^ Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C

Transcription

1 Civilian employment rose by 430,000 in March to a seasonally adjusted level Digitized for FRASER of 101 million, and the employment-population ratio reached a new NGWS Sr s ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C Technical information: (202) USDL TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS Media contact: RELEASE IS EMBARGOED UNTIL 8:30 A.M. (EST), FRIDAY, APRIL 5, THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MARCH Employment rose markedly in March, and unemployment was unchanged, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The overall unemployment rate of 2 percent and the civilian worker rate of 3 percent were both the same as in February. Civilian employment as measured by the monthly survey of households totaled 101 million in March, up 430,000. over the month. At 60.3 percent, the proportion of the civilian population with jobs was the highest ever recorded. The number of persons on nonagricultural payrolls as measured by the establishment survey advanced by 380,000. Strong job growth continued in the service-producing sector, while manufacturing employment was little changed. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The seasonally adjusted level of unemployment, 8.4 million workers, did not change from February to March. Similarly, the March unemployment rates of 2 percent for the labor force including the resident Armed Forces, and 3 percent for civilian workers only, were unchanged over the month. Unemployment has been little changed since last autumn, after declining sharply fr om the recession high of late s for adult men ( percent), adult women (7 percent), and teenagers (18.2 percent) were either the same or virtually unchanged over the month. After rising in February, the unemployment rate for black workers fell 1.1 percentage points to 12 percent, about the same as the rates prevailing in the September-January period. The white unemployment rate remained at percent, and the rate for workers of Hispanic origin was little changed at 10.2 percent. (See tables A-2 and A-3.) The median duration of unemployment was little changed over the month at 1 weeks, and the average (mean) duration held at 19 weeks. The number unemployed for more than 6 months remained at 1.3 million. (See table A-) Civilian Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)

2 - 2 - record of 60.3 percent. Most of the employment advance occurred among adult women, as their employment total rose by a quarter of a million to 40 million. Over the year, the number of employed persons rose by 3.0 million; adult women accounted for 56 percent of this gain, adult men 36 percent, and teenagers the remainder. (See table A-2.) Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted Category Quarterly averages IV 1 115, , , ,951 8,233 62,948 1,303 I 116, , , ,732 8,426 62,364 1,253 Monthly data J Thousands of persons 116, , , , , , , ,685 8,484 8,399 62,509 62,432 N.A. N.A. 117, , , ,119 8,396 62,153 N.A. - change N.A. s: Black Percent of labor force ESTABLISHMENT DATA Nonfarm payroll employment.. 95,445 25,154 70,291 96,247p 25,298p 70,949p Thousands of jobs 96,045 96,157p 25,338 25,227p 70,707 70,930p 96,538p 25,328p 71,210p 381p lolp 280p Average weekly hours: Manufacturing overtime lp 40.3p 3.3p Hours of work Op 39.9p 3.3p 3lp 40.4p 3.3p O.lp 0.5p 0p \J Includes the resident Armed Forces. p=preliminary. N.A.=not available

