3,88 1,4 32,712 22,312 21, ,629 9,968 9, ,355 32,23 3,764 1,467 32,721 22,364 21,281 1,84 13,634 9,866 9, ,385 32,398 3,89 1,589 32,754 22,524 21,351 1,173 13,631 9,874 9, ,43 32,168 3,674 1,494 32,765 22,479 21,38 1,99 13,638 9,689 9, ,428 32, 3,626 1,374 32,781 22,297 21,293 1,4 13,647 9,73 9, ,453 32,122 3,599 1,523 32,797 22,36 21,235 1,71 46,483 32,197 3,736 1,461 46,515 32,276 3,89 1,467 32, ,839 22,337 22,278; 21,29 21,2141 1,128 1,641 13,656 13,666 9,816 9,86 9,364 9, i 13,676! 13,687 9,9981 9,959 9, WEST Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 42,559 28,644 26,717 1, ,61 28,597 26,69 1, ,66 28,522 26,6491 1, ,697 28,448 26,552 1, ,741 28,625 26,836 1, ,784 28,641 26,825 1, ,834 28,789 26,841 1, ,878 28,687 26,659 2, ,929 28,728 26,837 1, ,98 29,14 27,36 1, ,34 29,3 27,6 1, ,93 29,2 27,152 1,849 Mountain Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 11,339 7,883 7, ,368 7,95 7, ,396 7,894 7, ,421 7,835 7, ,448 7,986 7, ,475 7,978 7, ,496 7,998 7, ,523 7,988 7, ,55 8, 7, ,58 8,9 7, ,69 8,124 7, ,641 8,118 7,77 41 Pacific Civilian noninstitutional population 2 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 31,22 2,761 19,255 1, ,242 2,692 19,195 1, ,264 2,628 19,139 1, ,277 2,613 19,76 1, ,293 2,639 19,196 1, ,39 2,664 19,218 1, ,338 2,791 19,246 1, ,355 2,698 19,7 1, ,379 2,727 19,224 1, ,4 2,924 19,39 1, ,425 2,879 19,32 1, ,452 2,884 19,445 1, These estimates may differ from the results obtained from summing the official State estimates produced and published through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that compose the various census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode sland, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: llinois, ndiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: owa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, daho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 124

126 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) State Nov. Jan. Apr. May July Alabama Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 2,4.6 1, ,4 1, ,5 1, ,48.8 1, ,61.8 1, ,6 1, ,68.8 1, , ,48.9 1, ,5 1, Alaska Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Arizona Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 2,1.6 1, ,1 1, ,18.2 1, , , ,4 1, , , , , , , Arkansas Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1, , , , ,22 1, , , ,22 1, , , , , ,217. 1, , , California 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 15,45 14,17 1, ,58 14, , , ,27 1, , , , , ,19.7 1, , ,29.3 1, , , , , , ,16 1, ,47 14, ,5.1 14, , Colorado Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 2,2 1, ,36.3 1, ,41.3 1, ,46. 1, ,7.9 1, , , ,8 2, ,7 1, ,79.5 1, Connecticut Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1, , , ,62 9 1, ,62 9 1, , ,75 1, , , , , , , , ,73 1, Delaware Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate District of Columbia Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Florida 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , ,93 6, , , , , , , , ,93.4 6, , ,48 31 See footnotes at end of table. 125

127 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Nov. Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July Georgia Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Hawaii Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate daho 3, , , , ,68.3 3, ,68.6 3, , , , , , , , , , , ! 3,651.1! 3,65 3, , i j j ,67 3, Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate llinois 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 5, , ,16.1 5, , , ,969. 5, ,1 5, , , ,11 5, , , ,61.3 5, ,28. 5, ,7 5, ,67.1 5, ndiana Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 3,81.1 2, ,12.6 2, , , , , , , , , ,13 2, ,14 2, , , ,141. 2, , , , , owa Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1, , , , ,562. 1,5 5 1, , , , , , , , ,56. 1, , , ,55 1, , , , , Kansas Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Kentucky Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Louisiana 1,33 1, , , , , ,84 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,35 1, ,86 1, ,35 1, , , ! 1, , ' " , ,28 j 1, ' 6! j 1,876. 1, , j 96.5 i 1, , ,86 1, Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.7 1, , , ,98.3 1, , , , , Maine Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 126

128 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Jan. Feb. Apr. May July Maryland Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 2,7 2, ,79. 2, , , , , ,78.2 2, ,72.5 2, ,7 2, ,79.4 2, ,71 2, , , , , ,749. 2, Massachusetts 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 3,19 3, ,21. 2, ,18.8 3, 17 3,19 3, , , , , , ,14 2, , , ,15 2, ,13 2, Michigan 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 4, , , , , , , , , , ,72.2 4, ,73 4, , , , , ,75 4, ,71 4, , , Minnesota Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 2,58 2, , , ,6.9 2, , , , , , , , ,6 2, , , ,562. 2, , , , Mississippi Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1, , , , , , , , , , ,25 1, ,24 1, , , , , , , ,25 1, ,27 1, Miss' Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 2,79.1 2, , , ,728. 2, , , , , , , , , ,8.1 2, ,8.3 2, ,83.5 2, , , ,81 2, Montana Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Nebraska Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Nevada Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate New Hampshire Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 127

129 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Nov. Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July New Jersey 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 4,41.9 3, ,39.7 3, ,8.6 3, , , ,9. 3, , 3, ,26.3 3, ,16.3 3, , , ,14.4 3, ,18. 3, ,62.5 3, New Mexico Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate New York 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 8,55.6 8, , , ,54.6 8, ,56 8, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,62.2 8, , , North Carolina 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 3, , ,63 3, ,65 3, ,68.9 3, ,65 3, , , ,66 3, ,64 3, ,69.1 3, ,66.8 3, ,648. 3, ,652. 3, North Dakota Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate Ohio 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 5,51 5, ,54 5, ,57. 5,3 26 5, , ,49 5, , , , , , , ,61.8 5, , , , , , , Oklahoma Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1, , ,546. 1, , , ,54 1, , , , , , , , ,46 7 1, , , ,48 7 1,56 1, ,55 1, Oregon Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 1,65 1, , , , , , , ,65 1, ,66.9 1, ,67.4 1, , , , , ,68 1, ,682. 1, , , Pennsylvania 1 Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate 5, , , , , , ,792. 5, , , ,8 5, , , , , ,8 5, , , , , ,79 5, Rhode sland Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate See footnotes at end of table. 128

130 STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July P South Carolina! Civilian labor force j 1,832.3 ; 1,83 Employed ' 1,723. ' 1, Unemployment rate 6. j South Dakota! Civilian labor force! Employed j 11.9 j 11.8 Unemployment rate! 3.2 j 3.1 i i Tennessee!! j j 1,83 1, Civilian labor force! 2,696.8 ' 2,7! 2,721. Employed j 2,57 2,58 2,6 j j j Unemployment rate i! 1, , ,76.7 2, , , , , ,84 1, , , ,84 1, ,65 2, ,85.8! 1,76.3 i 9.5! j i i 3.3. j 1,86 1,773.4 j 91.7! i ,667.9! 2,68 2,55.9 2, i 1,849.9 j 1,763.5! 8! , , , , !, ,69 2, ,857.! 1,76, 91.6! j , , ,689.6, 2,79.4 2,552.9! 2, j 142. Texas 1 Civilian labor force j 9,34.1 i 9,398. Employed ' 8,75 8, Unemployment rate 6.3 j 6. Utah Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate. Vermont Civilian labor force Employed Unemployment rate s 1! j 37.2! ; Virginia Civilian labor force j 3, ,443.5 Employed 3,27.6 j 3,276.5 ' [ Unemployment rate! Washington! Civilian labor force : 2,7 2,79.3 Employed j 2,538.7 j 2, i 16 Unemployment rate 6.2 : 6.1 j 9,47 8, ,4 3, ,71 2, , , ,45 3, , , , , , , ,75 2, , , ,51 3, , ,482. 8, ,53 3, ,77 2, ,56.3, 8, ; j 31.6! 13.5 i! , 6.3!! j ; , , ,52.5 3,36 > 3, ,79 2, , ,66.2 9,67.1 9,558.1! 9,631. 9,5. 9,5 ' 9,28.8 j 8,918.6 j 9, ! : i : j 2, ,823.5 j 2,64! 2,646.6 ',lj i 3,52 j 3,527.4! 3,367.1 : 3,369.3 : j 158.2! i 1, ! ! ,53 ' 3, ,373.3, 3, ! 162.8! [! 2,81 2, , ,639.7! 2,629.! 2, ; : 6.7 West Virginia Civilian labor force! ; Employed j 719.! 6, Unemployment rate 8.2! Wisconsin! i i Civilian labor force : 2,8 2,81.7 Employed \ 2,672.9 j 2,671. j Unemployment rate j! Wyoming. j Civilian labor force Employed j ; j 12.6 Unemployment rate j ,82.2 2, , , , , ,81.5 2, ,89. 2, j , , j ,85 2, , , ! 8.2 : j i 2, , ! ; i 2, , ! : j 12. j 11.5 : 11.1 j! Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Explanatory Notes for Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data. p = preliminary. See the NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 129

131 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor force Number Percent of labor force p p Alabama Birmingham... Huntsville Mobile Montgomery. Tuscaloosa... 2, , , Alaska Anchorage Arizona Phoenix-Mesa. Tucson 2,18.6 1, ,14.3 1, , , Arkansas Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers. Fort Smith Little Rock-North Little Rock Pine Bluff 1, , , California 1 Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Long Beach 1 Modesto Oakland Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc. Santa Rosa Stockton-Lodi Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa Ventura 15, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Colorado Boulder-Longmont. Denver 2, ,36.6 2, ,72.6 2, , Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New Haven-Meriden... New London-Norwich. Stamford-Newark Waterbury 1, , , Delaware Dover Wilmington-Newark District of Columbia.. Washington , , , Florida 1 Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort Myers-Cape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland-Winter Haven Melboume-Titusville-Palm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola Sarasota-Bradenton Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater. West Palm Beach-Boca Raton 6, , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 13

132 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor force P Number P Percent of labor force Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta-Aiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu daho Boise City llinois 1 Bloomington-Normal Champaign-Urbana Chicago Davenport-Moline-Rock sland Decatur Kankakee Peoria-Pekin Rockford Springfield ndiana Bloomington Elkhart-Goshen Evansville-Henderson Fort Wayne Gary ndianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute owa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque owa City Sioux City Waterloo-Cedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport-Bossier City Maine Lewiston-Auburn Portland 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 131 Digitized for FRASER

133 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor force Number Percent of labor force ^ P Maryland Baltimore 2,716. 1,23.6 2, , , , Massachusetts 1 Barnstable-Yarmouth Boston Brockton Fitchburg-Leominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 3, , , , , , Michigan 1 Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland Jackson Kalamazoo-Battle-Creek Lansing-East Lansing Saginaw-Bay City-Midland 4, , , , , , Minnesota Duluth-Superior Minneapolis-St.Paul Rochester St. Cloud 2, , , , , , Mississippi Jackson 1, , , Missouri Kansas City St. Louis LMA Springfield 2, , , , , , Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada, Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua Portsmouth-Rochester New Jersey 1 Atlantic-Cape May Bergen-Passaic Jersey City Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon... Monmouth-Ocean Newark Trenton Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton 4, , i 6! 4, New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 132

134 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor force 8, , ,76 3, , , , , , , ,42 1, , ,37.9 3, , , , , , , , , , P 8, , ,87.3 3, , , , , , , ,42 1, Number ? Percent of labor force P New York 1 Albany-Schenectady-Troy Binghamton Buffalo-Niagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls Nassau-Suffolk New York New York City 1 Newburgh Rochester Syracuse Utica-Rome North Carolina 1 Asheville Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck Fargo-Moorhead Grand Forks Ohio 1 Akron Canton-Massillon Cincinnati Cleveland-Lore in-elyria Columbus Dayton-Springfield Hamilton-Middletown Lima Mansfield Steubenville-Weirton Toledo Youngstown-Warren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon Eugene-Springfield Medford-Ashland Portland-Vancouver Salem Pennsylvania 1 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Altoona Erie Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode sland Providence-Fall River-Warwick See footnotes at end of table. 133 Digitized for FRASER

