EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS

Transcription

1 EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 99 In this issue: annual averages Revised seasonally adjusted labor force series Data on union affiliation Median weekly earnings for detailed occupations Employee absences

2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Lynn Martin, Secretary Calendar of Features BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Employment and Earnings is prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publications. The data are collected by the Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) and State employment security agencies, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief description of the cooperative statistical programs of the BLS with these agencies is presented in the Explanatory Notes. The State agencies are listed on the inside back cover. Employment and Earnings may be ordered through the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 040. Subscription price per year $3 domestic and $38.75 foreign. Single copy $0 domestic and $.50 foreign. Annual supplement $ domestic and $5 foreign. Prices are subject to change by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Correspondence concerning subscriptions, including address changes and missing issues, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents. Phone (0) In addition to the monthly data appearing regularly in Employment and Earnings, special features appear in most of the issues as shown below. Household data Annual averages Union affiliation Earnings by detailed occupation Employee absences Revised seasonally adjusted series Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan., Feb. Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data, persons not in labor force, persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans, family relationship data, weekly earnings data, and metropolitannonmetropolitan and povertynonpoverty area data Jan., Apr., July, Establishment data Communications on material in this publication should be addressed to: Editors, Employment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 0. Specific questions concerning the data in this publication should be directed as follows: Household data, (0) or 37; national establishment data, 537; State and area establishment data, 537; productivity data, 5396; and State and area labor force data, Second class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Information in this publication will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (0) 53, TDD phone: (0) 53396, TDD Message Referral Phone Number: Matetial in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. ISSN National annual averages: Industry divisions (preliminary) Industry detail (final) Women employees (final) National data revised to reflect new benchmarks and new seasonal adjustment factors Revised historical national data State and area annual averages Area definitions State and area labor force data Annual averages Jan. Mar. Mar. June Supplement May May May The latest supplement was published in July.

3 Employment and Earnings Vol. 39 No. January 99 Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker Editors' Note With this issue, seasonally adjusted unemployment and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey (household survey) have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors which incorporate the experience through December. As a result, seasonally adjusted data for the past 5 years are subject to revision. Revised current data appear in tables Al,, 3 and 353. Revised monthly data covering the 9879 revision period for over 400 series will appear in next month's issue. The article beginning on page 0 of this issue discusses the effects of the revisions, describes the seasonal adjustment methodology, and gives the new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the major civilian labor force series for JanuaryJune 99. Contents List of statistical tables Employment and unemployment developments, December 8 Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series 0 Statistical tables: Historical Household data 4 Establishment data: Employment 86 Hours and earnings Not seasonally adjusted Household data 7 Quarterly averages 64 Establishment data: Employment: National 87 State and area 03 Hours and earnings: National 4 State and area 48 State and area labor force data 56 Seasonally adjusted Household data 44 Quarterly averages 53 Establishment data: Employment 99 Hours and earnings 45 Productivity data 53 Annual averages 6 Explanatory notes 4 Page

4 Monthly Household Data Page Employment Status Al. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 959 to date 4 A. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 98 to date 5 A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 959 to date 6 A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 7 A5. Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex 0 A6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age A7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 4 years of age by school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin A8. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 4 A9. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race 5 A0. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship 6 Characteristics of the Al. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 7 Al. persons by occupation and sex 8 Al3. persons by industry and sex 9 A4. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race 30 Al 5. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 3 Al6. persons by duration of unemployment 3 Al7. persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 3 Al 8. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 33 A9. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used A0. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used 34 Characteristics of the A. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex 35 A. civilians by occupation, sex, and age 36 A3. civilians by occupation, race, and sex 37 A4. civilians by age, sex, and class of worker 38 A5. civilians by industry and occupation 39 A6. civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status 39 A7. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry 40 A8. Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status 40 A9. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status 4 A30. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and fullor parttime status 4 A3. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status 43 Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment Data A3. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed Forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 44 A33. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 45 A34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted 46 A35. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 48 A36. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 49 A37. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 49 A38. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 50 A39. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 5 A40. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 5 A4. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 5

5 Quarterly Household Data Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment Data A4. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed Forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 53 A43. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 54 A44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted 55 A45. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 57 A46. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 58 A47. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 59 A48. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 59 A49. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 60 A50. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 6 A5. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 6 A5. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 6 Persons Not in the Labor Force A53. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and race, seasonally adjusted 63 A54. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age 64 A55. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex 65 A56. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 66 A57. Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next months by sex, age, and race 67 Race and HispanicOrigin Data A58. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 68 A59. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age 69 A60. civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin 70 A6. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories 7 A6. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 7 A63. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 7 A64. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 73 A65. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 73 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data A66. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 74 A67. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin Family Relationship and Weekly Earnings Data A68. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 75 A69. persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 76 A70. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 77 A7. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin A7. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings 79 A73. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 80 A74. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 8 A75. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 8 Metropolitannonmetropolitan and Povertynonpoverty Area Data A76. A77. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 83 Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic origin 85 Page

6 Monthly Establishment Data Page EmploymentNational Bl. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 94 to date 86 B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 87 B3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 98 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 99 B5. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 00 B6. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 0 B7. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted 0 EmploymentStates and Areas B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 03 Hours and EarningsNational Cl. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 4 Ca. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 37) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing 4 C3. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 43 C4. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (98) dollars 44 C5. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 45 C6. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 46 C7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted 47 Hours and EarningsStates and Areas C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas 48 Productivity Data C9. Hours of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments by major industry, seasonally adjusted 53 C0. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted 54 Cl. Percent changes from the preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted annual rates 55 Monthly State and Area Labor Force Data Dl. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas 56

7 Annual Averages Household Data Employment Status. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 99 to date 6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 959 to date Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 4 years of age by school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race 7 8. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship 7 Characteristics of the 9. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex persons by occupation and sex 74. persons by industry and sex 75. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment persons by duration of unemployment persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used 8 Characteristics of the 9. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex 8 0. civilians by occupation, sex, and age 83. civilians by occupation, race, and sex 84. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin civilians by age, sex, and class of worker 9 4. civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker 9 5. civilians by industry, sex, and occupation civilians by industry, race, and occupation civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, and race civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status 0 3. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full or parttime status Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status 03 Person Not in the Labor Force 35. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next months by sex, age, and race 07 Race and HispanicOrigin Data 39. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin 0 4. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories 43. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 44. Unemployment rates, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 45. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 3 Page

8 Annual Averages Household Data Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data 47. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 5 Family Relationship and Weekly Earnings Data 49. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 7 5. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members 8 5. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 55. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex 3 Union Affiliation Data 57. wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, full or parttime status, and union affiliation wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and union affiliation Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation 3 Employee Absences Data 6. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, marital status, and presence and age of children 3 6. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and industry 33 Metropolitannonmetropolitan and Povertynonpoverty Area Data 63. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas, by sex, race, and Hispanic origin Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic orgin 36 Page Annual Averages Establishment Data EmploymentNational 65. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacting group Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 38 Hours and EarningsNational 67. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 39

9 In the February 99 issue of Employment and Earnings, the Bureau will begin publication of monthly seasonally adjusted data for the four census regions and nine divisions. In addition, all occupation and industry data will be coded in accordance with the census classification systems. Scheduled Release Dates Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on the following dates: Reference month Release date Reference month Release date January February 7 April May 8 February March 6 May June 5 March April 3 June July

10 Employment and Unemployment Developments, December The Nation's job market showed continued weakness in December. The unemployment rate rose twotenths of a percentage point to 7. percent from a revised percent in both October and November. Nonfarm payroll employment was little changed in December, following a large decline in November. Unemployment The number of unemployed persons rose by 90,000 in December to 8.9 million (after seasonal adjustment), and the unemployment rate rose 0. percentage point to 7. percent. Prior to December, the unemployment rate had held at about percent between May and September before edging up to percent in October and November. Since the recession began in July, the jobless total has grown by. million and the unemployment rate has risen.7 percentage points. (See table A33.) Jobless rates for adult men (6.6 percent) and adult women (6. percent) edged up in December. Rates for teenagers (9.3 percent), whites ( percent), blacks (.7 percent), and Hispanics (9.7 percent) were little changed over the month, though mostly in an upward direction. (See tables A33 and A34.) Nearly all of the December increase in unemployment occurred among persons who had lost their last jobs, primarily those who had no expectation of being called back to work. Since July, the total number of job losers (including those on layoff anticipating recall) has increased by.8 million. Job losers accounted for 56 percent of the unemployed in December. (See table A4.) Longterm unemployment (5 weeks and over) rose by 0,000 in December to a level of.8 million; the longterm unemployed accounted for about out of every 3 unemployed persons in December, up from in 5 at the onset of the recession. Most of the overthemonth increase in longterm unemployment was accounted for by persons jobless for 6 months or longer. (See table A40.) employment and the labor force employment was little changed in December at a seasonally adjusted level of 6.7 million. The number of employed persons was about. million lower than when the recession began. The employmentpopulation ratio the proportion of the workingage population that is employed was percent in December, down / percentage points since July. (See table A33.) The civilian labor force rose slightly in December, to million, and the labor force participation rate, at 6 percent, was about unchanged. Over the past year, the labor force has grown by only about half a million, reflecting the net effect of a pronounced decline in the teenage labor force and only modest growth among adults. Discouraged workers The number of discouraged workers persons who want a job but are not looking for one because they think that their search would be futile was. million in the fourth quarter of, little changed from the previous quarter. Since the recession began, the discouraged total has expanded by some 70,000 persons, much less than the increase registered during the 988 downturn (about 700,000). (See table A53.) Industry payroll employment Nonfarm payroll employment changed little in December following a decline of 65,000 in November. Private sector employment declined throughout the entire fourth quarter, led by decreases in goodsproducing industries. (See table B4.) Manufacturing lost 3,000 jobs; the industry's employment has shrunk by. million since January of 989, mostly in durable goods. Much of the December decline came in transportation equipment, with autos losing 7,000 jobs (in a continuation of monthtomonth fluctuations) and aircraft manufacturing experiencing further declines. Industrial machinery, fabricated metals, and instruments sustained further job losses as well. In contrast, employment edged up in textiles, which, along with apparel, has had steady gains since April. Jobs in the construction industry held about steady in December after declining by 88,000 in November. Seasonal layoffs normally occurring in both months were more concentrated in November because of unusually bad weather. About 600,000 construction jobs have been lost since May of. Mining employment continued its pattern of small but persistent losses. In the serviceproducing sector, wholesale trade continued to lose jobs 5,000 in December reflecting the overall weakness in manufacturing and retail trade. Employment in retail trade changed little in December on a 8

11 seasonally adjusted basis, but overall Christmas hiring was much weaker than usual in. Transportation and public utilities lost 3,000 jobs, largely because two air carriers ceased operations. Services added 38,000 jobs following a slight decline in November; the December gains were limited to the health services industry. Government employment has risen by about 00,000 in the last 3 months. Weekly hours The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0. hour in December to 3 hours, following an equivalent increase in the prior month. After dropping to 3 in April, the average workweek is back to the level of mid989. The factory workweek and overtime also increased 0. hour to 4. and hours, respectively. Manufacturing hours continue to be high by historical standards. (See table C5.) The index of aggregate weekly hours increased by twotenths of a percent to.7(98= 00) in December, seasonally adjusted, following a slight increase in November. The index of manufacturing hours also gained 0. percent to 0.7, after declining for 3 months. (See table C6.) Hourly and weekly earnings Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers increased by 0.7 percent in December, seasonally adjusted. As a result of this and the small increase in weekly hours, average weekly earnings increased.0 percent. Prior to seasonal adjustment, average hourly earnings increased by 5 cents to $0.5, while average weekly earnings were up $ to $36.5. Over the past year, hourly and weekly earnings both rose 3. percent. (See tables Cl and C7.)

12 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series Robert J. Mclntire The purpose of seasonal adjustment is to eliminate from economic time series the influence of weather, holidays, the opening and closing of schools, and other such seasonal events in order to make it easier to observe and analyze the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. The seasonality which the adjustment process endeavors to eliminate is represented by seasonal factors. The seasonal factors used for current adjustment are estimates of how much the original unadjusted values can be expected to deviate from underlying trendcycle levels due to annually recurring behavior as projected from average seasonal patterns in the recent past. Even though seasonality involves regularly recurring patterns, it does tend to change over time, creating a need for periodic reestimation of factors and revision of recently adjusted estimates. By including more recent data in the estimation process, the revision process can provide better estimates of how much the original, unadjusted estimates actually deviated from underlying trendcycle levels dur Robert J. Mclntire is an economist and Chief of the Data Development Staff, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. ing the recent period. This improves the historical seasonally adjusted data for that period. In addition, the new information is incorporated to produce the new projected factors to be used for current seasonal adjustment. Therefore, at the end of each calendar year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reestimates the seasonality of the unemployment, employment, and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey by including another full year of data in the estimation process. Based on this annual reestimation, BLS issues the projected factors for the first 6 months of the new year as well as revised estimates of historical seasonally adjusted data for the last 5 years. Each year's data are generally subject to five revision cycles before the values are considered final. The fifth and final revisions in the earliest of the 5 years are usually quite small, while the firsttime revisions in the most recent year are generally much more substantial, although even these rarely alter the essential trends observed in the initial major estimates. This year's revisions incorporate data through December and provide revised estimates for January 987 through December for all previously seasonally adjusted labor force series. Table. Current seasonal adjustment factors for the major civilian labor force components, JanuaryJune 99 Procedure and series January February March April May June Multiplicative Adjustment (Divide factor into original value) Agricultural employment: Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Nonagricultural employment: Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Unemployment: Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Additive Adjustment (Subtract factor from original value) Nonagricultural employment: Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Unemployment: Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years

13 Table contains the new projected seasonal factors to be applied during the first 6 months of 99 to the component series used in the computation of the seasonally adjusted civilian labor force and unemployment rate. (See the section on aggregation procedures later in the article.) Projected factors for the last 6 months of 99 will be estimated in early July, based on data through June 99, and published in the July issue of this publication. Effect of revisions One of the criteria used to evaluate alternative methods of seasonal adjustment is how close initial estimates are to subsequent revisions. Policymakers and analysts must make determinations based on current information. It is important, therefore, that the initial estimates of current factors for the seasonal adjustment of major economic series produce estimates of level and change that are as close as possible to the improved estimates that will be made after more data have become available. Even though the revisions currently being released for the seasonally adjusted data are not final, the first revisions are, as mentioned above, usually the most substantial of the five that will be made and often indicate the direction any subsequent revisions will take. Therefore, it is appropriate to compare these first revisions with the initial estimates. Table shows the civilian unemployment rate for as first computed and as revised, as well as the change due to revision. Rounded to one decimal place as published, the rate changed in 6 of the months, with the absolute effect of the changes never exceeding 0. percentage point in any of those months. Compared to the initial estimates, the revised rates suggest slightly smoother behavior for the rate during the year. Table. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in and change due to revision January February... March April May June July August September. October... November. December. Month As first computed As revised Char This rate reflects the use of seasonal factors projected for December as published in the July issue of Employment and Earnings and was subject to revision before regular publication of December data. Adjustment methods and procedures The official seasonal adjustment procedure for the labor force series is the Xll ARIMA program, which was developed at Statistics Canada during the 970's as an extension of and improvement to the widely used Xll method developed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the 960's. The Xll ARIMA method improves current estimates for most series by allowing recent observations, especially those of the last 6 months, to weigh more heavily in the estimates of current and recent seasonal factors than did the Xll alone. The method provides this improvement through the use of ARIMA models to extend the data series by months. The Xll algorithm for seasonal adjustment is then applied to the extended series. ARIMA models. ARIMA projections are based only on the past experience observed in a series itself. ARIMA models have proved to have good properties for shortterm projection or extrapolation of a large class of time series, especially in a seasonal adjustment context, since the extrapolations tend to track intrayear movements quite well. The ARIMA models in the Xll ARIMA program used to seasonally adjust the labor force series are of the BoxJenkins type They can generally be described with the notation: Where: (p,d,q)(p,d,q) TRANSFORMATION, () p is the number of regular (nonseasonal) autoregressive parameters () d is the number of regular differences (3) q is the number of regular moving average parameters (4) P is the number of seasonal autoregressive parameters (5) D is the number of seasonal differences (6) Q is the number of seasonal moving average parameters (7) TRANSFORMATION may be NONE, LOG, or POWER(n). While the lettered elements within the parentheses of the model specifications can theoretically take on many values, in practice, only small values are useful. For each labor force series which has been extended based on an ARIMA model, the model has been specifically chosen as well suited to the particular series, based on a set of established criteria. The criteria essentially require a The primary documentation for the X ARIMA procedure is the The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 564E, January 983). (ARIMA is an acronym for AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average.) The Xll method is described in The Xll Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program, by Julius Shiskin, Alan Young, and John Musgrave (Technical Paper No. 5, Bureau of the Census, 967). For a more detailed discussion of ARIMA models, refer to previously cited Dagum (983) and to G.E.P. Box and G.M. Jenkins, Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control (San Francisco, Holden Day, 970); and C.W.J. Granger and P. Newbold, Forecasting Economic Time Series (New York, Academic Press, 977).

14 model to: () fit the series well, () have low average forecasting errors in the last 3 years prior to the projected year, and (3) produce residuals (the differences between the observed values and the values forecast by the model for the observed period) which follow a random pattern. Acceptable ARIMA models have been identified and were used for 89 of the 5 labor force series which were directly adjusted at the end of, including all major civilian labor force components, whose ARIMA models are shown in table 3. The models for three of those major components nonagricultural employment for men and for women 0 years and over, and unemployment for women 0 years and over are different from those used last year. The 6 remaining series for which acceptable models have not been identified were simply run through the Xll part of the program without any ARIMA extrapolations. Table 3. ARIMA models used in endof seasonal adjustment for the major civilian labor force components Series Agricultural employment: Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Nonagricultural employment: Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Unemployment: Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Men, 6 to 9 years Women, 6 to 9 years Model (,0,0)(0,,) (0,,4)(0,,) (0,,)(0,,) (,,X0,,) (,,)(0,,) (,,)(0,,) (,,0)(0,,) (,,0)(0,,) (0,,3X0,,) (0 3)(0,,) (0,,X0,,) (0,,X0,,) Transformation LOG LOG NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE LOG LOG NONE NONE Xll procedures. The procedures used for adjusting the labor force series within the Xl part of the process were the same as those followed last year. A 0year time period, including data from January 98 through December, was used for the adjustment of all the labor force series. The Xll method of seasonal adjustment contained in the Xll ARIMA procedure assumes that the original series, including the extrapolated observations if an ARIMA model has been applied, is either the product or the sum of three components trendcycle, seasonal, and irregular. The method uses either a ratioto or differencefrommovingaverage approach to estimate the components, depending on whether the multiplicative or additive model is used. The seasonally adjusted series values are computed by dividing each month's original value by the corresponding seasonal factor if the multiplicative model is used, or by subtracting the factor if the additive model is used. Of the major civilian labor force components, the 4 teenage unemployment and nonagricultural employment series were adjusted using the additive model, and the other 8 series with the multiplicative model. Of all the 5 directly adjusted series, 5 were adjusted with the additive model, including most teenage employment and unemployment series, for which the seasonal components were found to be fairly independent of the trendcycle. Movingholiday adjustment. Three of the series directly adjusted with multiplicative models were seasonally adjusted using the movingholiday extension of Xll ARIMA which was developed at BLS. These three series, all relating to persons "at work" (that is, excluding those employed persons "with a job not at work"), had tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data related to the timing of Easter. The series are: ( and ) at work on parttime schedules for noneconomic reasons, usually work part time, all industries and nonagricultural industries, both of which are published monthly in seasonally adjusted form; and (3) at work on fulltime schedules, nonagricultural industries, a formerly published and still maintained seasonally adjusted series. A detailed discussion of the nature of the Easter effect in these series and of the procedure used to control for it as part of the seasonal adjustment process was included in the January version of this article. Sixmonth updates. The current official practice for the seasonal adjustment of the labor force series involves the running of all directly adjusted series through Xll ARIMA twice each year, after receipt of June and December data, with 6 months of projected factors drawn from each run and historical revisions drawn from the endofyear run. This practice allows, among other things, the prior publication of seasonal factors, which historically has been regarded by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and other statistical agencies as an important way of ensuring the openness of their seasonal adjustment procedures, especially where very sensitive indicators such as the unemployment rate have been involved. In recent years, a number of research studies, including a 987 paper on the labor force series, 3 have indicated that the alternative practice of concurrent adjustment, where the seasonal adjustment procedure is run with all available data each month and factors cannot be published ahead of time, generally produces initial seasonally adjusted estimates requiring smaller revisions than those produced by adjustment using projected factors. The BLS is continuing to evaluate concurrent adjustment for the labor force series, and concurrently adjusted alternative estimates for major labor force series are available to interested users upon request. Aggregation procedures BLS maintains and publishes several hundred seasonally adjusted labor force series in addition to the 5 directly 3 G.R. Methee and R.J. Mclntire, "An Evalution of Concurrent Seasonal Adjustment for the Major Labor Force Series," in the 987 Proceedings of the Business and EconomicStatistics Section, American Statistical Association; copies of a more complete version of the paper can be obtained directly from the authors at the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

15 adjusted series discussed above. These additional series are produced by arithmetically combining or aggregating the directly adjusted series with each other or, in some cases, with series on population or resident Armed Forces levels, which are not seasonally adjusted because they are not considered to have any significant seasonal variation. For example, the seasonally adjusted levels of total unemployment, civilian employment, and civilian labor force, and the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for all civilian workers, are all produced by aggregation of some or all of the seasonally adjusted results for the major civilian labor force components. The seasonally adjusted level of total unemployment is the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of unemployment for the four agesex groups men and women 6 to 9, and men and women 0 years and over. Seasonally adjusted civilian employment is the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of employment for the eight employment components the same four agesex groups as noted above employed in nonagricultural and agricultural industries. The seasonally adjusted civilian labor force is the sum of all components. The seasonally adjusted civilian unemployment rate is calculated by taking the total seasonally adjusted unemployment level as a percent of the total seasonally adjusted civilian labor force. The principal reason for producing many of the major seasonally adjusted estimates for the labor force by aggregation rather than by direct adjustment is that this approach ensures that the major seasonally adjusted totals will be arithmetically consistent with at least one major set of components. If the totals were directly adjusted along with the components, such consistency would not, in all likelihood, occur, since the Xii is not a sumpreserving procedure; that is, the sum of the result for two or more directly adjusted series will not generally be the same as the result of directly adjusting the sum of the unadjusted versions of the same series. Another factor is that it would generally be inappropriate to apply seasonal factors computed for an aggregate series to the components of the aggregate. The various labor force components tend to have significantly different patterns of seasonal variation; for example, teenage unemployment tends to peak in June, while unemployment of adult men tends to peak in the winter months of January and February. In order to estimate properly these varying seasonal patterns, it is necessary to adjust the components directly. Of course, one of the implications of producing seasonally adjusted estimates for many major series by aggregation is that exact factors cannot be projected for those series. However, implicit seasonal adjustment factors can be calculated after the fact by taking the ratio of the unadjusted aggregate to the seasonally adjusted aggregate, or, for additive implicit factors, the difference between those two aggregates. Availability of revised series This issue of Employment and Earnings contains revised data for the last 3 months and quarters for many seasonally adjusted labor force series. Next month's issue will provide the 9879 revisions for a few hundred of the seasonally adjusted monthly labor force series most in demand. The revisions replace the data published in the February issue for and the seasonally adjusted estimates for published during the past year. The seasonally adjusted data last published for 986 and earlier years were not further revised. Additional data for any of the several hundred seasonally adjusted labor force series, as well as the JanuaryJune 99 factors for any of the directly adjusted series beyond the major components, can be obtained from BLS upon request. Requests for data or inquiries concerning seasonal adjustment methodology or the availability of machinereadable files of labor force data should be addressed to the Data Development Staff, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 0. 3

16 HISTORICAL A. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 959 to date (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Year and month Noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Resident Armed Forces Civilian Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages 959 7,7 70, ,48,788 64,630 5,565 59,065 3,740 46,960 I ,06 0,67,4 4,4 6,503 8,459 30,80 3,09 34,8 36,573 7,489 7,359 7,675 73,839 75,09 76,40 77,89 79,565 80,990 8, ,639 67,646 68,763 69,768 7,33 73,034 75,07 76,590 78,73 80,40,86,900,06,006,08,946,,8,53,38 65,778 65,746 66,70 67,76 69,305 7,088 7,895 74,37 75,90 77,90 5,458 5,00 4,944 4,687 4,53 4,36 3,979 3,844 3,87 3,606 60,38 60,546 6,759 63,076 64,78 66,76 68,95 70,57 7,03 74,96 3,85 4,74 3,9 4,070 3,786 3,366,875,975,87,83 47,67 48,3 49,539 50,583 5,394 5,058 5,88 5,57 53,9 53, ,03 4,89 45,939 48,870 5,84 54,83 57,88 60,689 63,54 66,460 84,889 86,355 88,847 9,03 93,670 95,453 97,86 00,665 03,88 06, ,796 8,340 83,966 86,838 88,55 87,54 90,40 93,673 97,679 00,4,8,973,83,774,7,678,668,656,63,597 78,678 79,367 8,53 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,75 9,07 96,048 98,84 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,55 3,408 3,33 3,83 3,387 3,347 75,5 75,97 78,669 8,594 83,79 8,438 85,4 88,734 9,66 95,477 4,093 5,06 4,88 4,365 5,56 7,99 7,406 6,99 6,0 6, ,35 55,834 57,09 57,667 58,7 59,377 59,99 60,05 59,659 59, ,349 7,775 73,939 75,89 78,080 79,9 8,93 84,490 86,3 88,08 08,544 0,35,87 3,6 5,4 7,67 9,540,60 3,378 5, ,907 0,04 0,94 0,50 06,70 08,856,303 4,77 6,677 9,030,604,645,668,676,697,706,706,737,709,688 99,303 00,397 99,56 00,834 05,005 07,50 09,597,440 4,968 7,34 3,364 3,368 3,40 3,383 3,3 3,79 3,63 3,08 3,69 3,99 95,938 97,030 96,5 97,450 0,685 03,97 06,434 09,3,800 4,4 7,637 8,73 0,678 0,77 8,539 8,3 8,37 7,45 6,70 6, ,806 6,460 6,067 6,665 6,839 6,744 6,75 6,888 6,944 6,53 89,686 9,39 6,44 6, ,550 8,440,637,564 7,94 6,877 3,86 3,33 4,78 3,644 6,874 8, ,6 64,46 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted : December 90,483 6,76 6 9,093,67 7,476 3,84 4,9 7,668 63,7 : January February... March April May June July August September October... November December 90,59 90,77 90,703 90,836 90,980 9,73 9,443 9,589 9,746 9,903 9,057 9,09 6,355 6,669 6,70 7,00 6,77 7,09 6,808 6,60 7,4 7, 6,979 7, ,59 8,539 8,94 8,844 8,88 8,44 8,333 8,00 8,73 8,48 8,377 8,33,65,60,460,456,458,505,604,66,64,64,605,604 6,977 6,937 6,834 7,388 6,730 6,909 6,79 6,484 7,089 6,867 6,77 6,78 3,94 3,37 3,4 3,87 3,56 3,86 3,44 3,54 3,83 3,04 3,7 3,83 3,783 3,700 3,70 4,0 3,474 3,63 3,485 3,30 3,806 3,663 3,500 3,545 7,763 8,30 8,46 8,56 8,59 8,65 8,475 8,50 8,50 8,64 8,60 8, ,37 64,048 63,993 63,736 64,63 64,44 64,635 64,969 64,53 64,78 65,078 64,986 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted household survey data shown in tables A,, 3 and 353 have been revised based on the experience through December. Data for 9879 are subject to revision. See the article in this issue for additional information. 4

17 HISTORICAL A. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 98 to date (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Sex, year, and month Noninstitutional population Percent of population Resident Armed Forces Civilian Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages MEN 8,03 83,05 84,064 85,56 86,05 87,349 88,476 89,404 90,83 63,486 63,979 64,580 65,386 65,967 66,973 67,784 68,474 69, ,909 57,800 58,30 60,64 6,447 6,443 63,684 64,80 65,835,5,59,533,55,556,55,577,547,50 57,397 56,7 56,787 59,09 59,89 60,89 6,07 63,73 64,35,700,736,704,668,535,5,543,493,53 54,697 53,534 54,083 56,43 57,356 58,38 59,564 60,780 6,80 4,577 6,79 6,60 4,744 4,5 4,530 4,0 3,655 3, ,537 9,073 9,484 9,77 0,058 0,376 0,69 0,930 0,93 9, 9,95 69,705 69, ,906 64,99,47,399 64,435 63,593,507,55 6,98 6,04 3,799 4,87,47,4 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted : December 9,537 70,0 7 65,676,454 64,,60 6,6 4,346,55 : January February March April May June July August September October November December 9,590 9,650 9,587 9,65 9,70 9,839 9,03 9,00 9,85 9,70 9,356 9,439 69,609 69,734 69,735 69,876 69,76 69,85 69,80 69,7 70,7 69,93 69,849 69, ,7 65,050 64,877 65,46 64,83 64,859 64,858 64,80 65,6 65,037 65,004 64,857,453,439,34,30,303,345,43,44,449,440,43,43 63,89 63,6 63,563 63,836 63,58 63,54 63,47 63,378 63,767 63,597 63,57 63,46,506,538,470,59,58,64,58,570,579,535,568,485 6,33 6,073 6,093 6,307 60,946 60,900 60,845 60,808 6,88 6,06 6,004 60,94 4,337 4,684 4,858 4,730 4,895 4,966 4,95 4,89 4,955 4,894 4,845 4, ,98,96,85,776,994,04,3,389,04,339,507,59 Annual averages WOMEN 89,75 90,887 9,87 9,94 93,886 94,944 96,03 96,98 97,798 46,89 47,894 48,646 49,855 5,00 5,568 53,88 54,904 56, ,33 43,395 44,90 46,06 47,409 48,86 50,494 5,858 53, ,000 43,56 44,047 45,95 47,59 48,706 50,334 5,696 53, ,333 4,59 43,367 45,6 46,65 48,054 49,668 5,00 5,34 3,696 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,79 3,707 3,34 3,046 3, ,9 4,993 43,8 43,068 4,686 4,376 4,95 4,04 4,60 98,564 99,378 56,79 57, ,644 53, ,479 53, ,800 5,60 3,075 3,609 4,845 4,3 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted : December... 98,946 56, , ,54 5,580 3,3 4,07 : January February March April May June July August September... October November... December... 99,00 99,067 99,6 99,84 99,60 99,334 99,4 99,489 99,56 99,633 99,70 99,770 56,746 56,935 56,975 57,4 56,99 57,04 56,998 56,909 57,043 57,9 57,30 57, ,30 53,489 53,47 53,698 53,357 53,555 53,475 53,80 53,497 53,444 53,373 53, ,58 53,36 53,7 53,55 53,0 53,395 53,30 53,06 53,3 53,70 53,00 53, ,470 5,67 5,67 5,894 5,58 5,73 5,640 5,4 5,68 5,60 5,496 5,604 3,46 3,446 3,558 3,56 3,634 3,649 3,53 3,69 3,546 3,747 3,757 3, ,56 4,3 4,4 4,960 4,69 4,30 4,43 4,580 4,58 4,44 4,57 4,394 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

18 HISTORICAL A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over, 959 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year and month Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rates Men Women Annual averages 959 5,39 68, ,630 3,740 I ,45 8,77 0,53,46 4,485 6,53 8,058 9,874 3,08 34,335 69,68 70,459 70,64 7,833 73,09 74,455 75,770 77,347 78,737 80, ,778 65,746 66,70 67,76 69,305 7,088 7,895 74,37 75,90 77,90 3,85 4,74 3,9 4,070 3,786 3,366,875,975,87, ,085 40,6 44,6 47,096 50,0 53,53 56,50 59,033 6,90 64,863 8,77 84,38 87,034 89,49 9,949 93,775 96,58 99,009 0,5 04, ,678 79,367 8,53 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,75 9,07 96,048 98,84 4,093 5,06 4,88 4,365 5,56 7,99 7,406 6,99 6,0 6, , 67,745 70,30 7,7 74,5 76,383 78,06 80,587 8,753 84,63 86,393 06,940 08,670 0,04,550 3,544 5,46 7,834 9,865,669 3, ,303 00,397 99,56 00,834 05,005 07,50 09,597,440 4,968 7,34 7,637 8,73 0,678 0,77 8,539 8,3 8,37 7,45 6,70 6, ,049 89,765 4,787 5, ,94 6,877 6,874 8, Monthly data, seasonally adjusted : December. 88,866 5,44 6 7,476 7, : January February... March April May June July August September October November December 88,977 89,5 89,43 89,380 89,5 89,668 89,839 89,973 90, 90,89 90,45 90,605 4,740 5,067 5,50 5,644 5,59 5,54 5,04 5,004 5,590 5,508 5,374 5, ,977 6,937 6,834 7,388 6,730 6,909 6,79 6,484 7,089 6,867 6,77 6,78 7,763 8,30 8,46 8,56 8,59 8,65 8,475 8,50 8,50 8,64 8,60 8, Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 6

19 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons. TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 90,605 3,06 6,60 6,603 7,87 07,959 4,06 0,03,73 39,077 0,69 8,458 6,676 4,77,959,55 0,575 0,580 30,43 0,07 8,6,4 5,08 6,35,499 3,853 3,54 90,075 35,53 6,69 8,56 33,53 7,587 5,667,568,33 9,45,768 7,00 4,749 3,398, ,549 5,86,945 3,40,04 84,800 3,73 5,449 7,8 3,530 6,68 4,9 0,539,759 8,780,64 6,74 4,53 3,76, ,559, ,489 5,75,53,4,8, , ,498 6,854 4,04,750 4,359 7,884 6,95 3,34 3,6 5,84 3,033,79 5,08,394,74 9,387 3,555 5,83 7,04 8,05 7,363,600 5, ,443,380 4,578,08,469 3,770,005,765 3,03,438,595 4,96,868,39 8,38,568,95 3,464 9,55 5,99 3,885,07,49, , , , , ,50, , , ,353,56 3,097 7,49 5,07 4,807 7,477 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 9,008 6,64 3,367 3,74 8,733 5,9 0,795 9,845 0,950 9,65 0,5 9,04,950 7,06 5,745 0,07 5,055 4,96,706 4,54 3,643 4,5 68,008 3,4,0,004 7,8 49,098 9,469 9,79 0,90 7,97 9,553 8,363,7 6,646 5,067 6,67 3,954,77,906, ,05, ,67 6,65 46,009 8,00 8,454 9,557 6,887 8,965 7,9, 6,33 4,780 6,350 3,770,580,843, , ,089, , ,000 3,46,57,69,65 3,83, , , ,346,0,45 0,799 3,486 3,07 4, ,87 3,74,089,085, , , , , , ,974 0,50 3,303,940 3,907 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 99,597 6,565 3,35 3,330 9,39 55,048,40 0,87,3 9,9 0,468 9,444 3,76 7,5 6,4,38 5,50 5,68 7,707 5,486 4,68 7,603 57,00 3,38,89,849 6,395 40,977 5,785 7,5 8,7 5,337 8,033 7,303 9,856 5,677 4,79 5,097 3,066,03, ,54,68,05,63 5,759 38,79 4,70 6,996 7,75 4,643 7,653 6,989 9,48 5,48 4,000 4,93,970,943, , ,86, ,497 3,47,947,48,744 4,07 5,66,675,95 4,575,435,40 3,870,834,036 6,04,454 3,587 6,5 4,565 4,56 7,393 5, ,387,8 4,46,058,404 3,68,959,74,975,45,560 4,097,84,73 8,74,530,56 3,388 4,75,88,796,0, , , , , ,3 7,34,904,867 3,570 7

20 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons WHITE 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. 6,047 0,579 5,60 5,39 4,69 9,89 35,84 6,599 8,585 33,0 7,40 5,800,885,64 0,43 8,39 9,084 9,35 7,4 8,96 7,40 0,94 07,7 5,504,4 3,9,4 76,887 9,753 4,0 5,73 8,467 4,950 3,56 8,668 0,667 8,000 0,300 6,099 4,0 3,069, ,65 4,603,779,85 0,378 7,803 7,869 3,7 4,743 7,06 4,0,896 7,88 0,0 7,65 9,878 5,866 4,0,96, , ,034 4,084, , ,875 5,075 3,047,08 3,07 4,40 5,43,578,853 4,753,470,83 4,7,974,43 8,09,985 5,034 4,7 7,34 6,586 0,45, ,049 9,4 3,690,67,09 3,6,685,476,57,0,35 3,645,6,04 7,547,90,085 3,7 7,5 4,479,887,59,76, , , , , , ,756,044,7 5,684 4,633 4,30 6,750 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. 77,995 5,35,696,656 7,89 45,9 7,544 8,46 9,98 6,55 8,69 7,84,3 6,3 5,008 8,746 4,374 4,37,47 4,07 3,6 4,084 58,909,783,064,79 6,030 4,445 6,6 7,767 8,855 5,570 8,4 7,38 0,53 5,795 4,458 5,907 3,47,435, ,00,78 845,433 5,44 39,990 5,499 7,30 8,69 4,733 7,764 6,969 9,757 5, ,63 3,35,36, , ,455, ,087,569,63 937,59, ,839 90,937 9,674 3,08,774 3, ,67,388, , , , , ,70 9,35,960,645 3,53 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. 84,05 5,7,565,663 7,49 45,998 7,640 8,353 9,87 6, ,976,654 6,49 5,35 9,573 4,70 4,863 5,84 4,844 4,40 6,840 48,64,7,50,57 5,38 34,44 3,3 6,54 6,877,896 6,708 6,88 8,45 4,87 3,543 4,393,67,766, ,64,36 934,39 4,964 3,83,370 5,897 6,474,373 6,446 5,97 8,070 4,675 3,395 4,47,55,696, , , ,788,506,45,09,048,556 4,509,099,40 3,808,00,788 3,39,546,69 5,80,083 3,097 4,498 4,07 3,8 6,660, ,08 9,36 3,68,639,979 3,094,647,447,54,04,30 3,565,585,980 7,47,6,059 3,06 3,598,09, , , , , ,549,674,656 3,9 8

21 A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) December NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons BLACK 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over,774,08,043,037,466,475 5,35,67,75 4,368,397,97,754,500,54,60,48,0, ,007 3, ,66 9,90 4,3,064,68 3,599,997,60,089,9 898, , ,43 8,9 3,684,763,9 3,99,800,499,98,09 89, , , ,5, ,554, , , , , ,65, , , Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 9,797, ,33 5,608,430,94,36,957,076 88, , , ,888,39,07,067, , , ,375, , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over,977, ,334 6,867,9,434,489,4,3,090, , , , ,03,093 99,0,88, , , ,536, , , , , , , , Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 9

22 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex (Numbers in thousands) December Age and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 8,558,67,34,84 3,54 6,67 7,0 3,433 3,588 5,858 3,00,658 3,79,075,76,836,49,345 3,7, 860,00 7, ,0 3,88 5,500,670,830 4,787,636,50,90,656,45, , ,646,997 4,86,33,538 4,44,408,05,7,557,55, , ,64,866 4,808,305,503 4,386,388,998,67,537,35, , , ,63,779,057 7,5 3,483, , , ,84 97,48 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 3,03, ,544 7,60 3,5,599,65,650,459,9, , , , ,088 6,653,847,4,435,346,3,035, , ,09,5,4,87,54,0 953, , ,909,465,08,56,5,86 939, , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 5,546, ,70 9,050 3,770,834,937 3,08,740,468,07, , , , ,04 6,535,653,58,396,440,35,5, , ,978,350,099,5,70,07,063, , ,957,344,097,47,6,0,059, , ,55, , Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 0

23 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,866 4, ,87,943 4,344 7,343 64,36 90,605 5,08 6 6,549,86 3,687 8,559 65,498 83,08 64, ,88,05 58,676 3,695 8,633 84,367 64, ,467,34 58,334 4, ,574 9,04 53, , ,9,586 38,759 93,03 53, , ,99 3,066 39,070 3,66 6, , ,549,063 6,844 3,06 6, ,86 3 5,054, ,854 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 60,94 06, ,505,738 98,768 5, ,994 6,047 07, ,65,655 97,970 6, ,875 7,868 56, ,3,046 5,67, ,797 7,644 56, ,73,96 50,76 3, ,58 78,7 45, , ,685,8 33, 78,84 45, , ,730,44 33,8 0,903 5,87 5 5, , ,076 0,579 5, , , ,075 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force,448 3, ,859 7,73,69.0 7,970,774 3,549 6.,87 60,7, ,5 8,577 6, ,64 0 5, ,37 8,765 6, , , ,373 0,737 6, ,79 0 5, ,35 0,97 6, , , ,43, ,38, ,4

24 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 4 years of age by school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) December Employment status, years of school completed, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 5,78 0,95 5,487 7,45 4,45 3, ,558 3,569,989, ,47 3,48, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 7,64 8,58 7,090,069,878 4,574 3, ,309 4,50 3, , ,8 3,36, Men, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 7,953 5,09,743 3,607,05, ,5,663, ,536,50, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 4,039 3,93 3, ,454, ,46,979, ,06,476, Women, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 7,830 5,086,744 3,846,0, ,434,906, ,88,746, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 3,585 4,45 3,63 64,44,4, ,63,7, ,0,760, White, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,759 8,66 4,493 6,50 3,757, ,87 3,4,60, ,804,943, Men Women 6,44 6,336 3,54 3, ,776 3, ,53, High school College Fulltime students* Parttime students 5,974 6,785 5,856 99,58 3,98 3, ,075 3,75, ,97,833, Black, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,5, Men Women,063, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students, ( ) Hispanic origin, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,430, Men Women High school College Fulltime students Parttime students See footnotes at end of table.