3 - 3 - The civilian labor force also rose by 430,000 in March, reaching a level of 115 million. This increase was also concentrated among adult women, whose labor force participation rate continued to set new records. The labor force increased by 2.6 million over the year. Discouraged Workers (Household Survey Data) In the first quarter of, there were 1.3 million discouraged workers persons who report that they want to work but had not actively sought a job during the previous 4-week period because they thought they could not find one. Nearly one-third of the discouraged total cited personal factors such as age or lack of training; the remainder cited job market factors. The number of discouraged workers has come down very little in the past year, following a decline of about half a million from the recession high. (See table A-13.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Total nonagricultural payroll employment rose by 380,000 in March to 95 million, after adjustment for seasonality. The bulk of the job growth occurred in the service-producing sector, with particularly strong advances in services (145,000) and retail trade (80,000). Over the past year, these two industry divisions have accounted for more than half of the total payroll employment expansion of 3.4 million. Over-the-month increases also took place in wholesale trade and finance, insurance, and real estate. (See table B-l.) _ 4 _ manufacturing index increased 1.0 percent over the month to 94 but was still below the levels which had prevailed throughout most of. (See table B-) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings increased 0.5 percent in March, and average weekly earnings increased 0.8 percent, seasonally adjusted. Before adjustment for seasonality, average hourly earnings rose 1 cent to $8.53, and weekly earnings increased by $2.06 to $2970. Compared to a year earlier, hourly earnings were up 29 cents, and weekly earnings rose by $9.30. (See table B-3.) The Hourly Earnings Index (Establishment Survey Data) The Hourly Earnings Index (HEI) was 164 (1977=100) in March, seasonally adjusted, an increase of 0.4 percent from February. For the 12 months ended in March, the increase (before seasonal adjustment) was 3.3 percent. The HEI excludes the effects of two types of changes unrelated to underlying wage rate movements fluctuations in overtime in manufacturing and interindustry employment shifts. In dollars of constant purchasing power, the HEI decreased 0.1 percent during the 12-month period ended in February. (See table B-) Construction employment increased by 130,000 after seasonal adjustment, more than offsetting a weather-induced decline that took place in February. The March employment level was a record 6 million, 90,000 above January and up by more than 400,000 from a year earlier. In contrast, manufacturing employment was little changed in March, following a decline in the prior month. Over-the-month movements among individual manufacturing industries were generally small and somewhat offsetting, although motor vehicle jobs have declined by 35,000 since January. After recovering about three-quarters of the jobs lost during the recession, there has been no net growth in total factory jobs since last summer. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls edged up 0.1 hour in March to 31 hours. The manufacturing workweek rose by half an hour to 40.4 hours, nearly recouping the weather-related cutbacks that occurred in February. Factory overtime hours remained unchanged at 3.3 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.7 percent in March to 110 (1977=100), reflecting the increase in both employment and hours. The

4 Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics Survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, total employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked. It is a sample survey of about 59,500 households that is conducted by the Bureau of the Census with most of the findings analyzed and published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonagricultural payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. The sample includes over 200,000 establishments employing over 35 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month are actually collected for and relate to a particular week. In the household survey, unless otherwise indicated, it is the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month, which is called the survey week. In the establishment survey, the reference week is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. The data in this release are affected by a number of technical factors, including definitions, survey differences, seasonal adjustments, and the inevitable variance in results between a survey of a sample and a census of the entire population. Each of these factors is explained below. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys The sample households in the household survey are selected so as to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and older. Each person in a household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. Those who hold more than one job are classified according to the job at which they worked the most hours. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid civilians; worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more in an enterprise operated by a member of their family, whether they were paid or not. People are also counted as employed if they were on unpaid leave because of illness, bad weather, disputes between labor and management, or personal reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. People are classified as unemployed, regardless of their eligibility for unemployment benefits or public assistance, if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the survey week; they were available for work at Digitized for FRASER that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4 weeks. Also included among the unemployed are persons not looking for work because they were laid off and waiting to be recalled and those expecting to report to a job within 30 days. The labor force equals the sum of the number employed and the number unemployed. The unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed people in the labor force (civilian plus the resident Armed Forces). Table A-5 presents a special grouping of seven measures of unemployment based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force. The definitions are provided in the table. The most restrictive definition yields U-l and the most comprehensive yields U- The overall unemployment rate is U-5a, while U-5b represents the same measure with a civilian labor force base. Unlike the household survey, the establishment survey only counts wage and salary employees whose names appear on the payroll records of nonagricultural firms. As a result, there are many differences between the two surveys, among which are the following: The household survey, although based on a smaller sample, reflects a larger segment of the population; the establishment survey excludes agriculture, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, private household workers, and members of the resident Armed Forces; The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed; the establishment survey does not; The household survey is limited to those 16 years of age and older; the establishment survey is not limited by age; The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because each indi\ idual is counted only once; in the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job or otherwise appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from the Bts upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. For example, the labor force increases by a large number each June, when schools close and many young people enter the job market. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; over the course of a year, for example, seasonality may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment.