135 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor force Number Percent of labor force " ^? South Carolina Charleston-North Charleston Columbia Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson 1, , , South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 2, , , Texas 1 Abilene Amarillo Austin-San Marcos Beaumont-Port Arthur Brazoria Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito Bryan-College Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth-Arlington Galveston-Texas City Houston Killeen-Temple Laredo Longview-Marshall Lubbock McAllen-Edinburg-Mission Odessa-Midland San Angelo San Antonio Sherman-Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 9, , , ! , , , , , , Utah Provo-Orem Salt Lake City-Odgen , , Vermont Burlington Virginia Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News Richmond-Petersburg Roanoke 3, , , Washington Spokane Tacoma Seattle-Bellevue-Everett j 2, ,17 2, ,23 2, , See footnotes at end of table. 134 Digitized for FRASER

136 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian labor force Number Percent of labor force " " West Virginia Charleston Huntington-Ashland Parkersburg-Marietta Wheeling Wisconsin Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah Eau Claire Green Bay Janesville-Beloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee-Waukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2, , Wyoming Casper Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey (CPS). See the Explanatory Notes for Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. 135

137 Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error ntroduction The statistics in this periodical are compiled from two major sources: (1) household interviews, and (2) reports from employers. Data based on household interviews are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of the population 16 years of age and over. The survey is conducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey also provides data on the characteristics and past work experience of those not in the labor force. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 56, households located in 792 sample areas. These areas are chosen to represent all counties and independent cities in the U.S., with coverage in 5 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the 12th of the month. Data based on establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires and telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. The Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey is designed to provide industry information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas. The employment, hours, and earnings series are based on payroll reports from a sample of about 39, establishments employing over 47 million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time, who receive pay during the payroll period which includes the 12th of the month. RELATON BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND ESTABLSHMENT SERES The household and establishment data complement one another, each providing significant types of information that the other cannot suitably supply. Population characteristics, for example, are obtained only from the household survey, whereas detailed industrial classifications are much more reliably derived from establishment reports. Data from these two sources differ from each other because of variations in definitions and coverage, source of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. Sampling variability and response errors are additional reasons for discrepancies. The major factors which have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two data series are as follows. Employment Coverage. The household survey definition of employment comprises wage and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), self-employed persons, and unpaid workers who worked 15 hours or more during the reference week in family-operated enterprises. Employment in both agricultural and nonagricultural industries is included. The payroll survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments. Multiple jobholding. The household survey provides information on the work status of the population without duplication, since each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. Employed persons holding more than one job are counted only once. n the figures based on establishment reports, persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the reference week that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, vacation, bad weather, childcare problems, labor-management disputes, or because they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off. n the figures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period are not. Hours of work The household survey measures hours worked for all workers whereas the payroll survey measures hours for private production and nonsupervisory workers paid for by employers. n the household survey, all persons with a job but not at work are excluded from the hours distributions and the computations of average hours at work. n the pay- 137

138 roll survey, production or nonsupervisory employees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leave are included and assigned the number of hours for which they were paid during the reporting period. Earnings The household survey measures the earnings of wage and salary workers in all occupations and industries in both the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usual earnings received from the worker's sole or primary job. Data from the establishment survey generally refer to average earnings of production and related workers in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private service-producing industries. For a comprehensive discussion of the various earnings series available from the household and establishment surveys, see BLS Measures of Compensation, BLS Bulletin 2239 (1986). COMPARABLTY OF HOUSEHOLD DATA WTH OTHER SERES Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed total from the household survey includes all persons who did not have a job during the reference week, were currently available for a job, and were looking for work or were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemployment insurance. Figures on unemployment insurance claims, prepared by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor, exclude, in addition to otherwise ineligible persons who do not file claims for benefits, persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and self-employed and unpaid family workers). n addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used in the household survey. For example, persons with a job but not at work and persons working only a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as employed rather than unemployed in the household survey. For an examination of the similarities and differences between State insured unemployment and total unemployment, see "Measuring Total and State nsured Unemployment" by Gloria P. Green in the June 1971 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Agricultural employment estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage are the inclusion of persons under 16 in the National Agricultural Statistics Service series and the treatment of dual jobholders, who are counted more than once if they work on more than one farm during the reporting period. There are also wide differences in sampling techniques and data collecting and estimating methods, which cannot be readily measured in terms of their impact on differences in the levels and trends of the two series. COMPARABLTY OF PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT DATA WTH OTHER SERES Statistics on manufacturers and business, Bureau of the Census. BLS establishment statistics on employment differ from employment counts derived by the Bureau of the Census from its censuses or sample surveys of manufacturing and business establishments. The major reasons for noncomparability are different treatment of business units considered parts of an establishment, such as central administrative offices and auxiliary units; the industrial classification of establishments; and different reporting patterns by multiunit companies. There are also differences in the scope of the industries covered, e.g., the Census of Business excludes professional services, public utilities, and financial establishments, whereas these are included in the BLS statistics. County Business Patterns, Bureau of the Census. Data in County Business Patterns (CBP) differ from BLS establishment statistics in the treatment of central administrative offices and auxiliary units. Differences may also arise because of industrial classification and reporting practices. n addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and most of government, and coverage is incomplete for some of the nonprofit agencies. Employment covered by State unemployment insurance programs. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers are covered by the unemployment insurance programs. However, some employees, such as those working in parochial schools and churches, are not covered by unemployment insurance, whereas they are included in the BLS establishment statistics. 138

139 Household Data ("A" tables, monthly; "D" tables, quarterly) COLLECTON AND COVERAGE Statistics on the employment status of the population and related data are compiled by BLS using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS).This monthly survey of households is conducted for BLS by the Bureau of the Census through a scientifically selected sample designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 16 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, which includes the 12th day of the month. This is known as the "reference week." Actual field interviewing is conducted in the following week, referred to as the "survey week." Each month about 56, occupied units are eligible for interview. Some 3,4 of these households are contacted but interviews are not obtained because the occupants are not at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for other reasons. This represents a noninterview rate for the survey that of about 6 percent. n addition to the 56, occupied units, there are 9,7 sample units in an average month which are visited but found to be vacant or otherwise not eligible for enumeration. Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan, as explained later, provides for three-fourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and one-half to be common with the same month a year earlier. CONCEPTS AND DEFNTONS The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 194; those in use as of January are as follows: Civilian noninstitutional population. ncluded are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 5 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (e.g., penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, child-care problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. ncluded in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations. persons. All persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the 4-week-period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reason for unemployment. Unemployment is also categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into five major groups: (1) Job losers, comprised of (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), and (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; (2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) Persons who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended; (4) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (5) New entrants, persons who never worked. Each of these five categories of the unemployed can be expressed as a proportion of the entire civilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian 139

140 workers. (For statistical presentation purposes, "job losers" and "persons who completed temporary jobs" are combined into a single category until seasonal adjustments can be developed for the separate categories.) Jobseekers. All unemployed persons who made specific efforts to find a job sometime during the 4-week period preceding the survey week are classified as jobseekers. Jobseekers do not include persons classified as on temporary layoff, who although often looking for work, are not required to do so to be classified as unemployed. Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work. Only active methods which have the potential to result in a job offer without further action on the part of the jobseeker qualify as job search. Examples include going to an employer directly or to a public or private employment agency, seeking assistance from friends or relatives, placing or answering ads, or using some other active method. Examples of the "other" category include being on a union or professional register, obtaining assistance from a community organization, or waiting at a designated labor pickup point. Passive methods, which do not qualify as job search, include reading (as opposed to answering or placing) "help wanted" ads and taking a job training course. Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above. Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Not in the labor force. ncluded in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. nformation is collected on their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in the 4 week period prior to the survey week. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. Persons classified as not in the labor force who are in the sample for either their fourth or eighth month are asked additional questions relating to job history and workseeking intentions. These latter data are available on a quarterly basis. Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This information for the employed applies to the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. The occupational and industrial classification of CPS data is based on the coding systems used in the 199 census. The class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories: Private and government wage and salary workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Self-employed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category in the class of worker typology. Self-employed persons who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers, because technically, they are paid employees of a corporation. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 15 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Multiple jobholders. These are employed persons who, during the reference week, had either two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, were self-employed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. A person employed only in private households (cleaner, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two or more employers during the reference week is not counted as a multiple jobholder, since working for several employers is considered an inherent characteristic of private household work. Also excluded are selfemployed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers. Hours of work. These statistics relate to the actual number of hours worked during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 4 hours a week but were off on the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. For persons working in more than one job, the published figures relate to the number of hours worked in all jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the major job. Unpublished data are available for the hours worked in each job and for usual hours. At work part time for economic reasons. Sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, this category refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part time must also indicate that they want and are available to work full time to be classified as on part time for economic reasons. 14

141 At work part time for noneconomic reasons. This group includes those persons who usually work part time and were at work 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include, for example: llness or other medical limitations, child-care problems or other family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and being in a job where full-time work is less than 35 hours. The group also includes those who gave an economic reason for usually working 1 to 34 hours but said they do not want to work full time or were unavailable for such work. Usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons "at work" exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours-worked category, "with a job but not at work." These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for such reasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. n order to differentiate a person's normal schedule from their activity during the reference week, persons are also classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. n this context, full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group will include some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who are temporarily absent from work. Similarly,part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who are temporarily absent from work. Thefull-time labor force includes all employed persons who usually work full time and unemployed persons who are either looking for full-time work or are on layoff from full-time jobs. The part-time labor force consists of employed persons who usually work part time and unemployed persons who are seeking or are on layoff from part-time jobs. Unemployment rates for full- and parttime workers are calculated using the concepts of the fulland part-time labor force. White, black, and other. These are terms used to describe the race of persons. ncluded in the "other" group are American ndians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific slanders. Because of the relatively small sample size, data for "other" races are not published. n the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic origin. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus they are included in both the white and black population groups. Vietnam-era veterans. These are persons who served in the Armed Forces of the United States between August 5,1964, and May 7, Published data are limited to men in the civilian noninstitutional population; i.e., veterans in institutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans are persons who never served in the Armed Forces. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders.) Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (e.g., annual, monthly, hourly) are converted to weekly. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. f the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excluding self-employed persons who respond that their business's were incorporated) who usually work full time on their sole or primary job. Median earnings. These figures indicate the value which divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians as shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $5 centered interval within which each median falls. Data expressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Consumer Price ndex for All Urban Consumers (CP-U). Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status. These are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces, or any other reasons. Household. A household consists of all persons related family members and all unrelated persons who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to either husbands or wives in married-couple families but relates only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple fami- 141

142 lies or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is either single, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent. Data on the earnings of families exclude all those in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either self-employed or in the Armed Forces. HSTORCAL COMPARABLTY Changes in concepts and methods While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the survey in 194, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Some of the most important changes include: n 1945, the questionnaire was radically changed with the introduction of four basic employment questions. Prior to that time, the survey did not contain specific question wording, but rather relied on a complicated scheme of activity prioritization. n 1953, the current rotation system was adopted, whereby households are interviewed for 4 consecutive months, leave the sample for 8 months, and then return to the sample for the same 4 months of the following year. Before this system was introduced, households were interviewed for 6 consecutive months and then replaced. The new system provided some year-to-year overlap in the sample, thereby improving measurement over time. n 1955, the survey reference week was changed to the calendar week including the 12th day of the month, for greater consistency with the reference period used for other labor-related statistics. Previously, the calendar week containing the 8th day of the month had been used as the reference week. n 1957, the employment definition was modified slightly as a result of a comprehensive interagency review of labor force concepts and methods. Two relatively small groups of persons classified as employed, under "with a job but not at work," were assigned to different classifications. Persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 3 days of the layoff date, and persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new wage and salary job within 3 days of interview, were, for the most part, reassigned to the unemployed classification. The only exception was the small subgroup in school during the reference week but waiting to start new jobs, which was transferred to not in the labor force. n 1967, more substantive changes were made as a result of the recommendations of the President's Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics (the Gordon Committee). The principal improvements were as follows: a) A 4-week job search period and specific questions on jobseeking activity were introduced. Previously, the questionnaire was ambiguous as to the time period for jobseeking and there were no specific questions concerning job-search methods. b) An availability test was introduced whereby a person must be currently available for work in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, there was no such requirement. This revision to the concept mainly affected students, who, for example, may begin to look for summer jobs in the spring although they will not be available until June or July. Such persons, until 1967, had been classified as unemployed but since have been assigned to the "not in the labor force" category. c) Persons "with a job but not at work" because of strikes, bad weather, etc., who volunteered that they were looking for work, were shifted from unemployed status to employed. d) The lower age limit for official statistics on employment, unemployment, and other labor force concepts was raised from 14 to 16 years. Historical data for most major series have been revised to provide consistent information based on the new minimum age limit. e) New questions were added to obtain additional information on persons not in the labor force, including those referred to as "discouraged workers," defined as persons who indicate that they want a job but are not currently looking because they believe there are no jobs available or none for which they would qualify. f) New "probing" questions were added to the questionnaire in order to increase the reliability of information on hours of work, duration of unemployment, and self-employment. n, major changes to the Current Population Survey (CPS) were introduced, which included a complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computer-assisted interviewing for the entire survey. n addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of some changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey were: a) The introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant 142

