Women in the Labor Force: A Databook

Transcription

1 Cornell University ILR School Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Bureau of Labor Statistics Follow this and additional works at: Thank you for downloading an article from DigitalCommons@ILR. Support this valuable resource today! This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Key Workplace Documents at DigitalCommons@ILR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Federal Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@ILR. For more information, please contact hlmdigital@cornell.edu.

2 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Abstract [Excerpt] This report presents historical and current labor force and data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be significant in explaining differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical Note at the end of this report. Keywords labor force, demographics, gender,, labor market, employment Comments Suggested Citation U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). Women in the labor force: A databook (BLS Report No. 1026). Washington, D.C.: Author. This article is available at DigitalCommons@ILR:

3 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Hilda L. Solis, Secretary U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Keith Hall, Commissioner December 2010 Report

4 Contents Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Introduction... 1 Highlights... 1 Page Statistical Tables 01. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional by age and sex, 2009 annual averages Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional 16 years and over by sex, annual averages Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages Employment status by marital status and sex, 2009 annual averages Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2009 annual averages distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages Employed persons by industry and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages Median usual weekly of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, annual averages Median usual weekly of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment and sex, 2009 annual averages Median usual weekly of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages Median usual weekly of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2009 annual averages Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, annual averages Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, annual averages Work experience of the by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, Contribution of wives to family income, Wives who earn more than their husbands, Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2009 annual averages Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January Median years of tenure with current employer for wage and salary workers by age and sex, selected years, ii

5 Contents Continued Statistical Tables Continued 30. Labor force status of 2009 high school graduates and high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, annual averages Unincorporated self- persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, annual averages Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional by native- and foreign-born status, age, and sex, 2009 annual averages Union affiliation of wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 2009 annual averages Employment status of persons with disabilities by sex and age, 2009 annual averages...95 Technical Note...96 Page iii

6 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Introduction The past several decades have been marked by notable changes in women s labor force activities. Women s labor force participation is significantly higher today than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with children, and a larger share of women work full time and year round than in past decades. In addition, women have increasingly attained higher levels of education: among women age 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to Women s as a proportion of men s also have grown over time. In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what men did; in 2009, women s were 80 percent of men s. The women s-to-men s ratio peaked at 81 percent in , edging down to 80 percent in 2007, where it has remained through Three additional data tables are being introduced to the 2010 edition of Women in the Labor Force: A Databook; the new tables provide information on women by employee tenure (table 29), employment status of veterans (table 36), and persons with a disability (table 37). This report presents historical and current labor force and data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be significant in explaining differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical Note at the end of this report. Highlights In 2009, 59.2 percent of women were in the labor force, and this share has been relatively stable over the past several years. Women s labor force participation rate peaked at 60 percent in 1999, following several decades of growth in women s labor market participation. (See tables 1 and 2.) In 2009, the overall unemployment rate for women was 8.1 percent, but rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (6.6 percent), followed by White (7.3 percent), Hispanic (11.5 percent), and Black (12.4 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.) From March 1975 to March 2000, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 18 years of age rose from 47.4 percent to a peak of 72.9 percent. (These data were collected each March by the CPS.) By 2005, the participation rate for mothers had receded to 70.5 percent. From 2005 to 2009, the labor force participation rate edged back up, to 71.6 percent. (See tables 6 and 7.) In general, mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age, none younger) are more likely to participate in the labor force than mothers with younger children (under 6 years of age), and unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than married mothers. In March 2009, 75.8 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 69.8 percent of married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.) The educational attainment of women in the labor force age 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to Thirtysix percent of these women held college degrees in 2009, compared with 11 percent in Only 7 percent of women were high school dropouts in 2009, down from 34 percent in (See table 9.) In 2009, women accounted for 51 percent of all people in management, professional, and related occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this broad category varied. For example, 6 percent of construction managers and 32 percent of lawyers were women, while 62 percent of accountants and 82 percent of elementary and middle school teachers were women. (See table 11.) Employed Asian women were more likely to work in the higher paying management, professional, and related occupations in 2009 than were White, Black, or Hispanic women. Forty-seven percent of Asian women worked in managerial and professional jobs compared with 41 percent of White women, 34 percent of Black women, and 25 percent of Hispanic women. Meanwhile, 1