25 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 4 years of age by school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) December Employment status, years of school completed, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 5,96,9,385,43,07 0, ,65,67 9,035 8,843,08 7,736, ,99,76 490,7,59 436, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more 3,73 7,59,653,38,377 6,8,44, ,748 5,444,,38,374 4,436,45 375, Men, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 7,4,43 5,990 6,76,90 5, , ,803 4, , , Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more,93 3,78, 549,573 3,44, ,95,938, ,07, All Women, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 7,875,479 6,395 5, , , ,3 3, ,464, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more,809 3,80, ,839, ,506, , White, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,438,33 0,6 0,406,747 8, ,55,379 7,776 7, ,694,494 4,08, , Men Women 6,7 6,3 5,659 4, ,96 4,39 4,99 3, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more,964 6,0,8,36,003 5,66,04, ,543 4,590,904,8,4 3,79,63, Black, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,396 58,869,668 30, ,8 90, Men Women,0, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more 67, Hispanic origin, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,06 446,65,58 305, ,36 39,087, Men Women,9 94, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more, persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 3

26 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 35 years and over 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 years and over 7,709 6,50,95 3,9,977,08 7,83 6,390,053,98,49,433 6,984 6,07,05 3,054, ,03 5,97 96,693,73,086 6,588 5,746,06,893, ,65 5,60 888,553,78, NONVETERANS, 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 7,765 8,49 5,400 4,7 8,896 8,596 5,964 4,336 6,678 7,755 5,03 3,89 7,65 8,3 5,543 3,969 5,907 7,389 4,839 3,679 6,659 7,638 5,54 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 35 to 49 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnamera veteran population. 4

27 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race (In thousands) December Sex, age, and race Full time Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons, usually work full time Part time Voluntary Part time for economic reasons, usually work part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 95,60,49 4,88 94,7 8,556 85,66 74,830 0,785 93,34,350 8, 9,99 8,49 83,74 73,07 0,534, ,8 307,874,63 5 0,948 3,757,804,953 7,9 3,468 3,73 9,969 3,754 6,987 3,40,755,655 3,577,776 0,80 7,50 3,300 3, ,65 693,9, , ,63,30 5,40 4,889 5, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 55, ,05 4,699 50,406 43,734 6,67 54, ,734 4,50 49,4 4,706 6,57,49 47,37 89,8, ,05,743 5,36,566 3,796,75,5 5,47,56 3,854,5,639,79,36,688 80,508 35, , , ,33, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 39, ,067 3,857 35,0 3,097 4,3 38, ,57 3,739 34,58 30,50 4, ,844,04,89,903 9,97 7,695,3,57,848 9,73,56 8,6 6,3,939,73 66,07 34,765,47 93,770 94, ,078, White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 48, ,7 4,097 44,30 38,08 5,9 47, ,04 3,947 43,077 37,9 5,785,50 47,03 50, ,049,553 4,496,37 3,79,78,397 4,737,409 3,38,034,94,09,65,3 44, , ,05 57,678, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 33, ,84 3,338 9,486 5,94 3,543 3, ,76 3,53 8,94 5,458 3, ,77,80 0,475,66 8,849 6,87,978 0,403,657 8,745,334 7,4 5,658,753,874 45,79 9,438,3 5,998 49,849 33,536, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 5,3 74 5, ,580 4, , , ,48 3, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 4, , ,43 3, , , ,303 3, , persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 5

28 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A0. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship (Numbers in thousands) December Not in labor force Family relationship Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons, 6 years and over 99, ,768 6,80 5,75 0,90 8,56,68 9,083 Husbands With employed wife With unemployed wife With wife not in labor force 39,777 6,534,06, ,935 5,393,046,496,84,4 6 54,73,55 3 9, , ,335,9 8 8,333 Wives With employed husband With unemployed husband With husband not in labor force 30,43 6,439,30, ,086 5,393,4,55,337, ,086, ,050 5,977 9, , ,44, ,6 Relatives in marriedcouple families 6 to 9 years 5 years and over,50 4, 4,530 3, ,93 3,480 4,0 3,4, ,859 4,394,64, ,46 4,054, , Women who maintain families 7, , ,56, ,0 Relatives in families maintained by women 6 to 9 years 5 years and over 5,588,4,56, ,66 83,65, ,80,688 67, ,850, , Men who maintain families,8 7, Relatives in families maintained by men... 6 to 9 years 5 years and over, , , , Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Estimates shown in this table for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. 6

29 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,34,678 63,034 4,983,06 689, ,00,03 70,097 3,576,449 83, White, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,3, ,439 3,908, , ,, ,640, Black, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) , 5 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,009, ,473, ,4, ,430, White, 5 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),365, ,787, , ,86, Black, 5 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married)

30 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Men Women, 6 years and over 7,343 8, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical, , , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,00, , O O Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers, , O 0. Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience 6 to 9 years 5 years and over Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 8

31 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons Jnemployment rates Industry Men Women, 6 years and over 7,343 8, Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 5,757 6, Mining Construction , Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries, , Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries ,534,3 3, ,793 4,579 76,60 55, Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers No previous work experience

32 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason for unemployment unemployed Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 7,343 3,956,64,69 957, ,559 5,09,343 3, , ,695,67 9, ,36 3,4 95, ,586, ,066, ,30 365,07 0, , ,443 3,046,049, , ,547 3,955,07,848 73,40 450, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants

33 A5. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) December 99 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Reason, sex, and age unemployed Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks Duration of unemployment Tntal Uldl 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over, 6 years and over... 8, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,09,343 3, , Men, 0 years and over 4, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,4 95, Women, 0 years and over 3, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants, ,30 365, Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. A6. persons by duration of unemployment Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution, 6 years and over 7,343 8,559 6,083 7,3 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 0 weeks to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over 7 to 5 weeks 5 weeks and over 3,057,64,90 694, ,053,87,945 88,678,84, ,38,33,64 609, ,39,345, ,457,4, Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks

34 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Sex, age, race, and marital status Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over December, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,559,66,489,53,74, , , , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, ,458, , , O O Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , O O O O White, 6 years and over Men Women 6,547 3,908,640,354, ,86, , Black, 6 years and over Men Women, Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),06 689, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),449 83, Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 3

35 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Occupation and industry Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 6 7 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over December OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 865,950,388,69, INDUSTRY Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Public administration 5,045, ,799, No previous work experience Includes wage and salary workers only. 33

36 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used December Sex, age, and race Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,559,66,489,53,74, ,6,05,8,076, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, ,458, , , O O Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , O O O O White, 6 years and over... Men Women 6,547 3,908,640 5,397 3,05, Black, 6 years and over... Men Women, , Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 30 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than 00 because many jobseekers use more than one method. A0. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used December Sex and reason Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 8,559 5,09 837, ,6 3,75 8, Men, 6 years and over Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4,983 3, ,957, Women, 6 years and over Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,576, , ,05,93 43, Data on the number of jobseekers and the jobsearch methods used exclude persons on layoff. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 30 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than 00 because many jobseekers use more than one method. 34

37 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex (In thousands) Men Women Industry and age All industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,87 5,709,05 3,604,408 84,94 33,494 30,84 9,859,639 6,95 4,687 3,337 6,549 5,86,945 3,40,04 84,800 3,73 3,530 0,539,64 6,74 4,53 3,76 63,788,908,043,864 6,450 45,898 8,40 6,73 0,765 6,68 3,93,698,904 63,05, ,67 6,65 46,009 8,00 6,887, 6,350 3,770,580,843 53,499,80,06,739 5,958 38,96 5,074 4,8 9,094 5,00 3,0,989,433 53,54,68,05,63 5,759 38,79 4,70 4,643 9,48 4,93,970,943,43 Agriculture 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over, , , , , , , , Nonagricultural industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 4,344 5,549,037 3,5,096 8,37 3,757 30,3 9,40,39 6,754 4,485 3,088 3,687 5,054,88 3,73,749 83,057 3,0 30,943 0,093 0,803 6,489 4,34 3,04 6,448,77 985,787 6,89 44,499 7,83 6,47 0,4 6,304 3,770,534,684 60,785,45 886,566 6,03 44,688 7,463 6,447 0,778 5,984 3,583,40,69 5,896,777,05,75 5,908 37,87 4,96 3,966 8,980 4,935,984,95,404 5,90,60 995,607 5,78 38,368 4,559 4,495 9,34 4,89,906,93,394 35

38 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A. civilians by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Men Women Occupation 6 years and over 6 years and over 0 years and over 6 years and over 0 years and over 7,87 6,549 63,788 63,05 60,88 60,467 53,499 53,54 50,697 50,896 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 30,83 4, ,3 3,858 6,9, , , ,97 3,865 5, ,676 3,963 6,583, , , ,33 6,48 8, ,485,896 7,806, ,7 604,979 7,3 9, ,866,95 7,99, ,099 6,050 6,4 8, ,457,896 7,763, ,7 604,957 7,03 9, ,833,949 7,864, ,086 6,0 4,34 6, ,86,963 8, , ,089 46,948 4,74 6, ,80,0 8, , ,75 7,083 4,9 5, ,783,958 8, ,05 3 3,055 45,98 4,60 6, ,780,999 8, ,4 35 3,30 7,046 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical 36,53 3,784,34,55,305 4,39 3,778,43,659 6, , ,48,39,008 8,947 35,774 3,66,344,,07 3,85 3,577,4,58 6, , ,453, ,074 3,037, ,337,489,383,97,7 4 3, ,68,589, ,969,8,95,88,9 4 3, ,3,385, ,934,470,366,8, , ,089,995, ,57,49,79,70, , ,68 3,475,85, ,054,90, , ,596 All 503 4,354, 36 6,679 3,85,800, ,88, ,57 4 4, ,359, ,754,94,794, ,083,57, , , ,39, ,3,793,783, ,985, , , ,8, ,4 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 5, ,95 3,09 5,96,08 3,87,59 6,06 753,008 3,65 5,44,8,999,606 6,343 9,674 4,64,3 7, ,3 3,70 4,587,9 4, ,483 6,64 3,87,558 00, ,5 0,673 3,89,6 3, , ,468 3,083,89,43,08 9, ,678 3,49,977,3,30 8, ,694,548,836,358,95 8, ,909,7,900,84,03 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,435 4,499 5,0 3,95,903 4,399 4,597 3,906,45 4,3 4,930 3,003,805 4,56 4,53 3,07,975 4,0 4,793,96,66 4,03 4,449,973, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Manufacturing industries Durable goods Nondurable goods Nonmanufacturing industries Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,656 7,968 6,478 3,67,85,49 4,958 3,700,58 4, ,0 7,08 7,68 6,67 3,366,80,45 4,86 3,7,4 4, ,859 3,33 4,89 3,908,59, ,56 3,3,4 3, ,87,705 4,63 3,693,364, ,380 3,85,095 3, ,046,45 4,77 3,83,487, ,409 3,0,99 3,9 544,574,90 4,467 3,60,307, ,75 3,95,080 3,69 634,535 4,53 3,49,569,098, ,33,995,474,00, ,357 3,08,58,086, ,64,96,44 984, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,00,0,799,964,9,834,548,003,545,49 938,553,38 994,387,38 93,

39 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. civilians by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Men Women Occupation and race TOTAL, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 7,87 6,549 63,788 63,05 53,499 53,54 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing White, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 0,505 00,65 55,78 55,00 45,75 45,64 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent,859,87 5,887 5,884 5,97 5,986 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing

40 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. civilians by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) December Nonagricultural industries Agriculture Age and sex Wage and salary workers Private household workers Government Other Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 04,685 4,986,843 3,43,445 30,0 8,33 8,039 9,457 5,737 3,7, , ,086 4,44 5,956 4,95,093, ,575 4,583,73,85 0,09 5,86,03 3,74 7,5 4,357,868,95 8, ,873,653,004, , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 55,0,43 869,544 5,844 6,73 4,794 9,486 5,073 3,070,003, , ,99,69, ,694,86 853,433 5,339 4,47,55 7,604 4,069,457, , ,84,649, , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 49,576, ,598 5,60 3,837 3,438 8,553 4,384,666,78, , ,53 3,37,39, ,88,97 880,48 4,87,569 9,948 6,0 3,56,900, , ,

41 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. civilians by industry and occupation (In thousands) Industry employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical December Service occupations Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries. Professional services... Public administration, ,775 0,54,703 8,45 8,60 4,56 4,47 9,786 7,70 40, ,365 6,75 5, ,539,55 988,07,55 594,66,087 4, ,98,735, ,74, ,73 6,77, ,058,059, ,056,78 8,74, ,78,,057,3,300 76,574,96 6,54 9 6,495 4,799, ,5 7 4, , ,338 4,995, ,897 3,768,535,34,97,393 96,097 57,864, ,67 3,366, , , , , Includes protective service, not shown separately. A6. civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status (In thousands) All industries Nonagricultural industries Reason not working and sex Wage and salary workers Paid absences Unpaid absences, 6 years and over... Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute All other reasons 3,737,6,94 8 3, 4,6,5,30 0,98 3,596,094, ,56 4,00,485, ,33, () 0,809, , , () 687 Men, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3, , , , Women, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3, , , , Excludes private household workers. Pay status not available separately for bad weather and industrial dispute; these categories are included in all other reasons. 3 Includes bad weather and industrial dispute, not shown separately. NOTE: Estimates for "all other reasons" by pay status may be biased because of high response variance; data should be used with caution. 39

42 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry December Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, 6 years and over,387,70 09,686 to 34 hours to 4 hours 5 to 4 hours 5 to 9 hours 30 to 34 hours 7, ,87 4,087 8, , ,666 3,678 7, hours and over 35 to 39 hours 40 hours 4 hours and over 4 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 60 hours and over 84,57 7,03 44,786 3,68,,379 9,08, , ,648 6,975 44,4 3,53,00,00 8, Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules A8. Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status (Numbers in thousands) December Reason for working less than 35 hours All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time, 6 years and over 7,870 8,00 9,869 7,038 7,7 9,37 Economic reasons Slack work Material shortages or repairs to plant and equipment New job started during week Job terminated during week Could find only parttime work 6, 3, ,60,60, ,96,34,60 5,959 3, ,560,56, ,80,4,560 Other reasons Does not want, or unavailable for, fulltime work Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute Legal or religious holiday Full time for this job All other reasons,649 3,07,48, ,779,435 5,74,48, ,539 5,907 3,07 05, ,080,758,479, ,737,8 5,565,479, ,465 5,55,758 03, Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons Worked 30 to 34 hours: Economic reasons Other reasons,069 6,075,05 3,07,07 3,048,004 5,953,0,958 99,995 40

43 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Industry at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 40 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over 09,686 5,959 5,55 88,3 56,68,00 0, Wage and salary workers 0,40 5,48 4,034 8,059 53,835 0,470 7, Mining, Construction 5, ,406 3, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 9,075,06 8, ,846 0,565 7,8,54 6,773 4,75,753,6,3 3,569,7, Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 7,553,790 6,86 55, ,5 67 6,845 4,843 6,087 4,74 9,03 4,39 98,06 73,65 3,74, Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 34, ,979 5,3,865 36, , , , ,056 5,003 7, ,503 3,690,903 34, , , Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8, , ,054 00, ,

44 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A30. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Sex, age, race, and marital status at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 40 hours or less 4 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 09,686 4,939,833 3,06 04,746,48 93,38 60,990 9,53,84 5, , ,573 3,05, ,55 3,45,654,59,70,609 9,66 5,333,943,385 88,3,76 0,56 86,937 7,84 79,095 5,55 5,50,9 56,68, ,643 5,597 50,046 33,006 6, , ,94,45 9,049 9,546 9, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 58,708, ,538 56,3 5,866 50,444 3,947 5,97,57, ,677 50,67, ,849, ,379,3, , ,55 4,4 46,030 30,56 4, , ,654,859 5,794 6,866 8,44 489, ,60,365 0,36 3,650 6, O Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 50,978, ,569 48,436 5,55 4,884 8,044 3,55,87 3, , ,405, ,666, ,89,477 7,44 4,433, , ,68 3,68 33,064,039 0, , ,989,738 4,5 6,43 7, , , ,83 5,896, O 39. RACE White, 6 years and over Men Women 94,590 5,7 43,48 4,890,390,500 3,87 4,36 9,58 75,883 44,546 3,337 47,370 4,734,636 8,53 9,8 8, Black, 6 years and over Men Women,8 5,500 5, , ,54 4,688 4,566 7,70 3,34 3,830,084, MARITAL STATUS Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated. Single (never married) 37,443 6,74 5,090,8 48,99, ,08 34,68 5,470 0,80 8,863 3,86 7,38 5,88,83 3, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated. Single (never married) 8,379 0,35,364, ,0,46 3,398 0,88 8, 8,59 5,76 5,77 5,997 5,56,440, Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 4

45 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) December Occupation and sex at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 40 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over 09,60 5,934 5,505 88,8 56,597,05 0, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 30,854 4,787 6,068 34,69 3,550 3,473 7,669 5,430 79,909,79,99 6,346 7,339 4,640 4, , , , , ,98 790,39 6,45 447,966 3,03 4, ,756 45, ,44 3,70 3,54 6,89 3,04 9,77 4,070 9,44 97,657 7,46,03 3,663 6,58 3,963 3,0 5,05 7,046 7,968 8,449,40 5,5,058 6,85 95,09 5,637 7,3 9,50 4,703,54,93 3,39,743,648 3,85 43,76, ,57, ,838 4,930 3,908 5, ,9,47, ,58,38,65 956, Men, 6 years and over 58,49,869 4,786 50,837 9,03 6,850 4,955 4 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 6,667 8,933 7,733,76,807 6,87 3,65 6,093 3,66 4,454,59,97 4,456 4,73 3, , , , ,434 8,457 6,977 0,553,656 5,80 3,095 4,34 9,445,870 0,65 0,36 4,8 3,660,58 7,30 3,66 3,568 5,708,08,548,079, ,34 6,503 6,595,748,967,880,937, , ,409, ,68 3,697,57 3,307 39, ,53,83 753, ( ) ( ) Women, 6 years and over 5,8 3,066 0,79 37,344 7,564 4,75 5,605 3 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 4,88 5,853 8,334,45,743 6,656 4,07 9, ,338,040 4,49, , ,90 85, ,08 494,534 5,080 39,8,570 3, , ,80 5,6 6,547 6,75,385 3,95 0,975 5, , ,303, ,785 3,385 4,400,74,059,703 8,979 3, , ,555, , , , ,570,34,336, Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. Data not shown where base is less than 75,

46 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and sex TOTAL Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec, Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 90,483 6,76 6 9, ,67 7,476 3,84 4,9 7,668 63,7 90,59 6, ,59 6.,65 6,977 3,94 3,783 7, ,37 90,77 6, ,539 6.,60 6,937 3,37 3,700 8,30 64,048 90,703 6,70 6 8,94,460 6,834 3,4 3,70 8, ,993 90,836 7, , ,456 7,388 3,87 4,0 8,56 63,736 90,980 6,77 6 8,88,458 6,730 3,56 3,474 8, ,63 9,73 7,09 6 8,44,505 6,909 3,86 3,63 8,65 64,44 9,443 6, ,333,604 6,79 3,44 3,485 8, ,635 9,589 6, ,00 6.6,66 6,484 3,54 3,30 8, ,969 9,746 7,4 6 8,73,64 7,089 3,83 3,806 8, ,53 9,903 7, 6 8,48 6.7,64 6,867 3,04 3,663 8,64 64,78 9,057 6, , ,605 6,77 3,7 3,500 8,60 65,078 9,09 7,3 6 8,33 6.6,604 6,78 3,83 3,545 8, ,986 Men Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 9,537 70,0 7 65, ,454 64, 4,346,55 9,590 69, ,7 7.3,453 63,89 4,337,98 9,650 69, , ,439 63,6 4, ,96 9,587 69, , ,34 63,563 4, ,85 9,65 69, ,46 7.,30 63,836 4,730,776 9,70 69, , ,303 63,58 4, ,994 9,839 69, , ,345 63,54 4,966 7.,04 9,03 69, , ,43 63,47 4,95 7.,3 9,00 69,7 7 64, ,44 63,378 4,89 7.0,389 9,85 70, ,6 70.7,449 63,767 4,955 7.,04 9,70 69, , ,440 63,597 4, ,339 9,356 69, , ,43 63,57 4,845,507 9,439 69, , ,43 63,46 4,990 7.,59 Women Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 98,946 56, , ,54 3,3 4,07 99,00 56, , ,58 3,46 4,56 99,067 56, , ,36 3, ,3 99,6 56, , ,7 3,558 4,4 99,84 57, , ,55 3,56 4,960 99,60 56, , ,0 3,634 4,69 99,334 57, , ,395 3,649 4,30 99,4 56, , ,30 3,53 4,43 99,489 56, , ,06 3,69 4,580 99,56 57, , ,3 3,546 4,58 99,633 57, , ,70 3, ,44 99,70 57, , ,00 3, ,57 99,770 57, , ,30 3,90 4,394 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 3 employment as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 4 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces). NOTE: The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A3 through A4 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 44

47 A33. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec, Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Unemployment rate Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,866 5,44 6 7, , ,083 68, , 7.3,60 6,6 4,346,55 83,08 64, ,096 7,394 58,70 3,67 8,440 98,783 56, , ,580 3,3 4,07 9,04 53, , ,756,79 38,854 88,977 4, ,977 7,763 90,37 68, , ,506 6,33 4,337,98 83,7 64, , ,38 58,450 3,648 8,855 98,840 56, , ,470 3, ,56 9,39 53, , ,675,80 39,00 89,5 5, ,937 8,30 90, 68, ,6 70.5,538 6,073 4,684,96 83,39 64, , ,33 58,4 4,00 8,809 98,904 56, , ,67 3, ,3 9,98 53, , ,77,880 38,880 89,43 5,50 6 6, , ,73 68,4 7 63, ,470 6,093 4,858 7.,85 83,466 64, , ,69 58,38 4,06 8,763 98,970 56, , ,67 3,558 4,4 9,73 53, , ,790,988 38,877 89,380 5, ,388 8, ,34 68, , ,59 6,307 4,730,776 83,567 64, , ,340 58,607 4,035 8,585 99,038 57, , ,894 3,56 4,960 9,358 53, , ,06,94 38,78 89,5 5, , ,59 90,47 68, , ,58 60,946 4,895,994 83,636 64, , ,364 58,74 4,43 8,855 99,05 56, , ,58 3,634 4,69 9,454 53, , ,79 3,068 38,96 89,668 5,54 6 6, ,65 90,494 68, ,54 70.,64 60,900 4, ,04 83,748 64, ,69 7.5,44 58,77 4,5 8,84 99,74 57, , ,73 3,649 4,30 9,546 53, , ,03 3,089 38,88 89,839 5,04 6 6,79 8,475 90,59 68, , ,58 60,845 4,95,3 83,865 64, ,67 7.3,383 58,88 4,5 8,969 99,48 56, , ,640 3,53 4,43 9,654 53, , ,066,98 39,055 89,973 5, ,484 8,50 90,658 68, , ,570 60,808 4,89,389 83,940 64, ,605 7.,368 58,37 4, 9,4 99,35 56, , ,4 3,69 4,580 9,70 53, , ,900 3,059 39,9 90, 5, , ,50 90,736 68,7 7 63, ,579 6,88 4,955,04 84,03 65, , ,400 58,443 4,43 8,937 99,386 56, , ,68 3,546 4,58 9,797 53, , ,97 3,0 39,47 90,89 5, ,867 8,64 90,830 68, , ,535 6,06 4,894 7.,339 84,5 64, ,746 7.,370 58,376 4,5 9,90 99,459 57, , ,60 3, ,44 9,875 53, , ,98 3,3 39,79 90,45 5, ,77 8,60 90,94 68, , ,568 6,004 4,845 7.,507 84,45 64,94 77 A 60,764 7.,390 58,374 4,50 9,33 99,58 56, , ,496 3, ,57 9,958 53, , ,80 3,8 39,303 90,605 5,69 6 6,78 8, ,008 68, , ,485 60,94 4, ,59 84,367 64, ,67 7.9,37 58,355 4, ,405 99,597 57, , ,604 3,90 4,394 93,03 53, , ,95 3, ,3 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,66 7, , ,734,04 6,48 3,567 7, , ,658, ,38 3,55 7, , ,688, ,359 3,504 7, , ,59, ,353 3,455 7, , ,53, ,43 3,43 6, , ,409, ,446 3,374 6,890 5, ,333, ,484 3,30 6, , ,3, ,6 3,33 6, , ,093, ,76 3,30 6,854 5, ,39, ,448 3,63 6,85 5, ,359, ,4 3,50 6,805 5, ,34, ,445 3,06 6, , ,38, ,458 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 45

48 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin WHITE Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Civilian noninstitutional population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 60,94 07, , ,694 6,007 07,3 6 0, ,909 6,097 07, , ,5 6,79 07, , ,497 6,64 07,76 6 0, , 6,357 07, , ,486 6,449 07, , , ,558 07, , , ,64 07,0 6 00, , ,738 07, , , ,846 07,63 6 0, , ,949 07, , ,6 6,047 07, , ,88 Men, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 56, ,389 7,86 55, ,080 7, , , ,53 56, ,99 7 3,7 56, ,4 7 3,9 56, , ,0 56, , ,79 56, , ,347 56, , ,35 56, , , , , ,330 56, , ,30 56, , ,348 Women, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 44, ,998 5,999 44, ,894 5,053 45, ,05 5,48 45, ,977 5,4 45, ,6 55.,43 45, ,970 5,63 45, ,43 5, , ,05 5,08 45, ,000 5,63 45, ,040 5,00 45, ,8 5,66 45, ,038 5, , ,076 5,454 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate Men Women 6,96 5 5, ,8 5 5, , , , , ,05 5 5, , , , , ,9 46., , ,7 4, ,7 5 4, , , ,98 5 4, ,95 5 4, ,87 5 4,856 4, BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate,448 3, ,8 55.,665.3,470 3,50 6.9,868 5,634.,493 3, , ,599.9,56 3, ,909 5,676.3,54 3,644 6,939 5,705.5,569 3, ,748 5,7.8,595 3, ,85 5,75.7,63 3,54 6.5,903 5,6.9,655 3, ,84 5,674.4,683 3,73 6,043 5,688.3,74 3, ,834 5,736.8,745 3,46 6.7,779 5,647.3,774 3, ,84 5,78.7 Men, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate 6, , ,37 7 5, , , ,38 7 5, , , , , , , , , , , ,44 7 5, , , , , , , Women, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 46

49 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin BLACK Continued Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate Men Women HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 4,54 9,58 6 8, ,553 9, , ,593 9,68 6 8, ,63 9, , ,67 9, , ,7 9, , ,75 9, , ,790 9,89 6 8, ,89 9,75 6 8, ,869 9,85 6 8,78 59., ,908 9, , , ,948 9, , , ,987 9, , The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 47

50 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A35. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Dec, CHARACTERISTIC Married men, spouse present... Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families... 7,476 40,69 9,758 6,37 6,977 40,4 9,643 6,383 6,937 40,57 9,695 6,388 6,834 40,387 9,6 6,456 7,388 40,57 9,758 6,398 6,730 40,363 9,688 6,36 6,909 40,397 9,84 6,487 6,79 40,493 9,9 6,484 6,484 40,457 9,866 6,475 7,089 40,440 9,833 6,55 6,867 40,47 9,838 6,469 6,77 40,398 9,803 6,50 6,78 40,06 9,779 6,536 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 30,760 36,36 5,89 3,5 7,564 3,46 30,694 36,369 5,8 3,393 7,3 3,448 3,030 36,6 5,847 3,366 7, 3,474 30,76 36,65 5,935 3,36 7,53 3,46 30,904 36,43 5,896 3, 7,07 3,46 30,874 36,5 5,854 3,0 7,6 3,455 30,858 36,08 6,00 3, 7,087 3,486 30,9 35,936 6,096 3,098 7,74 3,5 30,93 35,935 5,957 3,03 7,7 3,463 3,04 36,030 6,06 3,064 7,383 3,45 3,39 36,045 6,05 3,9 7,38 3,439 3,8 35,86 6, 3,03 7,89 3,460 3,796 35,66 6,076,98 6,9 3,40 INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,677, ,897 7,69 87,05,0 86,93 8,896 38,630,4 4 04,78 7,76 87, ,09 8,770 3,646, ,773 7,803 86, ,003 8,890 37,584,4 7 04,553 7,80 86, ,745 8,90 5,664, ,75 8,04 86, ,7 9,75 8,696, ,603 7,904 86, ,750 8,744,74, ,79 7,880 86,399,04 85,385 8,949 47,679, ,447 7,943 86,504,094 85,40 8,873 8,699, ,37 7,903 86,334,035 85,99 8,867 5,75, ,645 7,944 86,70,03 85,688 8,955 0,654,440 04,57 8,35 86, ,399 8,950 3,683, ,9 7,8 86, ,55 8,950 3,646, ,407 7,95 86, ,539 8,758 9 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time 5,600 3,06,300 5,079 5,33,85,3 4,648 5,587,954,75 4,93 5,47,733,89 4,537 5,957 3,8,386 5,00 5,685,994,330 4,567 6,05 3,09,460 4,883 5,760 3,00,384 4,504 6,083 3,78,454 5,05 5,79 3,073,393 4,640 5,966 3,4,53 4,937 5,697,964,448 4,44 5,739 3,55,369 5,477 5,469,975,6 5,063 5,93 3,,536 5,53 5,660,94,453 4,69 5,968 3,37,60 5,035 5,70,968,57 4,589 6,37 3,358,663 5,0 6,040 3,58,584 4,56 6,304 3,384,63 4,980 6,055 3,96,565 4,497 6,408 3,97,768 4,94 6,3 3,0,688 4,463 6,3 3,46,743 4,893 6,084 3,08,664 4,450 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 48

51 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A36. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over... 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,476 6,977 6,937 6,834 7,388 6,730 6,909 6,79 6,484 7,089 6,867 6,77 6,78 8,59 5,984,4 3,754,545 98,957 84,040 4,90 8,377 5,88,0 3,695,496 98,597 83,888 4,680 8,43 5,96,39 3,634,37 98,669 83,99 4,76 8,39 5,89,6 3,67,30 98,667 83,940 4,73 8,60 5,75,46 3,68,408 99,36 84,374 4,783 7,850 5,668,4 3,545,8 98,837 84,07 4,60 7,679 5,579,49 3,407,00 99,67 84,508 4,77 7,53 5,377,006 3,399,55 99,93 84,535 4,74 7,478 5,337,007 3,37,4 99,054 84,487 4,574 7,8 5,607, 3,470,4 99,57 84,64 4,7 7,77 5,557,7 3,49,60 99,58 84,578 4,589 7,75 5,534,086 3,445,9 99,08 84,595 4,59 7,593 5,443,065 3,386,50 99,4 84,667 4,473 Men, 6 years and over... 64, 63,89 63,6 63,563 63,836 63,58 63,54 63,47 63,378 63,767 63,597 63,57 63,46 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 9,79 3,6,67,950 6,603 54,533 45,96 8,548 9,573 3,05,79,884 6,5 54,47 45,867 8,360 9,47 3,038,93,857 6,434 54,43 45,787 8,355 9,394,966,098,877 6,48 54,67 45,8 8,364 9,379,889,086,8 6,490 54,44 45,987 8,40 9,8,890,089,79 6,39 54,5 45,879 8,340 9,83,83,,689 6,360 54,33 45,959 8,353 9,69,756,06,73 6,43 54,78 45,999 8,94 9,7,773,03,747 6,399 54,7 46,00 8,3 9,35,94,083,8 6,47 54,4 46,74 8,89 9,46,85,08,769 6,395 54,345 46,04 8,65 9,4,808,056,765 6,406 54,365 46,099 8,6 9,58,754,053,709 6,404 54,30 46,07 8,0 Women, 6 years and over 53,54 53,58 53,36 53,7 53,55 53,0 53,395 53,30 53,06 53,3 53,70 53,00 53,30 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 8,800,858,057,804 5,94 44,44 38,078 6,354 8,804,830,0,8 5,974 44,350 38,0 6,30 8,77,888,36,777 5,883 44,56 38,4 6,37 8,745,863,064,795 5,88 44,500 38,8 6,368 8,78,863,060,86 5,98 44,7 38,387 6,363 8,569,778,05,754 5,79 44,6 38,38 6,6 8,496,756,038,78 5,740 44,954 38,549 6,374 8,363,6 944,676 5,74 45,05 38,536 6,40 8,306, ,580 5,74 44,87 38,486 6,343 8,470,683,08,648 5,787 44,835 38,468 6,43 8,47,706,045,660 5,765 44,83 38,474 6,34 8,5,76,030,680 5,785 44,77 38,496 6,57 8,435,689,0,677 5,746 44,840 38,596 6,63 NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this, issue for additional information. A37. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over... 7,668 7,763 8,30 8,46 8,56 8,59 8,65 8,475 8,50 8,50 8,64 8,60 8,89 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over,479, ,75 5,53 4,67 500,66, ,3 5,35 4,65 54,656, ,46 5,464 4,89 573,76, ,404 5,705 5,077 67,665, ,385 5,6 5,04 579,838, ,50 5,673 5,083 63,794, ,483 5,86 5,3 655,856, ,54 5,573 5,04 68,77, ,467 5,767 5,4 63,767, ,50 5,757 5,74 597,840, ,546 5,74 5,9 570,797, ,56 5,77 5,0 608,94, ,637 5,99 5,39 68 Men, 6 years and over 4,346 4,337 4,684 4,858 4,730 4,895 4,966 4,95 4,89 4,955 4,894 4,845 4,990 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,93,67 35, ,973, , ,68, , ,8, , ,8,839 38, ,95,97 398, ,334, , ,95,99 406, ,330,94 409, ,346,99 368, ,306,98 355, ,9, , ,379 3,05 37 Women, 6 years and over 3,3 3,46 3,446 3,558 3,56 3,634 3,649 3,53 3,69 3,546 3,747 3,757 3,90 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,,045 85, ,6,067 9, ,96,094 09, ,44,9 4, ,393,85 97, ,378,66 5, ,49,9 56, ,78,095, ,437,7, ,4,8 9, ,435,09 5, ,479,7 53, ,540,94 57 NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 49

52 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A38. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Sex and age Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept., 6 years and over to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over.../. 5 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 50

53 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A39. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Category Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men 0 years and over... Women, 0 years and over Both sexes 6 to 9 years White.. Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men spouse present Married women spouse present Women who maintain families Fulltime workers Parttime workers 5 weeks and over Labor force time lost OCCUPATION 3 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production craft and repair Operators fabricators and laborers Farming forestry and fishing INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining.... Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities.. Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 3 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

54 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A40. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Weeks of unemployment Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. DURATION Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over 3,36,56, ,39,57,869, ,47,694,985, ,458,803,44, ,85,708,80, ,596,7,3,88,05 3,43,86,488,37,6 3,370,737,355,34, 3,386,686,47,58,59 3,344,798,4,60,6 3,300,774,570,45,55 3,89,7,63,300,33 3,307,764,843,37,47 Average (mean) duration in weeks Median duration in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over. 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A4. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,880,8,698,044, ODD 4,080,5,99 94, ,474,44 3, , ,587,37 3,6,055, ,456,38 3,8 993, ,57,36 3,55,09, ,748,35 3,397,07,0 74 4,659,0 3, , ,690,86 3,404 89, ,805,49 3, , ,78,30 3,55 986, ,696,96 3, , ,990,56 3,734 93,64 8 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 5

55 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A4. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed forces stationed in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and sex TOTAL Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 86,949 4,37 6 7,60 6.9,696 5,906 3,,685 6,535 6,8 87,46 4, ,547 6,688 6,859 3,46 3,63 6, ,5 87,85 5, ,897 6,674 7,3 3,0 4,03 6,479 6,476 88,88 5,7 6 9,68 6,685 7,483 3,37 4,45 6,553 6,566 88,7 6,3 6 9,449 6,704 7,745 3,85 4,56 6,664 6,609 89,093 6, ,8 6,68 8,3 3,73 4,958 6,537 6,743 89,466 6, ,886 6,64 8,44 3,36 5,008 6,583 6,998 89,889 6, , ,63 7,83 3,37 4,695 6,986 63,448 90,97 6,54 6 9,06 6.6,60 7,460 3,08 4,5 7,453 63,783 90,67 6, ,475 6.,559 6,96 3,85 3,73 8,03 64,093 90,996 6, ,48,473 7,009 3,43 3,766 8, ,047 9,593 6,88 6 8,38,65 6,767 3,60 3,507 8, ,7 9,056 7,08 6 8, ,608 6,789 3,0 3,569 8,7 64,949 Men Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 89,75 68, , ,534 63,50 3,587,09 89,973 69, , ,55 64,030 3, ,90 90,66 69, ,87 73.,5 64,36 3,45 0,84 90,385 69, , ,56 64,378 3, ,986 90,606 69, , ,59 64,438 3,630,009 90,83 69, ,0 7.8,509 64,593 3,560 5.,6 9,04 69, , ,479 64,598 3,66,3 9,6 69, ,77 7.,459 64,3 3,87,585 9,45 69, , ,440 64,40 4,98,548 9,609 69, , ,40 63,664 4,66 6.6,96 9,737 69, , ,39 63,66 4, ,98 9,03 69, , ,54 4,933 7.,05 9,355 69, , ,434 63,53 4,90 7.0,480 Women Noninstitutional population Labor force Percent of population employed Employmentpopulation ratio 3 Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Unemployment rate 4 Not in labor force 97,34 55, , ,404,948 4,70 97,488 55, , ,89,904 4,59 97,686 56, , ,86 3,08 4,634 97,903 56, , ,05 3,047 4,58 98,6 56, , ,308 3,034 4,599 98,70 56, , ,538,977 4,58 98,45 56, , ,646,957 4,687 98,663 56, , ,50 3,6 4,863 98,87 56, , ,0 3,56 4,35 99,06 56, , ,5 3, ,77 99,59 57, , ,383 3,603 4,0 99,490 56, , ,43 3,566 4,507 99,70 57, , ,57 3, ,469 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 3 employment as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 4 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces). NOTE: The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A4 through A53 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 53