143 information, and to take advantage of state-of-the-art computer interviewing techniques. b) The addition of two, more objective, criteria to the definition of discouraged workers. Prior to, to be classified as a discouraged worker, a person must have wanted a job and be reported as not currently looking because of a belief that no jobs were available or that there were none for which he or she would qualify. Beginning in, persons classified as discouraged must also have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work during the reference week (a direct question on availability was added in ; prior to, availability had been inferred from responses to other questions). These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual's stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market. c) Similarly, the identification of persons employed part time for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours in the reference week because of poor business conditions or because of an inability to find full-time work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part time: They must want and be available for full-time work. Previously, such information was inferred. (Persons who usually work full time but worked part time for an economic reason during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.) d) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as "on temporary layoff," persons must expect to be recalled to their jobs. Previously, the questionnaire did not include explicit questions about the expectation of recall. e) Persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new job within 3 days must have looked for work in the 4 weeks prior to the survey in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, such persons did not have to meet the job-search requirement in order to be included among the unemployed. For additional information on changes in CPS concepts and methods, see Concepts and Methods used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, BLS Report 463, October 1976 and "Overhauling the Current Population Survey Why is it Necessary to Change?," "Redesigning the Questionnaire," and "Evaluating Changes in the Estimates," Monthly Labor Review, September 1993, and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January," in the February issue of this publication. Noncomparability of labor force levels n addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes have also affected the comparability of the labor force data. Beginning in 1953, as a result of introducing data from the 195 census into the estimating procedures, population levels were raised by about 6,; labor force, total employment, and agricultural employment were increased by about 35,, primarily affecting the figures for totals and men; other categories were relatively unaffected. Beginning in 196, the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii resulted in an increase of about 5, in the population and about 3, in the labor force. Four-fifths of this increase was in nonagricultural employment; other labor force categories were not appreciably affected. Beginning in 1962, the introduction of data from the 196 census reduced the population by about 5, and labor force and employment by about 2,; unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. Beginning in 1972, information from the 197 census was introduced into the estimation procedures, increasing the population by about 8,; labor force and employment totals were raised by a little more than 3,; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. n March 1973, a subsequent population adjustment based on the 197 census was introduced. This adjustment, which affected the white and black-and-other groups but had little effect on totals, resulted in the reduction of nearly 3, in the white population and an increase of the same magnitude in the black-and-other population. Civilian labor force and total employment figures were affected to a lesser degree; the white labor force was reduced by 15,, and the black-and-other labor force rose by about 21,. Unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 1974, the method used to prepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population was modified to an "inflation-deflation" approach. This change in the derivation of the estimates had its greatest impact on estimates of 2- to 24-year old men particularly those of the black-and-other population but had little effect on estimates of the total population 16 years and over. Additional information on the adjustment procedure appears in "CPS Population Controls Derived from nflation-deflation Method of Estimation," in the February 1974 issue of this publication. Effective in July 1975, as a result of the large inflow of Vietnamese refugees into the United States, the total and 143

144 black-and-other independent population controls for persons 16 years and over were adjusted upward by 76, (3, men and 46, women). The addition of the refugees increased the black-and-other population by less than 1 percent in any age-sex group, with all of the changes being confined to the "other" component of the population. Beginning in January 1978, the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in the estimation procedures resulted in an increase of about 25, in the civilian labor force and employment totals; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1978" in the February 1978 issue of this publication. Beginning in October 1978, the race of the individual was determined by the household respondent for the incoming rotation group households, rather than by the interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was to provide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race. Thus, in October 1978, one-eighth of the sample households had race determined by the household respondent and seveneighths of the sample households had race determined by interviewer observation. t was not until January 198 that the entire sample had race determined by the household respondent. The new procedure had no significant effect on the estimates. Beginning in January 1979, the first-stage ratio adjustment method was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. Differences between the old and new procedures existed only for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates, not for the total United States. The reasoning behind the change and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1979" in the February 1979 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1982, the second-stage ratio adjustment method was changed. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1982" in the February 1982 issue of this publication. n addition, current population estimates used in the second-stage estimation procedure were derived from information obtained from the 198 census, rather than the 197 census. This change caused substantial increases in the total population and in the estimates of persons in all labor force categories. Rates for labor force characteristics, however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 3, labor force series were adjusted back to 197 to avoid major breaks in series. The adjustment procedure used is also described in the February 1982 article cited above. The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks in series occurring between 1972 and 1979 (described above), and data users should consider them when comparing estimates from different periods. Beginning in January 1983, the first-stage ratio adjustment method was updated to incorporate data from the 198 census. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983 issue of this publication. There were only slight differences between the old and new procedures in estimates of levels for the various labor force characteristics and virtually no differences in estimates of participation rates. Beginning in January 1985, most of the steps of the CPS estimation procedure the noninterview adjustment, the first- and second-stage ratio adjustments, and the composite estimator were revised. These procedures are described in the Estimating Methods section. A description of the changes and an indication of their effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1985" in the February 1985 issue of this publication. Overall, the revisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. The greatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanic origin. Major estimates were revised back to January 198. Beginning in January 1986, the population controls used in the second-stage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect an explicit estimate of the number of undocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 198 and an improved estimate of the number of emigrants among legal foreignborn residents for the same time period. As a result, the total civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by nearly 4,; civilian employment was increased by about 35,. The Hispanic-origin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 425, and 35,, respectively, and Hispanic employment by 27,. Overall and subgroup unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Because of the magnitude of the adjustments for Hispanics, data were revised back to January 198 to the extent possible. An explanation of the changes and their effect on estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1986" in the February 1986 issue of this publication. Beginning in August 1989, the second-stage ratio estimate cells were changed slightly to decrease the chance of very small cells occurring and to be more consistent with published age, sex, race cells. This change had virtually no effect on national estimates. Beginning in January, population estimates used in the second stage estimation procedure were based on information obtained from the 199 census (adjusted for the undercount as measured by the Census Bureau's Post Enumeration Survey). This change resulted in substantial increases in total population and in all major labor force cat- 144

145 egories. Under the new population controls, the civilian noninstitutional population increased by about 1.3 million, with much of the increase occurring among Hispanics. Estimates of employment were raised by about 95,, and unemployment by approximately 2,. n addition, the overall unemployment rate rose by about.1 percentage point, largely reflecting the increase in the Hispanic share of the population, which has a higher-than-average incidence of unemployment. For further information, see "Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective January," in the February issue of this publication. Additionally, for the period January through May, the composite estimation procedure was suspended due to technical and logistical reasons. Changes in the occupational and industrial classification system Beginning in 1971, the comparability of occupational employment data was affected as a result of changes in the occupational classification system for the 197 census that were introduced into the CPS. Comparability was further affected in December 1971, when a question relating to major activity or duties was added to the monthly CPS questionnaire in order to determine more precisely the occupational classification of individuals. As a result of these changes, meaningful comparisons of occupational employment levels could not be made between and prior years nor between those 2 years. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. For a further explanation of the changes in the occupational classification system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classifications for 1971" and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey" in the February 1971 and February 1972 issues, respectively, of this publication. Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 198 census were introduced into the CPS. The 198 census occupational classification system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 197 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. For example, the 198 major group "sales occupations" is substantially larger than the 197 category "sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" from "clerical workers" and some self-employed proprietors in retail trade establishments from "managers and administrators, except farm." The industrial classification system used in the 198 census was based on the 1972 Standard ndustrial Classification (SC) system, as modified in The adoption of the new system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. The most notable changes from the 197 system were the transfer of farm equipment stores from "retail" to "wholesale" trade, postal service from "public administration" to "transportation," and some interchange between "professional and related services" and "public administration." Additional information on the 198 census occupational and industrial classification systems appears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 199 census were introduced into the CPS. (These systems were largely based on the 198 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and 1987 Standard ndustrial Classification (SC) systems, respectively.) There were a few breaks in comparability between the 198 and 199 census-based systems, particularly within the "technical, sales, and administrative support" categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from "business services" to "professional services" and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. A number of industry titles were changed as well, with no change in content. Sampling Since the inception of the survey, there have been various changes in the design of the CPS sample. The sample is traditionally redesigned and a new sample selected after each decennial census. Also, the number of sample areas and the number of sample persons are changed occasionally. Most of these changes are made in order to improve the efficiency of the sample design, increase the reliability of the sample estimates, or control cost. Changes in this regard since 196 are as follows: When Alaska and Hawaii received statehood in 1959 and 196, respectively, three sample areas were added to the existing sample to account for the population of these States. n January 1978, a supplemental sample of 9, housing units, selected in 24 States and the District of Columbia, was designed to provide more reliable annual average estimates for States. n October 1978, a coverage improvement sample of approximately 45 sample household units representing 237, occupied mobile homes and 6, new construction housing units was added. n January 198, another supplemental sample of 9, households selected in 32 States and the District of Columbia was added. A sample reduction of about 6, units was implemented in May n January 1982, the sample was expanded by 1 households to provide additional coverage in counties added to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), which were redefined in n January 1985, a new State-based CPS sample was selected based on 198 census information. A sample reduction of about 4, households was implemented in April 1988; they were reinstated during the 8-month period, April- November A redesigned CPS sample based on the 199 decennial census has been selected for use during the 199's. Households from this new sample were phased in between April and July. The July sample is the first monthly sample based entirely on the 199 census. For further information on the 199 sample redesign, see "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey" in the May issue of this publication. 145

146 The 199 census-based sample design includes about 66, housing units per month located in 792 selected geographic areas called primary sampling units (PSU's). The sample was initially selected to meet specific reliability criteria for the Nation, for each of the 5 States and the District of Columbia, and for the sub-state areas of New York City and the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area. Since 1985, these reliability criteria have been maintained through periodic additions and deletions in the State samples. The criteria, given below, are based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the unemployment level, where the CV is defined as the standard error of the estimate divided by the estimate, expressed as a percentage. These CV controls assume a 6-percent unemployment rate to establish a consistent specification of sampling error. Nationally, a 1.8-percent CV is maintained on the monthly estimate of the number of unemployed persons, assuming a 6-percent unemployment rate. This translates into a change of.2 percentage point in the unemployment rate being significant at a 9-percent confidence level. n 11 States California, Florida, llinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas a CV of 8 percent or less is maintained on the monthly estimates of unemployment level. The CV's for California and New York, however, are about 6 percent, because of sub-state reliability requirements. n these States, a 9-percent CV is maintained on the monthly estimates of unemployment level for the Los-Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area and New York City. This 9-percent CV also applies to the balance of the two States. n the other 39 States and the District of Columbia, an 8-percent CV is maintained on the annual average unemployment level estimate. n the first stage of sampling, the 792 sample areas are chosen. n the second stage, ultimate sampling unit clusters composed of about four housing units each are selected. Each month, about 66, housing units are assigned for data collection, of which about 56,3 are occupied and thus eligible for interview. The remainder are units found to be destroyed, vacant, converted to nonresidential use, containing persons whose usual place of residence is elsewhere, or ineligible for other reasons. Of the 56,3 housing units, about 6 percent are not interviewed in a given month due to temporary absence (vacation, etc.), other failures to make contact after repeated attempts, inability of persons contacted to respond, unavailability for other reasons, and refusals to cooperate (about half of the noninterviews). nformation is obtained each month for about 17, persons 16 years of age or older. Selection of sample areas. The entire area of the United States, consisting of 3,141 counties and independent cities, is divided into 2,7 sample units (PSU's). n most States, a PSU consists of a county or a number of contiguous counties. n New England and Hawaii, minor civil divisions are used instead of counties. Metropolitan areas within a State are used as a basis for forming PSU's. Outside of metropolitan areas, counties normally are combined except when the geographic area of an individual county is too large. Combining counties to form PSU's provides greater heterogeneity; a typical PSU includes urban and rural residents of both high and low economic levels and encompasses, to the extent feasible, diverse occupations and industries. Another important consideration is that the PSU be sufficiently compact so that, with a small sample spread throughout, it can be efficiently canvassed without undue travel cost. The 2,7 PSU's are grouped into strata within each State. Then one PSU is selected from each stratum with the probability of selection proportional to the population of the PSU. Nationally, there are a total of 432 PSU's in strata by themselves. These strata are self-representing and are generally the most populous PSU's in each State. The 36 remaining strata are formed by combining PSU's that are similar in such characteristics as unemployment, proportion of housing units with three or more persons, number of persons employed in various industries, and average monthly wages for various industries. The single PSU randomly selected from each of these strata is non-self-representing because it represents the entire stratum. The probability of selecting a particular PSU in a non-self-representing stratum is proportional to its 199 population. For example, within a stratum, the chance that a PSU with a population of 5, would be selected for the sample is twice that for a PSU having a population of 25,. Selection of sample households. Because the sample design is State based, the sampling ratio differs by State and depends on the reliability requirements for estimates for each State. The State sampling ratios range roughly from 1 in every 1 households to 1 in every 3, households. The sampling ratio occasionally is modified slightly to hold the size of the sample relatively constant given the overall growth of the population. The sampling ratio used within a sample PSU depends on the probability of selection of the PSU and the sampling ratio for the State. n a sample PSU with a probability of selection of 1 in 1 with a State sampling ratio of 3,, a within-psu sampling ratio of 1 in 3 achieves the desired ratio of 1 in 3, for the stratum. The 199 within-psu sample design takes advantage of block-level data from the 199 census. This was thefirstdecennial census that produced data at the block level for the entire country. Normally, census blocks are bounded by streets and other prominent physical features such as rivers or railroad tracks. County, Minor Civil Division, and census place limits also serve as block boundaries. n cities, blocks can be bounded by four streets and be quite small in land area. n rural areas, blocks can be several square miles in size. Census blocks were classified into one of three strata: Unit, group quarters, or area. Occasionally, units within a block were split between the unit and group quarters strata. The unit stratum contained regular housing units with ad- 146