7 Hispanic (32 percent) and Black (29 percent) women were more likely than White and Asian women to work in service occupations (20 and 21 percent, respectively). (See table 12.) In 2009, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities, education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and other services. However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, and transportation and utilities. (See table 14.) Women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median weekly of $657 in This represented 80 percent of men s median weekly ($819). Earnings of Asian ($779) and White ($669) women were substantially higher than the of their Black ($582) and Hispanic ($509) counterparts. Women s-tomen s ratios were higher among Blacks (94 percent) and Hispanics (90 percent) than among Whites (79 percent) and Asians (82 percent). (See table 16.) In 2009, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older who only had a high school diploma had median usual weekly of $542. This represented 80 percent of the for women with an associate s degree ($674), and 56 percent of the for women with a bachelor s degree or higher ($970). (See table 17.) In 2009, 27 percent of women usually worked part time fewer than 35 hours per week. In comparison, 11 percent of men usually worked part time. (See table 20.) Women in nonagricultural industries worked an average of 35.3 hours per week in The average workweek for men in nonagricultural industries was 40.1 hours. (See table 21.) Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2008, 59 percent worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent who did the same in During the same period, the proportion of men who worked full time and year round grew from 66 to 71 percent. (See table 22.) (These data were collected in the 1971 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and refer to work experience during the prior calendar year.) Both the wife and husband had from work in 57 percent of married-couple families in 2008, an increase of 13 percentage points from 1967 (the first year data were available). Couples in which only the husband worked represented 18 percent of married-couple families in 2008, compared with 36 percent in (See table 23.) (These data were collected in the 1968 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect and work experience of the prior calendar year.) In 2008, working wives contributed 36 percent of their families incomes, up by 9 percentage points from 1970, when wives accounted for 27 percent of their families total income. The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 18 percent of working wives whose husbands also worked earned more than their spouses; in 2008, the proportion was 27 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (These data were collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect and work experience of the prior calendar year.) In 2009, approximately 2.2 million women who were paid at an hourly rate had at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage. This represented 6 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 25 years and older who were paid hourly rates, 4 percent had at or below the minimum wage, compared with 15 percent of women age 16 to 24. (On July 24, 2009, the Federal minimum wage level rose from $6.55 to $7.25 an hour. Data in this report reflect the average number of workers who earned $6.55 or less per hour from January 2009 through July 2009 and those who earned $7.25 or less from August 2009 through the end of the year.) (See table 26.) Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2008, nearly the same number of women and men lived in poverty (4.5 and 4.4 million, respectively). The working-poor rate, however, continued to be higher for women than for men 6.5 percent compared with 5.6 percent. Black and Hispanic women who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more were significantly more likely than their White or Asian counterparts to be among the working poor. The poverty rates for Black and Hispanic working women were 12.7 percent and 12.1 percent, respectively, compared with 5.5 percent and 4.9 percent, respectively, for White and Asian women. (See table 27.) (Data are from the 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect and work experience of the prior calendar year.) From January 2007 through December 2009, 6.9 million workers were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; men accounted for about 60 percent of those displaced. Women were as likely as men to have found a new job at the time of the survey in January 2010: the reemployment rate for both men and women was 49 percent. However, women were less likely to be un than men, 31 and 39 percent, respectively. Women were almost twice as likely as men to have left the labor force, 20 versus 12 percent. (See table 28.) (Data are from the January 2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.) 2