56 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A43. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Unemployment rate Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 85,53, , ,535 88,8 67, ,50 7.0,50 60,99 3,587,09 80,95 6, ,03 7,305 57,77,953 7,940 97,07 55, , ,694,948 4,70 89,883 5, , ,438,45 38,370 85,773 3,6 6 6, ,40 88,448 67, , ,508 6,5 3,498 0,90 8,5 63, ,69 7,36 58,303,8 7,8 97,35 55, , ,09,904 4,59 90,55 5, , ,849,395 38,33 86,78 3,70 6 7, ,479 88,655 67, ,36 7.6,464 6,897 3, ,84 8,50 63, ,88 7,7 58,6,794 7,834 97,53 55, , ,06 3,08 4,634 90,45 5, , ,963,48 38,363 86,60 4, , ,553 88,869 67, , ,547 6,83 3,506 0,986 8,74 63, ,839 7,33 58,508,895 8,007 97,734 56, , ,45 3,047 4,58 90,685 5, , ,78,486 38,369 87,08 4, , ,664 89,077 68, , ,505 6,93 3,630,009 8,976 63, ,989 7,95 58,694,956 8,03 97,940 56, , ,68 3,034 4,599 90,95 5, , ,408,505 38,4 87,4 4, , ,537 89,34 68, , ,505 6,087 3,560,6 8,64 64, ,90 7,83 58,907,947 8,8 98,097 56, , ,87,977 4,58 9,6 5, , ,730,457 38,354 87,84 4,86 6 8, ,583 89,536 68,4 7 64,598 7.,59 6,079 3,66,3 8,58 64, ,86 7,336 58,950 3,08 8,77 98,89 56, , ,99,957 4,687 9,43 53, , ,903,446 38,399 88,66 4,88 6 7, ,986 89,767 68,8 7 64,3 7.6,475 6,836 3,87,585 8,864 64,40 6,85 7,70 58,95 3,35 8,444 98,499 56, , ,859 3,6 4,863 9,678 53, , ,936,603 38,5 88,696 4,93 6 7, ,453 89,985 68, ,40 7.4,537 6,70 4,98 6.,548 83,05 64, , 7,30 58,80 3,538 8,445 98,7 56, , ,549 3,56 4,35 9,954 53, , ,70, ,88 89, 5, ,96 8,03 90,07 68,9 7 63, ,505 6,60 4,66,96 83,376 64, , ,306 58,340 3,9 6. 8,809 98,905 56, , ,57 3, ,77 9,03 53, , ,745,893 38,99 89,53 5, , , ,48 68, , ,575 6,05 4,864 7.,98 83,650 64, , ,373 58,386 4,3 8,760 99,06 56, , ,75 3,603 4,0 9,453 53, , ,955 3,033 38,836 89,978 5,66 6 6,767 8,499 90,66 68, ,54 70.,577 60,947 4,933,05 83,943 64, , ,384 58,33 4,6 9,00 99,36 56, , ,560 3,566 4,507 9,74 53, , ,979,996 39,07 90,449 5, ,789 8,7 90,9 68, , ,59 6,00 4,90,480 84,54 64, ,77 7.,359 58,368 4,8 9,308 99,58 57, , ,567 3, ,469 9,955 53, , ,894 3,03 39,0 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,445 7, , ,50,58 6,50 4,367 7, , ,46, ,458 4,43 7, , ,59, ,79 4,77 7, , ,559,7 6,9 4,090 7,94 5 6, ,459,03 6,66 3,985 7,74 5 6, ,3,34 6,6 3,830 7, , ,54,9 6,3 3,74 7, , ,844,49 6,48 3,637 7, , ,730, ,456 3,53 7, , ,646, ,364 3,40 6,969 5, ,45, ,45 3,3 6, , ,05, ,595 3,39 6,80 5,5 04 5,307, ,438 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. 54

57 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 58,6 05, , ,857 58,944 05, , ,650 59,98 06, ,57 6 4,74 59,473 06, , ,8 59,738 06, , ,878 60,007 07, ,9 6 4,867 60,69 07,73 6 0,76 6 4,897 60,553 07,68 6 0,3 6 5,36 60,830 07, , , ,095 07, , ,07 6,357 07, , ,439 6,646 07, , , ,947 07, , ,668 Men, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 54, ,643 7, , ,76 7,03 55, ,39 7,079 55, ,4 7,90 55, ,440 7,04 55, ,635 7,44 55, ,59 75., , ,599 7,40 56, ,466 7,666 56, , ,098 56, , ,03 56, ,98 7 3,360 56, , ,36 Women, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 43, ,833 5,735 43, ,9 5,674 44, , 5, ,50 5 4,363 5,787 44, ,587 5, , ,836 5,764 44, ,06 5,777 45, ,49 5,869 44, ,96 5,967 45, ,965 5,47 45, ,09 5,4 45, ,048 5,4 45, ,077 5,35 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate Men Women 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,83 5 5, , , ,00 5 5, , , , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 0,83 3, , ,48. 0,904 3,438 6,88 5, ,985 3,438 6, ,530.4,06 3,539 6, ,54.3,36 3,54 6, ,569.6,87 3,507 6,030 5, ,59 3,5 6,0 5,4 0.5,339 3, ,859 5,575.7,46 3,58 63.,880 5,638.,493 3,50 6.9,874 5,636.,568 3, ,846 5,77.7,656 3, ,90 5,658.,744 3,58 6.,88 5,700.6 Men, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 6,53 7 5, ,0 7 5, ,97 7 5, ,3 7 5, ,7 7 5, ,0 7 5, ,55 7 5, , , ,35 7 5, , , , , ,37 7 5, , , Women, 0 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 55

58 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin BLACK Continued Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate Men Women HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio.. Unemployment rate 3,495 9, , ,606 9, , ,73 9, , ,853 9, , ,977 9, , ,9 9, , ,38 9, , ,356 9, , ,474 9, , ,593 9, , ,7 9, , ,89 9,8 6 8, ,948 9, , , The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 56

59 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A45. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Full and part time status, sex, and age EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 0 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Parttime workers Men, 6 years and over Men, 0 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 95,897 57,0 55,53 38,870 37,789,577 0,063 6,493 4,48 3,578,337 4,45 96,743 57,55 56,39 39,4 38,074,530 0,78 6,490 4,508 3,669,44 4,8 97,065 57,83 56,344 39,54 38,99,5 0,08 6,54 4,56 3,576,365 4,0 97,539 58,049 56,456 39,603 38,57,566 9,830 6,347 4,374 3,505,94 4,6 97,974 58,035 56,55 39,9 38,8,60 9,84 6,393 4,46 3,447,56 4,7 98,59 58,57 56,753 40,03 38,987,59 9,964 6,447 4,489 3,50,363 4, 98,3 58,08 56,74 40,03 39,94,393 9,883 6,478 4,546 3,40,359 3,978 97,90 57,876 56,595 40,04 39,053,54 9,94 6,43 4,584 3,5,479 3,86 97,557 57,773 56,469 39,84 38,98,70 9,908 6,453 4,68 3,450,473 3,87 96,865 57,06 56,009 39,707 38,868,988 0,007 6,487 4,678 3,54,5 3,88 96,69 57,058 55,956 39,639 38,809,96 0,80 6,568 4,80 3,706,759 3,70 96,458 56,75 55,785 39,55 38,838,835 0,483 6,766 4,947 3,7,77 3,765 96,7 56,79 55,648 39,66 38,905,79 0,450 6,805 5,03 3,65,684 3,736 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 6 years and over Men, 0 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years 5,6 3,08,733,77, ,,887,608,8,9 59 5,65,939,574,50, ,70 3,039,699,63, ,84 3,093,7,5, ,35 3,07,74,45, ,64 3,,773,68, ,64 3,300,974,30, ,07 3,633 3,303,476, 58 6,685 4,50 3,77,60, ,99 4,4 3,863,693, ,03 4,5 3,97,70, ,50 4,50 3,95,85, Looking for parttime work... Men, 6 years and over Men, 0 years and over Women, 6 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, , , , , , , , , , , , , NOTE: persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time; unemployed persons are classified according to whether they are seeking full or parttime jobs. Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 57

60 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A46. civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category CHARACTERISTIC Married men, spouse present... Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families... 5,906 40,48 9,036 6,37 6,859 40,904 9,50 6,358 7,3 40,994 9,554 6,337 7,483 40,80 9,379 6,398 7,745 40,88 9,68 6,360 8,3 4,7 9,790 6,306 8,44 40,795 9,87 6,395 7,83 40,670 9,79 6,364 7,460 40,75 9,73 6,366 6,96 40,438 9,650 6,409 7,009 40,49 9,763 6,46 6,767 40,463 9,873 6,503 6,789 40,359 9,807 6,50 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 9,603 35,73 5,555 3,657 7,99 3,50 30,049 35,65 5,64 3,88 8,4 3,45 30,370 36,8 5,45 3,7 8,39 3,39 30,43 36,35 5,740 3,735 7,88 3,478 30,743 36,438 5,49 3,899 7,887 3,409 30,68 37,07 5,5 3,767 7,838 3,377 30,48 36,956 5,789 3,679 7,837 3,49 30,787 36,384 5,855 3,644 7,73 3,44 30,756 36,363 5,857 3,479 7,666 3,408 30,88 36,65 5,864 3,33 7,9 3,446 30,879 36,79 5,950 3,87 7,73 3,468 30,96 35,967 6,038 3,088 7,5 3,475 3,384 35,844 6,083 3,045 7,083 3,440 INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,653,4 5 03,85 7,37 86,508,87 85,3 8,550 70,68, ,808 7,383 87,45,66 86,59 8,60 30,605, ,8 7,65 87,96,43 86,773 8,585 73,689, ,353 7,530 87,8,085 86,738 8,66 7,666, ,65 7,696 87,955,05 86,93 8,594 63,649, ,078 7,69 88,386,033 87,354 8,78 74,669, ,963 7,887 88,076,007 87,069 8,735 46,697, ,75 7,703 88,0,06 87,006 8,74 49,690, , 7,679 87,443,00 86,44 8,837 4,60,4 4 04,70 7,780 86, ,946 8,854 3,695, ,53 7,94 86, ,66 8,956 6,698, ,443 7,930 86,53,047 85,466 8,898 5,66, ,408 7,954 86, ,488 8,886 3 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find parttime work Voluntary part time 5,,359,396 5,35 4,879,05,3 4,895 4,958,7,34 5,385 4,696,09,7 4,949 4,965,34,36 5,4 4,744,66,6 4,984 4,87,33,66 5,476 4,630,80,094 5,036 4,783,35,04 5,34 4,56,65,048 4,90 4,884,346,8 5,36 4,646,89,9 4,86 4,906,43,49 5,34 4,673,6,09 4,8 5,6,59,7 5,8 4,95,45,63 4,808 5,476,86,33 5,076 5,8,646,5 4,669 5,865 3,5,374 4,939 5,564,9,30 4,536 5,99 3,9,45 5,55 5,65 3,004,368 4,706 6,076 3,06,600 5,070 5,803 3,03,58 4,64 6,344 3,309,74 4,93 6,087 3,6,639 4,470 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 58

61 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A47. civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age , 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 5,906 6,859 7,3 7,483 7,745 8,3 8,44 7,83 7,460 6,96 7,009 6,767 6,789 9,905 6,785,686 4,097 3,0 96,00 8,36 4,77 9,804 6,73,580 4,45 3,09 97,058 8,43 4,895 9,838 6,76,594 4,6 3,077 97,349 8,437 4,899 9,79 6,84,574 4,33,977 97,75 8,94 4,800 9,398 6,7,577 4,35,677 98,36 83,53 4,83 9,65 6,590,49 4,08,675 98,849 83,95 4,89 9,080 6,389,380 4,004,69 99,8 84,4 4,903 8,695 6,094,30 3,85,60 99,69 84,53 4,93 8,503 5,988, 3,769,55 98,976 84,35 4,843 8,53 5,879,3 3,667,374 98,644 83,99 4,73 7,896 5,666,36 3,57,30 99,080 84,363 4,704 7,60 5,440,04 3,399,70 99,0 84,555 4,667 7,678 5,5,093 3,40,67 99,7 84,63 4,57 Men, 6 years and over 63,50 64,030 64,36 64,378 64,438 64,593 64,598 64,3 64,40 63,664 63,66 63,54 63,53 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 0,33 3,469,385,09 6,863 53,80 44,700 8,479 0,33 3,4,30,5 6,9 53,79 45,46 8,573 0,334 3,479,35,44 6,855 53,999 45,405 8,579 0,59 3,539,336,03 6,70 54,30 45,666 8,478 0,9 3,449,3,7 6,680 54,30 45,866 8,450 0,057 3,403,87,0 6,654 54,535 46,030 8,508 9,974 3,3,8,073 6,66 54,595 46,06 8,477 9,74 3,7,44,977 6,65 54,580 46,06 8,533 9,68 3,8,66,950 6,563 54,573 46,077 8,49 9,480 3,08,57,873 6,46 54,86 45,8 8,360 9,8,867,095,764 6,44 54,3 45,94 8,37 9,3,88,053,764 6,43 54,309 46,058 8,7 9,06,804,064,748 6,40 54,337 46,09 8,46 Women, 6 years and over... 5,404 5,89 5,86 53,05 53,308 53,538 53,646 53,50 53,0 53,5 53,383 53,43 53,57 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 9,574 3,36,30,005 6,58 4,830 36,537 6,9 9,48 3,30,78,00 6,79 43,339 36,997 6,3 9,504 3,8,69,08 6, 43,349 37,033 6,39 9,53 3,76,38,030 6,57 43,585 37,76 6,3 9,70 3,7,57,008 5,997 44,04 37,664 6,380 9,07 3,87,04,988 6,00 44,34 37,9 6,383 9,06 3,077,5,930 6,09 44,53 38,08 6,46 8,953,967,086,875 5,986 44,589 38,93 6,399 8,8,870,045,88 5,95 44,403 38,058 6,35 8,773,860,074,794 5,93 44,459 38,097 6,353 8,65,799,04,763 5,86 44,759 38,4 6,333 8,380,63 989,635 5,757 44,89 38,497 6,395 8,47,707,09,67 5,765 44,790 38,5 6,8 NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A48. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Sex and age , 6 years and over... 6,535 6,40 6,479 6,553 6,664 6,537 6,583 6,986 7,453 8,03 8,467 8,499 8,7 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over,387, ,9 4,30 3, ,40, ,06 4,09 3,570 44,396, ,93 4,084 3,60 47,46,7; ,44 4,7 3, ,43, ,9 4,06 3,73 493,30, ,67 4,6 3,736 5,34,9 5 6,05 4,67 3,793 46,388, ,40 4,588 4,085 53,475, ,8 4,94 4,434 53,669, ,380 5,468 4,873 57,766, ,463 5,707 5,080 66,780, ,504 5,699 5,0 65,860, ,570 5,80 5,37 60 Men, 6 years and over... 3,587 3,498 3,45 3,506 3,630 3,560 3,66 3,87 4,98 4,66 4,864 4,933 4,90 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,79,09 75, ,0,94 70, ,63,88 7, ,8,896 89, ,53,968 30, ,336,05 30, ,345,050 89, ,569,47 36, ,803, , ,4, , ,86, , ,34, , ,36, Women, 6 years and over,948,904 3,08 3,047 3,034,977,957 3,6 3,56 3,477 3,603 3,566 3,80 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over, ,85,689 63, ,88,647 7, ,9,70 98, ,944,764 84, ,954,763 9, ,95,7 0, ,9,743 73, ,09,838 88, ,39,95 88, ,37,7 08, ,4,93 3, ,375,65, ,485,43 4 N O T E: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 59

62 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A49. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Sex and age , 6 years and over to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 60

63 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A50. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Category CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black and other Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Fulltime workers Parttime workers 5 weeks and over Labor force time lost OCCUPATION 3 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 3 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 6

64 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A5. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Weeks of unemployment DURATION Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over 3,057,955 L ,3,906, ,64,983, ,66,05, ,34,05, ,7,03, ,03,3, ,87,46, ,70,447, ,4,675,999, ,43,745,94,48,045 3,367,740,398,5,47 3,99,753,679,36,36 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. A5. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,03 838,85 98,75 768,90 790,30 95, ,84 809,06,03,95 70, ,0,033, ,09 90,7,09, , ,5,04, , 950,7,05, ,373,04,33 99, ,789,50,639,004, ,380,3 3, , ,59,33 3,60,03, ,78,8 3,500 94, ,83,7 3,595 96,4 799 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 6

65 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A53. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and race, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Reason, sex, and race TOTAL not in labor force Do not want a job now... Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job. Jobmarket factors Personal factors Other reasons 6,8 57,434 6,3 4,663 4,58 7,09 4,658 5,40,40 78, ,5 6,5 57,45 6,397 4,59 4,50 7,64 4,590 5,334, , ,079 6,476 57,07 6,36 4,754 4,67 7,43 4,49 5,33,8 947, ,086 6,566 57,03 6,40 4,685 3,953 7,709 4,74 5,433,4 885, ,56 6,609 57,443 6,65 4,73 3,889 8,98 4,367 5,33,47 905, ,743 57,300 6,436 4,689 3,96 8,7 4,04 5,460,4 898, ,87 6,998 57,50 6,60 5,009 3,388 8,444 4,059 5,67,44 945, ,090 63,448 58, 6,859 5,094 3,53 8,5 4,5 5,3, , ,07 63,783 58,54 6,740 5,086 3,639 8,57 4,8 5,55, , ,084 64,093 58,3 6,665 4,956 3,8 9,034 4,484 5,665,43 997, ,06 64,047 58,679 6,89 4,869 3,388 9,30 4,463 5,55,38 903, ,50 64,7 58,833 6,94 5,03 3,88 9,385 4,35 5,797,485,008,7, ,068 64,949 59,57 6,84 5,8,94 9,575 4,698 5,93,4,00,300, ,7 Men not in labor force.,09 0,90 0,84 0,986,009,6,3,585,548,96,98,05,480 Do not want a job now... 9,043 9,07 8,963 8,93 9,40 9,4 9,33 9,658 9,547 9,705 9,990 0,09 0,334 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Think cannot get a job. Other reasons, , , , , , , , , , , , , Women not in labor force.. Do not want a job now. Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 4,70 38,39 3, , ,59 38,74 3, , ,634 38,44 3, , ,58 38,0 3, , ,599 38,30 3, , ,58 38,057 3, , ,687 38,7 3, , ,863 38,455 3, , ,35 38,707 3, , ,77 38,66 3, , ,0 38,689 3, , ,507 38,74 3, , ,469 38,83 3, , White not in labor force. 53,76 5,988 5,956 53,076 5,965 5,9 53,096 53,85 53,6 53,750 53,73 54,48 54,3 Do not want a job now... 49,34 49,37 49,30 49,38 49,56 49,084 49,056 49,33 49,650 49,590 49,964 50,078 50,04 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job Other reasons 3, , , , , , , , , ,9, , ,79, , Black not in labor force. 7,476 7,466 7,547 7,5 7,6 7,680 7,737 7,905 7,898 7,983 8,005 8,078 8,6 Do not want a job now. 6,78 6,5 6,30 5,998 6,36 6,37 6,446 6,699 6,453 6,668 6,590 6,799 6,84 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibilities... Think cannot get a job. Other reasons, , , , , , , , , , , , , Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Data have been revised based on the experience through December. See the article in this issue for additional information. 63

66 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A54. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age (In thousands) Age Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 0 to 4 years 5 to 59 years 60 years and over TOTAL not in labor force 63,87 65,09 6,84 6,777 4,8 4,309 0,686,64 3,44 3,74 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Jobmarket factors Personal factors Other reasons 58,463 8,3 5,039 3,438 8,367 3,388 5,409, , ,08 59,73 8,77 5,086,747 9,369 3,794 5,89,38,009,68, ,060 5,754 5, , ,76 5, , ,373,938 85, ,437,996 93, ,75,034,665,87 45,44, ,04,03,839,030 45,690 3, ,6 6,58 0,89 7, ,033 4,3 0,39 8, Men not in labor force,84,764 3,306 3,358,478,596 4,350 4,88,680,98 Do not want a job now Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Think cannot get a job Other reasons 9,97 4,075, ,080,7, ,645 4,5,64 436,437,979, ,794, ,87, ,4, ,304, ,5 388, , ,89 409, , ,38 9, , , , Women not in labor force 4,058 4,37 3,508 3,49,650,7 6,336 6,436 9,564 9,76 Do not want a job now Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 38,536 4,57,473,95 7,87,666 3, , ,68 4,5,445,3 7,93,85 3, , ,960, ,935, , , , , ,5 646,08 0,98 3,48, ,49 6,3 0,80 4,370, ,9 8,9 0,643 7, ,4,78 0,94 7, Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail in tables A54 and A55 may not add to notinlaborforce totals because of differences in the weighting patterns used in aggregating these data. 64

67 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A55. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex (In thousands) Age Sex Reason, race, and Hispanic origin 6 to 4 years 5 to 59 years 60 years and over Men Women WHITE not in labor force 53,7 54,488 8,93 8,94 6,777 7,90 8,75 9,04 8,50 8,860 35,573 35,68 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 49,98 6,354 3,866 0,59 6,474,696 3, ,3 6, 3,944 9,80 7,375,967 4, ,09 5,530 77,09 33,34 ooo ,9 5,49 9, , ,638 80,009 9, ,909, , ,86 9, ,096, ,5,779 9,908 6, ,540 4,667 9,365 6, ,768 3,43, ,967,309, ,338 3,47, ,65,534, ,49 3,0,889 0,57 6,506,387, ,973 3,075,866 9,489 7,,433, BLACK not in labor force 7,889 8,4,45,34,90 3,06,84,954,87 3,049 5,06 5,65 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 6,464,6,045,4,59 55, ,85,439,06,30,60 664, ,537, ,73, , , , , , , , , , , , , a , , HISPANIC ORIGIN not in labor force 4,963 5,3,30,347,368,399,76,385,403,54 3,56 3,68 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,43 384, Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the other races are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 65

68 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A56. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (in thousands) 4th Quarter Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 0 to 4 years Age 5 to 59 years 60 years and over Race and Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Men Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Women Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 66

69 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A57. Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next months by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Age Race Workseeking intentions, work history, and sex 6 to 4 years 5 to 59 years 60 years and over White Black TOTAL Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous months... 54,46 9,77,44,075,4 5,04 54,958 0,34,536,7,45 5,09 5,876 5,067, ,6 6,046 5,039, ,900 6,64 4, ,365,664 6,84 4, ,50,85 3, , ,7 7, ,686 4,6 46,634 7,864,07 80,864 4,6 6,044, ,43, Men Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous months... 8,046 3, ,4 8,78 4, ,396,436, ,555,476, ,560 3,67, ,68, , , ,76, ,806 5,749 3, ,934, , Women Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous months... 36,00 5, ,543,77 36,39 6, ,70,634 3,439, ,57 3,570, ,340 3,375, ,004, 3,3 3, ,49,74 9, , ,04 4, ,4,355 30,885 4, ,37,9 3,87, ,085,

70 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A58. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,696 4,84 6 7,73 3,093 4,639 7,09 63,87 90,449 5, ,07 3,8 3,953 8, ,09 60,830 07, ,899,876 99,0 5,09 53,7 6,947 07, ,64,897 98,67 6,96 54,488,46 3,57 6,98 36,79, ,889,744 3,530 6.,86 63,699, ,4 4,474 9,5 6 8, , ,963 4,948 9,86 6 8, , ,3 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 89,985 68,7 7 64,74,446 6,78 3,997,84 90,9 68, ,494,45 6,043 4,66,764 77,309 59, ,4,6 53,879 3, ,50 77,937 59, ,4,65 53,47 3,665 8,860 9,6 6, ,99 7 5, ,87 9,78 6, , , ,049 7,77 5, , , ,403 7,48 5, , , ,54 Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 83,05 64,597 6,9,79 58,950 3,368 8,508 84,54 64, ,848,3 58,56 4,00 9,406 7,786 56, ,550,09 5,44,547 5,688 7,577 56, ,060,4 50,97 3,6 6,355 8,557 6, , , ,5 8,749 6, , , ,375 6,450 5, , , ,05 6,674 5, , , ,53 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 98,7 56, , ,9 3,095 4,058 99,58 57, , ,9 3,64 4,37 83,5 47, , ,44,9 35,573 84,0 48, , ,0,63 35,68,795 6, , , ,06,96 6, ,94 8 5, ,65 7,97 3, , , ,56 7,59 3, , , ,68 Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,954 53, , ,70,66 38,550 9,955 54, , ,36 3,078 38,909 78,09 45, , ,709, ,959 78,775 45, , ,86,6 33,6 0,70 6, , , ,3 0,9 6, , , ,430 6,587 3, ,5 46 3, ,09 6,804 3, , , ,74 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,637 6, , ,59,08 6,84 3,39 6, , ,0, ,777 0,936 5, , , ,075 0,595 5, , , ,007, ,363, ,409, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 68

71 A59. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin Employment status, sex, and age TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,474 9,5 6 8, , ,963 4,948 9,86 6 8, , ,3 8,86 5, , , ,966 9,7 6, , , ,0, , Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,77 5, , , ,403 7,48 5, , , ,54 4,55 3, , , ,68 3, , , Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,450 5, , , ,05 6,674 5, , , ,53 4,04 3, ,80 3, ,69 3, ,46 337, Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,97 3, , , ,56 7,59 3, , , ,68 4,65,6 49.6,940 4, ,49 4,446,3 50.,05 4, , Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,587 3, ,5 46 3, ,09 6,804 3, , , ,74 3,789,943,800 39, ,846 3,945,039,864 40, , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, , , ( ) Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. Data not shown where base is less than 60,

72 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A60. civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Category CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 7,73 64,74 53,558 7,07 63,494 53,577 0,899 56,4 45,758 0,64 55,4 45,75,98 5,99 6,009,86 5,90 5,94 8,695 5,57 3,438 8,840 5,86 3,554 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 30,853 4,737 6,6 3,48 5,057 6,46 7,804 3,47 4,387 8,370 3,73 4,657, ,080, ,079, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 36,50 3,88 4,4 8,56 35,986 3,774 4,003 8,09 3,99 3,94,807 5,889 3,38 3,6,54 5,579 3, ,3 3, ,085, ,9, ,7 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 5, ,950 3,049 6,005 76,988 3,55,45 570,580 0,74,64 585,67 0,439, ,06, ,8, ,504, ,59 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,58 4,455 5,00 3,96 3,088 4,447 4,66 3,979,0 3,985 4,657 3,479,74 3,985 4,3 3,498, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,854 8,069 4,998 4, ,08 7,86 7,77 4,98 4, ,875 4,64 6,586 4,9 3, ,39 4,07 6,08 4,6 3, ,77,655, ,590, ,33, ,3, Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,98 3,5,945, MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,63, ,460 7,955 87,505,008 86,497 8,946 33,603, ,736 8,6 86, ,539 8,996,465, ,63 4,696 75, ,98 8,80,436, ,887 4,9 74, ,4 8, ,33,637 8, , ,53,664 8, , ,787,009 6, , ,937,074 6, , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 95,98 5,30 7,3 93,99 6,50 7,00 8,98 4,358 5,34 80,968 4,997 5,99 9,88 776,7 9,75 934,0 7, , persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 70

73 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A6. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories (In thousands) Category Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 8,695 5,57 3,438 8,840 5,86 3,554 5,345 3,405,940 5,385 3,37, OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical, ,9, ,7, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,504, ,59, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers,33, ,3, , , Farming, forestry, and fishing MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers ,787,009 6, , ,937,074 6, , , , , , ,0 99 4, FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 7, , , , Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 7

74 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A6. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over... 7,73 7,07 0,899 0,64,98,86 8,695 8,840 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 5,75,095 3,60,45 99,566 84,598 4,968 5,56,98 3,75,08 99,707 85,064 4,64 5,056,876 3,79 0,79 86,4 7,853 3,6 4,67,80,850 0,44 86,069 73,099, ,3 0,05 8,789, ,63 0,69 8,96, ,33 6,86 6, ,34 7,00 6, Men, 6 years and over 64,74 63,494 56,4 55,4 5,99 5,90 5,57 5,86 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over,945,066,879 6,477 54,75 46,34 8,58, ,680 6,3 54,56 46,56 8,70,59 95,639 5,59 47,957 40,36 7,63, ,466 5,439 47,60 40,7 7, ,969 4, ,03 4, ,6 3, ,59 3, Women, 6 years and over 53,558 53,577 45,758 45,75 6,009 5,94 3,438 3,554 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over,77,09,74 5,974 44,84 38,363 6,450,609,04,595 5,787 45,8 38,808 6,373,464 94,540 5,36 38,57 3,56 5,63,38 933,385 4,985 38,449 3,87 5, ,36 4, ,39 4, ,736, ,84, NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. A63. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Civilian workers) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over

75 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A64. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Weeks of unemployment DURATION, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over 7,09 3,5,366, ,86 3,78,655,453,7,36 5,09,377,74, ,96,443,05, , , Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over PERCENT DISTRIBUTION NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. A65. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) White Black Hispanic origin Reasons for unemployment NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED, 6 years and over Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 7,09 3,603,059, , ,86 4,57,0 3, , ,09,7 87,84 780, ,96 3,554 94,63 79, , , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 73

76 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A66. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 35 years and over 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 years and over 7,693 6,499,38 3,3,949,94 7,87 6,407,07,955,380,40 7,003 6,47,3 3,073, ,05 5, ,77,38,053 6,670 5,850,48,944, ,74 5,700 9,66,53, NONVETERANS, 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 7,767 8,40 5,44 4,03 8,794 8,560 5,933 4,300 6,699 7,755 5,064 3,880 7,549 8,077 5,54 3,93 5,98 7,403 4,874 3,703 6,648 7,68 5,80 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 35 to 49 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnamera veteran population. A67. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin, 35 to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 5,787 5,5 5, ,694 5,38 5, ,7 4,40 3, ,063 5,38 4, ,76,553, ,897,654, ,60,460, ,73,557, to 39 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 40 to 44 years,,068, O O 7,04 6,734 6, ,386 7,07 6, Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate,909,785,674,643,498, ,64 4,355 4,7 38 5,077 4,774 4, to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate,757,669,593 76,5,039, ,54 3,3 3,8 30 3,600 3,337 3, Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 35 to 49 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnamera veteran population. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 74

77 A68. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES With unemployment: With unemployment: Type of family, race, and Hispanic origin families With no employed person in family Percent of families: With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time families With no employed person in family Percent of families: With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL families With children under 8 years of age. Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age. 65,74 3,879 5,495 3,879,339 6,795,908,05 5,64,90 3,46,976, ,30 3,76 5,595 3,850,699 7,07 3,009,54 5,93 3,36 4,069,35, White families With children under 8 years of age. Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age. 56, 6,405 46,359,064 7,558 4,39, ,88,6,864, ,599 6,595 46,380,054 7,863 4,564, ,543,506 3,46, Black families With children under 8 years of age. Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age. 7,47 4,3 3,57,834 3,46, , O O ,507 4,3 3,5,796 3,46, , O O Hispanic origin families With children under 8 years of age. Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age. Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age. 4,879 3, 3,367,93, Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not O O O O 5,064 3,37 3,367,0, O O O sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 75

78 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A69. persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) Percent of unemployed: Percent of unemployed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 5,686,376 87,58 736, ,566, ,35 85, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men White unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 4,45, ,967,43 840,4 68, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Black unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families, , Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Hispanic origin unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in families where the husband, wife or, other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 76

79 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A70. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) Percent of employed: Percent of employed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time TOTAL employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 94,035 38,798,997 9,64 5,445, ,63 38,80,78 9,4 5,55 0, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 6,4 4,50 4,805,3,00, ,553 4,35 4,689,075,005, White employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 8,789 34,995 9,597 6,036 3,563 9, ,999 34,455 9,330 6,06 3,63 9, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men 4,57,99 3,470,78 809, ,639,96 3,4, , Black employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 9,08,543,576,7, ,900,5,549,00, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men,697,, ,70,66, Hispanic origin employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 7,07,67,99,643,097, ,064,593,873,655,093, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 77

80 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A7. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin Number of families Median weekly earnings TOTAL families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Other family member Two or more earners Husband and wife Husband and other family member(s) Wife and other family member(s) Other family members only Families maintained by women One earner Householder Other family member Two or more earners Families maintained by men One earner Two or more earners 43,84 34,355,59 8,899,583,096 9,70, ,99 5,03 3,93,00,87,87, ,975 34,55,5 8,65, ,004 9,707, ,544 5,53 4,08,070,39,76, $ $ White families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 37,447 30,56 0,934 8,3,68 9,68 7,538 5,43,743 37,366 30,308 0,864 7,85,368 9,444 7,458 5,339, Black families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 4,96, ,788,604, ,5, ,86,65, Hispanic origin families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 3,653,65, ,596, ,655,550, ,495, Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 78

81 A7. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings (Numbers in thousands) NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Type of family and relationship of unemployed members to wage and salary earners Number of families Median weekly earnings Marriedcouple families,498 3,05 $489 $49 Husband unemployed Wife only earner Wife and other earner(s) Other earner(s) only , Wife unemployed Husband only earner Husband and other earner(s)... Other eamer(s) only Other member(s) unemployed... Husband or wife earner Both husband and wife earners Other combinations of earners Families maintained by women.. Householder unemployed Other member(s) unemployed ( ) 384 Families maintained by men Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. Data not shown where base is less than 00,

82 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A73. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 84,09 8,904 $4 $436 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 48,468 5,778 4,690 47,508 5,50 4, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 35,63 4,60 3,03 35,395 4,078 3, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families 3,79 8,737 4,907,767 3,3 8,935 5,056, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 6,093 4,96 9,39 7,783 5,666 3,83 9,05 7, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,84 4,050 9,79 70,74 4,8 9, Black Men Women 9,460 4,877 4,583 9,46 4,88 4, Hispanic origin Men Women 6,787 4,34,447 6,83 4,30, The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 80

83 A74. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY DATA Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over... 9,54 0,005 $0 $6 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5,99 3,30,67 6,38 3,48, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 3,55 3,959 9,59 3,678 4,34 9, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families,633 7,70,07 4,664 7,078, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 3,090 3,40,53,908 3,35 3,50,09, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,077 5,34,943 7,400 5,30, Black Men Women, ,49,89 76, Hispanic origin Men Women, , The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 8

84 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A75. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex Occupation and sex Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings TOTAL Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing,778,06,76 5,35 3,075 8,095 4,8 8,859 3,66 6,9 0,843 3,78 3,44 3,6 4,936 7,5 4,04 3,58,34 3,355,38,07 4,655 3,054 7,59 4,00 8,589 83,678 6,68 0,455 3,700 3,8 3,637 4,53 6,967 4,098 3,459,36 $ $ Men Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing,45 6,74 5,87 9,48,704 4,600 3,78 4,45 3,49,963 9,99 3,637 3,40,953,35 4,458 3,873,904,99,305 6,397 5,908 9,64,7 4,459 3,084 4,8 3,469,798 9,553 3,580 3,096,877 0,90 4,9 3,835,866, O Women Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 0,63 4,74 5,89 5,870,37 3,496,003 4, , ,70, ,050 4,930 6,9 5,39,333 3,3 0,96 4, , ,604, O Data not shown where base is less than 00,000. 8

85 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A76. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Central cities Suburbs TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,696 4,84 6 7,73 7,09 63,87 90,449 5, ,07 8, ,09 46,589 98, ,956 5,507 48,6 48, 98,95 6 9,37 6, ,05 57,770 37, ,84,59 0,337 58,5 37, ,44 3, ,677 88,80 6, ,5,96 7,789 89,970 6, ,903 3,539 8,59 Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 83,05 64, ,9 3,368 8,508 84,54 64, ,848 4,00 9,406 64,605 50, ,63,66 3,75 65,4 5, ,86 3,79 4,38 5,067 9,4 7 7,84, ,954 5,38 9,9 7 7,77, ,6 39,537 3, ,4,355 7,76 40,04 3, ,33,74 8,56 Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,954 53, ,788,66 38,550 9,955 54, ,968 3,078 38,909 7,54 4, ,38,038 9,85 7,533 4, ,45,454 9,654 8,660 6, ,553 97,80 8,774 6, ,33,54 7.0,98 4,88 5, ,765, 7,006 43,760 6, ,03,300 7,357 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,637 6, ,75,08 6,84 3,39 6, ,56, ,777 0,444 5, , ,6 0,66 4, , ,69 4,04,838 4, ,04 4,059,806 4,374 43,53 6,40 3, , ,0 6,07 3,9 5.3,666 55,96 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 60,830 07, ,899 5,09 53,7 6,947 07, ,64 6,96 54,488 3,0 83, ,39 3,948 39,835 4,08 83, ,748 4,880 40,480 4,673 8,84 6 6,687,497 4,488 4,998 8,87 6 6,387, ,7 80,49 55, ,63,450 5,346 8,0 55, ,36,979 5,770 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force,46 3,57 6,98, ,889,744 3,530 6.,86, ,4 7,845, ,47,34.7 6,357 8,059, ,954, ,658,0 7, , ,779,83 7, ,36,06 4,85 5,65 4, , ,578 5,876 4, , ,806 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,474 9,5 6 8, ,963 4,948 9,86 6 8, ,3 3,48 8, , ,67 3,965 9, 6 8, ,754 7,50 4, , ,73 7,890 4,99 6 4, ,898 5,980 4, , ,886 6,075 4, , ,856 83

86 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A76. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Nonmetropolitan areas Urban areas Rural Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Farm Nonfarm TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,06 6, ,776,585 5,746 4,38 6, ,745,697 5,886,634, , ,68, , ,473 4,5 6.,970,55 4,95 39,646 4,548,885,663 5,098 37,767 9, ,56 5,330 46,8 38,446 9, ,0 6,3 47,033 50,99 33, ,576,76 7,59 5,003 33, ,970,974 8,058 Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,500 3, , ,793 8,833 3,809 7, ,03,77,073 8, ,35,06 84., ,3,635 7, ,589 7,58, , ,85 59,947 46, ,47,53 3,87 60,487 46, ,707 3,04 3,756 3,57 7, , ,3 3,767 8,8 7 7, ,649 Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 0,43, , ,365 0,4,67 5 0, ,54, , ,58 0, , ,50 0, ,87 6 8,767 67,984 39, ,857,966 8,6 68,444 40, ,67,378 8,396 3,970 3, , ,389 4,5 3, , ,53 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,94, ,34 65,588 3,074, , , ,99, , ,494,878, , ,57 9,836 4, , ,933 9,54 4, , ,88 3,80, ,663 57,88 3,75,89 49.,53 97,896 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 37,79 3,84 6,580,6 3,888 37,839 3, ,46,46 4,007,578, , ,646, , ,5, ,805,9 3,7 35,9, ,576,383 3,34 3,648 76, ,348 3,697 37,604 3,90 75, ,37 4,533 37,997 47,8 3, ,55,5 6,9 48,046 3, ,793,763 6,49 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,57, , ,53 3,685,9 57.8, ,556 3,534,00 5, ,54 3,66,4 57.7, ,547 8,455, ,348,40.9 6,707 8,634, ,56,50.9 6,977,96, ,58 98.,8 3,0, , ,37 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force ,5 8, , ,504 3,73 9,08 6 8, ,695, , Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 980 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of

87 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES A77. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Employment status, race, and Hispanic origin Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 7,8 5, ,83, ,793 7,00 5, ,7, ,7 6,55 09, ,909 5, ,078 63,447 0, ,360 6, ,369 7,447 9, ,658, ,660 7,63 9, ,460, ,543 9,4 88, ,98 4, ,466 30,957 89, ,867 5, ,663 9,734 5, , ,33 9,839 5, , ,80 3,373 0, ,6,49, 7.,6 3,489 0, ,494, ,706 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 6,74 9, , ,775 6,485 9, , ,889 44,557 97, ,066 4, ,948 45,463 97, ,34 5,550 47,599 9,04 5, , ,80 9,95 5, , ,866 4,087 78, ,59 3, ,034 4,94 78, ,9 4, ,65 7,59 4, , ,974 7,90 4, , ,03 30,469 9, ,537, ,94 30,549 9, ,40, ,984 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force Hispanic origin 9,804 5,93 5 4, ,5 9,498 5, , ,360,6 8, , ,377,46 8, , ,854 7,6 4, , ,495 7,7 3,89 5 3, ,337 0,3 7, , ,86 0,83 7, , ,3,8,66 5, O O,06,7,48 5, ,03, O O o 55, O O 533 Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 4,404,444 5, ,960 4,590,58 5, ,008 0,07 7, , ,004 0,358 7, , ,4 4,057,4 5, ,85 4,35,388 5, ,847 9,44 6, , ,80 9,73 6, , , o O () Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 980 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of