147 dresses that were easy to locate (e.g. most single family homes, townhouses, condominiums, apartment units, and mobil homes). The group quarters stratum contained housing units where residents shared common facilities or received formal or authorized care or custody. Unit and group quarters blocks exist primarily in urban areas. The area stratum contains blocks with addresses that are more difficult to locate. Area blocks exist primarily in rural areas. To reduce the variability of the survey estimates and to ensure that the within-psu sample reflects the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the PSU, blocks within the unit, group quarters, and area strata are ordered using geographic and block-level data from the census. Examples of the census variables used include: Proportion of minority renter-occupied housing units, proportion of housing units with female householders, and proportion of owneroccupied housing units. The specific variables used in the sort differed by type of PSU (urban or rural) and stratum. n order to minimize field representative travel costs, the units within each block are sorted geographically and grouped into clusters of approximately four units. A systematic sample of these clusters is then selected independently from each stratum using the appropriate within-psu sampling ratio. Prior to interviewing, special listing procedures are used in the group quarters and area blocks to locate the particular sample addresses. Units in the three strata described above all existed at the time of the 199 decennial census. Additionally, through a series of procedures, a sample of building permits is included to represent housing units built after the decennial census. ncluding these newly built units keeps the sample up-to-date and representative of the population. t also helps to keep the sample size stable, since the inclusion of these newly built housing units over the life of the sample compensates for the loss of "old" units which may be abandoned, demolished, or converted to nonresidential use. Rotation of sample. Part of the sample is changed each month. Each monthly sample is divided into eight representative subsamples or rotation groups. A given rotation group is interviewed for a total of 8 months, divided into two equal periods. t is in the sample for 4 consecutive months, leaves the sample during the following 8 months, and then returns for another 4 consecutive months. n any 1 month, one of the eight rotation groups is in thefirstmonth of enumeration, another rotation group is in the second month, and so on. Under this system, 75 percent of the sample is common from month to month and 5 percent from year to year for the same month. This procedure provides a substantial amount of month-to-month and year-toyear overlap in the sample, thus providing better estimates of change and reducing discontinuities in the series of data without burdening any specific group of households with an unduly long period of inquiry. CPS sample, 1947 to present. Table 1-A provides a description of some aspects of the CPS sample design in use since A more detailed account of the history of the CPS sample design appears in The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 4, Bureau of the Census, or Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Report 463, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description of the 199 census-based sample design appears in "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey," in the May issue of this publication. ESTMATNG METHODS Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of the results for a given month become available simultaneously and are based on returns from the entire panel of respondents. The estimation procedure involves weighting the data Table 1-A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 1947 to present Time period Number of sample areas nterviewed Households eligible Not interviewed Households visited but not eligible 1947 to Jan Feb to Apr May 1956 to Dec Jan. 196 to Feb Mar to Dec Jan to July to July to Dec Jan to Dec Jan. 198 to Apr May 1981 to Dec Jan to Mar Apr to Mar April 1989 to 3 Nov. to , 21, 33,5 33,5 33,5 48, 45, 45, 53,5 62,2 57,8 57, 53,2 57,4 54,5 52,9 5-1, 5-1, 1,5 1,5 1,5 2, 2, 2, 2,5 2,8 2,5 2,5 2,6 2,6 3,5 3,4 3,-3,5 3,-3,5 6, 6, 6, 8,5 8, 8, 1, 12, 11, 11, 11,5 11,8 1, 9,7 1 Beginning in May 1956, these areas were chosen to provide coverage in each State and the District of Columbia. 2 Three sample areas were added in 196 to represent Alaska and Hawaii after statehood. 3 The sample was increased incrementally during the 8-month period, April- November ncludes 2, additional assigned housing units from Georgia and Virginia that were gradually phased in during the 1-month period, October - August. 147

148 from each sample person by the inverse of the probability of the person being in the sample. This gives a rough measure of the number of actual persons that the sample person represents. Since 1985, almost all sample persons within the same State have the same probability of selection. Exceptions include sample persons in New York and California, where households in New York City and Los Angeles are selected with higher probability. Selection probabilities may also differ for some sample areas due to field subsampling, which is carried out when areas selected for the sample are found to contain many more households than expected. Though a series of estimation steps (outlined below), the selection probabilities are adjusted for noninterviews and survey undercoverage; data from previous months are incorporated into the estimates through the composite estimation procedure. 1. Noninterview adjustment. The weights for all interviewed households are adjusted to the extent needed to account for occupied sample households for which no information was obtained because of absence, impassable roads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents for other reasons. This noninterview adjustment is made separately for clusters of similar sample areas that are usually, but not necessarily, contained within a State. Similarity of sample areas is based on Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within each cluster, there is a further breakdown by residence. Each MSA cluster is split by "central city" and "balance of the MSA." Each non-msa cluster is split by "urban" and "rural" residence categories. The proportion of sample households not interviewed averages about 6 percent, depending upon weather, vacation, etc. 2. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the population selected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance, from that of the population as a whole in such characteristics as age, race, sex, and State of residence. Because these characteristics are closely correlated with labor force participation and other principal measurements made from the sample, the survey estimates can be substantially improved when weighted appropriately by the known distribution of these population characteristics. This is accomplished through two stages of ratio adjustment, as follows: a. First-stage ratio estimation. The purpose of the firststage ratio adjustment is to reduce the contribution to variance that results from selecting a sample of PSU's rather than drawing sample households from every PSU in the Nation. This adjustment is made to the CPS weights in two race cells: Black and nonblack; it is applied only to PSU's that are not self-representing and for those States that have a substantial number of black households. The procedure corrects for differences that existed in each State cell at the time of the 198 census between 1) the race distribution of the population in sample PSU's and 2) the race distribution of all PSU's (both 1 and 2 exclude self-representing PSU's). b. Second-stage ratio estimation. This procedure substantially reduces the variability of estimates and corrects, to some extent, for CPS undercoverage. The CPS sample weights are adjusted to ensure that sample-based estimates of population match independent population controls. Three sets of controls are used: 1) 51 State controls of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and older, 2) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 14 Hispanic and 5 non-hispanic age-sex categories, 3) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 66 white, 42 black, and 1 "other" age-sex categories. The independent population controls are prepared by projecting forward the resident population as enumerated on April 1, 199. The projections are derived by updating demographic census data with information from a variety of other data sources that account for births, deaths, and net migration. Estimated numbers of resident Armed Forces personnel and institutionalized persons reduce the resident population to the civilian noninstitutional population. Estimates of net census undercount, determined from the Post Enumeration Survey, are added to the population projections. Prior to January, the projections were based on earlier censuses, and there was no correction for census undercount. A summary of the current procedures used to make population projections is given in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January," appearing in the February issue of this publication. 3. Composite estimation procedure. The last step in the preparation of most CPS estimates makes use of a composite estimation procedure. The composite estimate consists of a weighted average of two factors: The two-stage ratio estimate based on the entire sample from the current month and the composite estimate for the previous month, plus an estimate of the month-to-month change based on the six rotation groups common to both months. n addition, a bias adjustment term is added to the weighted average to account for relative bias associated with month-in-sample estimates. This month-in-sample bias is exhibited by unemployment estimates for persons in their first and fifth months in the CPS being generally higher than estimates obtained for the other months. The composite estimate results in a reduction in the sampling error beyond that which is achieved after the two stages of ratio adjustment. For some items, the reduction is substantial. The resultant gains in reliability are greatest in estimates of month-to-month change, although gains are also usually obtained for estimates of level in a given month, change from year to year, and change over other intervals of time. 148

149 Rounding of estimates The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of independent rounding of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal 1 percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates There are two types of errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided indicate primarily the magnitude of the sampling error. They also incorporate the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumeration but do not account for any systematic biases in the data. Nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS, as discussed below. The effect of nonsampling error should be small on estimates of relative change, such as month-tomonth change. Estimates of monthly levels would be more severely affected by the nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., the inability to obtain information about all persons in the sample; differences in the interpretation of questions; inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information; inability to recall information; errors made in collecting and processing the data; errors made in estimating values for missing data; and failure to represent all sample households and all persons within sample households (undercoverage). Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase of the survey are studied by means of a reinterview program. This program is used to estimate various sources of error as well as to evaluate and control the work of the interviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's work is inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. The results indicate, among other things, that the data published from the CPS are subject to moderate systematic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview program and some of the other results may be found in The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 1961 through December 1966, Technical Paper No. 19, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The effects of some components of nonsampling error in the CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotation plan used for the sample, since the level of the estimates varies by rotation group. A description of these effects appears in "The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates From Panel Surveys," by Barbara A. Bailar, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 7, No. 349, March Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housing units and missed persons within sample households. The CPS covers about 94 percent of the decennial census population. t is known that the CPS undercoverage varies with age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally, undercoverage is larger for men than for women and larger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races than for whites. Ratio adjustment to independent age-sex-race-origin population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics than interviewed persons in the same age-sex-raceorigin group. Additional information on nonsampling error in the CPS appears in An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey, by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards; in "The Current Population Survey: An Overview," by Marvin Thompson and Gary Shapiro, Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol. 2, April 1973; and in The Current Population Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 4, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. This last document includes a comprehensive discussion of various sources of errors and describes attempts to measure them in the CPS. Sampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, estimates differ from the true population values that they represent. This difference, or sampling error, occurs by chance, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population value. n this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values, that include the true population value with known probabilities. f the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then: 1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. 2. Approximately 9 percent of the intervals from 1.6 standard errors below the estimate to 1.6 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two standard errors below the estimate to two standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. Although the estimating methods used in the CPS do not produce unbiased estimates, biases for most estimates are believed to be small enough so that these confidence interval statements are approximately true. Since it would be too costly to develop standard errors for 149