8 In January 2010, the median number of years that female wage and salary workers had been with their employer was 4.2 years, compared with 4.6 years for their male counterparts. Among both women and men, tenure at a job was greater for workers age 45 and older. (See table 29.) (Data are from the January 2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.) Among 2009 high school graduates, young women (74 percent) were more likely than young men (66 percent) to be enrolled in college in October (See table 30.) (Data are from the October 2009 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) In October 2009, 41.6 percent of women age 16 to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or college were in the labor force. Young men of the same age group who were enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate (35.2 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women were less likely to be in the labor force than men (72.3 percent compared with 83.8 percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from the October 2009 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) Among 16- to 24-year-old women who were not enrolled in school, those who did not have a high school diploma were significantly less likely to participate in the labor force than those who had a high school diploma but no additional education (49.6 percent compared with 68.7 percent). Of those in the labor force, high school dropouts were more likely to be un than high school graduates (31.0 percent compared with 22.2 percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from the October 2009 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.) In 2009, 5.6 percent of women held more than one job; this proportion has remained unchanged since The 2009 multiple jobholding rate for men was lower, at 4.8 percent. Multiple jobholding rates for both women and men have been stable in recent years and remain below the rates recorded in the mid-1990s. (See table 32.) The percentage of working women who were self in nonagricultural industries was 5.3 percent in 2009, compared with 7.7 percent for men. In 2009, 39 percent of all self- workers were women, compared with 27 percent in (See table 33.) In 2009, foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force (55.4 percent compared with 59.8 percent). Of those in the labor force, native-born women were less likely to be un than their foreign-born counterparts (7.9 percent versus 9.2 percent). Among men, the opposite was true. Foreignborn men were more likely than native-born men to be in the labor force (80.5 percent compared with 70.4 percent) and somewhat less likely to be un (10 percent and 10.3 percent, respectively). (See table 34.) Thirteen percent of female wage and salary workers were represented by unions in 2009, about the same as the percentage for men (14 percent). Union representation for both sexes had been on a long term downward trend, reaching a low of 13.1 percent in In 2009, 13.6 percent of all workers were represented by unions. (See table 35.) In 2009, there were 12.1 million veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force. Nine percent of these veterans were women. Among female veterans in the labor force, a little more than half (54 percent) served in the Gulf War-era I and II service periods (August 1990 to present). (See table 36.) Of the 14.8 million women with disabilities in 2009, 2.8 million, or 19.1 percent, were in the labor force. Almost half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; 4.9 percent of them were in the labor force, compared with 32.5 percent among those ages 16 to 64. (See table 37.) 3

9 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional by age and sex, 2009 annual averages Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force, both sexes 16 years and over , , , , , to 19 years. 17,043 6, , , , to 17 years 8,944 2, , , to 19 years 8,100 4, , , to 24 years... 20,524 14, , , , to 54 years. 125, , , , , to 34 years 40,280 33, , , , to 29 years 20,872 17, , , , to 34 years 19,408 16, , , , to 44 years 40,919 34, , , , to 39 years 20,174 16, , , , to 44 years 20,746 17, , , , to 54 years 44,365 36, , , , to 49 years. 22,683 18, , , , to 54 years 21,682 17, , , , to 64 years 34,671 22, , , , to 59 years 18,882 13, , , to 64 years 15,789 8, , , years and over. 37,998 6, , , to 69 years 11,657 3, , , to 74 years 8,875 1, , , years and over 17,466 1, , ,195 4

10 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional by age and sex, 2009 annual averages Continued Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Women 16 years and over ,665 72, , , , to 19 years. 8,401 3, , , to 17 years 4,396 1, , to 19 years 4,004 2, , , to 24 years... 10,240 7, , , to 54 years. 63,468 48, , , , to 34 years 20,113 15, , , , to 29 years 10,381 7, , , to 34 years 9,733 7, , , to 44 years 20,721 15, , , , to 39 years 10,210 7, , , to 44 years 10,510 8, , , to 54 years 22,633 17, , , , to 49 years. 11,547 8, , , to 54 years 11,087 8, , , to 64 years 17,973 10, , , to 59 years 9,756 6, , , to 64 years 8,217 4, , , years and over. 21,584 2, , , to 69 years 6,209 1, , , to 74 years 4, , years and over 10, ,967 5

11 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional by age and sex, 2009 annual averages Continued Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Men 16 years and over ,136 82, , , , to 19 years. 8,643 3, , , to 17 years 4,548 1, , to 19 years 4,095 2, , , to 24 years... 10,284 7, , , , to 54 years. 62,097 55, , , , to 34 years 20,167 18, , , , to 29 years 10,492 9, , , , to 34 years 9,675 8, , to 44 years 20,199 18, , , , to 39 years 9,963 9, , to 44 years 10,235 9, , to 54 years 21,731 19, , , , to 49 years. 11,136 9, , , to 54 years 10,596 9, , , to 64 years 16,698 11, , , to 59 years 9,125 7, , , to 64 years 7,572 4, , , years and over. 16,414 3, , , to 69 years 5,448 1, , , to 74 years 4, , years and over 6, ,228 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 6