88 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL EMPLOYMENT B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 94 to date (In thousands) Goodsproducing Serviceproducing Year and month private Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and Services real estate Government Federal State Local Annual averages ,539 40,06 4,434 4,864 40,374 4,65 43,857 44,866 43,754 3,877 34,64 36,356 35,8 34,43 36,056 38,38 39,6 37,897 5,963 8,470 0,4 9,38 7,507 7,48 8,509 8,774 7, ,84,98,587,08,47,683,009,98,94 3,9 5,80 7,60 7,38 5,54 4,703 5,545 5,58 4,44 0,574,636,30,536,867 4,404 5,348 6,09 6,89 3,74 3,460 3,647 3,89 3,906 4,06 4,66 4,89 4,00,966,9,88,85,955,98,478,6,60 5,44 5,06 5,54 5,08 5,359 6,077 6,477 6,659 6,654,55,509,48,46,48,675,78,800,88 3,905 4,066 4,30 4,45 4, 4,697 5,05 5,8 5,39,340,3,905,98,808,54,89,863, ,97 47,89 48,793 50,0 48,990 50,64 5,369 5, ,68 39,70 4,430 4,85 43,556 4,38 43,77 45, ,483 45,86 8,506 9,959 0,98,074 9,75 0,53,04 0,964 9,53 0, ,364,637,668,659,646,839 3,039,96,87 3,004 5,4 6,393 6,63 7,549 6,34 6,88 7,43 7,74 5,945 6,675 6,69 7,860 8,595 9,8 9,39 30,8 3,66 3,889 3,8 3,857 4,034 4,6 4,48 4,90 4,084 4,4 4,44 4,4 3,976 4,0,643,735,8,86,875,934 3,07 3,037,989 3,09 6,743 7,007 7,84 7,385 7,360 7,60 7,83 7,848 7,76 8,035,888,956,035,,00,98,389,438,48,549 5,356 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,40 6,497 6,708 6,765 7,087,98,30,40,305,88,87,09,7,9,33 0,68,50,38,45, ,558 3,89 4,07 4,3 4, ,89 53,999 55,549 56, ,765 63,90 65,803 67,897 70,384 45,836 45,404 46,660 47,49 48,686 50,689 53,6 54, ,89 0,434 9,857 0,45 0,640,005,96 3,58 3,308 3,737 4, ,96,859,948 3,00 3,097 3,3 3,37 3,48 3,350 3,575 6,796 6,36 6,853 6,995 7,74 8,06 9,4 9,447 9,78 0,67 33,755 34,4 35, ,839 40,743 4,495 44,60 46,03 4,004 3,903 3,906 3,903 3,95 4,036 4,58 4,68 4,38 4,44 3,53 3,4 3,07 3,58 3,347 3,477 3,608 3,700 3,79 3,99 8, ,359 8,50 8,8 9,39 9,637 9,906 0,308 0,785,68,688,754,830,9,977 3,058 3,85 3,337 3,5 7,378 7,69 7,98 8,77 8,660 9,036 9,498 0,045 0,567,69,70,79,340,358,348,378,564,79,737,758,536,607,668,747,856,996,4,30,44,533 4,547 4,708 4,88 5, 5,39 5,700 6,080 6,37 6,660 6, ,880 7,4 73,675 76,790 78,65 76,945 79,38 8,47 86,697 89,83 58,35 58,33 60,34 63,058 64,095 6,59 64,5 67,344 7,06 73,876 3,578,935 3,668 4,893 4,794,600 3,35 4,346 5,585 6, ,588 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,00 3,55 3,576 3,85 4,9 4,463 9,367 8,63 9,5 0,54 0,077 8,33 8,997 9,68 0,505,040 47,30 48,78 50,007 5,897 53,47 54,345 56,030 58,5 6,3 63,363 4,55 4,476 4,54 4,656 4,75 4,54 4,58 4,73 4,93 5,36 4,006 4,04 4,7 4,9 4,447 4,430 4,56 4,73 4,985 5,,034,338,8,35,539,630 3,93 3,79 4,556 4,97 3,645 3,77 3,908 4,046 4,48 4,65 4,7 4,467 4,74 4,975,548,797,76,857 3,44 3,89 4,55 5,30 6,5 7,,73,696,684,663,74,748,733,77,753,773,664,747,859,93 3,039 3,79 3,73 3,377 3,474 3,54 7,58 7,437 7,790 8,46 8,407 8,758 8,865 9,03 9,446 9, ,406 9,56 89,566 90,00 94,496 97,59 99,55 0,00 05,536 08,39 74,66 75,6 73,79 74,330 78,47 8,5 8,83 85,90 88,50 90, ,497 3,83 3,334 4,77 4,859 4,558 4,708 5,73 5,3,07,39, ,346 4,88 3,905 3,948 4,383 4,673 4,86 4,967 5,0 5,87 0,85 0,70 8,78 8,434 9,378 9,60 8,965 9,04 9,350 9,44 64,748 65,659 65,753 66,866 69,769 7,660 74,967 77,49 80,363 83,007 5,46 5,65 5,08 4,954 5,59 5,38 5,55 5,37 5,57 5,644 5,9 5,376 5,96 5,86 5,574 5,736 5,774 5,865 6,055 6, 5,08 5,7 5,6 5,595 6,56 7,336 7,909 8,46 9,077 9,549 5,60 5,98 5,34 5,468 5,689 5,955 6,83 6,547 6,649 6,695 7,890 8,69 9,036 9,694 0,797,999 3,053 4,35 5,669 7,0,866,77,739,774,807,875,899,943,97,988 3,60 3,640 3,640 3,66 3,734 3,83 3,893 3,967 4,076 4,8 9,765 9,69 9,458 9,434 9,48 9,687 9,90 0,00 0,339 0,609 " 09,97 08,975 9,649 90,540 4,958 3, ,36 4,696 9, 8,47 85,04 85,54 5,86 5,83 6,05 6,07 9,683 9,340 6,739 6,707 8,40 8,778 3,085,965 4,303 4,346 0,934,3 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted : December : January February March April May June July August September October November December? 09,6 09,48 09,60 08, ,885 08,859 08,97 09,066 09,073 08,808 08,839 9,68 9,053 90,77 90,495 90,3 90,447 90,49 90,439 90,557 90,64 90,606 90,343 90,308 4,375 4,8 4,039 3,877 3,794 3,847 3,79 3,798 3,86 3,797 3,77 3,595 3, ,9 4,797 4,79 4,70 4,688 4,75 4,70 4,695 4,69 4,699 4,67 4,583 4,596 8,749 8,67 8,53 8,443 8,396 8,46 8,378 8,40 8,44 8,44 8,377 8,338 8,306 85,46 85,37 85, 85,05 84,94 85,040 85,093 85,06 85,45 85,69 85,346 85,3 85,67 5,867 5,866 5,834 5,84 5,84 5,89 5,809 5,809 5,80 5,89 5,88 5,89 5,796 6,66 6,38 6,9 6,05 6,086 6,085 6,068 6,064 6,050 6,049 6,047 6,03 6,07 9,579 9,54 9,464 9,378 9,34 9,339 9,345 9,347 9,343 9,338 9,88 9,96 9,80 6,733 6,736 6,73 6,735 6,78 6,7 6,703 6,688 6,687 6,69 6,697 6,69 6,696 8,548 8,590 8,583 8,576 8,576 8,645 8,7 8,733 8,83 8,937 9,09 9,009 9,047,948,95,95,95,953,95,97,963,967,979,983,979,980 4,347 4,35 4,354 4,359 4,35 4,348 4,359 4,338 4,337 4,38 4,33 4,340 4,35,058,06,084,097,9,40,6,9,0,7,5,46,99 Not available. Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 959. This inclusion resulted in an increase of,000 (0.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 959 benchmark month. p = preliminary. 86 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 987) are subject to revision.

89 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P 0,69 0,409 09,796 09,784 09,658 private 9,937 9,756 9,084 90,98 90,89 74,56 74,340 73,78 73,64 73,548 Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Sand and gravel Chemical and fertilizer minerals Construction 5,085 4,84 4,886 4,707 4,536 3,945 3,7 3,78 3,605 3,44 General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction , , , , , Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work , , , , , , , , Manufacturing 8,876 8,778 8,497 8,45 8,335,788,694,554,476,409 Durable goods 0,903 0,858 0,543 0,500 0,453 7,0 7,7 6,983 6,945 6,9 Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings See footnotes at end of table. 87

90 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Furniture and fixtures Continued Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Mineral wool Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee , , , , , !,35, , , See footnotes at end of table.

91 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC uode All employees P p Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Fabricated metal products Continued Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Miscellaneous fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, ,9, , , , ,95.5, , , , ,56.6 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans , , , , ,57, , , See footnotes at end of table. 89

92 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Durable goods Continued Electronic and other electrical equipment Continued Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Guided missiles and space vehicles Miscellaneous transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers , , , , , , , , , ,5.7 6 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , See footnotes at end of table. 90

93 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yam and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee See footnotes at end of table , ,973, , ,90, , ,954, , ,95, , ,88, ,045. 5,578, ,53, ,57, ,53, ,498,

94 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC uode All employees P I99 P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Continued Apparel and other textile products Continued Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services , , , , , Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , , , , , , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee See footnotes at end of table. 9

95 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Nondurable goods Continued Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities 5,897 5,97 5,878 5,867 5,85 4,899 4,9 4,896 4,890 4,863 Transportation 3,68 3,649 3,6 3,66 3,60 Railroad transportation Class I railroads Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs Intercity and rural bus transportation School buses Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air. Public warehousing and storage 4 4 4,668.8, ,690.8, ,67.6,54,67,54,45, ,476.7, ,458.3, ,458.9,35. 0 Water transportation Water transportation of freight, nee Water transportation services Transportation by air Air transportation, scheduled Airports, flying fields, and services Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications and public utilities,69,68,57,5,4 Communications Telephone communications Radio and television broadcasting Radio broadcasting stations Television broadcasting stations Cable and other pay television services , , , , Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade 6,93 6,7 6,065 6,048 6,03 4,970 4,949 4,863 4,850 4,88 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Automobiles and other motor vehicles Motor vehicle supplies and new parts Furniture and home furnishings Furniture Home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials... Lumber, plywood, and millwork Construction materials, nee , , , , ,474, , , , See footnotes at end of table. 93

96 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC oode All employees P P Production workers P P Wholesale trade Continued Durable goods Continued Professional and commercial equipment Computers, peripherals and software Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Electrical apparatus and equipment Electrical appliances, television and radio sets Electronic parts and equipment Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment Hardware Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Construction and mining machinery Farm and garden machinery Industrial machinery and equipment Industrial supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Scrap and waste materials Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Groceries, general line Meats and meat products Fresh fruits and vegetables Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum products, nee Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Beer and ale Wine and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Farm supplies , , , , ,549, , , , Retail trade 9,950 0,8 9,88 9,5 9,775 7,687 7,95 7,007 7,39 7,475 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Hardware stores General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores ,64,3 7 3,70.5, ,337., ,4,0 6 4.,5,48.9, ,56,7 6,9.0, ,300.3, Food stores Grocery stores Meat and fish markets Dairy products stores Retail bakeries ,8, ,3.3, ,9.4, ,5.7, ,77.6 3,00.6, ,04, ,959., ,983.0, Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee , , , , ,07.0, , , , Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 94

97 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC uode All employees P P Production workers P P Retail trade Continued Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places 58 6,55 6,56 6, ,5. 6,5.7 5,9 5, ,907. 5,88 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Liquor stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Sporting goods and bicycle shops Book stores Stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods Nonstore retailers Catalog and mailorder houses Merchandising machine operators Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee , , , , , , , , Finance, insurance, and real estate 3 6,76 6,74 6,677 6,67 6,678 4,854 4,849 4,83 4,8 4,8 Finance 3,95 3,96 3,69 3,7 3,8 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks Savings institutions Federal savings institutions Savings institutions, except federal Credit unions ,70.8, ,70.9, ,37.6, ,3, ,64., ,643., ,6,09.3,6,09.5 Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Business credit institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Security brokers and dealers Commodity contracts brokers, dealers, and exchanges Security and commodity services 6 6 6, Holding and other investment offices Insurance 63,64,,5,6,6,5 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Title insurance , , , , Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Real estate operators and lessors Real estate agents and managers Subdividers and developers , , , , ,8 See footnotes at end of table. 95

98 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Services 8,50 8,435 9,06 9,009 8,960 4,864 4,786 5,38 5,89 5,39 Hotels and other lodging places Hotels and motels 70 70,598.,55,580.7,540.9,60.6,55,560.6,5,37,358.8,37.7,336.6 Personal services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Photographic studios, portrait Beauty shops Funeral service and crematories Miscellaneous personal services , , , , Business services Advertising Advertising agencies Credit reporting and collection Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Employment agencies Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Prepackaged software Data processing and preparation , ,58. 6, , , , , , , , ,57 5, , , , , , , , ,78. 69, Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Photofinishing laboratories , , , , , ,7 445.,0 460., Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Automotive repair shops Miscellaneous repair services Electrical repair shops Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Motion picture theaters Amusement and recreation services Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs , , , , Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners.. Nursing and personal care facilities Skilled nursing care facilities Intermediate care facilities Nursing and personal care, nee Hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals Psychiatric hospitals Specialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric Medical and dental laboratories Home health care services ,990.7, , ,590. 3, ,0, , ,59 3, ,35, ,537.7, , , ,390.0, ,547., , , ,43 7,05., , , ,3, , ,9 8 7,4, , , ,457.3, , , Legal services Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools , ,0 90.8, , , ,0.9 8, ,0.6 8 See footnotes at end of table. 96

99 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers P P Services Continued Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care , , , , Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Business associations Labor organizations Civic and social associations , , , , Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping Research and testing services Commercial physical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations , , , , , , , , Services, nee Government 8,754 8,653 8,7 8,866 8,89 Federal Government 4,949,940,968,964,97 Executive, by agency 4 Department of Defense Postal Service 5 Other executive agencies Legislative Judicial Federal Government, by industry: Manufacturing activities Ship building and repairing Transportation and public utilities, except Postal Service Services Hospitals State government Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions Local government Transportation and public utilities Hospitals Education General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions , , ,47 4,888.9,65.5, ,477.3, , , ,848.8,650.9, ,469.7, , ,436 4,86.5,65, , ,466 4,898.7,65.7, ,57.3 3,40. 3,38 3,4 3, ,435,43 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $50,000,000 or more. 3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. 4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to civilian employment only and exclude the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. 5 Includes rural mail carriers. Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 97

100 ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry Sept. Aug. Sept. 5,34 5,730 5,558 5,337 5,768 private 4,695 4,73 4,568 4,644 4,687 Goodsproducing 7,00 6,958 6,778 6,775 6,753 Mining Construction Manufacturing 6,34 6,30 6,8 6,3 6,5 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing, , , , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 3, , , , , Serviceproducing 45,3 45,77 44,780 45,56 46,05 Transportation and public utilities,736,744,695,736,738 Wholesale trade,90,95,86,864,868 Retail trade 0,487 0,478 0,3 0,83 0,5 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,7 4,60 4,83 4,50 4,38 Services 7,88 7,376 7,630 7,736 7,839 Government Federal State Local 9,69,40,0 6,59 9,999,33,4 6,55 8,990,35,037 5,78 9,693,7,8 6,348 0,08,5,09 6,647 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 98

101 B4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. NOV.P P. 09,6 09,48 09,60 08,90 08,736 08,887 08,885 08,859 08,97 09,066 09,073 08,808 08,839 private... 9,68 9,053 90,77 90,495 90,3 90,447 90,49 90,439 90,64 90,606 90,343 90,308 Goodsproducing. 4,375 4,8 4,039 3,877 3,794 3,847 3,79 3,798 3,86 3,797 3,77 3,595 3,57 Mining Oil and gas extraction Construction General building contractors. 4,9,37 4,797, 4,79,0 4,70,96 4,688,84 4,75,77 4,70,7 4,695,70 4,69,65 4,699,6 4,67,5 4,583,38 4,596,4 Manufacturing 8,749 8,67 8,53 8,443 8,396 8,46 8,378 8,40 8,44 8,44 8,377 8,338 8,306 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products. Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment. Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 0, ,395,054,68, , ,389,048,6, , ,365,036,6, , ,356,04,599, , ,353,007,597, , ,354,003,599, , ,358,990,594, , ,359,984,589, , ,36,980,585, , ,358,980,58, , ,356,968,573, , ,35,955,57, , All ,346,947,57, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products... Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products. Leather and leather products 7,9, ,07 695,565, ,90, ,0 696,560, ,880, ,00 694,553, ,859, , ,548, ,836, ,005 69,54, ,85, ,03 690,540, ,844, ,07 687,53, ,856, ,03 689,53, ,889, ,03 69,53, ,883, ,034 69,530, ,884, ,039 69,58, ,879, ,043 69,53, ,88, ,044 69,55, Serviceproducing. 85,46 85,37 85, 85,05 84,94 85,040 85,093 85,06 85,45 85,69 85,346 85,3 85,67 Transportation and public utilities.. Transportation Communications and public utilities. 5,867 3,595,7 5,866 3,59,75 5,834 3,56,7 5,84 3,549,75 5,84 3,544,70 5,89 3,556,63 5,809 3,546,63 5,809 3,550,59 5,80 3,564,56 5,89 3,569,60 5,88 3,57,57 5,89 3,566,53 5,796 3,553,43 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods. 6J66 3,596,570 6,38 3,576,56 6,9 3,56,557 6,05 3,550,555 6,086 3,535,55 6,085 3,58,557 6,068 3,57,55 6,064 3,509,555 6,050 3,500,550 6,049 3,495,554 6,047 3,490,557 6,03 3,48,55 6,07 3,47,546 Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations. Eating and drinking places 9,579,444 3,4,067 6,60 9,54,43 3,43,053 6,608 9,464,45 3,37,04 6,58 9,378,396 3,45,036 6,56 9,34,37 3,6,03 6,560 9,339,356 3,5,03 6,57 9,345,358 3,9,034 6,57 9,347,347 3,3,038 6,578 9,343,349 3,7,038 6,563 9,338,34 3,6,035 6,569 9,88,3 3,0,038 6,558 9,96,87 3,,037 6,55 9,80,83 3,07,037 6,554 Finance, insurance, and real estate. Finance Insurance Real estate 6,733 3,96,8,309 6,736 3,96,36,304 6,73 3,95,37,300 6,735 3,97,40,98 6,78 3,9,34,9 6,7 3,87,3,93 6,703 3,8,30,9 6,688 3,75,,9 6,687 3,76,3,88 6,69 3,83,,87 6,697 3,8,,93 6,69 3,75,,95 3,8,7,97 Services Business services... Health services 8,548 5,75 8,03 8,590 5,7 8,06 8,583 5,56 8,089 8,576 5,54 8,4 8,576 5,57 8,47 8,645 5,78 8,65 8,7 5,80 8,06 8,733 5,80 8,49 8,83 5,3 8,89 8,937 5,336 8,3 9,09 5,374 8,365 9,009 5,339 8,398 9,047 5,339 8,443 Government. Federal State Local 8,353,948 4,347,058 8,365,95 4,35,06 8,389,95 4,354,084 8,407,95 4,359,097 8,44,953 4,35,9 8,440,95 4,348,40 8,456,97 4,359,6 8,40,963 4,338,9 8,44,967 4,337,0 8,44,979 4,38,7 8,467,983 4,33,5 8,465,979 4,340,46 8,53,980 4,35,99 p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 987 forward are subject to revision. 99

102 ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. private Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Federal State Local 5,37 4,579 6, ,46, , O ,478,73,903 0,446 4,73 7,33 9,793,3,6 6,40 5,349 4,540 6, ,97, , ,505,736,898 0,43 4,70 7,360 9,809,5,67 6,47 5,39 4,500 6, ,79, , O ,493,739,89 0,388 4,6 7,393 9,89,0,69 6,430 5,355 4,57 6, ,57, , O ,553,745,883 0,4 4,7 7,45 9,88,,73 6,433 5,64 4,45 6, ,0, , O ,50,73,878 0,348 4,7 7,45 9,849,6,74 6,449 5,07 4,344 6, ,083, , O ,484,73,870 0,308 4,7 7,439 9,863,7,76 6,460 5,49 4,75 6, ,063, , O ,448,76,865 0,65 4,68 7,450 9,874,30,75 6,469 5,7 4,344 6, ,064, , O ,54,77,866 0,85 4,6 7,50 9,883,8,73 6,48 5,6 4,355 6, ,055, , O ,567,78,859 0,8 4,55 7,548 9,906,30,84 6,49 5,39 4,385 6, ,06, , O ,630,7,86 0,84 4,5 7,579 9,944,8,74 6,55 5,405 4,483 6, ,077, , O ,69,76,859 0,80 4,49 7,665 9,9,3,7 6,57 5,40 4,540 6, ,069, , O ,698,76,858 0,6 4,54 7,736 9,86,3,55 6,484 5,45 4,547 6, ,06, , ,733,76,855 0,0 4,5 7,803 9,878,3,57 6,498 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 987 forward are subject to revision. 00

103 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B6. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p private 73,84 73,666 73,378 73,7 7,983 73, 73,47 73,96 73,65 73,338 73,30 73,080 73,08 Goodsproducing 6,958 6,787 6,658 6,534 6,477 6,530 6,507 6,535 6,563 6,53 6,493 6,36 6,360 Mining Construction 3,773 3,67 3,658 3,599 3,565 3,598 3,597 3,588 3,585 3,59 3,577 3,483 3,498 Manufacturing,67,604,488,44,403,49,40,448,488,456,435,403,39 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7, ,04,8,0, , ,08,3,04, , ,5,007, , ,09,000, , ,98,00, , ,9,005, , ,83,004, , ,77,005, , ,79,004, , ,76 997, , ,68 994, , ,56 993, , ,5 996, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 5,54, ,883 4,868 4,946 7,3 4,863 4,885 5,506, ,879 4,869 4,94 7,77 4,869 4,940 5,488, ,70 4,840 4,904 7,0 4,863 4,9 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 5,468, ,638 4,834 4,894 7,3 4,86 4,96 p 5,455, ,506 4,85 4,879 7,07 4,85 4,879 5,465, ,59 4,834 4,878 7,083 4,854 4,94 5,467, ,640 4,85 4,864 7,08 4,85 5,09 5,477, ,66 4,834 4,86 7,078 4,837 5,05 5,505, ,70 4,836 4,843 7,067 4,86 5,30 5,50, ,807 4,847 4,850 7,06 4,89 5,0 5,50, ,809 4,843 4,844 6,990 4,87 5,305 5,493, ,79 4,84 4,835 6,98 4,835 5,89 5,498, ,668 4,80 4,83 6,884 4,836 5,35 = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 987 forward are subject to revision. 0

104 ESTABLISHMENT DATA DIFFUSION INDEXES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over month span: P p 4 Over 3month span: P P Over 6month span: p p Over month span: P P Manufacturing payrolls, 39 industries' Over month span: P P4 Over 3month span: p P Over 6month span: P 4 3. P Over month span: P p Based on seasonally adjusted data for, 3, and 6month spans and unadjusted data for the month span. Data are centered within the span. P = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 987) are subject to revision. 0

105 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area * P p Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa, , , O.6 9 O.7 9 () Alaska Arizona Phoenix Tucson,58.7, ,53, ,5, Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff O.8 O California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa,989.4, , , ,84, , ,854., , () () () Colorado BoulderLongmont Denver, , , Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury, , , ft 0 ( ) 0) ( ).0.8 () 9 0 0) ( ) Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington MSA 687., ,0 67, Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach.. Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach. 5, , , ( ). () ().7 ( ).8 () () ( ) ( ).4.6 () ( ) () ( ).8 () () ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ().6 ( ).8 () () ( ) < > See footnotes at end of table. 03

106 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and Dublic utilitiesi P Wholesale and retail trade P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Arizona Phoenix Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa, , , , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Denver Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington MSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach , , , See footnotes at end of table. 04

107 B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate p Services P Governmen? Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Arizona Phoenix Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa , , , , , , , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Denver Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington MSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach , , , See footnotes at end of table. 05

108 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Mining Construction State and area ^ P P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta Columbus MaconWarner Robins Savannah 3, , , , , , I I I Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul... Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield 5, , , , , , () 0) V) V) ) ) I. () 0 0 O O 0) Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute, , , () V) Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls, , , ) O 0. O 0) O Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita, , , () 0) ) Kentucky LexingtonFayette Louisville Owensboro, , , Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge HoumaThibodaux Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport, , , See footnotes at end of table. 06

109 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing ? Transportation and public utilities ? Wholesale and retail trade , , P , Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta Columbus MaconWamer Robins Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky LexingtonFayette Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge HoumaThibodaux Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport See footnotes at end of table. 07 Digitized for FRASER

110 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate ? , Services , P , Government * Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta Columbus MaconWarner Robins Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul... Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky LexingtonFayette Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge HoumaThibodaux Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport See footnotes at end of table. 08 Digitized for FRASER

111 B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Mining ( Construction State and area?? " Maine LewistonAuburn Portland ( ) ( ) 0. ( ) ( ) 0. ( ) ( ) Maryland Baltimore MSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C,99., ,5.4, ,, Massachusetts Boston Brockton Fall River FitchburgLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester,963.0, ,8, ,88.3, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland 3, , , , , , Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud,5 99.4, , , , 00., ( ) 8.7 ( ) ( ) Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield, ,87.8, ,8.5 5.,3 789.,7 5. O Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthDoverRochester New Jersey Atlantic City BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton 3, , , O O See footnotes at end of table. 09

112 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and \ Jtiblic utilities ; P Wholesale and retail trade * Maine LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore MSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts Boston Brockton Fall River FitchburgLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthDoverRochester... New Jersey Atlantic City BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton See footnotes at end of table. 0 Digitized for FRASER

113 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate ^ Services * Government * Maine LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore MSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts Boston Brockton Fall River FitchburgLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthDoverRochester New Jersey Atlantic City BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton See footnotes at end of table Digitized for FRASER

114 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 'Continued (In thousands) Mining ( Construction State and area P?? New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County 8, , 4, , , ,09 3,9. 3, , ,09 3,96.7 3, O North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurham North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks 3, , , V) 0 V) o Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren 4, , , Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa, , , Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem, , , Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh 5, , , , , , See footnotes at end of table.

115 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing 4.0.0, , , , , P , , Transportation and Dublic utilities P Wholesale and retail trade , , , , , , P , , , New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurham North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh See footnotes at end of table. 3 Digitized for FRASER

116 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , ,343.0, , , Services , ,8.4, , , P , ,88., , , , Government , ? , New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurham North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh See footnotes at end of table. 4 Digitized for FRASER

117 B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Mining Construction State and area P? P PennsylvaniaContinued Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York () () () Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg, , , () South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville, , , () Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 7, , , , , , , , , () O () O () See footnotes at end of table. 5

118 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing ? Transportation and >ublic utilities " Wholesale and retail trade , , P , PennsylvaniaContinued Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls See footnotes at end of table. 6 Digitized for FRASER

119 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P , Services , ^ , , Government , ? , PennsylvaniaContinued Reading Scranton WilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls See footnotes at end of table. 7 Digitized for FRASER

120 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Mining ( Construction State and area??? Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke, , , ) Washington Seattle,0,3.4,9,39.6,90.9, West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling ^ Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau, , , V) 0 V) V) V) V) V) O V) Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan O Virgin Islands See footnotes at end of table. 8

121 B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and Dublic utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington Seattle West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan Virgin Islands See footnotes at end of table. 9

122 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B8. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate " Services P Government Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington Seattle West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San Juan Virgin Islands Combined with construction. Not available. = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 0

123 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Year and month Weekly hours private Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Mining Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Construction Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ P Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : December. : January February... March April May June July August September October November** December" $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table.

124 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Continued Manufacturing Transportation and utilities public Wholesale trade Year and month Weekly hours Hourly earnings Hourly earnings, excluding overtime Weekly earnings Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ $ P Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : December : January February March April May June July August September October.. November* December" $ $ $ $ $ $ $ See footnotes at end of table.

125 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 964 to date Continued Year and month Weekly hours Retail trade Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Finance, insurance, and real estate Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Services Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages $ $ $ $ $ $ P Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : December. : January February... March April May June July August September October November December $ $ $ $ $ $ Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 3

126 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P private Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills.. Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures See footnotes at end of table. 4

127 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P private $0.6 $0.9 $0.44 $0.46 $0.5 $ $359 $359.4 $ $360 Mining Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures See footnotes at end of table. 5

128 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products , See footnotes at end of table. 6

129 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products $ $ $ $ $.48 $ $ $ $ $48.0 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products , See footnotes at end of table. 7

130 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, , ! Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment See footnotes at end of table. 8

131 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee ,8, ,9 $ $ $ $ $.36 $ $ $ $ $530.4 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment See footnotes at end of table. 9

132 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts.. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table.

133 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts.. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers $ $ $ $ ( ) $ ( ) $.3 9. $ ( ) $ ( ) $ $ $ $ $ 6 $ $ $44 34 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts $ $503 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee See footnotes at end of table. 3

134 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , Tobacco products Cigarettes Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings B Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 3

135 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products , $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Tobacco products Cigarettes $ $64 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods ! Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills See footnotes at end of table. 33

136 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities Railroad transportation: Class I railroads See footnotes at end of table. 34

137 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services $ $454 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products , Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities Railroad transportation: Class I railroads See footnotes at end of table. 35

138 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services: Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Hardware stores General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries See footnotes at end of table. 36

139 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services: Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement Communications Telephone communications Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services Wholesale trade $ $ Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Hardware stores General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries See footnotes at end of table. 37

140 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Retail trade Continued Automotive dealers and service stations... New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores... Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places 4 58 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Finance, insurance, and real estate Depository institutions Commercial banks Credit unions Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services Business services Advertising Services to buildings Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services See footnotes at end of table. 38

141 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Retail trade Continued Automotive dealers and service stations... New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores Ml Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores... Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Finance, insurance, and real estate $ $ Depository institutions Commercial banks Credit unions Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services Business services Advertising Services to buildings Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services See footnotes at end of table. 39

142 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive repair shops Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Amusement and recreation services Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Social services: Child day care services Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping Research and testing services Management and public relations Services, nee See footnotes at end of table. 40

143 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive repair shops $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Amusement and recreation services Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Social services: Child day care services Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping Research and testing services Management and public relations Services, nee Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. See table Ca for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 37) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing. 3 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $50,000,000 or more. 4 Money payments only; tips, not included. 5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 4

144 A Note on Average Hourly Earnings in Aircraft (SIC 37) and Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (SIC 376) Manufacturing For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics average hourly earning series for production workers in aircraft manufacturing (sic 37) and guided missiles and space vehicles manufacturing (SIC 376) have been used to escalate labor costs in contracts between aerospace companies and their customers. Although the Bureau's series by definition take account of traditional wage rate changes, they do not capture "lumpsum payments to workers in lieu of general wage increases" which were negotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargaining agreements beginning in late 983. Because of special circumstances in the aerospace industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earnings series for SIC 37 and SIC 376 which include lumpsum payments. These series, beginning in October 983, the effective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreement using lumpsum payments, were published in the June 988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and year earlier data are presented in table Ca along with the average hourly earnings series produced as part of the Current Employment Statistics program. An explanation of the methodology used to derive these series appears in the Explanatory Notes of this publication. Ca. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 37) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing Aircraft (SIC 37) Guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) Series P P Average hourly earnings, excluding lumpsum payments $9 $9 $7.4 $7.3 $5 $ $7 $9 Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum payments = preliminary. 4

145 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls Industry P P Manufacturing 0.48 $0.57 $0.74 $0.78 $0.85 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing /\ /\ /\ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products $0.4 ( ) /\ /\ iz\ /\ /\ ( ) /\ /\ I ) Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 43

146 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C4. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (98) dollars Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry P P P P private: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $ $ $ $0.5 $ $ $ $ $360 Mining: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $64 Construction: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $535 Manufacturing: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $475 Transportation and public utilities: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $58.93 Wholesale trade: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $ Retail trade: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $0 Finance, insurance, and real estate: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $ Services: Current dollars Constant (98) dollars $ $348 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate the earnings series. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 44

147 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C5. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p p private Mining Construction Manufacturing Overtime hours Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components are small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 987 forward are subject to revision. 45

148 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C6. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (98 = 00) Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p p private Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services J Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 987 forward are subject to revision. 46

149 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. p Average hourly earnings private (in current dollars) $0.7 $0.8 $0.0 $0.4 $0.8 $0.3 $0.37 $0.36 $0.40 $0.4 $0.40 $0.43 $0.50 Mining Construction Manufacturing Excluding overtime Transportation and public utilities. Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services private (in constant dollars) O Average weekly earnings private: In current dollars In constant (98) dollars Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 3 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate these series. 4 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 987 forward are subject to revision. 47

150 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area? p P Alabama Birmingham Mobile $ $ $ $ $ $ Alaska Arizona Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa Colorado Denver Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia: Washington MSA Florida Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach Jacksonville MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach Georgia Atlanta Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho See footnotes at end of table. 48

151 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area p?? Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline.. Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield $ $ $ $ $ $ Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Kansas... Topeka. Wichita Kentucky LexingtonFayette. Louisville Louisiana Baton Rouge New Orleans Shreveport Maine LewistonAuburn Portland Maryland Baltimore MSA Massachusetts.. Boston Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland See footnotes at end of table. 49

152 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area p? P Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Cloud $ $ $ $ $ $ Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthDoverRochester New Jersey New Mexico Albuquerque New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Niagara Falls Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurham North Dakota FargoMoorhead Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren See footnotes at end of table. 50

153 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued State and area Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings p Average weekly earnings P Oklahoma Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehem Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon : State College Williamsport York Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Dallas Ft. WorthArlington Houston San Antonio Utah Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington See footnotes at end of table $ $ $ $ $ $ Digitized for FRASER

154 ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P p P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland... ParkersburgMarietta. Wheeling $ $ $ $ $ $ Wisconsin AppletonOshkosh Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 5

155 C9. Hours of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments by major industry, seasonally adjusted PRODUCTITY DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Millions of hours (annual rate) Percent change Industry ' to to to 0,5 0,75 0, Private sector 63,859 63,967 64,548.. Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate. Services,555 9,303 39,055,48 6,573,69,980 8,485,364 49,45,55 8,96 39,06,49 6,607,674,95 8,748,490 49,567,56 9,53 39,07,400 6,67,70,983 8,45,69 50, Government 37,66 37,08 37, hours paid for week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multiplied by 5. = preliminary. = revised. NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers and are based largely on establishment data. See BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 85, chapter 0, Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors. SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 53

156 PRODUCTITY DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C0. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted (98 = 00) Annual average Quarterly index Item Business sector Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Nonfarm business sector Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Durable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nondurable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nonfinancial corporations Output per allemployee hour Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour unit costs Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor costs Unit profits Implicit price deflator Productivity and cost measures incorporate revised output and compensation measures reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce and revised hours measures reflecting the incorporation of the Hours at Work Survey. Because the hours measures do not yet incorporate the most recent information from the Ul, productivity, hourly compensation and real hourly compensation measures for are subject to further revision. Revisions to historical manufacturing output data to bring it into conformance with changes introduced in the broader sectors are not yet completed. Because the 98 base year will be affected, index numbers have not been calculated. =not available. = revised. SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 54

157 PRODUCTITY DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C. Percent changes from the preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted annual rates Percent change from Item Previous quarter Same quarter, previous year III I III I II Business sector Output per hour of all persons. Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour... Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Nonfarm business sector Output per hour of all persons. Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour... Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor payments Implicit price deflator Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Durable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nondurable goods Output per hour of all persons Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour Unit labor costs Nonfinancial corporations Output per allemployee hour Output Hours Compensation per hour Real compensation per hour unit costs Unit labor costs Unit nonlabor costs Unit profits Implicit price deflator Productivity and cost measures incorporate revised output and compensation measures reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce and revised hours measures reflecting the incorporation of the Hours at Work Survey. Because the hours measures do not yet incorporate the most recent information from the Ul, productivity, hourly compensation and real hourly compensation measures for are subject to further revision. = revised. SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology ( ). 55

158 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force p?? Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa, , , Alaska Arizona Phoenix Tucson,77.9,073. 3,7, ,733., Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff, , , California AnaheimSanta Ana Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland OxnardVentura RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento SalinasSeasideMonterey San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa RosaPetaluma Stockton VallejoFairfieldNapa 4,663.0, , ,0 37, , ,00., , , , , ,997.9, , , 369., , , , Colorado BoulderLongmont Denver, , , Connecticut BridgeportMilford Hartford New Britain New HavenMeriden Stamford Waterbury, , , Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington 93.0,9 7, 7, Florida Daytona Beach Fort LauderdaleHollywoodPompano Beach Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay MiamiHialeah Orlando Pensacola Sarasota Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater West Palm BeachBoca RatonDelray Beach 6, , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 56

159 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area P Number P Percent of labor force P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta Augusta Columbus MaconWarner Robins. Savannah Hawaii Honolulu. Idaho Boise City Illinois AuroraElgin BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbanaRantoul Chicago DavenportRock IslandMoline Decatur Joliet Kankakee Lake County Peoria Rockford Springfield Indiana Anderson Bloomington ElkhartGoshen Evansville Fort Wayne GaryHammond Indianapolis Kokomo LafayetteWest Lafayette Muncie South BendMishawaka Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls. Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky LexingtonFayette... Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge HoumaThibodaux. Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans Shreveport Maine LewistonAuburn... Portland 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , See footnotes at end of table. 57 Digitized for FRASER

160 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area, , , ,437.4, , , , , , ,, , , ,440.7, , , , , P,56,7.3 3,3., , , ,407.5, ,6 98.6, , Number P Percent of labor force P Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts Boston Brockton Fall River FitchburgLeominster LawrenceHaverhill Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor Battle Creek Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo LansingEast Lansing Muskegon SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota Duluth MinneapolisSt.Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis LMA Springfield Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthDoverRochester... New Jersey Atlantic City BergenPassaic Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 58 Digitized for FRASER

161 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area 8, ,36.7 4,08.4 3, , , , , , , , , ,36 3,95 3, , , , , , ,48.4, , ? 8, ,34.7 3,980. 3, , , , , , ,470.8, , Number P Percent of labor force p New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York New York City Orange County Poughkeepsie Rochester Syracuse UticaRome North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurham North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus DaytonSpringfield Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield Medford Portland Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Beaver County Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarre Sharon State College Williamsport York Rhode Island PawtucketWoonsocketAttleboro Providence South Carolina Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls See footnotes at end of table. 59 Digitized for FRASER

162 STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED D. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force "? Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville, , , Texas Abilene Amarillo : Austin BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingen BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 8, , , , , , , , , Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOdgen Vermont Burlington Virginia Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News. RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3, , , Washington Seattle,478.,,498.9,,458., West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Racine Sheboygan Wausau, , , Wyoming Casper Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey. See the Explanatory Notes for State and Area Labor Force Data. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Estimates for have been benchmarked to Current Population Survey annual averages. Except in the States and areas designated by footnote, estimates for are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark information becomes available. Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. 60

163 Annual Averages

164 ANNUAL AVERAGES. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 99 to date (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Persons 4 years of age and over () 0 O 0 49,80 49,80 50,40 5,000 5,590 5,30 5,870 53,440 54,000 54,60 55,30 0 O 0 O 47,630 45,480 4,400 38,940 38,760 40,890 4,60 44,40 46,300 44,0 45,750 0,450 0,340 0,90 0,70 0,090 9,900 0,0 0,000 9,80 9,690 9,60 37,80 35,40 3,0 8,770 8,670 30,990 3,50 34,40 36,480 34,530 36,40,550 4,340 8,00,060,830,340 0,60 9,030 7,700 0,390 9, O ,840 99,900 98,640 94,640 93,0 94,090 03,070 06,08 55,640 55,90 56,40 55,540 54,630 53,860 57,50 60, ,50 50,350 53,750 54, ,80 55,50 57,8 9,540 9,00 9,50 9,080 8,950 8,580 8,30 8,56 37,980 4,50 44,500 45,390 45,00 44,40 46,930 49,557 8,0 5,560,660, ,040,70, ,00 43,990 4,30 39,00 38,590 40,30 45,550 45,850 Persons 6 years of age and over ,87 03,068 03,994 59,350 60,6 6, ,038 58,343 57,65 7,890 7,69 7,658 49,48 50,74 49,993,3,76 3,637 4,477 4,447 4, ,995 04,6 05,3 07,056 08,3 09,683 0,954,65 3,77 5,39 6,08 6,07 6,38 63,05 63,643 65,03 66,55 66,99 67,639 68, ,98 59,96 60,50 6,79 60,09 6,70 63,799 64,07 63,036 64,630 7,60 6,76 6,500 6,60 6,05 6,450 6,83 5,947 5,586 5,565 5,758 53,35 53,749 54,99 53,904 55,7 57,54 58,3 57,450 59,065 3,88,055,883,834 3,53,85,750,859 4,60 3, ,787 4,604 43,093 44,04 44,678 44,660 44,40 45,336 46,088 46,960 I ,45 8,77 0,53,46 4,485 6,53 8,058 9,874 3,08 34,335 69,68 70,459 70,64 7,833 73,09 74,455 75,770 77,347 78,737 80, ,778 65,746 66,70 67,76 69,305 7,088 7,895 74,37 75,90 77,90 5,458 5,00 4,944 4,687 4,53 4,36 3,979 3,844 3,87 3,606 60,38 60,546 6,759 63,076 64,78 66,76 68,95 70,57 7,03 74,96 3,85 4,74 3,9 4,070 3,786 3,366,875,975,87, ,67 48,3 49,539 50,583 5,394 5,058 5,88 5,57 53,9 53, ,085 40,6 44,6 47,096 50,0 53,53 56,50 59,033 6,90 64,863 8,77 84,38 87,034 89,49 9,949 93,775 96,58 99,009 0,5 04, ,678 79,367 8,53 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,75 9,07 96,048 98,84 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,55 3,408 3,33 3,83 3,387 3,347 75,5 75,97 78,669 8,594 83,79 8,438 85,4 88,734 9,66 95,477 4,093 5,06 4,88 4,365 5,56 7,99 7,406 6,99 6,0 6, ,35 55,834 57,09 57,667 58,7 59,377 59,99 60,05 59,659 59, ,745 70,30 7,7 74,5 76,383 78,06 80,587 8,753 84,63 86,393 06,940 08,670 0,04,550 3,544 5,46 7,834 9,865,669 3, ,303 00,397 99,56 00,834 05,005 07,50 09,597,440 4,968 7,34 3,364 3,368 3,40 3,383 3,3 3,79 3,63 3,08 3,69 3,99 95,938 97,030 96,5 97,450 0,685 03,97 06,434 09,3,800 4,4 7,637 8,73 0,678 0,77 8,539 8,3 8,37 7,45 6,70 6, ,806 6,460 6,067 6,665 6,839 6,744 6,75 6,888 6,944 6,53 88,049 89,765 4,787 5, ,94 6,877 3,86 3,33 4,78 3,644 6,874 8, ,6 64,46 Not available. Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability'' under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes. 6