5 Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to 'month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. To return to the school's-out example, the large number of people, entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place since May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. Measures of labor force, employment, and unemployment contain components such as age and sex. Statistics for all employees, production workers, average weekly hours, and average hourly earnings include components based on the employer's industry. All these statistics can be seasonally adjusted either by adjusting the total or by adjusting each of the components and combining them. The second procedure usually yields more accurate information and is therefore followed by BLS. For example, the seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is the sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components, plus the resident Armed Forces total (not adjusted for seasonality), and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components; the total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components; and the overall unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated regularly. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-Juro period and again for the July-December period. The January revision is applied to data that have been published over the previous 5 years. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated only once a year, along with the introduction of new benchmarks which are discussed at the end of the next section. Sampling variability Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to sampling error, that is, the estimate of the number of people employed and the other estimates drawn from these surveys probably differ from the figures that would be obtained from a complete census, even if the same questionnaires and procedures were used. In the household survey, the amount of the differences can be expressed in terms of standard errors. The numerical value of a standard error depends upon the size of the sample, the results of the survey, and other factors. However, the numerical value is always such that the chances are approximately 68 out of 100 that an estimate based on the sample will differ by no more than the standard error from the results of a complete census. The chances are approximately 90 out of 100 that an estimate based on the sample will differ by no more than 1.6 times the standard error from the results of a complete census. At approximately the 90-percent level of confidence the confidence limits used by BLS in its analyses the error for the monthly change in total employment is on the order of plus or minus 328,000; for total unemployment it is 220,000; and, for the overall unemployment rate, it is 0.19 percentage point. These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes but, rather, that the chances are approximately 90 out of 100 that the "true" level or rate would not be expected to differ from the estimates by more than these amounts. Sampling errors for monthly surveys are reduced when the data are cumulated for several months, such as quarterly or annually. Also, as a general rule, the smaller the estimate, the larger the sampling error. Therefore, relatively speaking, the estimate of the size of the labor force is subject to less error than is the estimate of the number unemployed. And, among the unemployed, the sampling error for the jobless rate of adult men, for example, is much smaller than is the error for the jobless rate of teenagers. Specifically, the error on monthly change in the jobless rate for men is.26 percentage point; for teenagers, it is 1.25 percentage points. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most current months are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. When all the returns in the sample have been received, the estimates are revised. In other words, data for the month of September are published in preliminary form in October and November and in final form in December. To remove errors that build up over time, a comprehensive count of the employed is conducted each year. The results of this survey are used to establish new benchmarks comprehensive counts of employment against which month-to-month changes can be measured. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries and allow for the formation of new establishments. Additional statistics and other information In order to provide a broad view of the Nation's employment situation, BI s regularly publishes a wide variety of data in this news release. More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by Bi s. It is available for $50 per issue or $31.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.G., 2020 A check or money order made out to the Superintendent of Documents must accompany all orders. Employment and Earnings also provides approximations of the standard errors for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, the standard errors appear in tables B through J of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables M, O, P, and Q of mat publication.