12 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional 16 years and over by sex, annual averages Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force, both sexes ,085 82, , , , ,216 84, , , , ,126 87, , , , ,096 89, , , , ,120 91, , , , ,153 93, , , , ,150 96, , , , ,033 99, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,659 See footnote at end of table. 7

13 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional 16 years and over by sex, annual averages Continued Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Women ,782 31, , , , ,274 32, , , , ,290 33, , , , ,804 34, , , , ,312 36, , , , ,860 37, , , , ,390 38, , , , ,840 40, , , , ,334 42, , , , ,843 44, , , , ,348 45, , , , ,618 46, , , , ,748 47, , , , ,684 48, , , , ,778 49, , , , ,736 51, , , , ,789 52, , , , ,853 53, , , , ,756 54, , , , ,630 56, , , , ,787 56, , , , ,646 57, , , , ,535 58, , , , ,506 58, , , , ,460 60, , , , ,406 60, , , , ,385 61, , , , ,418 63, , , , ,462 63, , , , ,031 64, , , , ,613 66, , , , ,811 66, , , , ,985 67, , , , ,733 68, , , , ,647 68, , , , ,931 69, , , , ,210 70, , , , ,694 70, , , , ,675 71, , , , ,665 72, , , ,646 See footnote at end of table. 8

14 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional 16 years and over by sex, annual averages Continued Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Men ,304 51, , , , ,942 52, , , , ,835 53, , , , ,292 54, , , , ,808 55, , , , ,291 56, , , , ,759 57, , , , ,193 58, , , , ,576 59, , , , ,020 60, , , , ,398 61, , , , ,511 61, , , , ,523 62, , , , ,531 63, , , , ,605 63, , , , ,469 64, , , , ,798 65, , , , ,899 66, , , , ,857 66, , , , ,762 67, , , , ,377 69, , , , ,278 69, , , , ,270 69, , , , ,332 70, , , , ,355 70, , , , ,178 71, , , , ,206 72, , , , ,715 73, , , , ,758 73, , , , ,722 74, , , , ,964 76, , , , ,282 76, , , , ,585 77, , , , ,435 78, , , , ,710 78, , , , ,151 80, , , , ,605 81, , , , ,173 82, , , , ,113 82, , , , ,136 82, , , ,013 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability section of the Household Data technical documentation provided at SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 9

15 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional of Civilian labor force Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force White, 16 years and over 190, , , , , to 19 years 13,035 5, , , , to 24 years.. 15,963 11, , , , to 54 years 100,014 83, , , , to 64 years 29,022 19, , , , years and over.. 32,867 5, , ,156 Women, 16 years and over 97,469 57, , , , to 19 years... 6,391 2, , , to 24 years. 7,887 5, , , to 54 years.. 49,787 37, , , , to 64 years... 14,868 9, , , years and over.. 18,535 2, , ,010 Men, 16 years and over 93,433 68, , , , to 19 years. 6,644 2, , , to 24 years 8,076 6, , , to 54 years.. 50,227 45, , , , to 64 years 14,154 10, , , years and over 14,332 3, , ,145 Black or African American, 16 years and over 28,241 17, , , , to 19 years 2, , to 24 years 2,973 1, , , to 54 years 15,749 12, , , , to 64 years 3,596 1, , , years and over 3, ,744 Women, 16 years and over 15,536 9, , , , to 19 years 1, to 24 years 1,563 1, to 54 years 8,632 6, , , to 64 years 2,004 1, , years and over 1, ,715 Men, 16 years and over 12,705 8, , , , to 19 years 1, to 24 years 1, to 54 years 7,116 5, , , to 64 years 1, years and over 1, ,029 10