165 . Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over by sex, 959 to date (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men ,793 45, ,466 4,53 38,934,40 8,907 I ,66 56,86 56,83 57,9 58,847 59,78 60,6 60,905 6,847 6,898 46,388 46,653 46,600 47,9 47,679 48,55 48,47 48,987 49,533 50, ,904 43,656 44,77 44,657 45,474 46,340 46,99 47,479 48,4 48,88 4,47 4,98 4,069 3,809 3,69 3,547 3,43 3,64 3,57,963 39,43 39,359 40,08 40,849 4,78 4,79 43,675 44,35 44,957 45,855,486,997,43,47,05,94,55,508,49, ,74 9,633 0,3 0,79,69,57,79,99,35, ,304 65,94 67,835 69,9 70,808 7,9 73,759 75,93 76,576 78,00 5,8 5,80 53,555 54,64 55,739 56,99 57,74 58,396 59,60 60, ,990 49,390 50,896 5,349 53,04 5,857 53,38 54,78 56,479 57,607,86,795,849,847,99,84,744,67,78,686 46,8 46,595 48,047 49,50 50,05 49,03 50,394 5,057 53,76 54,9,38,789,659,75,74 4,44 4,036 3,667 3,4 3, ,076 3,76 4,80 4,667 5,069 5,993 6,585 6,797 6,956 7, ,398 80,5 8,53 8,53 83,605 84,469 85,798 86,899 87,857 88,76 6,453 6,974 6,450 63,047 63,835 64,4 65,4 66,07 66,97 67, ,86 57,397 56,7 56,787 59,09 59,89 60,89 6,07 63,73 64,35,709,700,736,704,668,535,5,543,493,53 54,477 54,697 53,534 54,083 56,43 57,356 58,38 59,564 60,780 6,80 4,67 4,577 6,79 6,60 4,744 4,5 4,530 4,0 3,655 3, ,945 8,537 9,073 9,484 9,77 0,058 0,376 0,69 0,930 0,93 89,650 90,55 68,34 68, ,435 63,593,507,55 6,98 6,04 3,799 4,87 7.0,47,4 Women ,534, ,64,033 0,3,30 38,053 I ,58 6,484 63,3 64,494 65,637 66,73 67,795 68,968 70,79 7,436 3,40 3,806 4,04 4,704 5,4 6,00 7,99 8,360 9,04 30, ,874,090,55 3,05 3,83 4,748 5,976 6,893 7,807 9, ,887,87,65,7 3,000 3,934 5,40 6, 7,47 8,44,366,77,488,598,58,45,34,468,397,49 38,343 38,679 39,308 39,79 40,5 40,53 40,496 40,608 40,976 40, ,78 74,74 76,90 77,804 79,3 80,860 8,390 83,840 85,334 86,843 3,543 3,0 33,479 34,804 36, 37,475 38,983 40,63 4,63 44, ,688 9,976 3,57 3,75 33,769 33,989 35,65 37,89 39,569 4, ,087 9,377 30,6 3,093 33,73 33,404 35,07 36,677 38,900 40,556,855,7,,089,44 3,486 3,369 3,34 3,06 3, ,39 4,07 4,8 43,000 43,0 43,386 43,406 43,7 4,703 4, ,348 89,68 90,748 9,684 9,778 93,736 94,789 95,853 96,756 97,630 45,487 46,696 47,755 48,503 49,709 5,050 5,43 53,658 54,74 56, ,7 43,000 43,56 44,047 45,95 47,59 48,706 50,334 5,696 53, ,46 4,333 4,59 43,367 45,6 46,65 48,054 49,668 5,00 5,34 3,370 3,696 4,499 4,457 3,794 3,79 3,707 3,34 3,046 3, ,86 4,9 4,993 43,8 43,068 4,686 4,376 4,95 4,04 4, ,399 99,4 56,554 56, ,479 53, ,800 5,60 3,075 3,609 4,845 4,3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory 63

166 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 89,765 3,376 6,604 6,77 7,857 07,66 4,395 0,65,30 38,687 0,37 8,35 6,085 4,30,784,6 0,54 0,6 30,04 0,088 8,5,965 5,303 6,98,685 4,3 3,70 89,44 35,330 6,87 8,460 3,975 7,95 5,680,8,957 9,6,75 7,043 4,709 3,500, ,877 5,68,5 3,503,33 84,363 3,94 5,66 7,88 3,86 6,33 4,955 0,64,46 8,748,68 6,740 4,58 3,384, ,46, ,477 5,060,46,45,7, ,46 6,458 3,99,539 4,47 7,74 7,065 3,395 3,670 5,7 3,077,635 4,967,343,63 9,40 3,498 5,9 6,704 8,006 7,59,439 6, ,53,58 4,749,,538 3,80,095,76 3,03,466,557 4,8,795,388 8,468,640,34 3,55 7,694 4,80 3,5, , , , , ,753, ,439, , , ,38,58 3,5 7,03 5,074 4,69 7,48 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 90,55 6,746 3,384 3,36 8,7 5,480 0,859 9,940 0,98 8,958 0,07 8,94,663 6,965 5,698 0,008 5,07 4,98,605 4,570 3,578 4,457 68,4 3,588,393,95 7,70 48,863 9,548 9,83 0,65 7,854 9,46 8,393,46 6,45 5,035 6,699 3,97,77,990, ,593,879,09,787 6,4 45,98 8,88 8,586 9,60 6,883 8,900 7,983 0,909 6,7 4,79 6,389 3,773,66,93, , ,883, ,4 3,58,99,67,44 3,66, , , ,309,055,54 0,66 3,45 3,050 4, ,837,493, , , , , , ,99 9,968 3,34,884 3,850 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 99,4 6,630 3,0 3,40 9,45 54,686,536 0,35, 9,79 0,354 9,374 3,4 7,335 6,086,54 5,54 5,640 7,599 5,57 4,574 7,508 56,893 3,330,9,037 6,440 40,560 5,78 7,587 8,95 5, 7,834 7,87 9,657 5,53 4,5 5,05 3,07,98, ,84, ,76 5,8 38,383 4,76 7,040 7,686 4,40 7,43 6,97 9,55 5,99 3,955 4,879,967,9, , ,77, ,3 3,300,98,37,705 4,6 5,754,738 3,07 4,608,5,087 3,764,803,96 6,0,443 3,658 6,088 4,58 4,00 7,99 5, ,465,308 4,64,58,484 3,7,053,669,945,433,5 4,07,760,346 8,97.599,6 3,436 3,857,309, , , , , ,33 7,044,840,807 3,397 64

167 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons WHITE 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 6,5 0,694 5,5 5,443 4,663 90,73 35,48 6,847 8,57 3,93 7,5 5,707,37,77 0,095 8,384 9,090 9,94 7,047 8,947 7,33 0,787 07,486 5,966,35 3,64,575 76,477 9,896 4,43 5,653 8,93 4,735 3,558 8,88 0,333 7,956 0,34 6,69 4,45 3,54, ,989,90 3,078 0,5 7,584 8,098 3,35 4,773 6,964 3,995,969 7,5 9,904 7,67 9,899 5,909 3,989 3,056, , ,063 3,894, , ,05 4,79,900,89 3,088 4,45 5,5,604,98 4,639,49,49 4,084,944,40 8,069,9 5,49 3,893 7,080 6,504 0,309, ,45 9,63 3,859,760,099 3,04,76,44,560,55,305 3,67,539,089 7,666,359,095 3,3 5,674 3,53,96,7, , , , , ,84,059,755 5,74 4,497 4, 6,566 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 77,689 5,404,69,74 7,05 44,988 7,655 8,366 9,89 6,359 8,587 7,77 0,974 6,040 4,934 8,769 4,374 4,395,3 4,086 3,4 4,0 59,33 3,094,9,875 6,48 4,335 6,754 7,9 8,843 5,547 8,87 7,359 0,035 5,6 4,43 5,940 3,58,4,85, ,557,55 98,570 5,5 40,057 5,695 7,367 8,38 4,769 7,744 7,05 9,593 5,379 4,4 5,667 3,344,33,758, , ,78, ,358,3,47 839,057, , ,973 9,507 3,039,737 3, ,836,833, , , , , ,770 8,986,886,603 3,498 Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 83,8 5,90,56,79 7,458 45,735 7,763 8,48 9,8 6,574 8,638 7,935,398 6,37 5,6 9,65 4,76 4,899 5,75 4,86 4,099 6,765 48,54,87,33,739 5,47 34,4 3,4 6,33 6,80,747 6,547 6,99 8,53 4,7 3,54 4,375,65,73, ,48,436 98,508 4,990 3,56,403 5,958 6,444,95 6,5 5,944 7,98 4,55 3,403 4,3,565,666, , , ,667,48,48 990,03,593 4,6,48,47 3,87,09,736 3,45,56,69 5,40,064 3,76 4,386 4,04 3,767 6,577, , 9,447 3,795,730,065 3,46,735,4,506,3,74 3,57,53,059 7,55,35,054 3,47,839,69, , , , , ,87,6,609 3,068 65

168 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons BLACK 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over,65,00,044,057,466,34 5,34,635,707 4,83,354,99,75,453,6,46,9,07, , ,673 9,763 4,99,04,58 3,507,933,574,057,68 889, , ,3 8,779 3,667,759,908 3,06,74,465,906,077 89, , ,074, ,577, , , , , , , , Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 9,77, ,34 5,539,46,9.5,96,055 86, , , ,794,0,045,065, , , ,93, , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over,898, ,33 6,80,97,444,483,367,99,067, , , , , ,09, , , ,485, , , , , , , Data not shown where base is less than 35,

169 ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. Employment status of the blackandother civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex (Numbers in thousands) Age and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 8,54,68,353,39 3,94 6,443 6,977 3,48 3,558 5,754 3,46,608 3,73,04,689,778,45,37 3,57,4 839,78 7, ,35,946 5,434,68,807 4,68,560,,830,65,05, , ,70,780 4,86,30,55 4,3,335,986,64,5,30, , ,700,69 4,756,73,48 4,70,308,96,603,488,6, , , ,437,79,09 70,059 3,497, , , , ,30 Men 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over.86, ,507 7,49 3,04,574,630,599,430,69, , , , , 6,58,795,373,4,308,74,034, , ,93,493,0.74,4,56 958, , ,800,443,95,48,07,33 939, , , , Women 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 5 to 9 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 5,39, ,687 8,95 3,773,844,99 3,55,76,439,03,098 95, , , ,03 6,48,640,55,385,374,87,088, , ,857,33,08,4,07,79,08, , ,89,33,078,34,98.75,03, , ,534, , Data not shown where base is less than 35,

170 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,049 4, ,94 3,86 4,78 6,874 63,6 89,765 5, ,877 3,33 3,644 8, ,46 8,704 64, ,98,303 58,895 3,70 8,336 83,806 64, ,74,358 56,356 4,09 8,983 9,55 53, , ,8,555 38,54 9,584 53, , ,893 3,08 39,0 3,794 7,40 5 6,6 49 6,0,49 6,385 3,376 6,98 5, ,395, ,458 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 60,45 07,77 6 0,087,974 99,3 5,09 53,37 6,5 07, ,039 3,000 98,038 6,447 54,05 7,48 55, ,576,3 5,444,393 5,53 7,85 56, ,005,74 50,83 3,33 6,047 77,838 44, , ,389, ,004 78,53 45, , ,439,37 33,50,095 6, , , ,70 0,694 5, ,989 4, ,79 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force,300 3,493 6,966 40,86,57.3 7,808,65 3,54 6.6,863 60,703, ,074 8,50 6,75 7 5,6 6 5, ,7 8,676 6, ,63 3 5, ,3 0,649 6, ,77 8 5, ,6 0,840 6, , , ,406, ,39, ,356 68

171 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 4 years of age by school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, years of school completed, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,84 8,39 4,4 6,6 3,500, ,33,96,45, ,53,636, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 6,39 6,496 5,480,06,49 3,697, ,947 3,383, ,88,45, Men, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6,463 4,68,95 3,06,733, ,583,44, ,06, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 3,335 3,8, ,86,730, ,06,567, , Women, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 6,35 4,4,8 3,0,767, ,747,50, ,37, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students,984 3,368,8 556,43,967, ,86, ,349, White, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 0,304 6,666 3,638 5,3 3,059, ,75,608, ,767,359, Men Women 5,03 5,0,6, ,88, ,785, High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 4,903 5,40 4, ,0 3,0, ,735,980, ,63,35, Black, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,805, Men Women High school College Fulltime students Parttime students, Hispanic origin, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years, Men Women High school College Fulltime students Parttime students See footnotes at end of table. 69

172 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 6 to 4 years of age by school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, years of school completed, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Full time Part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 8,49 4,984 3,435 4,50 3,48, ,530,7 9,88 9,985,590 8,395,545,3,4,97 706,65,686 54, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more 5,4 8,359 3,334,5 3,56 6,957,964, ,46 6,07,706,37,69 4,957,94,05 797, Men, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 8,996,478 6,58 7,84,855 5, ,77,466 5,5 5, ,696, , , Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more,709 4,8,56 643,033 3,784, ,583 3,9,78 566,65,85, Women, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 9,43,506 6,97 6,660,563 5, , ,566 4, ,699, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more,505 4,4,807,3 3,73, ,78, ,07, White, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years 5,053 4,08,05,0,906 9, ,786,380 8,405 8,646,40 7,36,40 97,69, , Men Women 7,407 7,647 6,60 5, ,786 4,999 4,898 3, , Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more 4,5 6,76,833,343,670 5,733,54, , 5,,349,93,44 4,0,90, Black, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years,76 794,967,859 40, ,38 6,, Men Women,9, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more, , Hispanic origin, 6 to 4 years 6 to 9 years, ,706,68 394, , ,9, Men Women,4,0, Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school to 3 years of college 4 years of college or more, persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 70

173 ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Sex, age, and race Full time Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons, usually work full time Part time Voluntary Part time for economic reasons, usually work part time Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 96,575,869 77,59 94,706 9,94 85,5 74,643 0,869 94,38,765 6,504 9,66 8,888 83,78 73,03 0,65, , ,784, ,30 3,759,848,9 6,543 3,039 3,504 9,70 3,784 6,449 3,58,699,559 3,9,340 0,85 7,487 3,364 3, ,35 699,653, , ,3,7 5,094 4,65 469, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 56,936,085 55,85 5,5 50,737 43,947 6,789 55,578,0 54,556 4,98 49,637 4,995 6,64,358 6,96 97, ,657,795 4,86,306 3,556,033,53 4,99,538 3,453 97,48,9,35,666 57, , , 363 3, ,, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 39, ,854 4,079 34,775 30,696 4,079 38, ,06 3,970 34,09 30,08 3, ,645,964,68,733 9,948 7,687,6,458,70 9,738,368 8,370 6,358,03,87 44, ,578,39 49,7 58,463 48,98, White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 49, ,883 4,433 44,450 38,409 6,040 48, ,77 4,63 43,508 37,595 5,93,66 55, ,706,584 4,,089 3,033,648,385 4,38,368 3,03 83,8 939,43,35 6, , ,05 539,487, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 33, ,634 3,50 9,3 5,65 3,57 3, ,995 3,46 8,579 5,43 3, ,57,746 0,4,488 8,93 6,9,0 0,355,537 8,88,86 7,633 5,80,83,80 09, ,90,09 99,97 86, ,455, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 5, , ,567 4, , , ,443 3, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 4, , ,365 3, , , ,60 3, , persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. 7

174 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship (Numbers in thousands) Not in labor force Family relationship Percent of population Number Percent of labor force Keeping house Going to school Unable to work Other reasons, 6 years and over 99, ,4 6, ,433,3 6,99,63 9,570 Husbands With employed wife With unemployed wife With wife not in labor force 39,94 6,470,9, ,64 5,477,039,748, ,577, , ,05, ,6 Wives With employed husband With unemployed husband With husband not in labor force 30,9 6,56,46, ,93 5, ,443,307, ,98, ,09 6,33 0, , ,48,7 4 3,090 Relatives in marriedcouple families 6 to 9 years 5 years and over,70 4,445 4,640 3, ,085 3,75 4,7 3,07, ,460 4,0,507, ,407 3,68, , Women who maintain families 7, , ,4, ,05 Relatives in families maintained by women 6 to 9 years 5 years and over 5,76,35,584, ,79 95,304,463, ,96,56 64, ,46, , Men who maintain families,34 77., Relatives in families maintained by men... 6 to 9 years 5 years and over, , , , Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in marriedcouple families where the husband or wife is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Estimates shown in this table for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. 7

175 ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates, 6 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 3,799,49 503,866 4,87, , ,075,76 67,8 3,609,40 780, White, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),866,7 38,3 3,775,576 57, , ,67, Black, 6 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) , 5 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),504, ,60, ,000, ,400, White, 5 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),9, ,607, , ,80, Black, 5 years and over... Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married)

176 ANNUAL AVERAGES 0. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Occupation Men Women, 6 years and over 6,874 8, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical, , 'I Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, , , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers, , O O. Farming, forestry, and fishing No previous work experience 6 to 9 years 5 years and over Percent not shown where base is less than 35,

177 ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons IJnemployment rates Industry Men Women, 6 years and over 6,874 8, Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 5,306 6, Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Funiture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries, , in Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries ,507 0,306 8, ,800 5,548 86, , Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid famiy workers No previous work experience

178 ANNUAL AVERAGES. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) Reason for unemployment unemployed Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,874 3,3,08,305,04, ,46 4,608,79 3,39 979, ,70,06 656, ,09,96 845, ,555, ,08, ,03 406,058 56, , ,09, , , ,447 3,64,083,53 795,58 50, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants

179 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) unemployed Duration of unemployment Reason, sex, and age Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over, 6 years and over... 8, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4,608,79 3,39 979, Men, 0 years and over 4, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants,96 845, Women, 0 years and over 3, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants, ,03 406, Both sexes, 6 to 9 years, Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants persons by duration of unemployment Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution, 6 years and over 6,874 8,46 5,54 6,93 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 0 weeks to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over 7 to 5 weeks 5 weeks and over 3,69,0,63 589, ,380,74,96 797,33,5, ,338,840,39 5, ,57,80,578 70,6,06, Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks

180 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. persons by sex, age, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Sex, age, race, and marital status Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,46,90,477,46, , , , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, , , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , White, 6 years and over Men Women 6,447 3,775,67,60,39,0,09, Black, 6 years and over Men Women, Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married), , Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married),40 780,

181 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Weeks Percent of unemployed in group Occupation and industry Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration less than 5 weeks 5 weeks and over OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 886,94,9,30, INDUSTRY Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Public administration 0 946, ,808, No previous work experience Includes wage and salary workers only. 79

182 ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used Sex, age, and race Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 8,46,90,477,46, ,037,8,86,975, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 4, , , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , O O O O D O White, 6 years and over... Men Women 6,447 3,775,67 5,64,960, Black, 6 years and over... Men Women, , Data not shown where base is less than 35,000. NOTE: The jobseekers total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 30 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than 00 because many jobseekers use more than one method. 80

183 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used Sex and reason Thousands of persons unemployed jobseekers Public employment agency Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers Private employment agency Employer directly Placed or answered ads Friends or relatives Other Average number of methods used, 6 years and over... Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 8,46 4, , ,037 3,94 950, Men, 6 years and over... Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4,87 3, ,878, Women, 6 years and over Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 3,609, , 398 3,59,09 474, Data on the number of jobseekers and the jobsearch methods used exclude persons on layoff. NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does not include persons on layoff or waiting to begin a new job within 30 days, groups for whom jobseeking information is not collected. The percent using each method will always total more than 00 because many jobseekers use more than one method. 8

184 ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex (In thousands) Industry and age Men Women All industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,94 6,6,38 3,933,6 84,39 33,83 30,543 9,765,464 6,85 4,639 3,48 6,877 5,68,5 3,503,33 84,363 3,94 3,86 0,64,68 6,740 4,58 3,384 64,435 3,37,07,030 6,65 46,07 8,73 6,575 0,764 6,530 3,856,674,97 63,593,879,09,787 6,4 45,98 8,88 6,883 0,909 6,389 3,773,66,93 53,479 3,04,,903 5,997 38,068 5,099 3,967 9,00 4,935,970,965,455 53,84,749,033,76 5,8 38,383 4,76 4,40 9,55 4,879,967,9,46 Agriculture 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 3, , , , , , , , Nonagricultural industries 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 54 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 4,78 6,0,0 3,80,8 8,37 33,03 9,890 9,34,05 6,6 4,440 3,46 3,644 5,395,04 3,38,93 8,385 3,05 30,588 9,69 0,834 6,5 4,34 3,6 6,98 3,03,0,93 6,34 44,68 8,097 6,089 0,433 6, 3,696,55,76 6,04, ,687 6,58 44,458 7,543 6,36 0,554 6,05 3,606,445,689 5,800,979,0,878 5,940 37,69 4,96 3,80 8,89 4,84,95,95,4 5,60,709,05,695 5,755 37,97 4,56 4,6 9,38 4,783,95,868,47 8

185 ANNUAL AVERAGES 0. civilians by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Men Women Occupation 6 years and over 6 years and over 0 years and over 6 years and over 0 years and over 7,94 6,877 64,435 63,593 6,98 60,74 53,479 53,84 50,455 50,535 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 30,657 4, ,36 3,893 5,88, , , ,984 3,0 4, ,4 3,95 6,058, , , ,05 6,69 8, ,59,950 7,73, ,05 599,000 6,656 8, ,6,943 7,767, ,038 66,00 6,58 8, ,558,945 7,67, , ,968 6,568 8, ,580,939 7,73, ,07 66,98 4,038 5, ,770,943 8, ,000 88,94 57,985 4,356 6, ,80,008 8, ,048 36,99 46,03 3,95 5, ,73,934 8, ,997 83,9 56,95 4,38 6, ,767,00 8, ,044 30,958 46,999 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical 36,675 3,84,303,0,30 4,9 3,8,43,637 6,39 7 8, ,655, ,008 36,086 3,794,379,88,7 3,958 3,739,344,60 6, , ,47, ,07,933, ,08,485,389,78,03 6 3, ,64,734, ,4,455,356,4, , ,38,78, ,84,465,376,68, , ,08,8, ,75,433,34,33,70 4 3, ,084 3,74,888, ,983,37, , , ,577, ,744 3,35,873, ,86, , , ,358, ,835,5,86, ,980,99, ,73 4 4, ,48, ,375,897,853, ,90, ,9 48 4, ,49, ,47 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Food service Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 5,759 78,988,989 5,359,087 3,8,45 5, ,07 3,8 5,370,78 3,068,5 6,88 9,697 4,56,68 04, ,49 3,756 4,64,85 49, ,37,648 3,70,55 9, ,58 5,7 3,844,59 9, , ,47 3,9,883,37,980 9, ,487 3,85,99,34,048 8, ,558,605,803,307,844 8, ,676,643,848,7,95 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,64 4,448 5,47 4,046 3,6 4,47 4,808 3,97,48 4,89 5,05 3,4,030 4,64 4,7 3,045,99 4,0 4,90 3,087,83 4,97 4,64 3,003, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Manufacturing industries Durable goods Nondurable goods Nonmanufacturing industries Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,775 8,07 6,594 3,639,955,477 4,849 3,589,6 4, ,080 7,7 7,696 6,30 3,43,889,394 4,878 3,680,98 4, ,898 3,49 4,84 3,938,538, ,43 3,00,4 3, ,44,84 4,60 3,744,373, ,44 3,90,5 3, ,3,4 4,667 3,80,46, ,89 3,098,9 3,68 673,595,98 4,474 3,65,3,33 8 4,338 3,0,38 3,69 6,547 4,56 3,9,655,0, ,330 3,086,558,040, ,33 3,4,593,080, ,63 3,009,500,0, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,408,38,70 3,459,50,09,864,043,8,903,044,859,597,03,566,65,035,

186 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Men Women TOTAL, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 7,94 6,877 64,435 63,593 53,479 53,84 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing White, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent 0,087 0,039 56,43 55,557 45,654 45,48 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Black, 6 years and over (thousands) Percent,966,863 5,95 5,880 6,05 5,983 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing

187 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over 6, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Administrators, protective service Financial managers Personnel and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations Administrators, education and related fields Managers, medicine and health Managers, properties and real estate Managementrelated occupations Accountants and auditors Underwriters Other financial officers Management analysts Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products Construction inspectors Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction. 3,0 4, ,95, Professional specialty Architects Engineers Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Electrical and electronic engineers Industrial engineers Mechanical engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Computer systems analysts and scientists Operations and systems researchers and analysts Natural scientists Chemists, except biochemists Geologists and geodesists Biological and life scientists Health diagnosing occupations Physicians Dentists Health assessment and treating occupations Registered nurses Pharmacists Dietitians Therapists Inhalation therapists Physical therapists Speech therapists Physicians' assistants Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Prekindergarten and kindergarten Elementary school Secondary school Special education Teachers, n.e.c Counselors, educational and vocational Librarians, archivists, and curators Librarians Social scientists and urban planners Economists Psychologists Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers Recreation workers Clergy Religious workers, n.e.c Lawyers and judges 6,058 7, ,376, ,09 445,54, , See footnotes at end of table. 85

188 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Lawyers Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes Authors Technical writers Designers Musicians and composers Actors and directors Painters, sculptors, craftartists, and artist printmakers Photographers Editors and reporters Public relations specialists Announcers Athletes 744, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Health record technologists & technicians Radiologic technicians Licensed practical nurses Engineering and related technologists and technicians Electrical and electronic technicians Drafting occupations Surveying and mapping technicians Science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Airplane pilots and navigators Computer programmers Legal assistants 36,086 3,794, , Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Insurance sales Real estate sales Securities and financial services sales Advertising and related sales Sales occupations, other business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats Sales workers, apparel Sales workers, shoes Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings Sales workers, radio, television, hifi, and appliances Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Sales workers, parts Sales workers, other commodities Sales counter clerks Cashiers Street and doortodoor sales workers News vendors Salesrelated occupations 3,958 3,739, ,60 6, ,453 9, , Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors General office Financial records processing Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks Computer equipment operators Computer operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Secretaries Typists : Information clerks Interviewers Hotel clerks 8, ,47 3,79 59, See footnotes at end of table. 86

189 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Transportation ticket and reservation agents Receptionists Records processing occupations, except financial Order clerks Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Library clerks File clerks Records clerks Financial records processing Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing clerks Cost and rate clerks Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators Communications equipment operators Telephone operators Mail and message distributing occupations Postal clerks, except mail carriers Mail carriers, postal service Mail clerks, except postal service Messengers Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks Dispatchers Production coordinators Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks Stock and inventory clerks Weighers, measurers, and checkers Expediters Adjusters and investigators Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators Investigators and adjusters, except insurance Eligibility clerks, social welfare Bill and account collectors Miscellaneous administrative support General office clerks Bank tellers Data entry keyers Statistical clerks Teachers' aides ,389, , , , Service occupations Private household Child care workers Cleaners and servants Protective service Supervisors, protective service Supervisors, police and detectives Firefighting and fire prevention Firefighting occupations Police and detectives Police and detectives, public service Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers Correctional institution officers Guards Guards and police, except public service 5, , Service occupations, except private household and protective service Food preparation and service occupations Supervisors Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Cooks, except short order Shortorder cooks Food counter, fountain, and related occupations Kitchen workers, food preparation Waiters' and waitresses' assistants Miscellaneous food preparation Health service occupations Dental assistants Health aides, except nursing 3,8 5, ,355, , See footnotes at end of table. 87

190 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Cleaning and building service occupations Supervisors Maids and housemen Janitors and cleaners Personal service occupations Barbers Hairdressers and cosmetologists Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities Public transportation attendants Welfare service aides Child care workers,506 3, ,6, Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Supervisors Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers Automobile mechanics Bus, truck, and stationery engine mechanics Aircraft engine mechanics Small engine repairers Automobile body and related repairers Heavy equipment mechanics Industrial machinery repairers Electrical and electronic equipment repairers Electronic repairers, communications, and industrial equipment Data processing equipment repairers Telephone line installers and repairers Telephone installers and repairers Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers Office machine repairers Millwrights Construction trades Supervisors Construction trades, except supervisors Brickmasons and stonemasons Tile setters, hard and soft Carpet installers Carpenters Drywall installers Electricians Electrical power installers and repairers Painters, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Concrete and terrazzo finishers Roofers Structural metal workers Extractive occupations Precision production occupations Supervisors Precision metalworking Tool and die makers Machinists Sheetmetal workers Precision woodworking occupations Cabinet makers and bench carpenters Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers Dressmakers Upholsterers Precision workers, assorted materials Optical goods workers Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Precision food production occupations Butchers and meat cutters Bakers Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers Inspectors, testers, and graders 3,6 4,47 5 4,76, , , , ,78, See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for FRASER 88

191 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Plant and system operators Water and sewage treatment plant operators Stationary engineers Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Machine operators and tenders, except precision Metalworking and plastic working machine operators Lathe and turning machine operators Punching and stamping press machine operators Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators Metal and plastic processing machine operators Molding and casting machine operators Woodworking machine operators Sawing machine operators Printing machine operators Printing machine operators Typesetters and compositors Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators Winding and twisting machine operators Textile sewing machine operators Pressing machine operators Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators Machine operators, assorted materials Packaging and filling machine operators Mixing and blending machine operators Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators Painting and paint spraying machine operators Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food Slicing and cutting machine operators Photographic process machine operators Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations Welders and cutters Assemblers Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners Production testers Graders and sorters, except agricultural 7,7 7,696 5, , , , , Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Supervisors Truck drivers, heavy Truck drivers, light Driverssales workers Bus drivers Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles Rail transportation occupations Material moving equipment operators Operating engineers Crane and tower operators Excavating and loading machine operators Grader, dozer, and scraper operators Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators 4,878 3,680 80, , Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Helpers, construction and extractive occupations Helpers, construction trades Construction laborers Production helpers Freight, stock, and material handlers Stock handlers and baggers Machine feeders and offbearers Garage and service station related occupations Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 4, , See footnotes at end of table. 89

192 ANNUAL AVERAGES. civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Hand packers and packagers Laborers, except construction 89, Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Farmers Farm managers Other agricultural and related occupations Farm occupations, except managerial Farm workers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm Animal caretakers, except farm Forestry and logging occupations Timber cutting and logging Fishers, hunters, and trappers 3,459,50,8 33, , NOTE: N.e.c. is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of occupations which cannot be more specifically identified. Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. 90

193 ANNUAL AVERAGES 3. civilians by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) Nonagricultural industries Agriculture Age and sex Wage and salary workers Private household workers Government Other Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers, 6 years and over... 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 04,50 5,333,984 3,349,63 30,30 7,8 7,66 9,534 5,798 3,736, , ,065 4,9 5,89 3,97,065, ,65 4,857,800 3,057 0,436 5,743,80 3,504 7,36 4,433,884,948 8, ,936,7,00, , , Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 55,83,65 985,666 5,980 6,36 4,67 9,58 5,79 3,30,049, , ,99,604,87, ,878,475 95,549 5,479 4,306,00 7,49 4,43,497,647,045 5, ,,73, , , Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 49,36,68 999,683 5,643 3,804 3,83 8,358 4,355,667,687, , ,38 3,5,54, ,747,38 874,508 4,958,437 9,89 6,075 3,73,936, ,

194 ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers TOTAL Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair Personal, except private households... Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration 733 7,087 0,434,954 8,480 8,04 4,055 4,640 9,45 7,786 39,705,000 38,705 7,467 3,675,570 5,835 4,839 4,978 9,3,350 4, , ,67 0,000,693 8,307 7,88,085 4,80 7,804 7,54 35, ,443 5,990,679,360 4,307 4,834 4,550 9,034,075 3, , , ,730 9, , , , ,5 9,870,585 8,85 6,9,980 4,70 7,70 6,947 5, ,73 5,900,666,35 4,958 3,839 4,083,88,478 3, , , , ,93 6 4,86, , Men Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair Personal, except private households... Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration 604 6,485 3,75 8,746 5,006 5,84,766 3,95 9,47 3,88 5,3 4 4,983 4,645, ,08,00,093, , ,8 58 5,04 3,453 8,544 4,909 5,566,65 3,07 8,608,76,9 38,77 3, ,9,097 8, , , , ,40 3, , , ,8 58 4,650 3,355 8,458 4,897 4,44,583 3,00 8,573,65 9, ,63 3, , ,786 47, , ,05, Women Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair Personal, except private households... Entertainment and recreation Professional Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Educational Social services Other Forestry and fisheries Public administration ,68 3,08 3,474,36,89,346 9,944 4,599 4, ,7,8, ,87 3,739 3,885 6,43,884,66 6, ,547 3,49 3,398,35 0,460,63 9,96 4,39,56 855,67,90, ,6 3,737 3,738 6,077,67,937, ,589 6, , , , ,55 3,7 3,389,868 0,397,60 9,36 4,95 5, ,08,57, ,673 3,039 3,386,80,79, ,987 4,

195 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. civilians by industry, sex, and occupation (In thousands) Industry and sex employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing TOTAL Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3, ,087 0,434,954 8,480 8,04 4,055 4,640 9,45 7,786 39,705,000 38,705 5,835 5, ,57,50,06 977,0 538,58,033 4,893 4,89,70, ,774, ,070 7,063 0, ,35 4,3, ,954,873 8,080, ,76,60,06,57,348 77,576,993 6,489 6,477 4,763, , , , ,8 4,76, ,04 3,84,69,95,84,449 37,3 66,869 4, ,30 3,43, ,88, , , , , Men Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration, ,485 3,75 8,746 5,006 5,84,766 3,95 9,47 3,88 5,3 4 4,983 8,08 3, ,83, , ,05,50,50, , ,955 4,954 4, ,95,50 3,405, ,057 7,03 9,506 5,500,8, ,978 3,93,0 99,08, ,707, ,744,373, , , , , Women Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration ,68 3,08 3,474,36,89,346 9,944 4,599 4, ,7 7,87, ,08,373,37, ,5 6 7,09 6, ,380 3,376, , , , ,79,83 586,45,568 5,7 9 5,73 4,345, ,43 9, , ,78 3, ,558,040, Includes protective service, not shown separately. 93

196 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. civilians by industry, race, and occupation (In thousands) Industry and race employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service Other service Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing WHITE Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3, ,478 7,575 0,483 7,09 6,846,37 4,7 7,00 6,86 33, ,00,99 4, ,36, ,94 496,48,856 4,435 4,433,45, ,598, , ,765 9, ,806 3,803, , ,63, ,05,46 879,70,07 69,45,534 5,6 0 5,60 4,0, , , , ,78 3,458, ,73 3,358,33,06,33,36 96,030 37,656, ,08,844, , ,57 3, , BLACK Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration ,0,0,09,4,900 59, ,56 4 4,30, ,73 8,684, Includes protective service, not shown separately. 94

197 ANNUAL AVERAGES 7. civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Sex, age, and race Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,48 5, , ,055,78 8,74 5,866,408,954 8, ,84 9,460,364 8, ,8 83 7,450 6,406,044 8, , ,508 6, ,055,967,088 3,803 7,85 4,60,665 7, , ,8 5, ,704,38 37,34 3,690 33,633 8,43 5,0 5, , ,58 4,547 7 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,63 4, , ,499,63,336 0,678,658 8, , ,99 6,897,03 5, , ,408 3, , , ,380 4,679 70,766,483,83,969 9,34 7,9,40 3, ,43 45,898, , ,395,460,935 0,67,63 3,8 3, ,074,65 4 Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over ,68 7 6, ,938 5, , ,6 65,896, , , ,04,64 48,36 3,330 0,8,935 93,89,485 9,804,833 7,97 6,708,63 4, , ,94 3, ,7 793,98,30 0,698 7,74,957,358 30,38 43,85, White Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over ,9 69 5, ,098 4, ,000 5,775,005 0,769 9,9,478 7,73 3 7, ,997 6, ,77 0 4, ,773 3, ,9 57 4, ,538 3, ,,308 9,94,697 8,6 6,930,86,833 37,796 0,595, ,847 54,333,07,6 9,4,00,785 8,767 49,68, Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over , , ,958 4,90 668,760 43,77,496,9 305,85 69,746 84,46, ,94 7,896 65,73, ,05,3 8,704,60 7,0 5,93,70 4,09 0 3, ,44 3, , ,456,93 7,53 5,05,57,85 3,79 07,684, Black Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over. 6 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over ,9 0,7,49, , ,50 56,446 80,65,076 89,800 64,736 37,498, Excludes private households. 95

198 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over. 6, Agriculture Agricultural production, crops Agricultural production, livestock Agricultural services, except horticultural Horticultural services 3,33,007, Mining Metal mining Coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas extraction Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel Construction 7, Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products, except furniture Logging Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork Wood buildings and mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products Glass and glass products Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Structural clay, pottery, and related products Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling, and finishing mills Iron and steel foundries Primary aluminum industries Other primary metal industries Fabricated metal industries Cutlery, hand tools, and other hardware Fabricated structural metal products Screw machine products Metal forging and stampings Ordnance Miscellaneous and not specified fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Engines and turbines Farm machinery and equipment Construction and material handling machines Metal working machinery Office and accounting machines Electronic computing equipment Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c. and not specified Electrical machinery, equipment and supplies Household appliances Radio, T.V., and communication equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies, n.e.c. and not specified. Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment Aircraft and parts Ship and boat building and repairing Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment, and watches Scientific and controlling instruments Optical and health services supplies Photographic equipment and supplies Toys, amusements, and sporting goods Miscellaneous and not specified manufacturing industries 0,434, , , ,07, ,398,407, , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products. Meat products Dairy products 8,480, See footnotes at end of table. 96

199 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Bakery products Sugar and confectionary products Beverage industries Miscellaneous and not specified food preparations and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Knitting mills Floor coverings, except hard surface Yam, thread, and fabric mills Apparel and other finished textile products Apparel and accessories, except knit Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Paper and allied products Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills Miscellaneous paper and pulp products Paperboard containers and boxes Printing, publishing, and allied products Newspaper publishing and printing Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers Chemicals and allied products Plastics, synthetics, and resins Drugs Soaps and cosmetics Paints, varnishes, and related products Agricultural chemicals Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Tires and inner tubes Other rubber products, and plastics footwear and belting Miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products Footwear, except rubber and plastic , ,89 506,33, Transportation, communications, and other public utilities Transportation Railroads Bus service and urban transit Taxicab service Trucking service Warehousing and storage U.S. Postal Service Water transportation Air transportation Services incidental to transportation Communications Radio and television broadcasting Telephone (wire and radio) Telegraph and miscellaneous communication services Utilities and sanitary services Electric light and power Gas and steam supply systems Electric and gas, and other combinations Water supply and irrigation Sanitary services 8,04 5, , ,598 7,7 99, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles and equipment Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and construction materials Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating supplies Machinery, equipment and supplies Scrap and waste materials 4,055 4,640, , See footnotes at end of table. 97