6 Table A-1. Employment status of the population, Including Armed Forces In the United States, by sex (Numbers In thousands) Employment status and sex Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted 1 Dec. TOTAL Nonlnstitutlonal population' Labor force 1 Participation rate' Total employed' Employment-population ratio 4... Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed Agriculture Nonagrlcultural Industries * Not In labor force 77,510 13, , ,686 02,770 2,872 99,898 9, , , , , , ,690 2, ,857 8, , , , , , , 768 2, , 859 8, , , , , , , 123 3, , , , , , , ,932 3, ,598 8, , , , , , ,273 3, ,888 8, , , , , , ,391 3, ,071,484 3, , , , , ,685 3, ,345 8, ,432 79,368 17, , ,701 07,119 3,362 03,757 8, ,153 Men, 16 years and over Nonlnstitutlonal population' Labor force 1 Participation rate* Total employed' Employment-population ratio 4... Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed * 84,880 64, , ,542 57,622 5, ,692 64, , ,554 58,140 5, ,764 65, , ,553 58,773 4, ,880 65, , ,542 58,720 4, ,523 65, , ,552 59,603 4, ,607 65, , ,550 59,702 4, ,629 65, , ,549 59,664 4, ,692 65, , ,554 59,672 4, ,764 65, , ,553 59,874 4,495 8 Women, 16 years and over Nonlnstitutlonal population' Labor force* Participation rate' Total employed' Employment-population ratio 4... Resident Armed Forces Civilian employed * 92,630 49, , ,148 3, ,527 50, , ,550 3, ,603 50, , ,995 3, ,630 49, , ,403 3, ,311 50, , ,329 3, ,397 50, , ,571 3, ,452 50, , ,727 3, ,527 50, , ,013 3, ,603 51, , ,244 3,900 6 ' The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, Identical numbers appear In the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. ' Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. ' Labor force as a percent of the nonlnstitutlonal population. 4 Total employment as a percent of the nonlnstitutlonal population. * Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces).

7 Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers In thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Not seasonally adjusted Nov. Seasonally adjusted 1 TOTAL Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population Participation rate Employment-population ratio' , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,396 3 Men, 20 years and over Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population Civilian laborforce Participation rate Employment-population ratio'... Agriculture Nonagricultural Industries 75,880 59, , ,156 52,474 4, ,829 59, , ,123 53,117 4, ,904 59, , ,105 53,608 4, ,880 59, , ,382 52,970 4, ,663 59, , ,434 53,835 3,725 76,753 60, , '2,494 53,878 3, ,760 60, , ,7 53,817 3, ,829 60, , ,362 53,926 3, ,904 60, , ,326 54,095 3,731 Women, 20 years and over Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population Civilian laborforce Participation rate Employment-population ratio'... Agriculture Nonagricultural industries 85,064 45, , ,866 3, ,086 46, , , 110 3, ,181 47, , ,485 3, ,064 45, , ,747 3, ,897 46, , ,672 3, ,995 46, , ,916 2, ,015 46, , ,018 3, ,086 46, , ,153 3, ,181 47, , ,355 3,179 7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian nonlnstltutlonal population Civilian laborforce Participation rate Employment-population ratio*... Agriculture Nonagricultural Industries 4,880 7, , ,558 1, ,600 7, , ,630 1, ,582 7, , ,766 1, ,880 8, , ,101 1, ,575 7, , ,091 1, ,557 7, , ,094 1, ,610 8, , ,236 1, ,600 8, , ,266 1, ,582 8, , , The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, Identical numbers appear In the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian nonlnstltutlonal population.