16 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages Continued Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional of Civilian labor force Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Asian, 16 years and over 10,842 7, , , to 19 years to 24 years to 54 years 6,589 5, , , to 64 years 1, years and over 1, ,118 Women, 16 years and over 5,671 3, , , to 19 years to 24 years to 54 years 3,408 2, , to 64 years years and over Men, 16 years and over 5,170 3, , , to 19 years to 24 years to 54 years 3,181 2, , to 64 years years and over Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over 32,891 22, , , , to 19 years 3,123 1, , to 24 years 3,623 2, , to 54 years 20,369 16, , , , to 64 years 3,017 1, , , years and over 2, ,287 Women, 16 years and over 15,993 9, , , , to 19 years 1, , to 24 years 1,748 1, to 54 years 9,581 6, , , to 64 years 1, years and over 1, ,376 Men, 16 years and over 16,897 13, , , , to 19 years 1, , to 24 years 1,875 1, , to 54 years 10,787 9, , , to 64 years 1,459 1, years and over 1, SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 11

17 Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2009 annual averages Marital status and sex Civilian noninstitutional of Civilian labor force Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force, 16 years of age and over 235, , , , ,659 Married, spouse present.. 122,447 84, , , ,070 Unmarried, total.. 113,353 69, , , ,589 Never married.. 67,588 44, , , ,724 Other marital status. 45,766 24, , , ,865 Divorced.. 23,248 16, , , ,006 Separated.. 8,342 5, , ,575 Widowed... 14,176 2, , ,285 Women, 16 years of age and over 121,665 72, , , ,646 Married, spouse present.. 60,675 37, , , ,411 Unmarried, total. 60,990 34, , , ,235 Never married ,500 20, , , ,276 Other marital status... 29,490 14, , , ,959 Divorced. 13,534 9, , ,223 Separated.. 4,676 3, , ,640 Widowed... 11,280 2, , ,096 Men, 16 years of age and over 114,136 82, , , ,013 Married, spouse present.. 61,773 47, , , ,659 Unmarried, total. 52,363 35, , , ,354 Never married... 36,087 24, , , ,448 Other marital status... 16,275 10, , , ,906 Divorced 9,714 6, , ,783 Separated.. 3,666 2, , Widowed.... 2, ,189 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 12

18 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2009 Characteristics Civilian noninstitutional of Civilian labor force Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Women, 16 years and over.. 121,328 71, , , ,557 With children under 18 years old 36,507 26, , , ,385 With children 6 to 17, none younger 19,990 15, , , ,366 With children under 6 years old 16,517 10, , ,020 With children under 3 years old 9,757 5, , ,798 With no children under 18 years old 84,820 45, , , ,171 Men, 16 years and over 113,758 81, , , ,401 With children under 18 years old 27,791 26, , , ,773 With children 6 to 17, none younger 15,314 14, , ,153 With children under 6 years old 12,477 11, , With children under 3 years old 7,509 7, , With no children under 18 years old 85,967 55, , , ,627 White Women, 16 years and over 97,257 57, , , ,906 With children under 18 years old 28,463 20, , , ,224 With children 6 to 17, none younger 15,654 12, , ,442 With children under 6 years old. 12,809 8, , ,782 With children under 3 years old 7,589 4, , ,993 With no children under 18 years old 68,794 37, , , ,683 Men, 16 years and over 93,246 67, , , ,745 With children under 18 years old 23,110 21, , , ,313 With children 6 to 17, none younger 12,728 11, , With children under 6 years old 10,383 9, , With children under 3 years old 6,247 5, , With no children under 18 years old 70,136 45, , , ,432 Black or African American Women, 16 years and over.. 15,474 9, , , ,086 With children under 18 years old 5,159 3, , ,255 With children 6 to 17, none younger 2,857 2, , With children under 6 years old 2,302 1, , With children under 3 years old 1, With no children under 18 years old 10,314 5, , ,830 Men, 16 years and over. 12,644 8, , , ,519 With children under 18 years old 2,427 2, , With children 6 to 17, none younger 1,407 1, , With children under 6 years old 1, With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 10,217 5, , , ,220 See note at end of table. 13