200 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, chemicals, and allied products Apparel, fabrics, and notions Groceries and related products Farm productsraw materials Petroleum products Alcoholic beverages Farm supplies Miscellaneous nondurable goods and not specified wholesale trade, Retail trade Lumber and building material retailing Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores Grocery stores Dairy products stores Retail bakeries Food stores, n.e.c Motor vehicle dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Miscellaneous vehicle dealers Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe Shoe stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Household appliances, T.V., and radio stores Eating and drinking places Drug stores Liquor stores Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores Book and stationery stores Jewelry stores Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores Mail order houses Vending machine operators Direct selling establishments Fuel and ice dealers Retail florists Miscellaneous retail stores and not specified retail trade 9, , , , , Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking Savings and loan associations Credit agencies, n.e.c Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies Insurance Real estate, including real estateinsurance law offices 7,786, ,49, Services Private households Other service industries Business and repair services Advertising Services to dwellings and other buildings Commercial research, development, and testing labs Personnel supply services Business management and consulting services Computer and data processing services Detective and protective services Business services, n.e.c 39,705,000 38,704 7, , See footnotes at end of table. 98

201 ANNUAL AVERAGES 8. civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry employed Women Percent of total: Black Hispanic origin Automobile services, except repair Automobile repair shops Electrical repair shops Miscellaneous repair services 4, Personal services, except private household Hotels and motels Lodging places, except hotels and motels Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops Barber shops Funeral service and crematories 3,675, Entertainment and recreational services Theaters and motion pictures Bowling alleys, billiard and pool parlors Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services, , Professional and related services Hospitals Health services, except hospitals Offices of physicians Offices of dentists Offices of chiropractors Offices of optometrists Nursing and personal care facilities Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Business, trade, and vocational schools Libraries Educational services, n.e.c Social services Job training and vocational rehabilitation services Child day care services Residential care facilities, without nursing Social services, n.e.c Other professional services Legal services Museums, art galleries, and zoos Religious organizations Membership organizations Engineering, architectural, and surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services Noncommercial educational and scientific research Miscellaneous professional and related services 5,835 4,839 4,978, ,66 9,3 6,6, , ,544, Forestry and fisheries Forestry Fisheries Public administration Executive and legislative offices General government, n.e.c Justice, public order, and safety Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy Administration of human resources programs Administration of environmental quality and housing programs Administration of economic programs National security and international affairs 5, , NOTE: N.e.c. is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of industries which cannot be more specifically identified. Generally, data for industries with fewer than 50,000 employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. 99

202 ANNUAL AVERAGES 9. civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status (In thousands) All industries Nonagricultural industries Reason not working and sex Wage and salary workers Paid absences Unpaid absences, 6 years and over... Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute All other reasons 6,57 3,53, ,7 5,909 3,97,30 8 7,75 6,03 3,483,36 7 4,36 5,779 3,55, ,40 3,07, ,97, , () 707, Men, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3,883, ,780, ,78, ,676, ,538, ,445, Women, 6 years and over Vacation Illness All other reasons 3 3,74, ,30, ,49, ,03, ,570, ,48, , , Excludes private household workers. Pay status not available separately for bad weather and industrial dispute; these categories are included in all other reasons. 3 Includes bad weather and industrial dispute, not shown separately. NOTE: Estimates for "all other reasons" by pay status may be biased because of high response variance; data should be used with caution. 30. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricultural industries, 6 years and over 0,967 3,03 07,865 to 34 hours to 4 hours 5 to 4 hours 5 to 9 hours 30 to 34 hours 6, ,53 3,408 8, , ,333,973 7, hours and over 35 to 39 hours 40 hours 4 hours and over 4 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 60 hours and over 84,074 7,37 44,395 3,307,4,997 9,069, , ,864 7,9 43,7 30,94,0,600 8, Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules

203 3. Persons at work to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry, and usual status (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Reason for working less than 35 hours All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Nonagricultural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time, 6 years and over 6,894 8,07 8,877 6,000 7,730 8,70 Economic reasons Slack work Material shortages or repairs to plant and equipment New job started during week Job terminated during week Could find only parttime work 6,046 3, ,534,93, ,853,39,534 5,767 3, ,455,08, ,686,3,455 Other reasons Does not want, or unavailable for, fulltime work Vacation Illness Bad weather Industrial dispute Legal or religious holiday Full time for this job All other reasons 0,848,343,670, ,79,333 5,84,670, ,537 5,04,343 67, ,33,03,649, ,678,8 5,649,649, ,48 4,584,03 57, Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons Worked 30 to 34 hours: Economic reasons Other reasons,03 6,54,04 3,0,08,953,957 6, ,3 984, Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Industry at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 40 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over 07,865 5,767 4,584 87,53 56,589,0 9, Wage and salary workers 99,36 4,993 3,04 8,9 53,77 0,40 7, Mining Construction 5, ,73 3, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 9,39,95 7, ,94 0,674 7,69,6 6,904 4,77,89,660,59 3,50,0, Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 7,43,8 6,873 3, , ,793 4,698 6,08 4,90 8,874 4,45 97,6 698,586 3,708, Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 33, ,86 5,377,790 75, , , , ,867 5,083 7,34 6 7,063 3,797,730 40, , , Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8, , ,63, ,

204 ANNUAL AVERAGES 33. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Sex, age, race, and marital status at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 40 hours or less 4 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules TOTAL, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 07,865 5,0,99 3,8 0,655,493 9,6 59,675 8,69,857 5, , ,4,833, ,584 3,006,55,454,578,6 9,46 5,,906,398 87,53,65 4,40 85,888 8,366 77,5 5,730 4,474,36 56,589,305 93, 55,85 6,037 49,47 3,44 5, , ,603,39 8,75 9,306 8, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 58,366,605 96,643 55,76 5,980 49,78 3,558 5,663,559, ,50 497,03, ,94, ,90 896, , ,349 4,588 45,76 30,47 4, , ,90 3,089 5,8 6,8 8, , ,448,498 9,950 3,606 6, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 0 years and over 5 years and over 5 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 49,499, ,638 46,894 5,53 4,38 7,7,966,98, , ,0, ,90, ,676,66 7,40 4,380, , ,539 3,778 3,760,33 9, , ,384,948 3,436 5,65 7, , , ,35 5,698, : RACE White, 6 years and over Men Women 93,03 50,879 4,53 4,737,34,43 3,056 3,767 9,89 75,38 44,798 30,44 47,5 5,056,95 7,987 9,74 8, Black, 6 years and over Men Women,094 5,46 5, , ,94 4,706 4,488 7,9 3,44 3,777,003, MARITAL STATUS Men, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated. Single (never married) 37,070 6,48 5,48,75 40,3,399 6,634 34,497 5,485,83 8,965 3,99 7,445 5,53,86 3, Women, 6 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated. Single (never married) 7,309 9,966,3, ,99,40 3,059 9,97 8,034 8,4 5,3 5,73 6,34 4,849,3,

205 ANNUAL AVERAGES 34. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and sex at work On part time for economic reasons On voluntary part time On fulltime schedules 40 hours or less 4 to 48 hours 49 hours or more Average hours, total at work Average hours, workers on fulltime schedules, 6 years and over 07,658 5,79 4,567 87,36 56,400,0 9, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 9,7 4,34 4,830 34,485 3,65 3,383 7,478 5,8 756,955,470,59 6,90 7,334 4,573 4, , , ,438 83, , ,99 6,057 40,73,93 4, ,580 40, ,863 3,365,498 6,947 3,45 9,845 3,957 9, ,78 7,453,306 3,760 6,603 3,957 3,99 4,384 6,897 7,487 8,557,7 5,6,4 6,908 08,053 5,647 7,348 9,03 4,756,03,344 3,66,733,533 3,40 40,305, ,63, ,3 4,734 3,478 5, ,33,308, ,,344,67 887, Men, 6 years and over 58,038,765 4,34 5,039 9,376 6,894 4, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 5,908 8,55 7,356,93,849 6,9 3,5 6,59 3,660 4,468,459,9 4,4 4,87 3, , , ,877 8,63 6,74 0,74,7 6,006 3,04 4,50 4,505,983 0,49 0,500 4,0 3,7,668 7,08 3,58 3,50 5,79,4,578,0 3, ,8 6,697 6,690,808,958,94,877,054 83, ,496, ,98 3,58,39 3, , ,7,30 670, ( ) ( ) Women, 6 years and over 49,69,963 0,333 36,33 7,04 4,7 5,7 3 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 3,64 5,79 7,473,9,776 6,46 3,956 9, ,00,069 4,07, , , ,94 496,446 4,87 30,09,54, , ,986 5,0 5,784 6,07,434 3,839 0,933 4, , ,59, ,303 3,37 3,986,765,03,639 9,03 3, ,49 65,53, , , , ,94,07,088, Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. Data not shown where base is less than 35,

206 ANNUAL AVERAGES 35. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age (In thousands) Age Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 0 to 4 years 5 to 59 years 60 years and over TOTAL not in labor force 63,6 64,46 6,385 6,458 3,956 4,47 0,846,4 3,075 3,66 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Jobmarket factors Personal factors Other reasons 57,789 6,658 4,973 3,66 8,49 4,0 5,473,4 9, ,090 58,737 6,805 4,994 3,73 9,8 4,483 5,76,47 978,08, ,097 5,35 4, , ,3 4, , ,8,579 3, ,39,63 3, ,89 880,663,336 44,57, ,4 935,75,98 4,834 3, ,48,45 0,83 7, ,956 5,088 0,484 8, Men not in labor force,47,4 3,08 3,58,356,44 4,399 4,67,58,870 Do not want a job now Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity 9,449 3,69, ,059,094 0,05 3,378,563 45,4,58,509, ,574, , , , , ,4 3,73 377, ,343, , , , 36 Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Think cannot get a job Other reasons, , Women not in labor force 4,845 4,3 3,304 3,300,600,705 6,448 6,570 9,494 9,747 Do not want a job now Current activity Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 38,340 3,390,404 3,67 7,37,008 3, , ,7 3,46,43,759 7,870,6 3, , ,76, ,748, , , , , , ,84,49 6,357, , ,5,03,49, ,70 4,46 0,604 7, ,393,5 0,98 7, Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail in tables 35 and 36 may not add to notinlaborforce totals because of differences in the weighting patters used in aggregating these data. 04

207 ANNUAL AVERAGES 36. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex (In thousands) Age Sex Reason, race, and Hispanic origin 6 to 4 years 5 to 59 years 60 years and over Men Women WHITE not in labor force 53,37 54,05 7,694 7,87 6,969 7,66 8,574 9,04 7,785 8,358 35,453 35,667 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 49,8 5,046 3,87 0,63 6,498 3,78 3, ,97 5,078 3,83 0,88 7,97 3,5 4, ,384 4,365 8,36 764, ,460 4,384 8,5 807, ,84 664,008 9, ,058, ,963 68,060 9,594 38,47, ,084 8,700 9,806 6, ,495 3,654 9,443 6, ,359,46, ,933,67, ,87,53, ,7,74, ,93,585,89 0,9 6,565,65, ,09,556,830 9,90 7,05,780, BLACK not in labor force 7,808 8,074,077,49,89 3,036,839,888,859,963 4,948 5,0 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 6,49,0,08,85, , ,73,94,030,68, , ,57, ,64, , 97 57, , , , , , , , , , , , , HISPANIC ORIGIN not in labor force 4,7 5,008,45,34,9,354,57,3,33,455 3,389 3,553 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to school Ill, disabled Keeping house Retired Other activity Want a job now Reason for not looking: School attendance Ill health, disability Home responsibility Think cannot get a job Other reasons 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Includes small number of men not looking for work because of "home responsibilities." NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the other races are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 05

208 ANNUAL AVERAGES 37. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Reason and sex 6 to 9 years 0 to 4 years Age 5 to 59 years 60 years and over Race and Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Men Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available Women Personal factors: Employers think too young or old Lacks education or training Other personal handicap Jobmarket factors: Could not find work Thinks no job available NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 06

209 ANNUAL AVERAGES 38. Workseeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to seek work within the next months by sex, age, and race (In thousands) Age Race Workseeking intentions, work history, and sex 6 to 4 years 5 to 59 years 60 years and over White Black TOTAL Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous months... 54,057 9,05,48,039,05 4,633 55,046 9,46,500,064,53 4,599 5,7 4,69, ,674 6,037 4,569, ,555 6,840 4, ,95,737 7,07 4,4 8 83,4,80 3, , , 7, ,58 3,80 46,78 7,50 999,705 3,769 6,086, ,346, Men Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous months... 7,900 3, ,995 8,496 3, ,054,55, ,330,45, ,35 3,343, ,55, , , ,077, ,6 5,56, ,67, , Women Do not intend to seek work Intend to seek work in the next months Never worked Last worked over 5 years ago Last worked to 5 years ago Worked during the previous months... 36,57 5, ,434,637 36,550 5, ,563,545 3,467, ,344 3,6, ,4 3,497, ,95 3,49 3, ,05,9 9, , ,046 4, ,04,79 3,9 4, ,87,097 3,88, ,03,

210 ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,049 4, ,94 3,86 4,78 6,874 63,6 89,765 5, ,877 3,33 3,644 8, ,46 60,45 07,77 6 0,087,974 99,3 5,09 53,37 6,5 07, ,039 3,000 98,038 6,447 54,05,300 3,493 6,966 40,86,57.3 7,808,65 3,54 6.6,863 60,703, ,074 4,97 9, , , ,7 4,770 9, , , ,008 Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 89,650 68, ,435,507 6,98 3,799,47 90,55 68,4 7 63,593,55 6,04 4,87 7.0,4 77,08 59, ,43,36 54,06,866 7,785 77,689 59, ,557,356 53,0 3,775 8,358 9,567 6, ,95 5, ,859 9,77 6, , , ,963 7,087 5, , , ,33 7,38 5, , , ,455 Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,704 64, ,98,303 58,895 3,70 8,336 83,806 64, ,74,358 58,356 4,09 8,983 7,48 55, ,576,3 5,444,393 5,53 7,85 56, ,005,74 50,83 3,33 6,047 8,50 6,75 7 5,6 6 5, ,7 8,676 6, ,63 3 5, ,3 6,366 5, , , ,0 6,590 5, , , ,096 Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 98,399 56, , ,800 3,075 4,845 99,4 56, ,60 3,609 4,3 83,33 47, , ,007,5 35,453 83,8 48, , ,837,67 35,667,733 6, ,05 8 6, ,948,898 6, ,983 5, ,0 7,0 3, , , ,389 7,44 3, ,5 54 3, ,553 Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,55 53, , ,8,555 38,54 9,584 53, , ,893 3,08 39,0 77,838 44, , ,389, ,004 78,53 45, , ,439,37 33,50 0,649 6, ,77 8 5, ,6 0,840 6, , , ,406 6,507 3, , , ,957 6,7 3,66 5 3, , ,06 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,794 7,40 5 6,6 49 6,0,49 6,385 3,376 6,98 5, ,395, ,458,095 6, , , ,70 0,694 5, ,989 4, ,79, ,39, ,356, , NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 08

211 ANNUAL AVERAGES 40. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,97 9, , , ,7 4,770 9, , , ,008 8,74 5, , , ,773 8,947 5, , , ,963, , Men, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,087 5, , , ,33 7,38 5, , , ,455 4,494 3, , , ,637 3, , , Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,366 5, , , ,0 6,590 5, , , ,096 4,005 3,43 8 3,93 33, ,35 3, ,55 334, Women, 6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 7,0 3, , , ,389 7,44 3, ,5 54 3, ,553 4,48,44 5.8,047 54, ,005 4,30,0,997 5, , Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force 6,507 3, , , ,957 6,7 3,66 5 3, , ,06 3,768,053 5,899 50, ,75 3,89,06 5.9,848 45, , Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate Not in labor force, , ( ) ( ) 5 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. Data not shown where base is less than 35,

212 ANNUAL AVERAGES 4. civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Category White Black Hispanic origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 7,94 64,435 53,479 6,877 63,593 53,84 0,087 56,43 45,654 0,039 55,557 45,48,966 5,95 6,05,863 5,880 5,983 8,808 5,304 3,504 8,799 5,78 3,5 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 30,657 4,839 5,88 3,0 4,954 6,058 7,638 3,539 4,099 7,943 3,69 4,34,93 853,060, ,08, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 36,675 3,84 4,9 8,64 36,086 3,794 3,958 8,334 3,35 3,308,857 5,970 3,530 3,69,58 5,68 3, ,7 3, ,09, ,05, ,4 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 5,759 78,988,989 5, ,07 3,8,43 56,66 0,36, ,680 0,30, ,06, ,43, ,500, ,494 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 3,64 4,448 5,47 4,046 3,6 4,47 4,808 3,97, 3,983 4,69 3,546,799 3,995 4,359 3,445, , , , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,775 8,07 4,849 4, ,080 7,7 7,696 4,878 4, ,898 4,553 6,599 3,999 3, ,300 4,040 6,3 4,03 3, ,0,675, ,569, ,66, ,063, Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,408 3,459 3,7 3, MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers,679, ,75 7,740 87,975,04 86,96 8,760 5,673, ,50 7,90 86, ,65 8,899 5,56, ,865 4,490 76, ,633 8,0 6,497, ,78 4,606 75, ,366 8,5 95 7,387,646 8, , ,59,684 8, , , , , ,88,08 6, , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 96,3 5,03 6,697 94,38 6,046 6,449 8,934 4,90 4,96 8,335 4,968 4,736 9, ,40 9, ,9 7, , persons "with a job but not at work" are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are induced in both the white and black population groups. 0

213 4. civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and economic categories (In thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Category Hispanic origin Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin Cuban origin CHARACTERISTIC (all civilian workers) Men Women 8,808 5,304 3,504 8,799 5,78 3,5 5,478 3,43,047 5,363 3,366, OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty, , Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical, ,05, ,4, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective, ,500, ,494, , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair, , Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers,66, ,063, , , Farming, forestry, and fishing MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers , , , ,88,08 6, , ,8 68 4,94 9 4, ,7 63 4, , FULL AND PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime schedules Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons 7, , , , Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time.

214 ANNUAL AVERAGES 43. civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over... 7,94 6,877 0,087 0,039,966,863 8,808 8,799 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,6,38 3,933,6 99,03 84,39 4,89 5,68,5 3,503,33 99,06 84,363 4,653 5,58,078 3,440 0,865 85,704 7,453 3,5 4,989,90 3,078 0,5 85,538 7,584, ,344 0,049 8,773, ,3 0,078 8,779, ,347 6,90 6, ,304 6,99 6,8 70 Men, 6 years and over 64,435 63,593 56,43 55,557 5,95 5,880 5,304 5,78 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 3,37,07,030 6,65 54,573 46,07 8,50,879,09,787 6,4 54,93 45,98 8,3,856,08,775 5,76 47,850 40,97 7,654,55 98,570 5,5 47,483 40,057 7, ,94 4, ,957 4, ,36 3, ,58 3,746 4 Women, 6 years and over 53,479 53,84 45,654 45,48 6,05 5,983 3,504 3,5 6 to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 3,04,,903 5,997 44,458 38,068 6,390,749,033,76 5,8 44,73 38,383 6,340,66 998,665 5,39 37,853 3,56 5,597,436 98,508 4,990 38,055 3,56 5, ,07 4, , 4, ,785, ,834, NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 44. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Civilian workers) Sex and age White Black Hispanic origin, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over Women, 6 years and over to 9 years 6 to 7 years 8 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over

215 ANNUAL AVERAGES 45. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Weeks of unemployment White Black Hispanic origin DURATION, 6 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over 6,874 3,69,0, ,46 3,380,74,33,5,098 5,09,398,605, ,447,60,09, , , Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 4 weeks 5 weeks and over 5 to 6 weeks 7 weeks and over PERCENT DISTRIBUTION NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 46. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Reasons for unemployment White Black Hispanic origin NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED, 6 years and over Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 6,874 3,3,08,305,04, ,46 4,608,79 3,39 979, ,09, , , ,447 3,64,083,53 795,58 50, , PERCENT DISTRIBUTION unemployed Job losers On layoff Other job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 3

216 ANNUAL AVERAGES 47. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS, 35 years and over 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 years and over 7,636 6,5,49 3,9,803,4 7,778 6,458,6 3,088,09,3 6,95 6,55,33 3,34, ,046 6,08,086,98, ,67 5,90,6 3,05, ,698 5, ,774, NONVETERANS, 35 to 49 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 7,30 7,944 5,64 4,0 8,36 8,376 5,768 4,6 6,8 7,55 4,80 3,857 7,75 7,9 5,395 3,858 5,579 7,57 4,67 3,696 6,76 7,486 5,3 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 35 to 49 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnamera veteran population. 4

217 ANNUAL AVERAGES 48. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin, 35 to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate 5,85 5,56 5, ,757 5,464 5, ,747 3,96 3, ,699 4,87 4,0 707,76,53, ,837,595, ,59,449, ,675,54, to 39 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate,7,67, ,847 6,573 6, ,35 6,903 6, to 44 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate,989,858,760 98,787,654, ,375 4,4 3, ,94 4,636 4, to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployment rate,635,536,48 55,994,884, ,55 3,75 3,54 0 3,55 3,88 3, NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between August 5, 964 and May 7, 975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 35 to 49 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnamera veteran population. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 5

218 ANNUAL AVERAGES 49. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) With unemployment: With unemployment: Percent of families: Percent of families: Type of family, race, and Hispanic origin families With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time families With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 65,480 3,856 5,365 3,98,54 6,7,96,7 5,006,85 3,39,949, ,045 3,0 5,58 3,886,58 6,978,999,38 6,006 3,34 4,47,340, White families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 56,08 6,375 46,33,09 7,448 4,30, ,75,077,86, ,433 6,55 46,39,089 7,69 4,456, ,64,57 3,57, Black families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 7,405 4,6 3,546,845 3,360, , O O O 7,493 4,339 3,50,808 3,47,35 5 6, O O O Hispanic origin families With children under 8 years of age Marriedcouple families With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by women With children under 8 years of age Families maintained by men With children under 8 years of age 4,87 3,09 3,35,58, O ,99 3,99 3,343,03, O O O Data not shown where base is less than 35,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 6

219 50. persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Percent of unemployed: Percent of unemployed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time With no employed person in family With at least one employed person in family With at least one person in family employed full time TOTAL unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 5,58,98 78, , ,708,677,008, , Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men , White unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 4,076, , ,4, ,6 680, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Black unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families, , Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men ( ) ( ) ( ) 5.4 Hispanic origin unemployed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men ( ) ( ) ( ) 7.8 Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in marriedcouple families where the husband or wife is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. Data not shown where base is less than 35,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 7

220 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employed family members (Numbers in thousands) Percent of employed: Percent of employed: Family relationship, race, and Hispanic origin With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time With no other employed person in family With another employed person in family With another person in family employed full time TOTAL employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 94,3 38,794,088 8,9 5,346, ,4 38,64,774 8,93 5,33, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men... 6,357 4,34 4,805,94,048, ,457 4,86 4,79,3,008, White employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 8,030 34,986 9,656 5,80 3,456 0, ,943 34,483 9,38 5,84 3,455 9, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men... 4,463,878 3,45, , ,538,90 3,40, , Black employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 9,084,569,593,58, ,9,507,545,7, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men...,70, ,77,76, Hispanic origin employed in families Husbands With children under 8 years of age Wives With children under 8 years of age Relatives in marriedcouple families 7,09,65,90,690,9, ,980,590,870,666,06, Women who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by women Men who maintain families With children under 8 years of age Relatives in families maintained by men Excludes persons living alone or with nonrelatives, persons in marriedcouple families where the husband or wife is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. Estimates for husbands, wives, and women who maintain families are somewhat different from marital status estimates shown in other tables in this publication because of differences in definitions and weighting patterns used in aggregating the data. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 8

221 ANNUAL AVERAGES 5. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin Number of families Median weekly earnings TOTAL families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Other family member Two or more earners Husband and wife Husband and other family member(s) Wife and other family member(s) Other family members only Families maintained by women One earner Householder Other family member Two or more earners Families maintained by men One earner Two or more earners 43,759 34,9,66 8,994, ,053 9,599, ,33 4,983 3,937,045,340,8, ,530 33,930,77 8,784, ,753 9,395, ,44 5,090 4,045,045,35,59,337 8 $ $ White families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 37,39 30,36 0,856 8,6,044 9,505 7,354 5,7,75 36,978 30,069 0,85 7,953,5 9,8 7,63 5,09, Black families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 5,08, ,83,634, ,098, ,838,633, Hispanic origin families with earners Marriedcouple families One earner Husband Wife Two or more earners Husband and wife Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 3,64,599, ,549, ,636,599, ,497, Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. 9

222 ANNUAL AVERAGES 53. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median weekly earnings (Numbers in thousands) Type of family and relationship of unemployed members to wage and salary earners Number of families Median weekly earnings Marriedcouple families,50 3,037 $489 $490 Husband unemployed Wife only earner Wife and other earner(s) Other eamer(s) only , Wife unemployed Husband only earner Husband and other eamer(s) Other eamer(s) only Other member(s) unemployed Husband or wife earner Both husband and wife earners Other combinations of earners , Families maintained by women Householder unemployed Other member(s) unemployed Families maintained by men Data exclude families in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 0

223 ANNUAL AVERAGES 54. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 85,08 83,55 $45 $430 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 49,05 6,33 4,70 47,90 5,74 4, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 36,068 5,00 3,066 35,65 4,488 3, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families 3,36 8,666 5,007,786 30,793 8,76 5,06, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 6,434 4,475 9,468 7,90 6,008 4,0 9,46 7, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 7,637 4,563 30,075 7,76 4,48 9, Black Men Women 9,64 4,909 4,733 9,498 4,83 4, Hispanic origin Men Women 6,993 4,40,583 6,887 4,33, The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

224 ANNUAL AVERAGES 55. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 8,8 9,6 $9 $5 Men, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5,83 3,90,63 6,00 3,37, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 3,009 3,83 9,77 3,4 3,90 9, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP Husbands Wives Women who maintain families Men who maintain families,573 6,85,00 6,654 6,86, Other persons in families: Men Women All other men All other women 3,078 3,37,046,8 3,08 3,38,3, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 6,483 4,953,530 6,805 5,04, Black Men Women,774 63,43,80 670, Hispanic origin Men Women, , The majority of these persons are living alone or with nonrelatives. Also included are persons in families where the husband, wife, or other person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces, and persons in unrelated subfamilies. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

225 ANNUAL AVERAGES 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings, 6 years and over 83,55 $430 47,90 $497 35,65 $368 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Administrators and officials, public administration Administrators, protective services Financial managers Personnel and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations Administrators, education and related fields Managers, medicine and health Managers, properties and real estate Managementrelated occupations Accountants and auditors Underwriters, and other financial officers Management analysts Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products Construction inspectors Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction 3,09, ,335, ,54 6, , ,854 4, , Professional specialty Engineers, architects, and surveyors Architects Engineers Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Electrical and electronic engineers Industrial engineers Mechanical engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Computer systems analysts and scientists Operations and systems researchers and analysts Natural scientists Chemists, except biochemists Geologists and geodesists Biological and life scientists Health diagnosing occupations Physicians Health assessment and treating occupations Registered nurses Pharmacists Therapists Inhalation therapists Physical therapists Therapists, n.e.c Physicians' assistants Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten Teachers, elementary school Teachers, secondary school Teachers, special education Counselors, educational and vocational Librarians, archivists, and curators Librarians Social scientists and urban planners Economists Psychologists Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers Recreation workers Clergy Religious workers, n.e.c Lawyers and judges Lawyers,789,838 78, ,643, ,46 97,344, ,007,008 5,853,68 63, ,0, ,089,09 5, ,388, ,33 94, ) 537 V) See footnotes at end of table. 3

226 ANNUAL AVERAGES 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes Technical writers Designers Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers Photographers Editors and reporters Public relations specialists, $ $ $ Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Health record technologists and technicians Radiologic technicians Licensed practical nurses Engineering and related technologists and technicians.. Electrical and electronic technicians Drafting occupations Surveying and mapping technicians Science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science... Airplane pilots and navigators Computer programmers Legal assistants 5,4 3,7, , A ,363, V) ,779, Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services... Insurance sales Real estate sales Securities and financial services sales Advertising and related sales Sales occupations, other business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats Sales workers, apparel Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings Sales workers, radio, television, hifi, and appliances.. Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Sales workers, parts Sales workers, other commodities Sales counter clerks Cashiers Street and doortodoor sales workers 7,873,305, ,35, ,556, ,03, O 45 3, , Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors General office Financial records processing Distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks Computer equipment operators Computer operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Secretaries Typists Information clerks Interviewers Hotel clerks Transportation ticket and reservation agents Receptionists Records processing, except financial Order clerks Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Library clerks File clerks Records clerks 4, ,465, ! , O 395, ,43, See footnotes at end of table. 4

227 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Financial records processing Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing clerks Cost and rate clerks Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators Communications equipment operators Telephone operators Mail and message distributing Postal clerks, except mail carriers Mail carriers, postal service Mail clerks, except postal service Messengers Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c. Dispatchers Production coordinators Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks Stock and inventory clerks Expediters Adjusters and investigators Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators Investigators and adjusters, except insurance Eligibility clerks, social welfare Bill and account collectors Miscellaneous administrative support occupations General office clerks Bank tellers Dataentry keyers Statistical clerks Teachers' aides,63, , , , $ $ ,475, , $ Service occupations Private household Child care workers Cleaners and servants Protective services Supervisors Police and detectives Firefighting and fire prevention Firefighting Police and detectives Police and detectives, public service Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers. Correctional institution officers Guards Guards and police, except public service 8, , ,49 4 8, , O Service occupations, except private household and protective.. Food preparation and service occupations Supervisors Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Cooks, except short order Food counter, fountain, and related occupations Kitchen workers, food preparation Waiters' and waitresses' assistants Miscellaneous food preparation occupations Health service occupations Dental assistants Health aides, except nursing Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Cleaning and building service occupations Supervisors Maids and housemen Janitors and cleaners Personal service occupations Hairdressers and cosmetologists Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities Welfare service aides Child care workers 6,784, , ,056, , ,89, , , ,89, , ) 45 6 See footnotes at end of table. 5

228 ANNUAL AVERAGES 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Supervisors Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers Automobile mechanics Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics Aircraft engine mechanics Small engine repairers Automobile body and related repairers Heavy equipment mechanics Industrial machinery repairers Electrical and electronic equipment repairers Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment Data processing equipment repairers Telephone line installers and repairers Telephone installers and repairers Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers Office machine repairers Millwrights Construction trades Supervisors Construction trades, except supervisors Brickmasons and stonemasons Carpet installers Carpenters Drywall installers Electricians Electrical power installers and repairers Painters, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and apprentices Concrete and terrazzo finishers Roofers Extractive occupations Precision production occupations Supervisors Precision metalworking occupations Tool and die makers Machinists Sheet metal workers Precision woodworking occupations Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers Precision workers, assorted materials Optical goods workers Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Precision food production occupations Butchers and meat cutters Bakers Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers Inspectors, testers, and graders Plant and system operators Water and sewage treatment plant operators Stationary engineers 0,64 3, ,50, , , ,389, $ ( ,76 3, ,390, ,33 435, ,698, $ $ V) Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Machine operators and tenders, except precision Metalworking and plastic working machine operators Lathe and turning machine operators Punching and stamping press machine operators Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators Metal and plastic processing machine operators Molding and casting machine operators Woodworking machine operators Sawing machine operators Printing machine operators Printing machine operators Typesetters and compositors 4,39 7,003 4, ,80 4,7, ,58,73, See footnotes at end of table. 6

229 56. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex Continued (Numbers in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES Occupation Number of workers Both sexes Median weekly earnings Number of workers Men Median weekly earnings Number of workers Women Median weekly earnings Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators Winding and twisting machine operators Textile sewing machine operators Pressing machine operators Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators Miscellaneous textile machine operators Machine operators, assorted materials Packaging and filling machine operators Mixing and blending machine operators Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators. Painting and paint spraying machine operators Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food Slicing and cutting machine operators Photographic process machine operators Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations... Welders and cutters Assemblers Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners Production testers Graders and sorters, except agricultural, , , , $ , , $ $ Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Supervisors, motor vehicle operators Truckdrivers, heavy Truckdrivers, light Driverssales workers Bus drivers Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles Rail transportation Water transportation occupations Material moving equipment operators Operating engineers Crane and tower operators Excavating and loading machine operators Grader, dozer, and scraper operators Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators. 3,943,796 68, ,703,604 55, O Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Helpers, construction and extractive occupations Helpers, construction trades Construction laborers Production helpers Freight, stock, and material handlers Stock handlers and baggers Machine feeders and offbearers Garage and service station related occupations Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners Hand packers and packagers Laborers, except construction 3, , , , ) Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Farm managers Other agricultural and related occupations Farm occupations except managerial Farm workers Related agricultural occupations Supervisors, related agricultural Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm Forestry and logging occupations, , , , O Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: N.E.C. is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of occupations which cannot be more specifically identified. 7

230 ANNUAL AVERAGES 57. wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, full or parttime status, and union affiliation (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and full or parttime status employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions Percent of employed employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions Percent of employed SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 65 years 65 years and over 03,905 8,337 85,568 30,97 6,4 6,558 9,79,348 6,740,78 5,56 4,336 5,33 3,685, ,058,40 7,648 4,99 6,03 4,38, ,786 7,340 85,446 30,06 7,056 6,863 9,6,305 6,568,4 5,46 4,8 5,339 3,743, ,734,34 7,393 4,84 6,040 4,63, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 65 years 65 years and over 54,88 9,503 45,35 6,84 3,797 8,58 4,96,6 0, ,793,778 3,78,335, , ,83 3,9 3,605,557, ,93 8,95 44,980 6,98 4,05 8,680 4,850,7 0, ,69,70 3,33,334, , ,644,998 3,69,547, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 49,077 8,834 40,43 4,48,64 7,976 4,38,86 6, ,768,558,044, , ,87,87,47, ,856 8,389 40,466 3,808 3,03 8,83 4,66,79 6, ,734,56,06, , ,750,86,4, RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 6 years and over Men Women 89,0 47,55 4,605 3,798 8,94 4, ,669 9,865 5, ,98 46,586 4,395 3,587 8,754 4, ,33 9,604 5, Black, 6 years and over Men Women,46 5,54 5,875,40,350, ,77,53, ,38 5,50 5,86,45,355, ,759,54, Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women 8,8 4,869 3,3, , ,93 4,860 3,333, , FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS 3 Fulltime workers Parttime workers 85,08 8,8 5,4, ,469, ,55 9,6 5,79, ,095, Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full and parttime workers is based on hours usually worked. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and parttime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 8

231 ANNUAL AVERAGES 58. wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and industry employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions Percent of employed employed Members of unions Percent of employed Represented by unions Percent of employed OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 5,67,805 3,866 3, , , , ,08,977 4,04 3, , ,6 97 3, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 33,9 3,744,5 8,06 3, , , , ,649 3,696,65 7,688 3, , , ,83.4 Service occupations Protective service Service, except protective service 4,400,940,460, , ,4 840, ,649,065,585,037 8, ,6 886, Precision production, craft and repair,66 3,0 3,7 7.8,89,899 3, Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 7,4 7,840 4,484 4,789 4,54,4,83, ,795,46,376, ,49 7,480 4,53 4,499 4,345,00,8, ,69,0,37, Farming, forestry, and fishing, , INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction,530 84, , 9 0,7, ,336 36, ,57 83, ,64 3 9, ,907 4, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 0,339,089 8,49 4,97,667, ,54,864, ,590,44 8,66 3,976,503, ,69,683, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities 6,4 3,57,608,934, ,09, ,08 3,439,643,895, ,036, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade,74 3,993 7,8,338 6,077,493 93, ,05 4,06 6,999,406 8, ,55 309, Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers 6,835 4,4 7,765 73,39 6, ,73 7, ,694 4,63 7,975 6,39 6,67.4 3,68 7,79 4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and parttime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. 9

232 ANNUAL AVERAGES 59. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and union affiliation Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Members of unions Represented by unions Members of unions Nonunion Represented by unions Nonunion SEX AND AGE, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 65 years 65 years and over $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Men, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 65 years 65 years and over Women, 6 years and over 6 to 4 years 5 years and over 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 6 years and over Men Women Black, 6 years and over Men Women Hispanic origin, 6 years and over Men Women Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulltime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 30

233 60. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation ANNUAL AVERAGES Occupation and industry Members of unions Represented by unions Members of unions Nonunion Represented by unions Nonunion OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Protective service Service, except protective service Precision production, craft and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction $ $ $ $ Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulltime workers. Excluded are selfemployed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. 3

234 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by age, sex, marital status, and presence and age of children (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, marital status, and presence and age of youngest child employed Absence rate Illness Other reasons Lost worktime rate Illness Other reasons, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 83,55,67 8,575 73,33 64,90 8, Men, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 47, ,753 4,97 37,35 4, Married men, spouse present 3... With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 3,396,83 9,300 9, All other men 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 6,54 5, Women, 6 years and over 6 to 9 years 5 years and over 5 to 54 years 55 years and over 35, ,8 3,7 7,666 3, Married women, spouse present 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 9,30 9,658 5,64 4, All other women 3 With no children under 8 years... Youngest child, 6 to 7 years Youngest child, under 6 years 6,33 3,03,96, Absences refer to work missed due to illnesses or other personal reasons. Excluded is work missed due to vacation, holiday, labormanagement dispute, or bad weather resulting in an employer temporarily curtailing business activity. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total fulltime employment. To be counted as having had an absence, a person who usually works 35 hours or more per week must have been at work fewer than 35 hours or have not been at work at all during the survey reference week. Hours absent as a percent of total hours usually worked. 3 Because of differences in definitions, estimates by marital status in this table are somewhat different from family relationship estimates shown in other tables for fulltime wage and salary workers. 3

235 ANNUAL AVERAGES 6. Absences from work of employed fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) Occupation and industry employed Absence rate Illness Other reasons Lost worktime rate Illness Other reasons OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 3,09,30, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 5,4 3,7 7,873 4, Service occupations Precision production, craft and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 8,908 0,64 4,39, INDUSTRY Agricultural wage and salary workers Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers Mining Construction,93 67,4 66 4, Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 8,684,067 7, Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities 5,507,958, Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade 4,087 3,69 0, Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers 5,907 8,00 5, Absences refer to work missed due to illnesses or other personal reasons. Excluded is work missed due to vacation, holiday, labormanagement dispute, or bad weather resulting in an employer temporarily curtailing business activity. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total fulltime employment. To be counted as having had an absence, a person who usually works 35 hours or more per week must have been at work fewer than 35 hours or have not been at work at all during the survey reference week. Hours absent as a percent of total hours usually worked. 33

236 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED ANNUAL AVERAGES 63. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Central cities Suburbs TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 88,049 4, ,94 6,874 63,6 89,765 5, ,877 8, ,46 46,44 98, ,30 47,677 47,685 98, ,377 6, ,78 57,508 37,3 6 34,73, ,77 57,570 37, ,4, ,39 88,636 6, ,47,80 7,399 90,5 6, ,54 3,65 8,336 Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,704 64, ,98 3,70 8,336 83,806 64, ,74 4,09 8,983 64,36 50, ,548 65,03 5, ,99 8 4,046 4,88 8, ,786,88 5,907 5,064 9,7 7 7,663, ,946 39,435 3, ,59,76 7,64 40,39 3, ,66,774 8,00 Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 9,55 53, ,455,555 38,54 9,584 53, ,535 3,08 39,0 7,69 4, ,087,984 9,98 7,5 4, ,63,36 9,78 8,65 6, ,40 93,9 8,565 6,5 5 5,48, ,340 4,643 5, ,684, ,907 43,687 6, ,05,83 7,388 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,794 7,40 5 6,6,49 6,385 3,376 6,98 5,68, ,458 0,560 5,69 5 4, ,93 0,30 5,77 4, ,953 4,00, , ,079 3, , ,05 6,558 3, ,4 49,85 6,89 3,44 5, ,848 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 60,45 07,77 6 0,087 5,09 53,37 6,5 07, ,039 6,447 54,05,840 83, ,580 3,84 39,48 3,846 83, ,794 4,98 40,4 4,68 8,5 6 6,657,468 4,493 4,534 8, ,64, ,58 80, 55, ,93,374 4,94 8,3 55, ,69 3,087 5,596 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force,300 3,493 6,966,57.3 7,808,65 3,54 6.6,863, ,074 7,764, ,8,77. 6,359 7,975,43 6 0,03, ,544,07 7, , ,76,4 7, , ,770 5,69 4, , ,633 5,833 4, , ,774 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,97 9, , ,7 4,770 9, ,008 3,36 8, , ,47 3,85 9,78 6 8, ,673 7,54 4,88 6 4, ,7 7,774 5, , ,774 5,786 4, , ,705 6,078 4, ,