8 Table A-3. Employment status of the oivlllan population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers In thousands) Employmant status, raca, sax, age, and Hispanic origin Not seasonally adjuatad Saaaonalry adjusted' WHITE Civilian noninstitutlonal population Participation rata,,,...,,. Employment-population ratio*,,, Unemployment rata,...,. 152,285 97, , ,895 7,1 153,191 98, , , ,296 99, , , ,285 98, , , ,659 98, , , ,734 99, , , ,103 99, , , ,191 99, , , , , , ,250 Man, 20 years and ovar Participation rata Employment-population ratio*... Unemployment rata, 52, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,8 4 52, , , , , , , , , , , ,828 4 Woman, 20 yeare and ovar,,, Participation rata Employment-population ratio*,...,..,, Unemployment rata 38, , ,2 8 39, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,360 9 Both eeaee, 10 to It yaara Participation rata Employment-population ratio* Unemployment rata,..,. Men Woman 6, , , * ,9 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , BLACK Civilian noninstitutlonal population,.. > Civilian labor forca Participation rata...,..,,,..,... Employment-population ratio*...',,.. Unemployment rata.. Man, so yaara and ovar Civilian labor forca Participation rata,,, Employment-population ratio*... 19,248 11, , , , , ,542 12, , , , , ,569 12, Q , , , ,248 11, , , ,6 78 4, ,481 12, , , , , ,513 12, , , , , ,518 12, , , , , ,542 12, , , , , ,569 12, , , , , Woman, 20 yaara and ovar Civilian labor forca, Participation rata,... Employment-population ratio*,,,.. Unemployment rata 5,3 58 4, , , , , ,7 59 4, , , , , , , , , , , Both aaxaa, 16 to 19 Participation rate Employment-population ratio*. Unemployad,, Unemployment rata Men Women , HISPANIC ORtOIN Civilian noninstitutlonal population, Participation rata Employment-population ratio*., Unemployad, Unemployment rata, 11,058 7, , ,394 7, , ,425 7, , U.O 11,058 7, , ,301 7, , ,332 7, , ,363 7, , ,394 7, , ,425 7, , The population flguraa ara not adjuatad for seaaonal variation; therefore, Identical numbers appear In tha unadjusted and aaaaonally adjuatad column*. Digitized for FRASER ' Civilian employment as a percent of tha civilian noninetitutional population. NOTE: Datall for tha abova race and HIapanlc-orlgin groupa will not aum to totala because data for tha "other racaa" group ara not praaantad and Htspanlca ara Included in both tha white and black population groupa.

9 Table A- Selected employment Indicators (Number* In thousands) ^ Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category CHARACTERISTIC Civilian employed, 16 years and over Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families ;02,770 38,499 25,340 5,7 104,690 38,727 26,004 5, ,768 39,136 26,247 5, ,123 38,895 25,286 5, ,932 39,337 25,995 5, ,273 39,443 26,122 5, ,391 39,4 25,912 5, ,685 39,357 26,108 5, ,119 39,531 26,195 5,631 MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers. Self-employed workers. Unpaid family workers... Nonagrlcultural industries: Wage and salary workers. Government Private industries Private households.. Other industries Self-employed workers.. Unpaid family workers... 1,268 1, ,874 16,082 75,792 1,111 74,681 7, ,323 1, ,975 16,329 77,646 1,218 76,428 7, ,338 1, ,813 16,324 78,488 1,153 77,335 7, ,522 1, ,747 15,765 76,982 1,164 75,818 7, ,593 1, ,442 15,785 78,657 1,228 77,429 7, ,733 1, ,725 15,858 78,867 1,257 77,610 7, ,596 1, ,068 15,738 79,330 1,374 77,956 7, ,611 1, ,348 16,009 79,339 1,304 78,035 7, ,610 1, ,756 16,004 79,752 1,210 78,542 7, PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME' All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time 5,432 2,365 2,799 13,924 5,244 2,404 2,557 14,329 5,466 2,612 2,527 14,455 5,619 2,343 3,039 13,100 5,623 2,449 2,855 13,142 5,814 2,596 2,873 13,239 5,628 2,431 2,848 13,355 5,335 2,212 2,835 13,647 5,664 2,599 2,744 13,624 Nonagrlcultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time 5,319 2,300 2,756 13,454 5,036 2,238 2,520 13,933 5,249 2,465 2,469 14,017 5,465 2,237 2,958 12,592 5,3 2,319 2,782 12,670 5,596 2,473 2,793 12,778 5,389 2,287 2,749 12,861 5,077 2,040 2,751 13,157 5,400 2,405 2,649 13,137 ' Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Table A- Range of unemployment measures based on varying definitions of unemployment and the labor force, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Quarterly averages Monthly data Measure II III IV U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian labor force U-2 Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force U-3 persons 25 years and over as a percent of the civilian labor force U-4 full-time jobseekers as a percent of the full-time civilian labor force ' U-5a Total unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces U-5b Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force U-6 Total full-time jobseekers plus V4 pert-time jobseekers plus Vt total on part time for economic reasons as a percent of the civilian labor force less Vi of the part-time labor force U-7 Total full-time jobseekers plus Vi part-time jobseekers plus Vt total on part time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less Vt of the part-time labor force N.A - not available.