19 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2009 Continued Characteristics Civilian noninstitutional of Civilian labor force Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Asian Women, 16 years and over 5,613 3, , ,343 With children under 18 years old 1,877 1, , With children 6 to 17, none younger With children under 6 years old With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 3,735 1, , ,766 Men, 16 years and over 4,976 3, , ,242 With children under 18 years old 1,546 1, , With children 6 to 17, none younger With children under 6 years old With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 3,430 2, , ,163 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women, 16 years and over 15,849 9, , ,826 With children under 18 years old 6,931 4, , ,610 With children 6 to 17, none younger 3,435 2, , With children under 6 years old 3,497 1, , ,617 With children under 3 years old 2,001 1, With no children under 18 years old 8,917 4, , ,216 Men, 16 years and over 16,736 12, , , ,788 With children under 18 years old 5,043 4, , With children 6 to 17, none younger 2,479 2, , With children under 6 years old 2,564 2, , With children under 3 years old 1,505 1, , With no children under 18 years old 11,693 8, , , ,481 NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. SOURCE: 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 14

20 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2009 Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force, all marital statuses women, 16 years and over 121,328 71, , , ,557 With children under 18 years old 36,507 26, , , ,385 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 19,990 15, , , ,366 With children under 6 years old 16,517 10, , ,020 With children under 3 years old 9,757 5, , ,798 With no children under 18 years old 84,820 45, , , ,171, married, spouse present women, 16 years and over 60,818 37, , , ,282 With children under 18 years old 25,781 17, , ,785 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 14,035 10, , ,271 With children under 6 years old 11,746 7, , ,514 With children under 3 years old 7,078 4, , ,842 With no children under 18 years old 35,037 19, , , ,497, other marital statuses 1 women, 16 years and over 60,509 34, , , ,274 With children under 18 years old 10,727 8, , , ,600 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 5,955 4, , ,094 With children under 6 years old 4,771 3, , ,505 With children under 3 years old 2,679 1, , With no children under 18 years old 49,783 26, , , ,675 women, 16 years and over 97,257 57, , , ,906 With children under 18 years old 28,463 20, , , ,224 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 15,654 12, , ,442 With children under 6 years old 12,809 8, , ,782 With children under 3 years old 7,589 4, , ,993 With no children under 18 years old 68,794 37, , , ,683 women, 16 years and over 51,912 31, , , ,078 With children under 18 years old 21,589 14, , ,595 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 11,758 8, , ,769 With children under 6 years old 9,832 6, , ,826 With children under 3 years old 5,932 3, , ,387 With no children under 18 years old 30,322 16, , ,483 White, other marital statuses 1 women, 16 years and over 45,345 25, , , ,828 With children under 18 years old 6,873 5, , ,629 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 3,896 3, , With children under 6 years old 2,977 2, , With children under 3 years old 1,657 1, With no children under 18 years old 38,472 20, , , ,199 See footnote at end of table. 15 White, all marital statuses White, married, spouse present

21 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2009 Continued Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional of Employed of Un of labor force Not in labor force Black or African American, all marital statuses women, 16 years and over 15,474 9, , , ,086 With children under 18 years old 5,159 3, , ,255 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 2,857 2, , With children under 6 years old 2,302 1, , With children under 3 years old 1, With no children under 18 years old 10,314 5, , ,830 Black or African American, married, spouse present women, 16 years and over 4,368 2, , ,438 With children under 18 years old 1,930 1, , With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 1, With children under 6 years old With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 2,437 1, , ,004 Black or African American, other marital statuses 1 women, 16 years and over 11,106 6, , ,647 With children under 18 years old 3,229 2, , With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger. 1,735 1, , With children under 6 years old 1,494 1, With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 7,877 4, , ,826 Asian, all marital statuses women, 16 years and over 5,613 3, , ,343 With children under 18 years old 1,877 1, , With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger With children under 6 years old With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 3,735 1, , ,766 Asian, married, spouse present women, 16 years and over 3,366 2, , ,277 With children under 18 years old 1,660 1, , With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger With children under 6 years old With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 1, Asian, other marital statuses 1 women, 16 years and over 2,246 1, , ,067 With children under 18 years old With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger With children under 6 years old With children under 3 years old With no children under 18 years old 2, ,030 See footnote at end of table. 16