150 all CPS estimates, generalized variance function techniques are used to calculate sets of standard errors for various types of labor force characteristics. t is important to keep in mind that standard errors computed from these methods reflect contributions from sampling errors and some kinds of nonsampling errors and indicate the general magnitude of an estimate's standard error rather than its precise value. The generalized variance functions and standard errors provided here are based on the sample design and estimation procedures as of 1987 and have been adjusted to reflect the population levels and sample size as of 1993, as well as the use of new population controls based on the 199 census. For years prior to 1967, the standard errors obtained must be further adjusted to reflect the CPS sample size in effect at that time. For years prior to 1956, standard errors should be multiplied by 1.5; for the years 1956 through 1966, standard errors should be multiplied by Tables 1-B through 1-H are provided so that approximate standard errors of estimates can be easily obtained. These tables are briefly summarized here; details illustrating the proper use of each table follow. Tables 1-B and 1-C show standard errors for estimated monthly levels and rates for selected employment status characteristics; these tables also provide standard errors for consecutive month-to-month changes in the estimates. These standard errors are based on levels of recent estimates and can be determined directly by finding the characteristic of interest. Tables 1-D and 1-E show standard errors for monthly levels and consecutive monthly changes in levels for general employment status characteristics. The standard errors are calculated using linear interpolation based on the size of the monthly estimates. Tables 1-F and 1-G give parameters that can be used with formulas to calculate a standard error on nearly any specified level, unemployment rate, percentage, or consecutive month-to-month change. For monthly levels and consecutive month-to-month changes in levels, tables 1-F and 1-G are preferred to tables 1-D and 1-E, since the formulas provide more accurate results than linear interpolation. Table 1 -H presents factors used to convert standard errors of monthly levels and rates determined from tables 1-B, 1-C, 1-D, and 1-F to standard errors pertaining to quarterly and yearly averages, consecutive year-to-year changes of monthly estimates, and changes in quarterly and yearly averages. The standard errors for estimated changes from 1 month to the next, 1 year to the next, etc., depend more on the monthly levels for characteristics than on the size of the changes. Accordingly, tables 1-E, 1-G, and 1-H use monthly levels (not the magnitude of the changes) for approximating standard errors of change. Standard errors for estimated change between nonconsecutive months are not provided (except for year-to-year change); however, these may be assumed to be higher than the standard errors for consecutive monthly change. Table 1-B. Standard errors for major employment status categories (n thousands) Category Total, 16 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Men, 2 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Women, 2 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Both sexes, 16 to 19 years: Civilian labor force Employed Black, 16 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Men, 2 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Women, 2 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Both sexes, 16 to 19 years: Civilian labor force Employed Hispanic origin, 16 years and over: Civilian labor force Employed Monthly level Consecutivemonth change Use of tables 1-B and 1-C. These tables provide a quick reference for standard errors of major characteristics. Table 1-B gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels and consecutive month-to-month changes in levels for major employment status categories. Table 1-C gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly unemployment rates and consecutive month-to-month changes in unemployment rates for some demographic, industrial, and occupational categories. For characteristics not given in tables 1-B and 1-C, refer to either tables 1-D and 1-E or tables 1-F and 1-G. llustration. Suppose that for a given month the number of women 2 years and over in the civilian labor force is estimated to be 54,,. For this characteristic, the approximate standard error of 24, is given in table 1-B in the row 15

151 Table 1-C. Standard errors for unemployment rates by major characteristics Characteristic Total, 16 years and over Men, 16 years and over Men, 2 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 2 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White workers Black workers Hispanic-origin workers Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Occupation Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical.. Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective service Precision production, craft, and repair Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing, ndustry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goods-producing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Service-producing industries Transportation, communications, and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Monthly level Consecutivemonth change 'Total, Women 2 years and over: Civilian labor force." A 9- percent confidence interval as shown by these data, would then be the interval from 53,674, to 54,326,. Concluding that the true labor force level lies within this interval would be correct for roughly 9 percent of all possible samples. Use of tables 1-D and 1-E. From these tables, approximate standard errors can be calculated for estimates of monthly levels and month-to-month changes in levels for major labor force characteristics by race and Hispanic origin. For major categories not shown, such as male or female, tables 1-F and 1-G can be used. Standard errors for intermediate values not shown in the tables may be approximated by linear interpolation. For table 1-E, which applies to estimates of consecutive month-to-month change, the average of the two monthly levels (not the change) is used to select the appropriate row in the table. llustration. Assume that between 2 consecutive months the estimated number of employed persons changed from 115,6, to 116,7,, an apparent increase of 1,1,. The approximate standard error on this monthto-month change estimate is based on the average level of the estimate for the 2 months, 116,15,. Using the table 1-E column titled "Labor force data other than unemployment and agricultural employment, Total," it is necessary to find the standard errors corresponding to the two monthly level entries between which the value 116,15, lies. The standard error corresponding to 1,, is given as 252,, and the standard error corresponding to 12,, is given as 223,. Use linear interpolation to find the approximate standard error on month-to-month change corresponding to the level 116,15,; one method of calculation is given below. (12,, -116,15, 223, + [12,, -1,, (252, - 223,) = 229, Thus, a 9-percent confidence interval for the true monthto-month change would be approximately the interval from 734, to 1,466,. Use of tables 1-F and 1-G. These tables can be used to find approximate standard errors for a wide range of estimated monthly levels, proportions, rates, and estimates of consecutive monthly change. nstead of displaying standard errors, these tables provide parameters to be used with the formulas given below that allow the user to calculate standard errors. Table 1-G, which applies to estimates of consecutive monthly change, lists parameters for some characteristics classified by a measure of correlation between monthly estimates. Estimates of the number of persons employed full time, for example, change relatively little from one month to the next, and the two monthly estimates are said to be highly correlated. Consecutive monthly estimates of parttime employment, by contrast, have low correlation, since these estimates are relatively volatile. Major characteristics for which consecutive monthly estimates are known to have high or low correlation are indicated in table 1-G. Not all categories in table 1-G, however, are broken down into low or high correlation characteristics. When high or low correlation is not specified in table 1-G, the parameters in table 1-G should be selected from the rows labeled "Most characteristics" or from rows not specifying correlation. 151

152 Table 1-D. Standard errors for estimates of monthly levels (n thousands) ,... 2,... 4,... 6,... 8,... 1,. 15,. 2,. 3,. 4,. 5,. 6,. 7,. 8,. 1, 12, 14, 16, 18, Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment Total or white Black Total or white Unemployment Black Characteristic Hispanic origin Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment Total White Black Hispanic origin Employed Civilian labor force or not in labor force Table 1-E. Standard errors for estimates of month-to-month change in levels (n thousands) Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment Total or white Black Total or white Unemployment Black Characteristic Hispanic origin Total Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment White Black Hispanic origin Employed Civilian labor force or not in labor force , 2, 4, 6, 8, 1, 15, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 12, 14, 16, 18,

153 Table 1-F. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of monthly levels Characteristic Labor force and not-in-laborforce data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Total 1 Men 1 Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.. White 1 Men Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Black Men Women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Hispanic origin, the appropriate factor from table 1-H. llustration. Suppose that standard errors are desired for a quarterly average of black employment levels and for the change in averages from 1 quarter to the next. For each successive month of the first quarter, suppose the levels are observed to be 11,5,, 11,6,, and 11,7,. Step 1. The quarterly average is 11,6,. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters from table 1-F ("Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black, Total"). Use the formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for a monthly estimate of 11,6,. a = b = 2734 S x = 7( X11,6,) 2 + (2734X11,6,) = 129, Not in labor force, total or white, excluding women and 16-to- 19 year olds Agricultural employment: Total or white Men Women or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Black Hispanic origin: Total or women Men or both sexes, 16 to 19years Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.87 from table 1-H (column labeled "Quarterly averages" and row labeled "Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 112, on the quarterly average of 11,6,. Proceed to obtain the approximate standard error on the change in consecutive quarterly average estimates of black employment. Assume that black employment estimates for the months in the second quarter are observed to be 11,1,, 11,2,, and 11,3,. Unemployment: Total or white... Black Hispanic origin. 1 Excludes not-in-labor-force data. three basic steps: Step 1. The average for the second quarter is 11,2,. The average of the 2 quarters is 11,4,. Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters as above and use the formula for s x to compute an approximate standard error for the estimate of 11,4,, treating it as an estimate for a single month. Step 1. Average estimates appropriately. For quarterly estimates, average the 3 monthly estimates. For yearly estimates, average the 12 monthly estimates. For changes in consecutive averages, average over the 2 quarters or 2 years. For consecutive year-to-year changes in monthly estimates, average the 2 months involved. Step 2. Obtain a standard error on a monthly estimate using table 1-B or 1-C, or apply the procedures for table 1-D or 1-F to the average calculated in step 1, as if the average were an estimate for a single month. Step 3. Determine the standard error on the average or on the estimate of change. Multiply the result from step 2 by S x = ^( X11,4,) 2 + (2734X11,4,) = 129, Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor.84 from table 1-H (column labeled "Change in quarterly averages" and row labeled "Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Black"). This gives an approximate standard error of 18, on the estimated change of 4, from one quarter to the next. The estimated change clearly exceeds 2 standard errors; therefore, one could conclude from these data that the change in quarterly averages is significant. 154

154 Table 1-G. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of month-to-month change in levels Characteristic Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Total or white: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics 1 Low correlation characteristics 1 Men: Most characteristics High correlation characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 16 to 19 years, Black: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Men: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Women: Most characteristics Low correlation characteristics Both sexes, 16to 19years Hispanic origin: "Total Civilian labor force and not in labor force Low correlation characteristics Men, civilian labor force and not in labor force Men, 16 years and over; 2 years and over; and both sexes, 16 to 19 years Women, 16 years and over and 2 years and over Agricultural employment: Total or white: Total Men Women or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Black: Total or women Men or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Hispanic origin: Total or women Men or both sexes, 16 to 19 years Self-employed Unemployment: 2 Total or white: Total, men, women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years and low correlation characteristics... Black: Total, men, women, and both sexes, 16 to 19 years High correlation characteristics Hispanic origin: Total, men, women Both sexes, 16 to 19 years and low correlation characteristics High correlation characteristics include employed full-time, manufacturing, service workers, and not in the labor force. Low correlation characteristics include all part-time workers; employed, with a job, but not at work; unpaid family workers; and precision production, craft, and repair occupations. 2 High correlation characteristics include full-time jobseekers; job losers; manufacturing workers; and operators, fabricators, and laborers. Low correlation characteristics include part-time jobseekers, reentrants, persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks and from 5 to 14 weeks. 155

155 Table 1-H. Factors to be used with tables 1-B, 1-C, 1-D, and 1-F to compute the approximate standard errors for levels, rates, and percentages for year-to-year change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, change in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and change in yearly averages Factor Characteristic Year-to year change of monthly estimate Quarterly averages Change in quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in yearly averages Agricultural employment: Total or men Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Part time Unemployment: Total Part time Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Part time

156 Standard errors of estimated levels. The approximate standard error, s x, of an estimated monthly level, x, can be obtained using the formula below, where a and b are the parameters from table 1-F associated with the particular characteristic. The same formula can be used to approximate the standard error of an estimated month-to-month change in level; simply average the levels for the 2 consecutive months and use the parameters from table 1-G. s x = V ax 2 + bx llustration. Assume that in a given month there are an estimated 6 million unemployed men in the civilian labor force (x = 6,,). Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table 1-F ("Unemployment, total or white"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimate of 6,,. a = b = S x = 7( )(6,,) 2 + ( )(6,,) = 122, Suppose that in the next month the estimated number of unemployed men increases by 2, to 6,2,. The average of the monthly levels is x = 6,1,. Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table 1-G ("Unemployment, Total or white, Total, men, women"). Use the formula to compute an approximate standard error on the estimated change of 2,. a = b = S x = 7-(.8313)(6,1,) 2 + ( )(6,1,) = 139, An approximate 9-percent confidence interval for the true month-to-month change would be the interval from -22, to 422,. Because this interval covers zero, one cannot assert at this level of confidence that any real change has occurred in the unemployment level. This result can also be expressed by saying that the apparent change of 2, is not significant at a 9-percent confidence level. Standard errors of estimated percentages and rates. Generally, percentages and rates are not published unless the monthly base (denominator) is greater than 75, persons, the quarterly average base is greater than 6, persons, or the annual average base is greater than 35, persons. The reliability of an estimated percentage or rate depends upon the magnitude of the percentage or rate and its base. When the numerator and base are in different categories, use the parameters from table 1-F or 1-G relevant to the numerator. The approximate standard error, s y p, of an estimated percentage or rate, p, can be obtained using the following formula, where y is the estimated number of persons in the base. s y.p = ^jypooo-p) llustration. For a given month, suppose that 5,6, women, 2 to 24 years of age, are estimated to be employed. Of this total, 1,8, or 32 percent are classified as parttime workers. To estimate the standard error on this percentage, proceed as follows. Obtain the parameter b = 222 from table 1-F ("Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Total, Women"). Apply the formula to obtain: Suppose that in the next month 5,7, women in this same age group are reported employed and that 1,95, or 34 percent are part-time workers. To estimate the standard error on the observed month-to-month change of 2 percentage points, first average the values for p and y over the 2 months to get p = 33 percent and y = 5,65,. Next, obtain the parameter b = 2347 from table 1-G ("Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment, Total or white, Women, Low correlation characteristics") and apply the formula as follows sy,p yp = / (33Y1-33) = 1. percent V 5,65, v A v ' t should be noted that the numerator of the percentage (part-time employed) determined the choice of correlation. f the example had illustrated percentages of women employed full time, the numerator would have been a high correlation characteristic. Table 1-G, however, does not explicitly list high correlation parameters for employed women; thus, the row labeled "Women, Most characteristics" would have been used. Had the example dealt with teenage women employed part time, either of two rows in table 1-G could have been applied ("Women, Low correlation" or "Both sexes, 16 to 19 years"). n situations like this, where it is not clear which row applies, a general rule to follow is to choose the row with the largest b parameter. This gives a more conservative estimate of standard error. Use of table 1-H. Use this table with table 1-B, 1-C, 1-D, or 1-F to calculate approximate standard errors for quarterly or yearly averages, changes in consecutive quarterly or yearly averages, and consecutive year-to-year changes in monthly estimates. Table 1-H gives factors to be applied only to standard errors for monthly levels. Follow these 153