10 Table A- Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Category Number of unemployed persons (In thousands) s 1 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16to 19years 8,783 4,889 4,048 3,894 3,148 1,587 8,399 4,592 3,774 3,807 3,126 1,499 8,396 4,495 3,731 3,900 3,179 1, , 18. 7, 6, 18. Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 1,927 1, ,827 1, ,7 1, Full-time workers Part-time workers Labor force time lost 2 7,301 1,483 6,954 1,8 6,821 1, INDUSTRY Nonagriculturai private wage and salary workers Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utitlties Wholesale and retail trade Finance and service industries Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers 6, ,672 1, ,760 1, , , ,695 1, , , ,6 1, , , 7, 7, 11, ' Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. * Aggregate hours- lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. Table A- Duration of unemployment (Numbers In thousands) Weeks of unemployment Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted DURATION Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 2,983 2,735 3,339 1,7 1,923 3,313 2,963 2,626 1,226 1,399 3,159 2,696 2,770 1,321 1,449 3,378 2,514 2,894 1,122 1,772 3,352 2,324 2, ,438 3,282 2,516 2, ,402 3,662 2,552 2, ,302 3,524 2,469 2,6 1,076 1,340 3,590 2,478 2,400 1,065 1,335 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over ! ,

11 Table A-8. Reason for unemployment (Number* In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers On layoff Other Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,089 1,452 3, ,157 1,082 4,897 1,571 3, , ,578 1,349 3, , ,622 1,248 3, ,208 1,200 4,1 1,068 3, ,161 1,024 4,176 1,070 3, ,218 1,011 4,313 1,229 3, ,244 1,049 4,251 1,240 3, ,233 1,035 4,158 1,163 2, ,3 1,090 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Job losers On layoff * Other Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants , , UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers Job leavers Reentrants New entrants Table A-9. persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons (In thousands) s' Total, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over' 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 8,783 3,457 1, ,870 5,317 4, ,399 3,281 1, ,782 5,116 4, ,396 3,236 1, ,751 5,149 4, , Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18to19years 20 to 24 years. 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 4,889 1, ,037 3,001 2, ,592 1, ,775 2, ,495 1, ,750 2, , 5, , , 5, , Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over... 3,894 1, ,316 2, ,807 1, ,3 2, ,900 1, ,399 2, , 17, 11, 6, 6, 4, 12, 16, 19, 15, 10, 5, 6, , , Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.

12 Table A-10. Employment status of black and other workers (Numbers In thousands) Employment statu* Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted 1 Civilian noninstitutional population.. Participation rate Employment-population ratio'. Not in labor force 23,539 14, ,151 SI.6 2, ,225 24,325 15, , , ,195 24,371 15, , , ,125 23,539 14, , , ,961 24,477 15, , , ,009 24,572 15, , , ,032 24,282 15, , , ,867 24,325 15, , , ,964 24,371 15, , , ,843 < The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Table A-11. Occupational status of the employed and unemployed, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers In thousands) Civilian employed Occupation Total, 16 years and over' 102, ,768 9,057 8, Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 24,969 11,509 13,460 26,009 12,313 13, Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, Including clerical 31,826 3,188 12,185 16,452 33,060 3,208 12,476 17,376 1, , Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 13, ,604 11,438 14,259 1,000 1,671 11,588 1, ,274 1, , , Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 12,563 4,257 4,204. 4,102 16,437 7,885 4,321 4, ,664 3,035 13,074 4,456 4,496 4,122 16,301 7,752 4,504 4, ,495 3,065 1, ,421 1, , ,335 1, , 11, 16, , 'Persons with no previous work experience and those whose last job was in the Arned Forces are included in the unemployed total.