237 NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED ANNUAL AVERAGES 63. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, urban, and rural areas by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) Nonmetropolitan areas Urban areas Rural Employment status, sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Farm Nonfarm TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 4,905 6, ,766,554 5,586 4,080 6, ,500, ,735,636, , ,696, , ,69 4, ,95,56 4,80 39,385 4,448 6.,644, ,937 37,3 9, ,07 5,75 45,948 38,8 9, ,45 6,34 46,74 50,88 33, ,807, ,34 5,538 33,86 6 3,73,085 7,7 Men, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 8,388 3,600 7, ,788 8,603 3,666 7, ,68,06 8, ,34,099 8, ,0,538 7, ,58 7,89, , ,73 59,70 46, ,4, , 60,39 46, ,768 3,060 3,49,984 7, ,984 5,4 3,487 7, ,946,049 5,49 Women, 0 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 0,83 0, , ,344 0,33, , ,93, , , 0,74 5 9, ,848 9,64 0, , ,797 67,690 39, ,535,935 8,9 68,348 39, ,44,38 8,588 3,86 3, , ,33 4,36 3, , ,433 Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,34,78 55.,504 76,454 3,46,64 5., , ,07,655 5, ,37,93,54, ,47 9,8 5, , ,67 9, , ,66 3,97,05 5,903 30,767 3,85,09 5.9,69 36,796 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 37,575 3,755 6,506,49 3,80 37,665 3, ,45,59 3,90,57, , ,637, , ,003, ,78,4 3,06 35,08, ,4,480 3,8 3,30 75, ,363 3,63 37,35 3,88 76, ,454 4, ,8 47,4 3,0 6 9,74,478 5,9 47,630 3,46 6 9,585,840 6,04 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force 3,536, , ,449 3,64, 58.0, , O 7 3,495, , ,430 3,60, ,8 69.9,53 8,357,67 6 0,3,35.6 6,685 8,535, ,86,48.7 6,866,943,8, , 3,08, , ,07 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Not in labor force ,07 8, , ,38 3,636 9, , ,63, , Data not shown where base is less than 35,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 980 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of

238 ANNUAL AVERAGES 64. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population in poverty and nonpoverty areas by race and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) United States Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Employment status, race, and Hispanic origin Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas Poverty areas Nonpoverty areas TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 7,69 5,49 5 3,9, ,740 6,93 5, ,605, ,644 60,88 09, ,003 5, ,5 6,85 0, ,7 6, ,89 7,566 9, ,765, ,706 7,3 9, ,467, ,55 8,579 88, ,38 4,6.8 39,970 30,47 89, ,9 5, ,76 9,603 5, , ,034 9,70 5, , ,09 3,30 0, ,6,9,55 3,380 0, ,36, ,64 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 6,39 9, , ,776 6,97 9, , ,769 44,095 97, , 4, ,46 45,5 97, ,30 5, ,56 9,75 5, , ,85 9,076 5, , ,797 3,664 78, ,695 3, ,567 4,769 78, ,03 4,49 36,37 7,44 4, , ,95 7,0 4, , ,97 30,43 9, ,57,09 0,895 30,445 9, ,78, ,99 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force Hispanic origin 9,78 5,8 5 4, ,438 9,583 5,94 5 4, ,389,58 8, , ,370,03 8, , ,684 7,55 4, , ,465 7,375 3,98 5 3, ,394 0, 7, , ,894 0,599 7, , ,50,67,94 55., ,08,3 5, O 995, O O 476, O 535 Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Unemployment rate Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Men Women Not in labor force 4,37, , ,875 4,385,470 5, ,95 9,95 7, , ,846 0,385 7, , ,09 4,00, , ,746 4,066,8 56., ,785 9,307 6, , ,67 9,785 6, , , O O O O O O O 05 Data not shown where base is less than 35,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. These data are based on 980 census designations and are not comparable to data published through the first quarter of

239 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 65. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry P 05,536 08,39 09,97 08,975 private 88,50 90,550 9,649 90,540 Goodsproducing 5,73 5,3 4,958 3,80 Mining Oil and gas extraction Construction General building contractors Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 5,0,35.8 9,350, ,4,09.4,76, , ,87,33 9,44, ,450.0,30.3,747.4, , ,36, ,, ,43.0,09,67, , ,696,73. 8,47 0, ,359.0,99,59.0, Nondurable goods 7,969 8,0 7,995 7,870 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products, , ,547.6, , , ,56.4, , , ,57, , ,0 69.4,537., Serviceproducing 80,363 83,007 85,04 85,54 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and public utilities 5,57 3,3,5 5,644 3,48,6 5,86 3,554,7 5,83 3,56,6 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,055 3,580,475 6, 3,674,547 6,05 3,63,574 6,07 3,58,554 Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations... Eating and drinking places 9,077,473. 3,078.7,07 6,8 9,549,54 3,70., , ,683,5 3,8.8,08.3 6,56 9,340,35 3,7.3, ,569. Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Insurance Real estate 6,649 3,83,079,87 6,695 3,94,095,305 6,739 3,30,8,39 6,707 3,85,8,94 Services Business services Health services 5,669 4, ,.0 7,0 4,98.3 7,48 8,40 5,40.7 7,84 8,778 5, ,37.5 Government Federal State Local 7,386,97 4,076 0,339 7,779,988 4,8 0,609 8,3 3,085 4,303 0,934 8,434,965 4,346,3 p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 37

240 ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGES 66. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry P private 7,383 73,400 74,54 73,7 Goodsproducing 7,7 7,8 7,47 6,57 Mining Construction 3,990 4,048 3,987 3,584 Manufacturing 3, 3,69,974,448 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7, ,06,58.9,, , ,07,8,0, , ,047.7,59.0,05, , ,8,00.5, Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 5,65, ,655, ,603, ,486, Serviceproducing 53,660 55,590 56,783 56,700 Transportation and public utilities 4,574 4,688 4,835 4,837 Wholesale trade 4,878 5,009 4,985 4,867 Retail trade 6,97 7,37 7,434 7,07 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,85 4,849 4,884 4,845 Services,467 3,78 4,646 5,080 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 38

241 ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS ANNUAL AVERAGES 67. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group Industry Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P private $9.8 $9.66 $0.0 $0.34 $3.0 $334 $349 $356 Mining Construction Manufacturing Overtime hours ( ) 0.48 ( ) 0.83 ( ).8 ( ) 48.8 ( ) ( ) 46 ( ) 453 ( ) Durable goods Overtime hours $0.7 $.0 $.35 $.75 $ $458.0 $ $48.93 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Not available p $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 39

242 Explanatory Notes Introduction The statistics in this periodical are compiled from two major sources: () Household interviews, and () reports from employers. Data based on household interviews are obtained from a sample survey of the population 6 years of age and over. The survey is conducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, including such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey also provides data on the characteristics and past work experience of those not in the labor force. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 60,000 households, representing 79 areas in,973 counties and independent cities, with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the th of the month. Data based on establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. The establishment survey is designed to provide industry information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas. The employment, hours, and earnings series are currently based on payroll reports from a sample of over 350,000 establishments employing over 4 million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time, who receive pay during the payroll period which includes the th day of the month. RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND ESTABLISHMENT SERIES The household and establishment data supplement one another, each providing significant types of information that the other cannot suitably supply. Population characteristics, for example, are readily obtained only from the household survey whereas detailed industrial classifications can be reliably derived only from establishment reports. Data from these two sources differ from each other because of differences in definitions and coverage, sources of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. Sampling variability and response errors are additional reasons for discrepancies. The major factors which have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two series are as follows. Employment Coverage. The household survey definition of employment comprises wage; and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), selfemployed persons, unpaid workers who worked 5 hours or more during the survey week int familyoperated enterprises, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Civilian employment in both agricultural and nonagricultural industries is included. The payroll survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments. Multiple jobholding. The household survey provides information on the work status of the population without duplication, since each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. persons holding more than one job are counted only once and are classified according to the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey week. In the figures based on establishment reports, persons who worked in more than oae establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. Unpaid absences,fromjobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the survey week that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labormanagement disputes, or becaiuse they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off. In the figures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but not those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period. For a comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment survey employment data, see Gloria P. Green's article, "Comparing Employment Estimates From Household and Payroll Surveys," Monthly Labor Review, Disc ember 969. Hours of work The household survey measures,hours actually worked whereas the payroll survey measures hours paid for by 4

243 employers. In the household survey data, all persons with a job but not at work are excluded from the hours distributions and the computations of average hours. In the payroll survey, production or nonsupervisory employees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leave *ye included and assigned the number of hours for which they were paid during the reporting period. Earnings The household survey measures median earnings of wage and salary workers in all occupations and industries in both the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usual earnings received from the worker's sole or priimary job. Data from the establishment survey generally refer to average earnings of production and related workers; in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. For a comprehensive discussion of the household survey earnings series, see Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 3. COMPARABILITY OF THE WITH OTHER SERIES Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed total from the household survey includes all persons who did not have a job at all during the survey week and were Hooking for work or were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemployment insurance. Figures on unemployment insurance claims, prepared by the Employment and Training Administration of the Department of Labor 9 exclude persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and selfemployed <'*nd unpaid family workers). Beginning in January 978, coverage was extended to include domestic workers whose employers paid $,000 or more in wages in any calendar quarter, agricultural employees whose employers engaged 0 or more workers in 0 weeks or paid a total of $0,000 or more in wages in any calendar quarter, and almost all State and local government employees. In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used in the household survey. For example, persons with a job but not at work and persons working only a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as employed rather than unemployed in the household survey. For an examination of the similarities and differences between State insured unemployment and total unemployment, see "Measuring and State Insured Unemployment" by Gloria P. Green in the June 97 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Agricultural employment estimates of the Department of Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage are the inclusion of persons under 6 in the Economics and Statistics Service series and the treatment of dual jobholders, who are counted more than once if they work on more than one farm during the reporting period. There are also wide differences in sampling techniques and collecting and estimating methods, which cannot be readily measured in terms of their impact on differences in the levels and trends of the two series. COMPARABILITY OF THE PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Statistics on manufactures and business. Bureau of the Census, BLS establishment statistics on employment differ from employment counts derived by the Bureau of the Census from its censuses or sample surveys of manufacturing and business establishments. The major reasons for noncomparability are different treatment of business units considered parts of an establishment, such as central administrative offices and auxiliary units, the industrial classification of establishments, and different reporting patterns by multiunit companies. There are also differences in the scope of the industries covered, e.g., the Census of Business excludes professional services, public utilities, and financial establishments, whereas these are included in the BLS statistics. County Business Patterns. Data in County Business Patterns (CBP), published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, differ from BLS establishment statistics in the treatment of central administrative offices and auxiliary units. Differences may also arise because of industrial classification and reporting practices. In addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and government, and coverage is incomplete for some of the nonprofit activities. Employment covered by State unemployment insurance programs. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers are covered by the unemployment insurance programs. However, certain activities, such as interstate railroads, parochial schools, and churches are not covered by unemployment insurance whereas these are included in the BLS establishment statistics. 4

244 Household Data (A tables) COLLECTION AND COVERAGE Statistics on the employment status of the population, the personal, occupational, and other characteristics of the employed, the unemployed, and persons not in the labor force, and related data are compiled for the BLS by the Bureau of the Census in its Current Population Survey (CPS). A detailed description of this survey appears in Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, BLS Report 463. Historical national data are published in Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 307. These monthly surveys of the population are conducted through a scientifically selected sample designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 6 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, which includes the th of the month. This is known as the survey week. Actual field interviewing is conducted in the following week. Inmates of institutions and persons under 6 years of age are not covered in the regular monthly enumerations, and are excluded from the population and labor force statistics shown in this publication. Data on the members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States, who are included as part of the categories "noninstitutional population," "labor force," and "total employment," are obtained from the Department of Defense. Each month about 60,000 occupied units are eligible for interview. About,600 of these households are visited but interviews are not obtained because the occupants are not at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for other reasons. This represents a noninterview rate for the survey of between 4 and 5 percent. In addition to the 60,000 occupied units, there are,500 sample units in an average month which are visited but found to be vacant or otherwise not enumerated. Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan provides for threefourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and onehalf to be common with the same month a year earlier. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 940; those used since 967 are as follows: persons are (a) all civilians who, during the survey week, did any work at all as paid employees, in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 5 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labormanagement disputes, or personal reasons, whether they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. Each employed person is counted only once. Those who held more than one job are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around the house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations. persons are all civilians who had no employment during the survey week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the prior 4 weeks. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off or were waiting to report to a new job within 30 days need not be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment represents the length of time (through the current survey week) during which persons classified as unemployed had been continuously looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks since the termination of their most recent employment. A period of weeks or more during which a person was employed or ceased looking for work is considered to break the continuity of the present period of seeking work. Measurements of mean and median duration are computed from a distribution of single weeks of unemployment. Unemployment is also categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups. () Job losers are persons whose employment ended involuntarily who immediately began looking for work, and persons on layoff. () Job leavers are persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work. (3) Reentrants are persons who previously worked at a fulltime job lasting weeks or longer but were out of the labor force prior to beginning to look for work. (4) New entrants are persons who never worked at a fulltime job lasting weeks or longer. Each of these four categories of the unemployed may be expressed as an unemployment rate or proportion of the entire civilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian workers. Jobseekers are all unemployed persons who made specific 43

245 efforts to find a job sometime during the 4week period preceding the survey week. Jobseekers do not include those persons unemployed because they (a) were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off or (b) were waiting to report to a new job within 30 days. Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work, including going to a public or private employment agency or to an employer directly, seeking assistance from friends or relatives, placing or answering ads, or utilizing some other method. Examples of the "other" category include being on a union or professional register, obtaining assistance from a community organization, or waiting at a designated labor pickup point. The civilian labor force comprises all civilians classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above. The labor force also includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The unemployment rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. This measure can also be computed for groups within the labor force classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, etc. Participation rates represent the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the ratio of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces, to the noninstitutional population. The civilian labor force participation rate is the ratio of the civilian labor force to the civilian noninstitutional population. Civilian labor force participation rates are usually published for sexage groups, often crossclassified by other demographic characteristics such as race and educational attainment. Employmentpopulation ratios represent the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is employed. The total employmentpopulation ratio is total employment, including the resident Armed Forces, as a percent of the noninstitutional population. The civilian employmentpopulation ratio is the percentage of all employed civilians in the civilian noninstitutional population. Not in the labor force includes all persons who are not classified as employed or unemployed. These persons are further classified as engaged in own home housework, in school, unable to work because of longterm physical or mental illness, retired, and other. The "other" group includes individuals reported as too old or temporarily unable to work, the voluntarily idle, seasonal workers for whom the survey week fell in an off season and who were not reported as looking for work, and persons who did not look for work because they believed that no jobs were available in the area or that no jobs were available for which they could qualify discouraged workers. Persons doing only incidental, unpaid family work (less than 5 hours in the specified week) are also classified as not in labor force. For persons not in the labor force, data on previous work experience, intentions to seek work, desire for a job at the time of interview, and reasons for not looking for work are published on a quarterly basis. As of January 970, the detailed questions for persons not in the labor force are asked only in those households that are in the fourth and eighth months of the sample, i.e., the "outgoing" groups, those which had been in the sample for 3 previous months and would not be in for the subsequent month. Between 967 and 969, these questions were asked in those households entering the sample for the first time and those returning for the second 4 months of interviewing, i.e., the "incoming" groups. Occupation, industry, and class of worker for the employed apply to the job held in the survey week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey week. The unemployed are classified according to their last fulltime job lasting weeks or more. The classifications of occupations and industries used in data derived from the CPS are defined as in the 980 census. Information on the detailed categories included in these groups is available upon request. The classofworker breakdown specifies wage and salary workers subdivided into private and government workers; selfemployed workers; and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commission, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Selfemployed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, or trade, or operate a farm. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 5 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Hours of work statistics relate to the actual number of hours worked during the survey week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off on the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 3 hours even though they were paid for the holiday. For persons working in more than one job, the figures relate to the number of hours worked in all jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the major job. Persons who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week are designated as working full time. Persons who worked between and 34 hours are designated as working part time. Parttime workers are classified by their usual status at their present job (either full or part time) and by their reason for working part time during the survey week (economic or noneconomic reasons). Economic reasons include: Slack work, material shortages, repairs to plant or equipment, start or termination of a job during the week, and inability to find fulltime work. Noneconomic reasons include: Labor dispute, bad weather, own illness, vacation, demands of home or school, no desire for fulltime work, and fulltime worker only during peak season. Persons on fulltime schedules include, in addition to those working 35 hours or more, those who worked from to 34 hours for noneconomic reasons and usually work full time. Data on employment "at work" differ from data on total employment because they exclude persons in the zerohours 44

246 worked category, "with a job but not at work." These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for such reasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. persons are also categorized into full and parttime groupings based primarily on their usual status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who (a) worked 35 hours or more during the survey week, (b) worked to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons, but usually work full time, and (c) were with a job but not at work and usually work full time. Similarly, parttime workers are those who (a) voluntarily worked to 34 hours during the survey week, (b) worked to 34 hours for economic reasons, but usually work part time, i.e., persons who could only find parttime work, and (c) were with a job but not at work and usually work part time. Unemployment rates for full and parttime workers are calculated using the concepts of the fall and parttime labor force which are based on the type of job full or part timethat persons whether working or unemployed report that they want. The "fulltime labor force" includes all persons working part time but who desire fulltime work, that is, working part time for economic reasons. Thus, this category consists of persons on fulltime schedules; all persons involuntarily working part time regardless of their usual status; and unemployed persons seeking fulltime jobs. The "parttime labor force" consists of persons working part time voluntarily and unemployed persons seeking parttime work. persons with a job but not at work are distributed according to whether they usually work on fulltime or voluntary parttime schedules. Labor force time lost is a measure of aggregate hours lost to the economy through unemployment and involuntary parttime employment and is expressed as a percent of potentially available aggregate hours. It is computed by assuming that: () unemployed persons looking for fulltime work lost an average of 37.5 hours, () those looking for parttime work lost the average number of hours actually worked by voluntary parttime workers during the survey week, and (3) persons on part time for economic reasons lost the difference between 37.5 hours and the actual number of hours they worked. White, black, and other are terms used to describe the race of workers. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. All tables in this publication which contain racial data, with the exception of A5 and its annual counterpart, present data for the black population group. Because of their relatively small sample size, data for "other" races are not published. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic origin refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican living on the mainland, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus they are included in both the white and black population groups. Vietnamera veterans are those who served in the Armed Forces of the United States between August 5, 964, and May 7, 975. Data are limited to men in the civilian noninstitutional population; i.e., veterans in institutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans are men who never served in the Armed Forces. Usual weekly earnings data are provided from responses to the question ''How much does...usually earn per week at this job before deductions?" Included are any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excluding the incorporated selfemployed) who usually work fall time on their sole or primary job. Median earnings indicate the value which divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians as shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls. Data expressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status are terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were reported as members of the same household even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent, includes persons who are separated because of marital discord, as well as persons who are living apart because either the husband or the wife was employed and living away from home, serving in the Armed Forces, or had a different place of residence for any reason. A household consists of all persons related family members and all unrelated persons who occupy a housing unit. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to either husbands or wives in marriedcouple families but relates only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family refers to a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family even though they may include a related subfamily, that is, a married couple or a parentchild group related by birth or marriage to the householder and sharing the living quarters. The 45

247 count of families used in this publication excludes unrelated subfamilies such as lodgers, guests, or resident employees living in a household but not related to the householder. Families are classified either as marriedcouple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is either single, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent. Data on the earnings of families exclude all those in which there is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband, wife, or other persons maintaining the family is either selfemployed or in the Armed Forces. Poverty areas are defined as those census tracts in tracted areas, and Minor Civil Division's (MCD's) in untracted areas, in which 0 percent or more of the noninstitutional residents were poor according to the 980 decennial census. Persons were classified as poor or nonpoor by comparing money income to a series of poverty income thresholds which vary by family size and number of children. While poverty areas have a substantial concentratioil of lowincome residents, many poor persons live outside these areas, and conversely, the areas include many people who are not poor. The metropolitan areas classification consists of the total of all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as of June 30, 983. These definitions differ from those used in the 980 decennial census. A detailed discussion of the MSA definitions as well as changes in terminology can be found in "The New Metropolitan Area Definitions" section of the 980 Census of Population Supplementary Report on Metropolitan Statistical Areas, PCS8. Nonmetropolitan areas consist of the total territory outside MSA's. The urban population, as defined for the 980 census, comprises all persons living in urbanized areas and in places of,500 or more inhabitants outside urbanized areas. More specifically, the urban population consists of all persons living in () places of,500 or more inhabitants incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs (except in Alaska and New York), and towns (except in the New England States, New York, and Wisconsin), but excluding those persons living in the rural portions of extended cities; () other territories, incorporated and unincorporated, included in urbanized areas. The population not classified as urban constitutes the rural population. HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY Change in lower age limit The lower age limit for official statistics on the labor force, employment, and unemployment was raised from 4 to 6 years of age in January 967. Insofar as possible, historical series have been revised to provide consistent information based on the population 6 years and over. For a detailed discussion of this and other definitional changes introduced at that time, including estimates of their effect on the various series, see "New Definitions for Employment and 46 Unemployment," Employment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force, February 967. Noncomparability of labor force levels In addition to the changes introduced in 967, there are several other periods of noncomparability in the labor force data: () Beginning in 953, as a result of introducing data from the 950 census into the estimating procedures, population levels were raised by about 600,000; labor force, total employment, and agricultural employment were increased by about 350,000, primarily affecting the figures for totals and men; other categories were relatively unaffected. () Beginning in 960, the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii resulted in an increase of about 500,000 in the population and about 300,000 in the labor force. Fourfifths of this increase was in nonagricultural employment; other labor force categories were not appreciably affected. (3) Beginning in 96, the introduction of data from the 960 census reduced the population by about 50,000 and labor force and employment by about 00,000; unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. (4) Beginning in 97, information from the 970 census was introduced into the estimation procedures, increasing the population by about 800,000; labor force and employment totals were raised by a little more than 300,000; and unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. (5) A subsequent population adjustment based on the 970 census was introduced in March 973. This adjustment, which affected the white and blackandother groups but had little effect on totals, resulted in the reduction of nearly 300,000 in the white population and an increase of the same magnitude in the blackandother population. Civilian labor force and total employment figures were affected to a lesser degree; the white labor force was reduced by 50,000, and the blackandother labor force rose by about 0,000. Unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. In addition, beginning in January 974, the methodology used to prepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population was modified to an inflationdeflation approach. This change in the derivation of the estimates had its greatest impact on estimates of 0 to 4year old men particularly those of the blackandother population but had little effect on estimates of the total population 6 years and over. Additional information on the adjustment procedure appears in "CPS Population Controls Derived from Inflation Deflation Method of Estimation", in the February 974 issue of Employment and Earnings. Effective in July 975, as a result of the immigration of Vietnamese refugees into the United States, the total and blackandother independent population controls for persons 6 years and over were adjusted upward by 76,000 30,000 men and 46,000 women. The addition of the refugees increased the blackandother population by less than percent in any agesex group, and all of the changes were in the other population.

248 Beginning in January 978, the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in the estimation procedures resulted in an increase of about 50,000 in the civilian labor force and employment totals; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 978" in the February 978 issue of Employment and Earnings. Beginning in October 978, the race of the individual was determined by the household respondent for the incoming rotation group households, rather than by the interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was to provide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race. Thus, in October 978, oneeighth of the sample households had race determined by the household respondent and seveneighths of the sample households had race determined by interviewer observation. It was not until January 980 that the entire sample had race determined by the household respondent. The new procedure had no significant effect on the estimates. Beginning in January 979, the firststage ratio estimation method was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. Differences between the old and new procedures existed only for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates, not for the total United States. The reasoning behind the change and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 979" in the February 979 issue of Employment and Earnings. Beginning in January 98, the secondstage ratio adjustment methodology was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 98" in the February 98 issue of Employment and Earnings. In addition, current population estimates used in the secondstage estimation procedure are derived from information obtained from the 980 census, rather than the 970 census. This change caused substantial increases in total population and estimates of persons in all labor force categories. Rates for labor force characteristics, however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 30,000 labor force series were adjusted back to 970 to avoid major breaks in series. The adjustment procedure used is also described in the February 98 article cited above. The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks in series occurring between 97 and 979 that are described above, and data users should make allowances for them in making certain data comparisons. Beginning in January 983, the firststage ratio adjustment methodology was updated to account for results obtained from the 980 census. The purpose of the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 983" in the February 983 issue of Employment and Earnings. There were only slight differences between the old and new procedures in estimates of levels for the various labor force characteristics and virtually no differences in estimates of participation rates. Beginning in January 985, most of the steps of the CPS estimation procedure the noninterview adjustment, the first and secondstage ratio adjustments, and the composite estimator were revised. These procedures are described in the Estimating Mtethods section. A description of the changes and an indication of their effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 985" in the February 985 issue of this publication. Overall, the revisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. The greatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanic origin. Major estimates were revised back to January 980. Beginning in January 986, the population controls used in the secondsttage ratio adjustment methodology were revised to reflect; an explicit estimate of the number of undocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 980 and an improved esttimate of the number of emigrants among legal foreignborn residents for the same time period. As a result, the total civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by nearly 400,000; civilian employment was increased by about 350,000. The Hispanicorigin civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by about 45,000 and 305,000, respectively, and civilian employment by 70,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Because of the magnitude of the adjustments for Hispanics, data have been revised back to January 980 to the extent possible. An explanation of the changes and their effect on estimates of labor force characteristics appears in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the; Current Population Survey Beginning in January 986 " in the February 986 issue of this publication. Beginning in August 989, the secondstage ratio estimate cells were chamged slightly to decrease the chance of very small cells occurring and to be more consistent with published age, sex, race cells. This change had virtually no effect on national estimates. Changes in the occupational and industrial classification system Beginning in 97, the comparability of occupational employment datai was affected as a result of changes in the occupational classification system for the 970 census that were introduced into the CPS. Comparability was further affected in December 97, when a question relating to major activity or duties was added to the monthly CPS questionnaire in order to determine more precisely the occupational classification of individuals. As a result of these changes, meaningful comparisions of occupational employment levels could not be made between 977 and prior years nor between those years. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. For a further explanation of the changes in the occupational classificationi system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classificatioins for 97" and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey" in the February 97 and February 97 issues, respectively, of Employment and Earnings. 47

249 Beginning in January 983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 980 census were introduced into the CPS. These systems differ from those developed for the 970 census, which were used in the CPS from January 97 through December 98. The 980 census occupational classification system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification system (soc). While the CPS occupational data are now comparable with other data sources, the new system is so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. For example, the 980 major group "sales occupations" is substantially larger than the 970 category "sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" from "clerical workers" and some selfemployed proprietors in retail trade establishments from "managers and administrators, except farm." The industrial classification system used in the 980 census is based on the 97 Standard Industrial Classification system (SIC), as modified in 977. The adopition of the new system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. The most notable changes from the 970 system were the transfer of farm equipment stores from "retail" to "wholesale" trade, postal service from "public administration" to "transportation," and some interchange between "professional and related services" and "public administration." Additional information on the 980 census occupational and industrial classification systems appears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 983" in the February 983 issue of Employment and Earnings. Changes in the sample design Since the inception of the survey, there have been various changes in the design of the CPS sample. Most of these changes were made in order to improve the efficiency of the sample design and/or to increase the reliability of the sample estimates. One major change made after every decennial census is to change the sample design to make use of the recently collected census materials. Also, the number of sample areas and the number of sample persons are increased occasionally. In 953, the current rotation plan was introduced, in which a sample unit is interviewed for 4 months, leaves the sample for 8 months, and then returns to the sample for another 4 months. When Alaska and Hawaii achieved statehood, three more sample areas were added to account for the population in these States. After the 960 census, selection of a major portion of the sample from census address lists was begun, though a portion of the sample is still collected using area sampling. Following the 970 census, the ultimate sampling unit was changed from a noncontiguous cluster of six housing units to a usually contiguous cluster of ifour housing units. In January 978, a supplemental sample of 9,000 housing units, selected in 4 States and the District of Columbia 48 and designed to provide more reliable annual average estimates for States, was incorporated into the design. In October 978, a coverage improvement sample, composed of approximately 450 sample household units which represented 37,000 occupied mobile homes and 600,000 new construction housing units, was included in computing the estimates in order to provide coverage of mobile homes and new construction units that previously had no chance for selection in the CPS sample selected from the 970 census frame. In January 980, another supplemental sample of 9,000 households selected in 3 States and the District of Columbia was added to the existing sample. A sample reduction of about 6,000 units was implemented in May 98. Beginning in January 98, the sample was expanded by 00 households to provide additional coverage in counties added to SMSA's, which were redefined in 973. Beginning in 985, a new Statebased CPS sample was selected based on 980 cenus information, providing an opportunity to improve the efficiency of the sample design and increase the reliability for State estimates. Sample households are chosen from 79 sample areas, which represent,973 geographic areas in the United States. This current number of sample areas is not completely comparable to the old number of sample areas since many of the sample areas have been redefined. (See pp. 70 of the May 984 issue of Employment and Earnings, for an overview of these new definitions and the introduction of the new sample.) A sample reduction of about 4,000 households was implemented in April 988; they were reinstated during the 8month period, AprilNovember 989. Table A provides a description of some aspects of the CPS sample design in use during the different data collection periods. A more detailed account of the history of the CPS sample design appears in the Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, or Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Report 463, Bureau of Labor Statistics. ESTIMATING METHODS Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of the results for a given month become available simultaneously and are based on returns from the entire panel of respondents. The estimation procedure involves weighting the data from each sample person by the inverse of the probability of the person being in the sample. This gives a rough measure of the number of actual persons that the sample person represents. Beginning in 985, almost all sample persons within the same State have the same probability of selection. These estimates are then adjusted for noninterviews, and the ratio estimation procedure is applied.. Noninterview adjustment. The weights for all interviewed households are adjusted to the extent needed to account for occupied sample households for which no information was

250 Table A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 947 to date Time period Number of sample areas Interviewed Households eligible Not interviewed Households visited but not eligible Aug. 947 to Jan. 954 Feb. 954 to Apr. 956 May 956 to 959 Jan. 960 to Feb. 963 Mar. 963 to 966 Jan. 967 to July 97 Aug. 97 to July 97 Aug. 97 to 977 Jan. 978 to 979 Jan. 980 to Apr. 98 May 98 to 984 Jan. 985 to Mar. 988 Apr. 988 to Mar to present ,000,000 33,500 33,500 33,500 48,000 45,000 45,000 53,500 6,00 57,800 57,000 53,00 57, , ,000,500,500,500,000,000,000,500,800,500,500,600,600 3,0003,500 3,0003,500 6,000 6,000 6,000 8,500 8,000 8,000 0,000,000,000,000,500,800 Beginning in May 956, these areas were chosen to provide coverage in each State and the District of Columbia. Three sample areas were added in 960 to represent Alaska and Hawaii after statehood. 3 The sample was increased incrementally during the 8month period, April November 989. obtained because of absence, impassable roads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents for other reasons. This noninterview adjustment is made separately by combinations of similar sample areas that are not necessarily contained within a State. Similarity of sample areas is based on Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within each combination of sample areas there is a further breakdown by residence. MSA sample areas are categorized by "central city" and "balance of the MSA." Residence categories of nonmsa areas are "urban" and "rural." The proportion of sample households not interviewed varies from 4 to 5 percent, depending on weather, vacation, etc.. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the population selected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance, from that of the population as a whole in such characteristics as age, race, sex, and residence. Since these characteristics are closely correlated with labor force participation and other principal measurements made from the sample, the survey estimates can be substantially improved when weighted appropriately by the known distribution of these population characteristics. This is accomplished through two stages of ratio estimates as follows: a. Firststage ratio estimate. In the CPS, a portion of the 79 sample areas is chosen to represent other areas not in the sample; the remainder of the sample areas represent only themselves. The firststage ratio estimation procedure was designed to reduce the portion of the variance resulting from requiring sample areas to represent nonsample areas. Therefore, this procedure is not applied to sample areas which represent only themselves. The adjustment is made at the State level for each of the 43 States which contains nonsample areas by race cells of black and nonblack. The procedure corrects for differences that existed in each cell at the time of the 980 census between the race distribution of the population in sample areas and the known race distribution of the State. b. Secondstage ratio estimate. In this stage, the sample proportions of persons in specific categories are adjusted to the distribution of independent current estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population in the same categories. The secondstage ratio adjustment, which is performed to further reduce variability of the estimates and to correct to some extent for CPS undercoverage relative to the decennial census, is carried out in three steps. In the first step, the sample estimates are adjusted within each State and the District of Columbia to an independent control for the population 6 years and over. The second step involves an adjustment by Hispanic origin to a national estimate for eight agesex categories by Hispanic and nonhispanic. In the third step, a national adjustment is made by the race categories of white, black, and other races to independent estimates by age and sex. The white and black categories contain 38 and 4 agesex groups respectively; the other races category has 4 agesex cells. The entire secondstage adjustment procedure is iterated six times, each time beginning at the weights developed the previous time. This ensures that the sample estimates of the population for both State and national agesexraceorigin categories will be virtually equal to the independent population control totals. This secondstage adjustment procedure incorporates changes instituted in January 985 and August 989. The nature and effect of the 985 changes are discussed in detail in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 985" in the February 985 issue of Employment and Earnings. The controls by State for the civilian noninstitutional population 6 years and over are an arithmetic extrapolation of the trend in the growth of this segment of the population using the two most recent July estimates, adjusted as a last step to a current estimate of the U.S. population of this group. State estimates by age for July are published annually in Current Population Reports, Series P5. For a description of the methodology used in developing the State total, see Report 957 of that series. A description of the age 49

251 estimates methodology is available in Report 00 of that series. Prior to January 985, there was no separate control for Hispanics in the secondstage ratio procedure. These Hispanic controls are prepared by carrying forward the 980 census count for Hispanics by adding estimated Hispanic births and immigrants and subtracting estimated Hispanic deaths and emigrants to yield an estimate of the Hispanic population by age and sex. During the period from January 98 to December 984, the "inflationdeflation" method was temporarily discontinued in the preparation of the independent national controls used for the agesexrace groups in the third step of the secondstage ratio estimation procedure. These controls were prepared by carrying forward the 980 census data after taking account of subsequent aging of the population, births, deaths, and net migration and then subtracting the estimate for the institutional population and Armed Forces. Beginning in January 985, the "inflationdeflation" method of deriving independent population controls was reintroduced into the CPS estimation procedure. With the "inflationdeflation" method, the independent controls are prepared by inflating the 980 census counts to include estimated undercounts by age, sex, and race, aging this population forward to each subsequent month and later age by adding births and net migration, and subtracting deaths. These postcensal population estimates are then deflated to census level to reflect the pattern of net undercount in the most recent census by age, sex, and race. Because an estimate of undercount is first added and then subtracted, the size of each racesex group is unaffected by the "inflationdeflation" method. Similarly, the final estimate is affected only by the age structure of the undercount, but not the level. This feature of the method is important since the exact amount of undercount in the 980 census remains unknown. Data on births and deaths between April, 980, and the estimate date are based on tabulations of vital statistics for the resident population made by the National Center for Health Statistics and data on deaths of military personnel overseas from the Department of Defense. Estimates of net civilian immigration are based on data provided by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Department of Defense, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Puerto Rico Planning Board. The civilian noninstitutional population is derived by subtracting the Armed Forces and the institutional population for the estimate date from the total including Armed Forces overseas. The institutional population is computed by applying institutional proportions derived from the 980 census to the total population, including Armed Forces overseas for the estimate date. All computations described above are performed in cells defined by single year of age, race, and sex. The independent national control totals are then obtained by collapsing these cells into broader age groups for the population 6 years and older. Beginning in January 986, two changes were introduced into the estimation of the independent population controls. For the first time, an explicit allowance for net undocumented immigration since April, 980 (the census date) was added to the estimated level of legal immigration. In addition, an increase in the estimate of emigration of legal foreignborn residents has been incorporated into the postcensal population estimates since 980. The nature and effect of these changes are discussed in detail in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 986" in the February 986 issue of Employment and Earnings. 3. Composite estimate procedure. In deriving statistics for a given month, a composite estimating procedure is used which takes account of net changes from the previous month for continuing parts of the sample (75 percent), as well as the sample results for the current month. Also included is an additional term which is an estimate of the net difference between incoming and continuing parts of the current month's sample. Almost all estimates of monthtomonth change are improved by this procedure, and most estimates of level are also improved, but to a lesser extent. Rounding of estimates The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of independent rounding of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal 00 percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates There are two types of errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey sampling and nonsampling. The standard errors provided primarily indicate the magnitude of the sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumeration but do not measure any systematic biases in the data. Nonsampling error, The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS, as discussed below. The effect of nonsampling error should be small on estimates of relative change, such as monthtomonth change. Estimates of monthly levels would be more severely affected by the nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, e.g., inability to obtain information about all cases in the sample, definitional difficulties, differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, inability to recall information, errors made in collection such as in recording or coding the data, errors made in processing the data, errors made in estimating values for missing data, and failure to represent all sample households and all persons within 50

252 sample households (undercoverage). Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase of the survey have been studied by means of a reinterview program. This program is used to estimate various sources of error as well as to evaluate and control the work of the interviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's work is inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. The results indicate, among other things, that the data published from the CPS are subject to moderate systematic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview program and some of the other results may be found in the Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 96 through December 966, Technical Paper No. 9, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The effects of some components of nonsampling error in the CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotation plan used for the sample, since the level of the estimates varies by rotation group. A description of these effects appears in "The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates From Panel Surveys," by Barbara A. Bailar, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 70, No. 349, March 975. Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housing units and missed persons within sample households. Compared to the level of the decennial census, undercoverage is about 6 percent. It is known that the CPS undercoverage varies with age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally, undercoverage is larger for men than for women, and larger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races combined than for whites. Ratio estimation to independent agesexraceorigin population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics than interviewed persons in the same agesexraceorigin group. Further, the independent population controls used have not been adjusted for undercoverage in the 980 census. Additional information on nonsampling error in the CPS appears in "An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey," by Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards; in "The Current Population Survey: An Overview," by Marvin Thompson and Gary Shapiro, Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol., April 973; and in The Current Population Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. This last document includes a comprehensive discussion of various sources of errors, and describes attempts to measure them in the CPS. Sampling error. The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling variability, that is, of the variation that occurs by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. The sample estimate and its estimated standard error enable one to construct confidence intervals, ranges that would include the average of all possible samples with a known probability. For example, if all possible samples were selected, each of these surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and an estimate and its estimated error were calculated from each sample, then:. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples.. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from.6 standard errors below the estimate to.6 standard errors above the estimate would include the average of all possible samples. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from standard errors below the estimate to standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. In order to derive standard errors that would be applicable to a large number of estimates and could be prepared at a moderate cost, a number of approximations are required. First, the standard errors in this volume reflect the sample design and estimation procedures in effect prior to the expansions for State estimates. Thus, these standard errors may slightly overstate the standard errors applicable to the present design. Second, instead of computing an individual standard error for each estimate, generalized sets of standard errors are computed for various types of characteristics. This generalization yields more stable estimates of the standard errors. Consequently, the sets of standard errors provided give an indication of the order of magnitude of the standard error of an estimate rather than the precise standard error. Tables B and C show approximate standard errors for major employment status characteristics for monthly estimates and for changes for consecutive months. These standard errors are applicable to the level of the estimates in recent months. Tables D through H provide generalized standard errors for monthly level and monthtomonth change for estimated totals, unemployment rates, and percentages. Table I contains factors for use with table H for computing standard errors, as described below, for monthly level and monthtomonth change for percentages. Standard errors for intermediate values not shown in the table may be approximated by linear interpolation. The standard error for estimated changes from one month to the next is more closely related to the monthly level for the characteristic than to the size of the specific monthtomonth change itself. Thus, in order to use the generalized standard errors for monthtomonth change as given in the tables of standard errors, it is necessary to obtain the monthly estimate for the characteristic. It should be noted that the tables of standard errors for monthtomonth change apply only to estimates of 5