157 Establishment Data ("B" tables) COLLECTON BLS cooperates with State employment security agencies in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government). n March, this sample included about 39, reporting units. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series in considerable industry and geographic detail are prepared and published each month. Historical statistics can be found in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas. These data are also available in machine-readable format. Each month, the State agencies collect data on employment, payrolls, and paid hours from a sample of establishments. Data are collected by mail from most respondents; phone collection is used to obtain higher response rates from selected respondents through computer-assisted interviews, touch-tone self-response, and voice recognition technology. The respondents extract the requested data from their payroll records, which must be maintained for a variety of tax and accounting purposes. All firms with 25 employees or more are asked to participate in the survey, as well as a sample of smaller firms. A "shuttle" schedule (BLS form 79 series) is used for mail respondents. t is submitted each month by the respondents, edited by the State agency, and returned to the respondent for use again the following month The technical characteristics of the shuttle schedule are particularly important in maintaining continuity and consistency in reporting from month to month. The shuttle design automatically exhibits the trends of the reported data covered by the schedule during the year; therefore, the relationship of the current data to the data for the previous months is shown. The schedule also has operational advantages. For example, accuracy and economy are achieved by entering the identification codes and the address of the reporter only once a year. All schedules are edited by the State agencies each month to make sure that the data are correctly reported and that they are consistent with the data reported by the establishment in earlier months and with the data reported by other establishments in the industry. The State agencies forward the data, either on the schedules themselves or in machine-readable form, to BLS-Washington. They also use the information provided on the forms to develop State and area estimates of employment, hours, and earnings. At BLS, the data are edited again by computer to detect processing and reporting errors which may have been missed in the initial State editing; the edited data are used to prepare national estimates. t should be noted that for employment, the sum of the State figures will differ from the official U.S. national totals because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratification and differences in the timing of benchmark adjustments. CONCEPTS ndustrial classification Establishments reporting on Form BLS 79 are classified into industries on the basis of their principal product or activity determined from information on annual sales volume. Since January 198, this information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal product or activity. All data on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation (beginning with August 199 data) and for States and areas (beginning with January 199 data) are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard ndustrial Classification Manual (SC), Office of Management and Budget. ndustry employment Employment data, except those for the Federal Government, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th day of the month. For Federal Government establishments, employment figures represent the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the calendar month. ntermittent workers are counted if they performed any service during the month. The data exclude proprietors, the self-employed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations ars included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central ntelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are also excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (when pay is received directly from the firm), on paid holiday, on paid vacation, or who work during a part of the pay period even though they are unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who were hired but have not yet reported during the period. ndexes of diffusion of employment change (table B-6). These indexes measure the dispersion among industries of 157

158 the change in employment over the specified time span. Beginning with August 199 data, the overall indexes are calculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment series (3-digit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll employment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffusion indexes are based on digit industries. To derive the indexes, each component industry is assigned a value of, 5, or 1 percent, depending on whether its employment showed a decrease, no change, or an increase, respectively, over the time span. The average value (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the diffusion index number. The reference point for diffusion analysis is 5 percent, the value which indicates that the same number of component industries had increased as had decreased. ndex numbers above 5 show that more industries had increasing employment, and values below 5 indicate that more had decreasing employment. The margin between the percent that increased and the percent that decreased is equal to the difference between the index and its complement, i.e., 1 minus the index. For example, an index of 65 percent means that 3 percent more industries had increasing employment than had decreasing employment (65-(1-65) = 3). However, for dispersion analysis, the distance of the index number from the 5-percent reference point is the most significant observation. Although diffusion indexes are commonly interpreted as showing the percent of components that increased over the time span, it should be remembered that the index reflects half of the unchanged components as well. (This is the effect of assigning a value of 5 percent to the unchanged components when computing the index.) ndustry hours and earnings Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private service-producing industries. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant's own use (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: Working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working at the site of construction or working in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory employees. These are employees (not above the working supervisory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. Payroll. This refers to the payroll for full- and part-time production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., for old-age and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays, vacation, and sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); other pay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., retroactive pay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance, contributions to retirement, etc., paid by the employer) are also excluded. Hours. These are the hours paid for during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. ncluded are hours paid for holidays, vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received directly from the firm. Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straight-time workday or the workweek during the pay period which included the 12th of the month. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, and stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweek of component industries. ndexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current month's aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly fig- 158

159 ures for For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. The overtime hours represent that portion of the average weekly hours which exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. f an employee were to work on a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straight time pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Because overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Such factors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level also may be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry where little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a "gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and late-shift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively high-paid and low-paid work and changes in workers' earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period of time; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer since the following are excluded: rregular bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or nonsupervisory employee definitions. Average hourly earnings, including lump-sum wage payments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SC 3761) manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation methods apply to these series as apply to the average hourly earnings series described above; the one difference between the series is definitional. The payroll data used to calculate this series include lump-sum payments made to production workers in lieu of general wage rate increases; such payments are excluded from the definition of gross payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earnings series. For each sample establishment in SC 3721 and SC 3761 covered by a lump-sum agreement, the reported payroll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of the lump-sum payment. Such payments are generally made once a year and cover the following 12-month period. n order to spread the payment across this time period, a prorated portion of the payment is added to the payroll each month. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate to reduce the lumpsum amount to account for persons who received the payment but left before the payment allocation period expired. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime premium pay are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and one-half of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday work, late-shift work, and overtime rates other than time and one-half. Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class railroads plus Amtrak (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based on monthly data summarized in the M-3 report of the nterstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees except executives, officials, and staff assistants (CC group ) who received pay during the month. Average hourly earnings are computed by dividing total compensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hours are obtained by dividing the total number of hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of employees. Average weekly earnings are derived by multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in such factors as the proportion of part-time workers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Long-term trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the work force. For example, persistent long-term increases in the proportion of part-time workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. Real earnings. These earnings are in constant dollars and are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price ndex for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CP- W). The reference year for these series is

160 ESTMATNG METHODS The Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey estimates of employment are generated through an annual benchmark and monthly sample link procedure. Annual universe counts or benchmark levels are generated primarily from administrative records on employees covered by unemployment insurance (U) tax laws. These annual benchmarks, established for March of each year, are projected forward for each subsequent month based on the trend of the sample employment, using an estimation procedure called the link relative. Benchmarks and sample link relatives are computed for each of 1,73 basic estimation cells defined by industry, size, and geography for the CES national estimates, and summed to create aggregate level employment estimates. Benchmarks The establishment survey constructs annual benchmarks in order to realign the sample-based employment totals for March of each year with the Ul-based population counts for March. These population counts are much less timely than sample-based estimates; however, they provide an annual point-in-time census for employment. Population counts are derived from the administrative file of employees covered by U. All employers covered by U laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate State employment security agency four times a year. Approximately 99 percent of in-scope private employment is covered by U. A benchmark for the remaining 1 percent is constructed from alternate sources, primarily records from the nterstate Commerce Commission and the Social Security Administration. The full benchmark developed for March replaces the March sample-based estimate for each basic cell. The monthly sample-based estimates for the year preceding and the year following the benchmark are also then subject to revision. Monthly estimates for the year preceding the March benchmark are readjusted using a "wedge back" procedure. The difference between the final benchmark level and the previously published March sample estimate is calculated and spread back across the previous 11 months. The wedge is linear; eleven-twelfths of the March difference is added to the February estimates, ten-twelfths to the January estimates, and so on, back to the previous April estimates which receive one-twelfth of the March difference. This assumes that the total estimation error since the last benchmark accumulated at a steady rate throughout the current benchmark year. Estimates for the 11 months following the March benchmark are also recalculated each year. These post-benchmark estimates reflect the application of sample-based monthly changes to new benchmark levels for March, and the recomputation of bias adjustment factors for each month. Bias factors are updated to take into account the most recent experience of the estimates generated by the monthly sample versus the full universe counts derived from the U. Following the revision of basic employment estimates, all other derivative series (e.g., production workers, average hourly earnings) are also recalculated. New seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and all data series for the previous 5 years are reseasonally adjusted, prior to full publication of all revised data in June of each year. Monthly estimation Estimates are derived from a sample of approximately 39, business establishments nationwide. A current month's estimate is derived as the product of the previous month's estimate and a sample link relative for the current month. A bias adjustment factor is then applied to this result primarily to help account for new business births during the month. Stratification. The sample is stratified into 1,73 basic estimation cells for purposes of computing national employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Cells are defined primarily by detailed industry, and secondarily by size for a majority of cells. n a few industries, mostly within the construction division, geographic stratification is also used. ndustry classification is in accordance with the 1987 Standard ndustrial Classification Manual (SC); most estimation cells are defined at the 4-digit SC level. This detailed stratification pattern allows for the production and publication of estimates in considerable industry detail. Sub-industry stratification by size is important because major statistics which the survey measures, particularly employment change and average earnings, often vary significantly between establishments of different size. Stratification reduces the variance of the published industry level estimates. Link relative technique. A ratio of the previous to the current month's employment is computed from a sample of establishments reporting for both months this ratio is called a "link relative." For each basic cell, a link relative is computed and applied to the previous month's employment estimate to derive the current month's estimate. Thus a March benchmark is moved forward to the next March benchmark through application of monthly link relatives. Basic cell estimates created through the link relative technique are aggregated to form published industry level estimates, for employment, as described in table 2-A. Basic estimation and aggregation methods for the hours and earnings data are also shown in table 2-A. Bias adjustment. Bias adjustment factors are computed at the 3-digit SC level, and applied each month at the basic cell level, as part of the standard estimation procedures. The main purpose of bias adjustment is to reduce a primary source of nonsampling error in the survey, the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firm births. There is a several month lag between an 16

161 Table 2-A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings Employment, hours, and earnings Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size or region/size cell) Monthly data Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) All employees Production or nonsupervisory work- Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings All-employee estimate for previous month multiplied by ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments which reported for both months. 1 All-employee estimate for current month multiplied by (1) ratio of production or nonsupervisory workers to all employees in sample establishments for current month, (2) estimated ratio of women to all employees. 2 Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. 2 Total production or nonsupervisory worker payroll divided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 2 Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of all-employee estimates for component cells. Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker estimates, or estimates of women employees, for component cells. Average, weighted by production or nonsupervisory worker employment, of the average weekly hours for component cells. Average, weighted by production worker employment, of the average weekly overtime hours for component cells. Average, weighted by aggregate hours, of the average hourly earnings for component cells. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Annual average data All employees, women employees, and production or nonsupervisory Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12. Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12. Average weekly hours Annual total of aggregate hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by i average weekly hours) divided by annual sum of i employment. Annual total of aggregate hours for production or nonsupervisory workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Average weekly overtime hours Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (production worker employment multiplied by average weekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours for production workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Annual total of aggregate payrolls (product of production or nonsupervisory worker employment by weekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by annual aggregate hours. 1 Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Annual total of aggregate payrolls divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. 1 The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product by bias adjustments factors, which compensate for the underrepresentation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in the sample. 2 The sample production-worker ratio, women-worker ratio, average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compensate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntary character of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts the advantage of continuity from the use of the matched sample and, at the same time, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of the latest sample average. 161

162 establishment opening for business and its appearing on the U universe frame and being available for sampling. Because new firms generate a portion of employment growth each month of the year, nonsampling methods must be used to capture this growth, otherwise substantial under estimation of total employment levels would occur. Formal bias adjustment procedures have been used by the establishment survey since the late 196's. Prior to the 1983 benchmark, bias adjustments were derived from a simple mean error model, which averaged undercount errors for the previous 3 years to arrive at bias projections for the coming year. The undercount errors were measured as the difference between sample-based estimate results and benchmark levels. This procedure eventually proved inadequate during periods of rapidly changing employment trends, and the bias adjustment methodology was revised. Research done in the early 198*8 indicated that bias requirements were strongly correlated with current employment growth or decline. Based on this research, a revised method was developed which incorporated the sample data on employment growth over the most recent two quarters, and a regression-derived coefficient for the significance of that change, to adjust the mean error model results. This change in methodology provided a more cyclically sensitive bias model. The regression-adjusted mean error model has been in use since 1983, for the production of national estimates. The current model still has limitations in its ability to react to changing economic conditions or changing error structure relationships between the sample-based estimates and the U universe counts. A principal limitation is the inability to incorporate U universe counts as they become available on an ongoing basis, with a 6- to 9-month lag from the reference period. Thus, the current quarterly outputs from the model are subject to intervention analysis, and adjustments can be made to its results, prior to the establishment of final bias levels for a quarter. Review is done primarily in terms of detection of outlier (i.e. abnormally high or low) values, and by comparison of CES sample and bias trends with the most recent quarterly observations of U universe counts. The BLS currently has under study improved bias models utilizing a Kalman filter technique, which would allow a more formal, structured incorporation of each quarter's U universe counts in the bias modeling process. Although the primary function of bias adjustment is to account for employment resulting from new business formations, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsampling error in the survey, because the primary input to the modeling procedure is total estimation error. Significant among these nonsampling error sources is a business death bias. When a sampled firm closes down, most often it simply does not respond to the survey that month, rather than reporting zero employment. Followup with nonrespondents may reveal an out-of-business firm, but this information is often received too late to incorporate into monthly estimates, and the firm is simply treated as a nonrespondent for that month. Because the bias adjustments incorporated into the estimates represent a composite of a birth bias, death bias, and a number of other differences between the sample-based estimates and the population counts, the monthly bias adjustment levels have no specific economic meaning in and of themselves. Table 2-B summarizes bias adjustments for the period. The table displays the average monthly "bias added" and the average monthly "bias required" with the benchmark revisions for each year. Bias added shows the average amount of bias which was added each month over the course of an interbenchmark period. For example, the bias added for is listed as 115,; this represents the average of bias adjustments made each month over the period April 1993 through March. Bias required is computed retrospectively, after the March benchmark for a given year is known. Bias required figures are calculated by taking the difference between a March estimate derived purely from the sample (i.e. a series calculated without bias adjustment) and the March benchmark. Dividing this figure by 12 gives the average monthly bias required figure. The bias required is thus defined as the amount of bias adjustment which would have achieved a zero benchmark error. The difference between the total bias required and the total bias added is then, by definition, approximately the benchmark revision amount, for any given year. Also provided in the table for illustration, are the March-to-March changes. As discussed above, the over-the-year changes indicate correlation with the bias added and bias required figures. THE SAMPLE Design The emphasis in the establishment survey is on producing timely data at minimum cost. Therefore, the primary goal of its design is to sample a sufficiently large segment of the universe to provide reliable estimates that can be published both promptly and regularly. The present sample allows BLS to produce preliminary total nonfarm employment estimates for each month, including some limited industry detail, within 3 weeks after the reference period, and data in considerably more detail with an additional onemonth lag. The sampling plan used in the establishment survey is a form of sampling with probability proportionate to size, known as "sampling proportionate to average size of establishment". This is an optimum allocation design among strata because sampling variance is proportional to the average size of establishments. The universe of establishment employment is highly skewed, with a large percentage of total employment concentrated in relatively few establishments. Because variance on a population total estimate is a function of percentage universe coverage achieved by the sample, it is efficient to sample larger establishments at a 162

163 higher rate than smaller establishments, assuming the cost per sample unit is fairly constant across size classes. Under the establishment survey design, large establishments fall into a certainty strata for sample selection. The size of the sample for the various industries is determined empirically on the basis of experience and cost considerations. For example, in a manufacturing industry with a high proportion of total employment concentrated in a small number of establishments, a larger percent of total employment is included in the sample. Consequently, the sample design for such industries provides for a complete census of the large establishments, with a relatively few chosen from among the smaller establishments. For an industry in which a large proportion of total employment is concentrated in small establishments, the sample design again calls for inclusion of all large establishments but also for a more substantial number of smaller ones. Many industries in the trade and services divisions fall into this category. To keep the sample to a size which can be handled by available resources, it is necessary to have a sample design for these industries with a smaller proportion of total universe coverage than is the case for most manufacturing industries. Coverage The establishment survey is the largest monthly sampling operation in the field of social statistics. Table 2-C shows the latest benchmark employment levels and the approximate proportion of total universe employment coverage, at the total nonfarm and major industry division levels. The coverage for individual industries within the divisions may vary from the proportions shown. Reliability The establishment survey, like other sample surveys, is subject to two types of error, sampling and nonsampling error. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is directly related to the size of the sample and the percentage of universe coverage achieved by the sample. The establishment survey sample covers over one-third of total universe employment; this yields a very small variance on the total nonfarm estimates. Measurements of error associated with sample estimates are provided in tables 2-D through 2-G. Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error. The sum of sampling and nonsampling error can be considered total survey error. Unlike most sample surveys which publish sampling error as their only measure of error, the CES can derive an annual approximation of total error, on a lagged basis, because of the availability of the independently derived universe data. While the benchmark error is used as a measure of total error for the CES survey estimate, technically, it actually represents the difference between two independent estimates derived from separate survey processes (i.e., the CES sample process and the U universe process) and thus reflects the errors present in each program. Historically, the benchmark revision has been very small for total nonfarm employment. Over the past decade, percentage benchmark error has averaged.2 percent, with a range from zero to.6 percent. Table 2-D shows the most current benchmark revisions, along with 1-year mean revisions and mean absolute revisions for major industries. Mean revisions give an indication of bias in the estimates; unbiased estimates have a mean revision close to zero, as over and under estimations cancel out over time. Mean absolute revisions give an overall indicator as to the accuracy of the estimates; the larger the value, the further the estimate was from the final benchmark level. Table 2-B. March employment benchmarks and bias adjustments for total private industries, March Benchmark Average monthly bias Year Employment 1 Revision 2 Added 3 Required 4 Over-the-year employment change ,371 79,446 81,24 83,173 86,18 89, ,328 3,75 1,758 1,969 3,7 2, ,546 88,79 88,347 89,79 92, ,531-1, ,443 2,94 1 Universe counts for March of each year are used to make annual benchmark adjustments to the employment estimates. About 99 percent of the benchmark employment is from unemployment insurance administrative records, and the remaining 1 percent is from alternate sources. Data represent benchmark levels as originally computed. 2 Difference between the final March sample-based estimate and the benchmark level for total private employment. 3 The average amount of bias adjustment each month over the course of an inter-benchmark period, i.e., from April of the prior year through March of the given year. 4 The difference between the March benchmark and the March estimate derived solely from the sample without bias adjustment, converted to a monthly amount by dividing by March-to-March changes in the benchmark employment level. NOTE: Data in this table exclude government employment because there is no bias adjustment for this sector. 163

164 Estimated standard errors for employment, hours, and earnings. The hours and earnings estimates for the basic estimating cells do not have universe data sources available and therefore are not subject to benchmark revisions, although the broader groupings may be affected slightly by changes in employment weights. Like the employment estimates, the hours and earnings estimates are also subject to sampling and nonsampling errors. Estimates of the sampling error for employment, hours, and earnings were computed using the method of random groups and are expressed as relative standard errors (standard error divided by the estimate). Relative standard errors for individual industries with the specified number of employees are presented in table 2-E and for major industries in table 2-F. Multiplying the relative standard error by its estimated value gives the estimate of the standard error. The errors presented here are based on averages observed from sample data over the March 1992 through March 1993 period. Standard errors for differences between industries and times. The standard error of a difference is required to test for significant differences between estimates from two different industries. Since the estimates for the two industries are independent, the standard error of a difference is the square root of the sum of the estimated variance of each estimate, S { 2 and S 2 2. Conservative estimates of p after one month are.8 for employment,.6 for average weekly hours, and.8 for average hourly earnings. f the bias is small, then the standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals or range of values that include the true population value. f the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times and an estimate and its standard error calculated for each sample, then approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. Noneconomic code changes. A major source of benchmark revision at the major industry division level and below are noneconomic code changes, which are introduced into the universe data in the first quarter of each calendar year. Approximately one-third of all establishments in the universe are included in the universe program's annual Standard ndustrial Classification (SC) refiling survey. Corrections to individual establishments' SC and ownership codes are made through this process. The refiling cycle is such that every third year entire division(s) are subject to refiling. The volume of these adjustments is generally quite large and has a substantial impact on universe employment counts at the industry levels, although the total nonfarm employment level remains unaffected. For example, in a year when the services division is refiled, a substantial amount of employment is usually reclassified out of services to other major divisions, thus, lowering the bench- Table 2-C. Employment benchmarks and approximate coverage of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March Sample coverage 1 S difference = VsfT^ The CES sample overlaps almost entirely from month to month, so monthly estimates are not independent. The covariance between these estimates must be accounted for when testing the significance of the change in estimates over time. The standard error of the change can be estimated as follows. S change = ^/sj + s 2-2p& x s 2 f Si = S 2, then: S change = ^2s*(l-p) ndustry Total Manufacturing Transportation and Wholesale trade.. Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate... Government: Federal State Local Benchmarks (thousands) 112, ,497 18,92 5,89 6,47 19,857 6,883 3,872 2,878 4,655 11,878 Number of establishments 331,295 3,738 27,1 61, ,887 26, ,698 8,46 ( 3 ) 5,916 18,696 Number (thousands) 44,28 Employees ,227 2,461 1,121 4,994 2,272 8,14 2,878 3,822 8,236 Percent of benchmarks Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Because not all establishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earnings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment estimates. 2 The nterstate Commerce Commission provides a complete count of employment for Class railroads. A small sample is used to estimate hours and earnings data. 3 Total Federal employment counts by agency for use in national estimates are provided to BLS by the Office of Personnel Management. Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as State and area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of 5,53 reports covering about 59 percent of employment in Federal establishments. 164

165 Table 2-D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions (Numbers in thousands) ndustry March benchmark revision Level Percent 1-year average mean percent revision 1 Actual Total Total private Goods-producing Mining Metal mining Coalmining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products, Primary metal industries, Blast furnaces and basic steel products... Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment, Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories... Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods 73.9 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Service-producing 436 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods See footnotes at end of table. 165

166 Table 2-D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions Continued (Numbers in thousands) ndustry March benchmark revision Level Percent 1-year average mean percent revision 1 Actual Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions, Commercial banks Savings institutions 3 Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers, Holding and other investment offices nsurance nsurance carriers nsurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Services 4 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services 3 Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services 3 Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services 3 Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations 3 Services, nee Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government Data relate to the benchmarks, as originally published, unless otherwise noted. 2 Less than.5 percent. 3 Data relate to ncludes other industries, not shown separately. 166

167 Table 2-E. Relative standard errors 1 for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings (n percent) Size of employment estimate 5, 1,... 2,... 5,... 1,, 2,, Employment Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Relative errors were estimated with sample data from March 1992-March1993. Table 2-F. Relative standard errors 1 for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings by industry (n percent) ndustry Total private Mining Durable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Employment Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Relative errors were estimated with sample data from March 1992-March1993. mark level for services, and potentially causing a significant downward revision in the services employment totals previously published. Revisions between preliminary and final data. First preliminary estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, based on less than the total sample, are published immediately following the reference month. Final revised samplebased estimates are published 2 months later when nearly.4.4 all the reports in the sample have been received. Table 2-G presents the root-mean-square error, the mean percent, and the mean absolute percent revision that may be expected between the preliminary and final employment estimates. Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimates are normally not greater than.1 of an hour for weekly hours and 1 cent for hourly earnings, at the total private nonfarm level, and may be slightly larger for the more detailed industry groupings. STATSTCS FOR STATES AND AREAS (Tables B-7, B-14, and B-18) As explained earlier, State agencies in cooperation with BLS collect and prepare State and area employment, hours, and earnings data. These statistics are based on the same establishment reports used by BLS, however, BLS uses the full CES sample to produce monthly national employment estimates, while each State agency uses its portion of the sample to independently develop a State employment estimate. The CES area statistics relate to metropolitan areas. Definitions for all areas are published each year in the issue of Employment and Earnings that contains State and area annual averages (usually the May issue). Changes in definitions are noted as they occur. Additional industry detail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on the inside back cover of each issue. Caution in aggregating State data. The national estimation procedures used by BLS are designed to produce accurate national data by detailed industry; correspondingly the State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate data for each individual State. State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals nor vice versa. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause distortions at an aggregate level. This has been a particular problem at turning points in the U.S. economy, when the majority of the individual State errors tend to be in the same direction. Due to these statistical limitations, the Bureau does not compile or publish a "sum-of-states" employment series. Additionally, BLS cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure, particularly at turning points. 167