253 Table B. Standard errors for major employment status categories (in thousands) Employment status, sex, age, and race, 6 years and over: Men, 0 years and over: Women, 0 years and over: Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: Black, 6 years and over: Men, 0 years and over:.... Women, 0 years and over: Both sexes, 6 to 9 years: Standard error of Monthly level Monthtomonth change (consecutive months only) change between consecutive months. Estimates of change for nonconsecutive months are subject to higher standard errors. Table J contains factors for use with tables D, F, H, and I to compute approximate standard errors for levels, labor force participation rates, and percentages as pertaining to the yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, changes in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and changes in yearly averages. Note that standard errors for changes in quarterly and yearly estimates apply only to consecutive quarters and years. For years prior to 967, the standard errors must be adjusted due to the differences in the sample size. For years prior to 956, the standard errors should be multiplied by.50, and for the period, they should be multiplied by.. Table K provides generalized standard errors for quarterly estimates of persons and families for use with the CPS earnings data. Standard errors for estimated totals. Tables D and E provide generalized standard errors for monthly totals and for monthtomonth change. The figures given in these tables are to be used for the characteristics as indicated. Illustration. Assume that in a given month the number of persons working a specific number of hours was,000,000, an increase of 400,000 over the previous month. Linear interpolation in the second column of table D shows that the standard error on an estimate of,000,000 is about 74,000. The 68percent confidence interval as shown by these data is from,86,000 to,74,000. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples Table C. Standard errors for unemployment rates by major characteristics Standard error of Standard error of Characteristic Monthly level Consecutivemonth change Characteristic Monthly level Consecutivemonth change (all civilian workers) Men, 0 years and over Women, 0 years and over Both sexes, 6 to 9 years White workers Black workers Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Fulltime workers Parttime workers 5 weeks and over Occupation Executive, administrative, and managerial... Professional specialty Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical... Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Occupation Continued Precision production, craft, and repair Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Industry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation, communications, and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance and services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers

254 lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 68 percent of all possible samples. Recall that the standard error of a monthtomonth change is primarily dependent on the size of the monthly estimate. Thus, using linear interpolation in the first column of table E, the standard error on a monthtomonth change of 400,000, when the monthly level is approximately,000,000, is about 9,000. Standard errors for rates and percentages. The reliability of an estimated unemployment rate or an estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends upon both the size of the rate or percentage and the total upon which the rate or percentage is based. Estimated rates and percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerator of the rates or percentages; this is particularly true for percentages of 50 percent or more. As a general rule, percentages are not published when the monthly base is less than 75,000, the quarterly average base is less than 60,000, or the annual average base is less than 35,000. Tables F and G show generalized standard errors for monthly level and monthtomonth change for unemployment rates. Generalized standard errors for estimated monthly percentages and estimated monthtomonth change in percentage can be obtained through the use of the standard errors in table H and the factors in table I. First obtain the standard error from table H for the specific percentage and base. The generalized standard error is then calculated by multiplying the standard error from table H by the appropriate factor from table I. When the numerator and denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the factor indicated by the numerator of the percentage. Illustration. Assume that in a given month.9 percent of a total of,440,000 employed persons are employed in agriculture. The standard error on an estimate of.9 percent with a base of,440,000 is obtained from table H (0.08 percent). The appropriate factor from table I for the numerator of the percentage, agricultural employment, is.6. The generalized standard error on the estimated.9 percent is then approximately 0.08 x.6 = 0.0 percentage point. Standard errors for yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, changes in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and changes in yearly averages. The approximate standard errors of levels, rates, and percentages involving yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, changes in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and changes in yearly averages may be obtained by using table J in conjunction with the other tables. Standard errors for estimates of change are more closely related to the level of the estimate than to the size of the specific change. Thus, to obtain the standard error of an estimate of an average level, rate, or Table D. Standard errors for estimates of monthly level (in thousands) Characteristic Unemployment Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment Estimated monthly level Agricultural employment or white Black or white Black or white, 6 to 9 years Black, 6 to 9 years Tntsl or UlCLI VJI white men only, or women only Black men only, or women only ,000,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 5,000 0,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 00,000 0,000 40, When determining the standard error of an estimate for a group which is a subset of the age, sex, or race groups listed, use the standard error for the next larger group, e.g., when determining the standard error of the estimated number of employed persons age 0 to 54 years, use the column for total employed. 53

255 Table E. Standard errors for estimates of monthtomonth change (in thousands) Characteristic Estimated monthly level or white Both sexes 6 to 9 years, or parttime labor force Unemployment Black Black, 6 to 9 years Labor force data other than unemployment and agricultural employment or white Black or white, 6 to 9 years Black, 6 to 9 years ,000,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 5,000 0,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 00,000 0,000 40, See footnote, table D. Parttime labor force for unemployment also includes persons reentering the labor force, persons who left their last job, and persons by duration of unemployment. percentage, or an estimate of a change in level, rate, or percentage, it is first necessary to find the appropriate estimate of level. For an estimate of an average level, rate, or percentage, find the standard error of this estimate. For an estimate of change in level, rate, or percentage, find the standard error of the average of the two estimates affecting the change. Then, after computing the standard error by treating these estimates as monthly estimates and using the procedures above, multiply this result by a suitable factor from table J to obtain the approximate standard error for the average or change. Illustration. Suppose that one is interested in the yeartoyear change of a monthly unemployment rate. Assume that for a certain month the unemployment rate is percent, based on a total of 9,865,000 in the civilian labor force, and that a year prior to this the unemployment rate was 7.0 percent, based on a total of 7,834,000 in the civilian labor force for the month. First, the standard error on the average of the two estimates, 6.6 percent with a base of 8,850,000, is obtained from table F (0. percentage point). The appropriate factor, then, from table J is.40. The approximate standard error on the change of 0.8 percent is then given by 0. x.40 = 0.5 percentage point. The approximate standard error of levels involving yeartoyear change of quarterly estimates pertaining to CPS earnings data for persons and families may be obtained by using table K in conjunction with the following formula: Standard error of yeartoyear change = X is the estimate for one quarter and Y is the estimate for another quarter. The coefficient, P, is a measure of the correlation between the estimates X and Y resulting from the presence of some of the same respondents in the sample for each estimate. For consecutive yeartoyear changes of quarterly estimates, the values of P are 0.30 for persons (total, white, and black) and 0.35 for families (total, white, and black). The respective values for estimates of Hispanics are 0.45 and Illustration. Assume that in a given quarter the number of women employed as fulltime wage and salary workers was 7,000,000 and in the same quarter a year later, their number had increased to 9,000,000. Using linear interpolation in the eighth column of table K, the standard error of an estimate of 7,000,000 is 6,000; for 9,000,000 it is,000. Using the above formula, the standard error of the,000,000 yeartoyear change is: (6,000) + (,000) (0.30) (6,000) (,000), or about 59,

256 Table F. Standard errors for unemployment rates Monthly base of unemployment rate (in thousands) 5 Monthly unemployment rate (percent) ,000,000 4,000 6,000 0, ,000 00,000 0,000 40, Table G. Standard errors for monthtomonth change in unemployment rates Monthly base of unemployment rate (in thousands) Monthly unemployment rate (percent) ,000,000 4,000 6,000 0,000 0,000 60,000 00,000 0,000 40, Table H. Standard errors for estimated percentages and monthtomonth change in percentages for labor force data Monthly base of percentages (in thousands) or 99 or 98 5 or 95 Percentage of monthly level 0 or 90 5 or 85 0 or 80 5 or or or , ,000 6, , ,000 80,000 00,000 0,000 40,000 60, NOTE: The standard errors in this table must be multiplied by the factors in table I to obtain the approximate standard error for a specific characteristic. 55

257 Table I. Factors to be used with table H to compute approximate standard errors for percentages and monthtomonth change in percentages Factor Factor Characteristic Monthly level Monthtomonth change Characteristic Monthly level Monthtomonth change Agricultural employment: or fulltime labor force Parttime labor force Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: Men only Women only Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Parttime labor force Unemployment: Parttime labor force, duration of unemployment, left last job, reentering labor force All other unemployment characteristics: or white: Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Black: Both sexes, 6 to 9 years Table J. Factors to be used with tables D, F, H, and I to compute the approximate standard errors for levels, rates, and percentages for yeartoyear change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, change in quarterly averages, yearly averages, and change in yearly averages Factor Characteristic Yeartoyear change of monthly estimate Quarterly averages Change in quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in yearly averages Agricultural employment: or men Women or teenagers (6 to 9 years) Part time Labor force data other than agricultural employment and unemployment: or white Black or teenagers (6 to 9 years) Part time Unemployment: Part time

258 Table K. Standard errors for estimates of quarterly levels, to be used with CPS earnings data (In thousands) Characteristic Estimated quarterly level Parttime workers or fulltime workers or white Black Parttime workers Men or fulltime workers White Black Women, fulltime, or parttime workers or white Black ,000,500,000,500 3,000 5,000 7,500 0,000 5,000 0,000 5,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 75,000 00,

259 Establishment Data (Tables B through C8) COLLECTION Payroll reports provide current information on wage and salary employment, hours, and earnings in nonfarm establishments, by industry and geographic location. Historical statistics are published in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and their supplements. FederalState cooperation Under cooperative arrangements, responding establishments report employment, hours, and earnings data to State agencies. State agencies mail the forms to the establishments and examine the returns for consistency, accuracy, and completeness. The States use the reported data to prepare State and area series and also send the reported data to the BLS (Washington Office) for use in preparing the national series. This avoids a duplicate reporting burden on establishments, and, together with the use of similar estimating techniques at the national and State levels, promotes increased comparability between estimates. Shuttle schedules Form BLS 790 Report on Employment, Payroll, and Hours is the name of the data collection schedule. The collection agency returns the schedule to the respondent each month so that the next month's data can be entered on the space allotted for that month. This "shuttle" procedure assures maximum comparability and accuracy of reporting, since the respondent can see the figures that have been reported for previous months. Form BLS 790 provides for entry of data on the total number of full and parttime workers on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments and, for most industries, employment, payroll, and hours of production and related workers or nonsupervisory workers for the pay period which includes the th of the month. CONCEPTS Industrial classification Establishments reporting on Form BLS 790 are classified into industries on the basis of their principal product or activity determined from information on annual sales volume. Since January 980, this information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the 58 industry indicated by the principal product or activity. All data on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation (beginning with August data) and for States and areas (beginning with January data) are classified in accordance with the 987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, Office of Management and Budget. The BLS tabulates and estimates statistics which distinguish between private and public establishments, thus maintaining continuity with previously published statistics for the private and government sector. Industry employment Employment data, except those for the Federal Government, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the th of the month. For Federal Government establishments, employment figures represent the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the calendar month. Intermittent workers are counted if they performed any service during the month. The data exclude proprietors, the selfemployed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are also excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (when pay is received directly from the firm), on paid holiday, on paid vacation, or who work during a part of the pay period even though they are unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who were hired but have not yet reported during the period. Indexes of diffusion of employment change (table B7). These indexes measure the dispersion among industries of the change in employment over the specified time span. Beginning with August data, the overall indexes are calculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment series (threedigit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll employment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffusion indexes are based on 39 threedigit industries. To derive the indexes, each component industry is assigned a value of 0, 50, or 00 percent, depending on whether its employment showed a decrease, no change, or an increase, respectively, over the time span. The average value (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the diffusion index number. The reference point for diffusion analysis is 50 percent, the value which indicates that the same number of component

260 industries had increased as had decreased. Index numbers above 50 show that more industries had increasing employment, and values below 50 indicate that more had decreasing employment. The margin between the percent that increased and the percent that decreased is equal to the difference between the index and its complement, i.e., 00 minus the index. For example, an index of 65 percent means that 30 percent more industries had increasing employment than had decreasing employment (65(0065)=30). However, for dispersion analysis, the distance of the index number from the 50percent reference point is the most significant observation. Although diffusion indexes are commonly interpreted as showing the percent of components that increased over the time span, it should be remembered that the index reflects half of the unchanged components as well. (This is the effect of assigning a value of 50 percent to the unchanged components when computing the index.) Industry hours and earnings Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. Production and related workers include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant's own use (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers include the following employees in the construction division: Working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working at the site of construction or working in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory employees include employees (not above the working supervisory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. Payroll covers the payroll for full and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the th of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., for oldage and unemployment insurance, Group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays, vacation, and sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); other pay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., retroactive pay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. "Fringe benefits" (such as health and other types of insurance, contributions to retirement, etc., paid by the employer) are also excluded. Hours cover the hours paid for during the pay period which includes the th of the month for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. Included are hours paid for holidays, vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received directly from the firm. Overtime hours cover hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straighttime workday or the workweek during the pay period which included the th of the month. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, parttime work, and stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweek of component industries. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current month's aggregate by the average of the monthly figures for 98. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. The overtime hours represent that portion of the average weekly hours which exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee were to work on a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straighttime pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Since overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Such factors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level also may be caused by a marked change in hours for a component 59

261 industry where little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a ' 'gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and lateshift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively highpaid and lowpaid work and changes in workers' earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period of time; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer since the following are excluded: Irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or nonsupervisory employee definitions. Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum wage payments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SIC 37) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 376) manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation methods apply to these series as apply to the average hourly earnings series described above; the one difference between the series is definitional. The payroll data used to calculate this series include lumpsum payments made to production workers in lieu of general wage rate increases; such payments are excluded from the definition of gross payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earnings series. For each sample establishment in SIC 37 and SIC 376 covered by a lumpsum agreement, the reported payroll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of the lumpsum payment. Such payments are generally made once a year and cover the following month period. In order to spread the payment across this time period, a prorated portion of the payment is added to the payroll each month. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate to reduce the lumpsum amount to account for persons who received the payment but left before the payment allocation period expired. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime premium pay are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and onehalf of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday work, lateshift work, and overtime rates other than time and onehalf. Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based on 60 monthly data summarized in the M300 report of the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC group I) who received pay during the month. Average hourly earnings are computed by dividing total compensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hours are obtained by dividing the total number of hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of employees, as defined above. Average weekly earnings are derived by multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in such factors as the proportion of parttime workers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Longterm trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the work force. For example, persistent longterm increases in the proportion of parttime workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. Real earnings, or earnings in constant dollars, are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW). ESTIMATING METHODS The principal features of the procedure used to estimate employment for the establishment statistics are () the use of the "link relative" technique, which is a form of ratio estimation; () periodic adjustment of employment levels to new benchmarks; and (3) the use of size and regional stratification. The "link relative" technique From a sample composed of establishments reporting for both the previous and current months, the ratio of currentmonth employment to that of the previous month is computed. This is called a "link relative." The estimates of employment (all employees, including production and nonproduction workers together) for the current month are obtained by multiplying the estimates for the previous month by these "link relatives." In addition, bias correction factors are applied to most employment estimates each month. The size of the bias correction factors is determined from past benchmark comparisons. Beginning with data for April 983, these factors are modified by changes in the

262 sample link relatives for the most recent quarter. Other features of the general procedures are described in table L. Size and regional stratification A number of industries are stratified by size of establishment and/or by region, and the stratified production or nonsupervisory worker data are used to weight the hours and earnings for aggregation into broader industry groupings. Accordingly, the basic estimating cell for an employment, hours, or earnings series, as the term is used in the summary of computational methods in table L, may be a whole industry or a size stratum, a region stratum, or a size stratum of a region within an industry. Benchmark adjustments Employment estimates are compared periodically with benchmarks (comprehensive counts of employment) for the various nonfarm industries, and appropriate adjustments are made as indicated. The industry estimates are currently projected from March 989 levels. Benchmark adjustments are made annually. The primary sources of benchmark information are Table L. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings Employment, hours, and earnings Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size, or region/size cell) Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) Monthly data All employees Production or nonsupervisory workers, women employees Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours ^erage hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Allemployee estimate for previous month multiplied by ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments which reported for both months. Allemployee estimate for current month multiplied by () ratio of production or nonsupervisory workers to all employees in sample establishments for current month, () estimated ratio of women to all employees. Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. production or nonsupervisory worker payroll divided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Sum of allemployee estimates for component cells. Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker estimates, or estimates of women employees, for component cells. Average, weighted by production or nonsupervisory worker employment, of the average weekly hours for component cells. Average, weighted by production worker employment, of the average weekly overtime hours for component cells. Average, weighted by aggregate hours, of the average hourly earnings for component cells. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. All employees, women employees, and production or nonsupervisory workers Sum of monthly estimates divided by. Annual average data Sum of monthly estimates divided by. Average weekly hours Average weekly overtime hours... Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Annual total of aggregate hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by average weekly hours) divided by annual sum of employment Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (production worker employment multiplied by average weekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Annual total of aggregate payrolls (product of production or nonsupervisory worker employment by weekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Annual total of aggregate hours for production or nonsupervisory workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours for production workers divided by annual sum of employment for these workers. Annual total of aggregate payrolls divided by annual aggregate hours. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product by bias adjustment factors, which compensate for the underrepresentation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in the sample. The sample productionworker ratio, womenworker ratio, average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compensate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntary character of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts the advantage of continuity from the use of the matched sample and, at the same time, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of the latest sample average. 6

263 employment data, by industry, compiled quarterly by State agencies from reports of establishments covered under State unemployment insurance laws. These tabulations cover about 98 percent of employees on nonfarm payrolls in the United States. Benchmark data for the residual are obtained from the records of the Social Security Administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and a number of other agencies in private industry or government. The estimates for the benchmark month are compared with new benchmark levels, industry by industry. If revisions are necessary, the monthly series of estimates between benchmark periods are adjusted between the new benchmark and the preceding one, and the new benchmark for each industry is then carried forward progressively to the current month by use of the sample trends. Thus, under this procedure, the benchmark is used to establish the level of employment; the sample is used to measure the monthtomonth changes in the level. A comparison of the actual amounts of revisions made at the time of the March benchmark adjustment is shown in table M. Normally, data for all months since the last benchmark to which the series has been adjusted are subject to revision. Revised data are published as soon as possible after each benchmark revision. THE SAMPLE Design The sampling plan used in the establishment survey is known as "sampling proportionate to average size of establishment." This design is an optimum allocation design among strata since the sampling variance is proportional to the average size of establishments. Under this type of design, large establishments fall into the sample with certainty. The size of the sample for the various industries is determined empirically on the basis of experience and of cost considerations. In a manufacturing industry in which a high proportion of total employment is concentrated in relatively few establishments, a larger percent of total employment is Table M. Comparison of nonfarm employment benchmarks and estimates for March (Numbers in thousands) Industry Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Benchmark 09,4 69 4,865 9,60 5,735 6,67 9,30 6,68 7,944 8,568 Estimate 09, ,906 9,09 5,750 6,36 9,36 6,774 7,866 8,536 Level Difference Percent included in the sample. Consequently, the sample design for such industries provides for a complete census of the large establishments with only a few chosen from among the smaller establishments or none at all if the concentration of employment is great enough. On the other hand, in an industry in which a large proportion of total employment is in small establishments, the sample design calls for inclusion of all large establishments and also for a substantial number of the small ones. Many industries in the trade and services divisions fall into this category. To keep the sample to a size which can be handled by available resources, it is necessary to design samples for these industries with a smaller proportion of universe employment than is the case for most manufacturing industries. Since individual establishments in these nonmanufacturing divisions generally show less fluctuation from regular cyclical or seasonal patterns than do establishments in manufacturing industries, these smaller samples (in terms of employment) generally produce reliable estimates. In the context of the BLS establishment survey program, with its emphasis on producing timely data at minimum cost, a sample must be obtained which will provide coverage of a sufficiently large segment of the universe to provide reasonably reliable estimates that can be published promptly and regularly. The present sample meets these specifications for most industries. With its use, the BLS is able to produce preliminary estimates each month for many industries and for many geographic levels within a few weeks after the reference period, and, at a somewhat late date, statistics in considerably greater industrial detail. Coverage The BLS sample of establishment employment and payrolls is the largest monthly sampling operation in the field of social statistics. Table N shows the latest benchmarks and the approximate proportion of total employment in each industry division covered by the group of establishments furnishing monthly employment data. The coverage for individual industries within the division may vary from the proportions shown. Reliability Although the relatively large size of the BLS establishment sample assures a high degree of accuracy, the estimates derived from it may differ from the figures that would be obtained if it were possible to take a complete census using the same schedules and procedures. As discussed under the previous section, a link relative technique is used to estimate employment. This requires the use of the previous month's estimate as the base in computing the current month's estimate. Thus, small sampling and response errors may accumulate over several months. To remove this accumulated error, the estimates are adjusted annually to new benchmarks. In addition to taking account of sampling and 6

264 Table N. Employment benchmarks and approximate coverage of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March Industry Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government: Federal State Local Benchmarks (thousands) 09,4 69 4,865 9,60 5,735 6,67 9,30 6,68 7,944 3,08 4,386,00 Number of establishments 89,390 3,34 6,593 5,304 4,686 5,09 57,33,395 66,947 ( 3 ) 5,75 6,66 Sample coverage Number (thousands) 40, ,36,370,53 4,4,0 6,506 3,08 3,498 7,303 Employees Percent of benchmarks Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Since not all establishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earnings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment estimates. The Interstate Commerce Commission provides a complete count of employment for Class I railroads. A small sample is used to estimate hours and earnings data. 3 Federal employment counts by agency for use in national estimates are provided to BLS by the Office of Personnel Management. Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as State and area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of 6,000 reports covering about 58 percent of employment in Federal establishments. Table O. Average benchmark revision in employment estimates and relative errors for average weekly hours and average hourly earnings by industry (In percent) Industry private Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities. Wholesale trade Retail trade... Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 3 Average benchmark revision in employment estimates Relative error Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings in classification are the major cause of benchmark adjustments. Another cause of differences arises from improvements in the quality of the benchmark data. Table O presents the average percent revisions of the five most recent benchmarks for major industry divisions. Detailed descriptions of individual benchmark revisions are available from the Bureau upon request. The hours and earnings estimates for basic estimating cells are not subject to benchmark revisions, although the broader groupings may be affected slightly by changes in employment weights. The hours and earnings estimates, however, are subject to sampling errors, which may be expressed as relative errors of the estimates. (A relative error is a standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate.) Relative errors for major industries are presented in table O and for individual industries with the specified number of employees in table P. The chances are about out of 3 that the hours and earnings estimates from the sample would differ by a smaller percentage than the relative error from the averages that would have been obtained from a complete census. One measure of the reliability of the employment estimates for individual industries is the rootmeansquare error (RMSE). The measure is the standard deviation adjusted for the bias in estimates: V (standard deviation) (bias) If the bias is small, the chances are about out of 3 that an estimate from the sample would differ from its benchmark by less than the rootmeansquare error. The chances are about 9 out of 0 that the difference would be less than twice the rootmeansquare error. Approximations of the rootmeansquare errors (based on the most recent benchmark revisions) of differences between final estimates and benchmarks are presented in table P. For the two most recent months, estimates of employment, hours, and earnings are preliminary and are so footnoted in the tables. These figures are based on less than the total sample and are revised when all the reports in the sample have been received. Table Q presents rootmeansquare errors of RMSE = Table P. Rootmeansquare errors of differences between benchmarks and estimates of employment and average relative errors for average weekly hours and average hourly earnings The average percent revision in employment for the benchmarks. Relative errors relate to 98 data. 3 Data for government are based on a total count for Federal Government provided by the Office of Personnel Management and a sample of State and local government reports. Size of employment estimate Rootmeansquare error of employment estimates Relative error (in percent) Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings response errors, the benchmark revision adjusts the estimates for changes in the industrial classification of individual establishments (resulting from changes in their product which are not reflected in the levels of estimates until the data are adjusted to new benchmarks). In fact, at the more detailed industry levels, particularly within manufacturing, changes 50, , , ,000..,000,000.,000,000.,00 3,900 5,600 4,000 5,000 6, Assuming month intervals between benchmark revisions. Relative errors relate to 98 data

265 the amounts of revisions that may be expected between the preliminary and final levels of employment and preliminary and final monthtomonth changes. Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimates are normally not greater than 0. of an hour for weekly hours and cent for hourly earnings. STATISTICS FOR STATES AND AREAS State and area employment, hours, and earnings data are collected and prepared by State agencies in cooperation with BLS. The area statistics relate to metropolitan areas. Definitions for all areas are published each year in the issue of Employment and Earnings that contains State and area annual averages (usually the May issue). Changes in definitions are noted as they occur. Additional industry detail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on the inside back cover of each issue. These statistics are based on the same establishment reports used by BLS for preparing national estimates. For employment, the sum of the State figures may differ slightly from the equivalent official U.S. totals on a national basis, because some States have more recent benchmarks than others and because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratification. Table Q. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Rootmeansquare error of Rootmeansquare error of Industry Monthly level Monthtomonth change Industry Monthly level Monthtomonth change private Goodsproducing industries Mining Oil and gas extraction Construction General building contractors Manufacturing 77,500 60,600 0,700 3,400,800,800 5,300 4,00 78,300 58,900 0,900 3,000,500 3,600 5,500 4,400 Nondurable goods Continued Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products... Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products... Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities... Transportation Communications and public utilities,000,600,00,600,300 70,600,800 0,500 5,000,900,800,00,600,00 69,600,600 9,000 4,500 Durable goods Lumber and wood products... Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products. Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment. Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing... Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products,00,00,500,400 3,800,600,00 3,900 4,00 6,800 5,700,000,700 7,500 5,00,000,900 3,300,700,600,900,400,400 3,300,300,00 3,300 3,800 6,600 6,00,00,600 7,600 4, ,700 3,300,500 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations Eating and drinking places Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Finance Insurance Real estate Services Business services Health services Government Federal State Local 7,00 5,000 4,500 34,300 0,700 6,300 4,00 8,00 7,500 4,300 3,600 4,000 3,300,00 8,00 54,00 7,500 0,700 36,300 6,00 4,00 3,900 8,600 8,500 5,500 5,000 6,400 6,400 3,900 3,00 3,600 3,800,800 7,900 48,000 4,000 7,00 36,800 NOTE: Errors are based on differences from January 985 through December. Data used in the computations for several industries are not strictly comparable due to changes in the industrial classification system. 64

266 Productivity Data (Tables C9 through C) COLLECTION Productivity data are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment and household survey labor input data and from measures of compensation and outpilt supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. CONCEPTS Hours of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments (table C9) refer to hours paid for all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers. For productivity and cost measures (tables C0, ), hours of all persons include hours of employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. Labor input is measured by hours at the work site. Output is the constantdollar market value of final goods and services produced in a given period. Indexes of output per hour of all persons (productivity) measure changes in the volume of goods and services produced per hour at work. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus employers' contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the selfemployed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no selfemployed. Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation cost required to produce one unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation per hour by output per hour. Unit nonlaborpayments include profits, capital consumption allowances, interest, rental income of persons, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from the currentdollar gross product originating in the sector and dividing by output. In these tables, unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the currentdollar estimate of gross product by the constantdollar estimate, making the deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. NOTES ON THE DATA For the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, these indexes relate to the gross domestic product less general government, households and institutions, owneroccupied housing, and the statistical discrepancy. For the nonfinancial corporate sector, the indexes refer to the gross domestic product of nonfinancial corporate business. All measures are seasonally adjusted. Manufacturing output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly measures have been adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Historical statistics for most productivity measures appear in Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 9488, BLS Bulletin 78. Additional information may be obtained from the Office of Productivity and Technology (05396). State and Area Labor Force Data (D table) FEDERALSTATE COOPERATE PROGRAM Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, labor market areas (LMA'S), and other areas covered under Federal assistance programs are developed by State employment security agencies under a FederalState cooperative program. The local unemployment estimates which are derived from standardized procedures developed by BLS are the basis for determining eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal programs such as the Job Training and Partnership Act, the Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act, and the Urban Development Action Grant program. Annual average data for the States and areas shown in table D are published in Employment and Earnings (usually the May issue). For regions, States, selected metropolitan areas, and central cities, annual average data classified by selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and other small areas have been prepared for administration of various Federal economic assistance programs and may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 040. The report''unemployment in States and Local Areas" is published monthly through GPO and is available in microfiche form only, on a subscription basis. 65

267 ESTIMATING METHODS Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and over,600 labor market areas. The estimation methods are described below for States (and the District of Columbia) and for substate areas. A more detailed description of the estimation procedure is contained in the BLS document, "Manual for Developing Local Area Unemployment Statistics." Estimates for States Current monthly estimates. The civilian labor force and unemployment estimates for the largest States California, Florida, Dlinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas are sufficiently reliable to be taken directly from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on a monthly basis. These are termed "directuse States." For a description of the CPS concepts, see "Household Data," above. For the 39 smaller States and the District of Columbia, which do not use the CPS directly each month, regression models (sets of equations) are used to develop employment and unemployment estimates. These, then, are the "nondirectuse" States. The regression techniques are based on historical and current relationships found within each State's economy as reflected in the different sources of data that are available for each State the CPS, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, and the unemployment insurance (Ul) system. When the estimation procedures were introduced in 989, over 0 years of data were used to develop the equations for each State. While all the State models have important variables in common, they differ somewhat from one another so as to better reflect individual State characteristics. Two models one for employment and one for the unemployment rate are used for each State. The unemployment rate, rather than the unemployment level, is modeled, primarily because the rate is usually more meaningful for economic analysis. The employment models use the CES estimates of nonfarm wage and salary jobs and also include data for employed persons not covered or only partially covered by the CES survey. Typically, these are agricultural workers, the selfemployed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers. The unemployment rate models also include different types of data. Data for Ul claimants (without earnings due to employment) are used to represent most of the experienced unemployed. The models also include an employmenttopopulation ratio which reflects both the business cycle and the experienced unemployed not covered by the Ul claims data. New entrants and reentrants into the labor force are also reflected in the models. For some States, the models include variables which reflect seasonal factors not reflected in the other data used, such as the large increase in the labor force at the end of the school year. In both the employment and unemployment rate models, an important feature is the use of a technique that allows the equations to adjust automatically to structural changes that occur. The models are termed "variable coefficient models" because they include a builtin tuning mechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises a model's coefficients when the new data that become available each month indicate that changes in the data relationships have taken place. Once the estimates are developed from the models, the unemployment level and labor force estimates are calculated. Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year, monthly estimates for the 39 nondirectuse States and the District of Columbia are adjusted, or benchmarked, by BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The benchmarking technique employs a procedure (called the Denton method) which adjusts the annual average of the models to equal the CPS annual average, while preserving, as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal pattern of the model estimates. In the directuse States, no benchmark correction is required, as the average of the monthly State CPS estimates will equal the CPS annual averages. Estimates for substate areas Monthly labor force and employment estimates for two large substate areas New York City and the Los Angeles Long Beach metropolitan area are obtained directly from the CPS. Estimates for all other substate areas, more than,600 labor market areas (LMA'S), are prepared through indirect estimation techniques, described below. Preliminary estimate employment. The total civilian employment estimates are based on CES data. These "placeofwork" estimates must be adjusted to refer to placeofresidence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting from placeofwork to placeofresidence have been developed for several categories of employment on the basis of employment relationships at the time of the 980 decennial census. These factors are applied to the CES estimates for the current period to obtain adjusted employment estimates, to which are added estimates for employment not represented in the CES agriculture, nonagricultural selfemployed and unpaid family workers, and private household workers. Preliminary estimate unemployment. In the current month, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate of the estimates for each of three categories: () persons who were previously employed in industries covered by State Ul laws; () those previously employed in industries not covered by these laws; and (3) those who were entering the civilian labor force for the first time or reentering after a period of separation. SubState adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employment and unemployment are prepared for the State and LMA'S within the State. The LMA estimates geographically exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjustment must be applied to all substate LMA estimates to ensure that they add to the independently estimated State totals for employment and unemployment. 66

268 Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, substate estimates are revised. The revisions incorporate any changes in the inputs, such as revisions in the CESbased employment figures, corrections in claims counts, and updated historical relationships. The corrected estimates are then readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) State estimates of employment and unemployment. Seasonal Adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force, the levels of employment and unemployment, and other measures of labor market activity undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make it easier to observe the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. In evaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it is important to note that seasonal adjustment is merely an approximation based on past experience. Seasonally adjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible error than the original data on which they are based, since they are subject not only to sampling and other errors but are also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonal adjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series for selected labor force and establishmentbased data are published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Since January 980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called Xll ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average), which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard Xll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 564E, January 983. At the beginning of each calendar year, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January June period. In July of each year, BLS calculates and publishes in Employment and Earnings projected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the second half, based on the experience through June. Revisions of historical data for the most recent 5 years are made only at the beginning of each calendar year. However, as a result of the revisions to the estimates for 9708 based on 980 census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjusted series in early 98 were carried back to 970. All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series. For example, for each of the three major labor force components agricultural employment, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment data for four sexage groups (men and women under and over 0 years of age) are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. The seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components, plus the resident Armed Forces total (not adjusted for seasonally), and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components; the total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components; and the overall unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Because of the independent seasonal adjustment of various series, components will not necessarily add to totals. Revised seasonally adjusted data for selected labor force series based on the experience through December, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian unemployment rate for the first 6 months of the following year, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure are published in each January issue of Employment and Earnings. Revised seasonally adjusted data covering the revision period for a broader range of labor force series are published in the February issue of this publication. Since the early 980's, the BLS has also used the Xll ARIMA procedure to seasonally adjust establishmentbased employment, hours, and earnings data. The Xll ARIMA program has been run once each year after benchmarking and seasonal adjustment factors have been projected and published for months ahead (AprilMarch). Beginning in June 989, with the introduction of the March 988 benchmarks, the Bureau introduced a modification to this procedure to parallel that used in seasonally adjusting household survey data. Projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and published twice a year. Revisions of historical data will continue to be made once a year, coincident with benchmark revisions. All series are seasonally adjusted using the multiplicative models under Xll ARIMA. Seasonal adjustment factors are directly applied to the component levels. Seasonally adjusted totals for most of these series are then obtained by taking a weighted average of the seasonally adjusted data for the component series. Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are the product of seasonally adjusted average hourly earnings and seasonally adjusted average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by dividing average weekly earnings, seasonally adjusted, by the seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Indes for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW), and 67

269 multiplying by 00. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by multiplying average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, by production or nonsupervisory workers, seasonally adjusted, and dividing by the 98 annual average base. For total private, total goodsproducing, total private serviceproducing, and major industry divisions, the indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, for the appropriate component industries and dividing by the 98 annual average base. Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a number of series characterized by small seasonal components relative to their trendcycle and/or irregular components. These failed or unsatisfactory seasonally adjusted series, however, are used in the aggregation to broader level seasonally adjusted series. Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Government employment are derived from unadjusted data which include Christmas temporary workers employed by the Postal Service. The number of temporary census workers for the decennial census, however, are removed prior to the calculation of seasonal adjustment factors. BLS has developed an extension of Xll ARIMA to allow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of the presence or absence of religious holidays in the April survey reference period and of Labor Day in the September reference period. This extension was applied for the first time at the end of 989 to three personsatwork labor force series which tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data associated with the timing of Easter. This extension was also used for the seasonal adjustment of many of the establishmentbased series on average weekly hours and manufacturing overtime hours, starting with the computation of the projected factors for the period beginning in April. Revised seasonally adjusted establishmentbased series based on the experience through March, new seasonal adjustment factors for MayOctober, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure appear in the June issue of Employment and Earnings. 68

270 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Office Cooperating State Agencies Current Employment Statistics (CES) and State and Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Programs BLS Region BLS Region REGION IBOSTON Congress Street 0th Floor Boston, MA 04 Phone: (67) REGION II NEW YORK Room Varick Street New York, NY 004 Phone: () REGION III PHILADELPHIA 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 3309 Philadelphia, PA 90 Phone: (5) REGION ATLANTA Suite Peachtree Street, NE. Atlanta, GA Phone: (404) REGION V CHICAGO 9th Floor 30 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL Phone: (3) REGION VI DALLAS Room Federal Building 55 Griffin Street Dallas, TX 750 Phone: (4) REGIONS VII and VIII KANSAS CITY 5th Floor 9 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO 6406 Phone: (86) 4648 REGIONS IX and X SAN FRANCISCO 7 Stevenson Street P.O. Box San Francisco, CA 949 Phone: (45) X IX VI IX VIII COLORADO I III III IX X V V VII VII VI I III I V V VII ALABAMA Department of Industrial Relations, Room 47, Industrial Relations Bldg., Montgomery 3630 ALASKA Department of Labor, Research and Analysis Section, West 8th St., Juneau ARIZONA Department of Economic Security, 300 West Washington St., Phoenix ARKANSAS Employment Security Department. P.O. Box 98, Little Rock CALIFORNIA Employment Development Department, Employment Data and Research Division, 7000 Franklin Blvd., Bldg. 00, Sacramento 9583 Department of Labor and Employment, Suite 80, 0 Lincoln Street, Denver 8003 CONNECTICUT Labor Department, Employment Security Division, 00 Folly Brook Blvd, Wethersfield 0609 DELAWARE Department of Labor, Office of Occupational and Labor Market Information, P.O. Box 909, Newark DIST. OF COL. Department of Employment Services, Division of Labor Market Information and Analysis, Room 0, 500 C St., NW., Washington, DC 000 FLORIDA Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security, Bureau of Labor Market Information, Suite 03, 574 Seagate Dr., Tallahassee GEORGIA Department of Labor, Labor Information Systems, 48 International Blvd., NE., Atlanta HAWAII Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Research and Statistics Office, Room 304, 830 Punchbowl St., Honolulu 9683 IDAHO Department of Employment, 37 Main St., Boise ILLINOIS Department of Employment Security, ( South), 40 South State St., Chicago INDIANA Department of Employment and Training Services, Statistical Services Division, 0 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 4604 IOWA Department of Employment Services, 000 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines 5039 KANSAS Department of Human Resources, 40 Topeka Avenue, Topeka KENTUCKY Department for Employment Services, Labor Market Research and Analysis Branch, 75 East Main St., Frankfort 406 LOUISIANA Department of Labor, Research and Statistics Section, 00 North 3rd St., Baton Rouge MAINE Department of Labor, Division of Economic Analysis and Research, 0 Union St., Augusta MARYLAND Department of Employment and Training, Research and Analysis Division, 00 North Eutaw St., Baltimore 0 MASSACHUSETTS Department of Employment and Training, MICHIGAN MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI Government Center, Charles F. Hurley Bldg., Boston 04 Employment Security Commission, Research and Statistics Division, Room 56, 730 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 480 Department of Jobs and Training, Research and Statistics Division, 5th Fl., 390 North Robert St., St. Paul 550 Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information Division, P.O. Box 699, Jackson Division of Employment Security, P.O. Box 59, Jefferson City 6504 VIII MONTANA VII IX I II VI II VIII V VI X III II I VIII SOUTH DAKOTA VI VIII UTAH I III II X III V NEBRASKA NEVADA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY NEW MEXICO NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA OHIO OKLAHOMA OREGON PENNSYLVANIA PUERTO RICO RHODE ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE TEXAS VERMONT VIRGINIA VIRGIN ISLANDS WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN VIII WYOMING Department of Labor and Industry, P.O. Box 78, Helena 5964 Department of Labor, P.O. Box 94600, Lincoln Employment Security Department, 500 East 3rd St., Carson City 8973 Department of Employment Security, 3 South Main St., Concord 0330 Department of Labor, Division of Planning and Research, P.O. Box 765, Trenton 0865 Employment Security Commission, 40 Broadway, TIWA Bldg., Albuquerque 8703 Department of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, State Campus, Room 400, Bldg., Albany Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information Division, P.O. Box 5903, Raleigh 76 Job Service, P.O. Box 537, Bismarck 5850 Bureau of Employment Services, Labor Market Information Division, 60 Dublin Rd., Columbus 435 Employment Security Commission, Research and Planning Division, 40 North Lincoln, Oklahoma City 7305 Employment Division, 875 Union St., NE., Salem 973 Department of Labor and Industry, Research and Statistics Division, Room 6, 7th and Forster Sts., Harrisburg 7 Department of Labor and Human Resources, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7th Fl., 505 Munoz Rivera Avenue, Hato Rey 0098 (CES), Bureau of Employment Security, Research and Analysis Section, 5th Fl., 505 Munoz Rivera Avenue, Hato Rey 0098 (LAUS) Department of Employment Security, 4 Mason St., Providence 0903 Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information Division, P.O. Box 995, Columbia 90 Department of Labor, Labor Market Information Center, P.O. Box 4730, Aberdeen 5740 Department of Employment Security, Research and Statistics Division, 59 Cordell Hull Office Bldg., Nashville 379 Employment Commission, Room 08T, 7 Trinity St., Austin Department of Employment Security, Labor Market Information Services, P.O. Box 49, Salt Lake City 8447 Department of Employment and Training, Office of Policy and Public Information, P.O. Box 488, Montpelier 0560 Employment Commission, Economic Information Services, P.O. Box 358, Richmond 3 Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 53A, 54A&B Kronprindsens Gade Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas (CES) Employment Security Department, Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, 605 Woodview Dr., Olympia Department of Employment Security, Division of Labor and Economic Security, California Avenue, Charleston 5305 Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, Labor Market Information Bureau, 0 East Washington Avenue, Madison Employment Security Commission, Research and Analysis Section, P.O. Box 760, Casper 860