168 Table 2-G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates ndustry Root-mean-square error of monthly level 1 Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Total 74,7.1 Total private, 56,6.1 Goods-producing 15,7.1 Mining, Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 2,3 5 1, 2,2 4 9,7 4,1 4,1 6, Manufacturing 11,2 Durable goods 8,1 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ndustrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories... Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts nstruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,9 1,5 2,2 2,5 1,2 2,8 1,4 3,8 3,6 1,4 1,9 1, Nondurable goods 6, Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 3,5 5 1,6 2,6 1,5 1,7 1,6 9 1, Service-producing 68,9 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 8,7 7, 2,4 3,3 4,8 2,1 2,3 2 1,1 4,5 4,2 1, Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,9 3,8 4, See footnotes at end of table. 168

169 Table 2-G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Continued ndustry Root-mean-square error of monthly level 1 Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers, Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices nsurance nsurance carriers nsurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 34,5 2,5 16,8 15,7 5,6 3,2 1,3 6,1 4,1 12,7 8,4 6,8 4,5 3,2 2,6 1,3 1,5 1,1 1,1 1,8 3,3 2,9 1, 3, Services 2 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services 3 Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services 3 Engineering and architectural services 3 Management and public relations 3 Services, nee 31,2 2,8 6,3 1, 14,4 3,1 1,3 9,7 2,7 2,5 1,3 4,5 12,1 6,2 3,1 2,1 3,1 1,6 1,5 12,2 7,8 4,5 1,4 8 4, 4,4 2,4 2,4 1, Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 37,9 14, 13,2 14,9 12,3 7,7 25,3 19,8 2, 'The root-mean-square error is the square root of the mean squared error. The mean squared error is the square of the difference between the final and preliminary estimates averaged across a series of monthly observations. 2 Data based on differences from August 199 through December ncludes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Errors are based on differences from January 199 through December, unless otherwise noted. J 69

170 Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data ("C" tables) FEDERAL-STATE COOPERATVE PROGRAM Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, labor market areas (LMA's), and other areas covered under Federal assistance programs are developed by State employment security agencies under a Federal-State cooperative program. The local unemployment estimates which derive from standardized procedures developed by BLS are the basis for determining eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal programs such as the Job Training and Partnership Act. Annual average data for the States and over 26 areas shown in table C-3 are published in Employment and Earnings (usually the May issue). For regions, States, selected metropolitan areas, and central cities, annual average data classified by selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and other small areas have been prepared for administration of various Federal economic assistance programs and may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 242. The report "Unemployment in States and Local Areas" is published monthly through GPO and is available in microfiche form only, on a subscription basis. ESTMATNG METHODS Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 5 States, the District of Columbia, and over 6,5 areas, including nearly 2,4 LMA's, counties, and cities with a population of 25, or more. The estimation methods are described below for States (and the District of Columbia) and for sub-state areas. At the sub-lma level, (county and city), estimates are prepared using disaggregation techniques based on decennial and annual population estimates and current unemployment insurance data. A more detailed description of the estimation procedure is contained in the BLS document, Manual for Developing Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Estimates for States Current monthly estimates. The civilian labor force and unemployment estimates for 11 large States California, Florida, llinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas are sufficiently reliable to be taken directly from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on a monthly basis. These are termed "direct-use States." For a description of the CPS concepts, see "Household Data," above. For the 39 smaller States and the District of Columbia, which do not use the CPS directly each month, models based on a "signal-plus-noise" approach are used to develop employment and unemployment estimates. These are the "nondirect-use" States. The model of the signal is a time series model of the true labor force which consists of three components: A variable coefficient regression, a flexible trend, and a flexible seasonal component. The regression techniques are based on historical and current relationships found within each State's economy as reflected in the different sources of data that are available for each State the CPS, the Current Employment Statistics(CES) survey, and the unemployment insurance (U) system. The noise component of the models explicitly accounts for autocorrelation in the CPS sampling error and changes in the average magnitude of the error. n addition, the models can identify and remove the effects of outliers in the historical CPS series. While all the State models have important components in common, they differ somewhat from one another to better reflect individual State characteristics. Two models one for the employment-to-population ratio and one for the unemployment rate are used for each State. The employment-to-population ratio, rather than the employment level, and the unemployment rate, rather than the unemployment level, are estimated primarily because these ratios are usually more meaningful for economic analysis. The employment-to-population ratio models use the relationship between the State's monthly employment from the CES and the CPS. The models also include trend and seasonal components to account for movements in the CPS not captured by the CES series. The seasonal component accounts for the seasonality in the CPS not explained by the CES while the trend component adjusts for long-run systematic differences between the two series. The unemployment rate models use the relationship between the State's monthly unemployment insurance (U) claims data and the CPS unemployment rate, along with trend and seasonal components. n both the employment-to-population ratio and unemployment rate models, an important feature is the use of a technique that allows the equations to adjust automatically to structural changes that occur. The regression portion of the model includes a built-in tuning mechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises a model's coefficients when the new data that become available each month indicate that changes in the data relationships have taken place. Once 17

171 the estimates are developed from the models, levels are calculated for the employment, unemployment, and labor force levels. Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year, monthly estimates for the 39 non-direct-use States and the District of Columbia are adjusted, or benchmarked, by BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The benchmarking technique employs a procedure (called the Denton method) which adjusts the annual average of the models to equal the CPS annual average, while preserving, as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal pattern of the model estimates. n the 11 direct-use States, no benchmark correction is required; the average of the 12 monthly State CPS estimates will equal the CPS annual averages. Estimates for sub-state areas Monthly labor force and employment estimates for two large sub-state areas New York City and the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area are obtained directly from the CPS. Estimates for the nearly 2,4 LMA's, are prepared through indirect estimation techniques, described below. Preliminary estimate employment. The total civilian employment estimates are based on CES data. These "placeof-work" estimates must be adjusted to refer to place of residence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting from place of work to place of residence have been developed for several categories of employment on the basis of employment relationships at the time of the 199 decennial census. These factors are applied to the CES estimates for the current period to obtain adjusted employment estimates, to which are added estimates for employment not represented in the CES agricultural employees, nonagricultural self-employed and unpaid family workers, and private household workers. Preliminary estimate unemployment. n the current month, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate of the estimates for each of three categories: (1) Persons who were previously employed in industries covered by State U laws; (2) those previously employed in industries not covered by these laws; and (3) those who were entering the civilian labor force for the first time or reentering after a period of separation. Sub-State adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employment and unemployment are prepared for the State and LMA's within the State. The LMA estimates geographically exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjustment must be applied to all sub-state LMA estimates to ensure that they add to the independently estimated State totals for employment and unemployment. Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, sub-state estimates are revised. The revisions incorporate any changes in the inputs, such as revisions in the CES-based employment figures, corrections in claims counts, and updated historical relationships. The corrected estimates are then readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) State estimates of employment and unemployment. 171

172 Seasonal Adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force, the levels of employment and unemployment, and other measures of labor market activity undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make it easier to observe the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. n evaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it is important to note that seasonal adjustment is merely an approximation based on past experience. Seasonally adjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible error than the original data on which they are based, because they are subject not only to sampling and other errors but are also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonal adjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series for selected labor force and establishment-based data are published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Since January 198, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called X-ll ARMA (Auto-Regressive ntegrated Moving Average), which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X-ll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X-ll ARMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Catalogue No E, January At the beginning of each calendar year, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. n July of each year, BLS calculates and publishes in Employment and Earnings projected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the second half, based on the experience through June. Revisions of historical data, usually for the most recent 5 years, are made only at the beginning of each calendar year. However, as a result of the revisions to the estimates for based on 198 census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjusted series in early 1982 were carried back to 197. n, data were revised only for that year because of the major revisions implemented in the Current Population Survey. All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series. For example, for each of the three major labor force components agricultural employment, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment data for four sex-age groups (men and women under and over 2 years of age) are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. The seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components. The total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components, and the unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Because of the independent seasonal adjustment of various series, components will not necessarily add to totals. n each January issue, Employment and Earnings publishes revised seasonally adjusted data for selected labor force series based on the experience through December, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian unemployment estimate for the first 6 months of the following year, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure. Since the early 198's, BLS has also used the X-ll ARMA procedure to seasonally adjust national establishment-based employment, hours, and earnings data. The X- 11 ARMA program had been run once each year after benchmarking and seasonal adjustment factors had been projected and published for 12 months ahead (April-March). Beginning in June 1989, with the introduction of the March 1988 benchmarks, the Bureau modified this procedure to parallel that used in seasonally adjusting household survey data. Projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and published twice a year. Revisions of historical data are made once a year, coincident with benchmark revisions. All series are seasonally adjusted using the multiplicative models under X-ll ARMA. Seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied at component levels. For employment series, these are generally the 2-digit SC levels. Seasonally adjusted totals are arithmetic aggregations for employment series and weighted averages of the seasonally adjusted data for hours and earnings series. Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are the product of seasonally adjusted average hourly earnings and seasonally adjusted average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by dividing average weekly earnings, seasonally adjusted, by the seasonally adjusted Consumer Price ndex for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CP-W), and multiplying by 1. ndexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by multiplying average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, by production or nonsupervisory workers, seasonally adjusted, and dividing by the 1982 annual average base. For total private, total goods-producing, total private service-producing, and major industry divisions, the indexes of aggregate weekly 172

173 hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, for the appropriate component industries and dividing by the 1982 annual average base. Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a number of series characterized by small seasonal components relative to their trend-cycle and/or irregular components. These failed or unsatisfactory seasonally adjusted series, however, are used in the aggregation to broader level seasonally adjusted series. Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Government employment are derived from unadjusted data which include Christmas temporary workers employed by the Postal Service. The number of temporary census workers for the decennial census, however, are removed prior to the calculation of seasonal adjustment factors. BLS has developed an extension of X-ll ARMA to allow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of the presence or absence of religious holidays in the April survey reference period and of Labor Day in the September reference period. This extension was applied for the first time at the end of 1989 to three persons-at-work labor force series which tested as having significant and well-defined effects in their April data associated with the timing of Easter. This extension was also used for the seasonal adjustment of many of the establishment-based series on average weekly hours and manufacturing overtime hours, starting with the computation of the projected factors for the period beginning in April 199. Effective with the computation of factors for the November 1993-April period, an extension of the moving-holiday adjustment was introduced to adjust for the effects of elections on local government employment. Revised seasonally adjusted national establishment-based series based on the experience through March, new seasonal adjustment factors for May-October, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure appear in the June issue of Employment and Earnings. Factors for the Movenber -April 1996 period will appear in the December issue. Beginning in 1992, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted labor force data for the census regions and divisions, the 5 States, and the District of Columbia (tables C-l and C-2). Using the X-ll ARMA procedure, seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied independently to the component employment and unemployment levels and then aggregated to regional or State totals. Current seasonal adjustment factors are produced for 6-month periods twice a year. Historical revisions are made at the beginning of each calendar year. Because of the separate processing procedures, totals for the Nation as a whole differ from the results obtained by aggregating regional or State data. Beginning in 1993, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted nonfarm payroll employment data by major industry for all States and the District of Columbia (table B-7). Seasonal adjustment factors are applied directly to the employment estimates at the division level (component series for manufacturing and trade) and then aggregated to the State totals. The recomputation of seasonal factors and historical revisions are made coincident with the annual benchmark adjustments. State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate (unadjusted and seasonally adjusted) data for each individual State. BLS independently develops a national employment series; State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals. Because each Sate series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregate level. Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile a "sum-of-states" employment series, and cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure. 173