13 Tabla A-12. Employment atatua of mala Viatnam-ara vatarana and nonvstarans by aga, not aaaaonally adjuatad (Numbers In thousands) Veteran statue C Milan nenlrwhtutlonal population Total Number Percent of labor force VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS Total, 30 years and over 30 to 44 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 years and over 7,372 6,398 1,855 3,220 1, ,596 6,511 1,458 3,388 1,665 1,085 6,905 6,144 1,761 3,111 1, ,111 6,263 1,404 3,257 1, ,462 5,745 1,611 2,926 1, ,713 5,902 1,293 3,086 1, NONVETERANS Total, 30 to 44 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 15,949 7,222 4,682 4,045 16,955 7,823 4,829 4,303 15,097 6,830 4,440 3,827 16,047 7,435 4,572 4,040 14,188 6,375 4,177 3,636 15,096 6,976 4,304 3, NOTE: Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served In the Armed Forces between August and May 7,197 Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published data are limited to those 30 to 44 years of age, the group that most closely corresponds to the bulk of the Vietnam-era veteran population. Data for 25- to 29-year-old veterans are no longer shown In this table because the group Is rapidly disappearing (Into the age category) and the numbers remaining for some labor force categories are not large enough to warrant their continued publication.

14 Table A-13. Persons not In labor force by reason, sex, and race, quarterly averages (In thousands) Anton, wx, and race aaonai adjusted Total not in labor force 64,272 63,702 63,029 62,611 62,8 62,948 62,364 Do not want a job now Current activity: Going to tchool. Ill, disabled... Keeping house. Retired Other 57,823 8,2 4,013 28,335 n,544 3,518 57,651 7,939 4,043 27,304 14,2 3,953 56,809 6,646 4,088 28, ,244 56,534 6,456 4,072 27,960 13,662 4,384 57,103 6,893 4,033 27,972 13,687 4,518 56,799 6,393 3,786 27,910 14,313 4,397 56,842 6,262 4,129 27,342 14,312 4,798 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance III health, disability... Home responsibilities.. Think cannot get a job. Job-market factors'. Personal factors*... Other reasons 1 6,450 1, ,470 1,7 1, ,044 6,051 1, ,229 1, ,092 6,242 1, ,499 1, ,107 5,956 1, ,209 1, ,060 5,936 1, ,6 1, ,140 1, ,382 1, ,126 5,877 1, ,253 1, ,155 Total not in labor force. 20,532 20,717 19,746 19,742 19,810 19,847 19,8 Do not want a job now 18,329 18,688 17,686 17,646 17,827 17,761 18,124 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance. III health, disability... Think cannot get a job. Other reasons' 2, , , , , , , Women Total not in labor force.. 43,740 42,985 43,283 42,869 43,032 43,102 42,523 Do not want a job now 39,494 38, ,123 38,888 39,276 39,038 38,718 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance III health, disability... Home responsibilities.. Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , White Total not in labor force.. 55,017 54,549 54,005 53,615 53,961 53,911 53,449 Do not want a job now 50,431 50,076 49,547 49,382 49,581 49,529 49,159 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance III health, disability... Home responsibilities.. Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 4,585 1, , ,472 1, ,474 1, , ,221 1, ,271 1, , ,388 1, , ,387 1, Black Total not in labor force.. 7,614 7,458 7,406 7,361 7,285 7,218 7,2 Do not want a job now 5,994 6,053 5,885 5,813 5,809 5,723 5,940 Want a job now Reason not looking: School attendance ' - - III health, disability... Home responsibilities.. Think cannot get a job. Other reasons 1, , , , , , , Job market factors include "could not find job" and "thinks no job available.'' Personal factors include "employers think too young or old," "lacks education or training," and "other personal handicap." ' Includes small number of men not looking for work because of home responsibilities.

15 Table A-1 Employment status of the civilian population for eleven large States (Numbers In thousands) Stat* and employment status TtTrT" Net ssaeonahy adjusted' llpwjf amqimmcr " California Civilian nonlnstltutional population... 18,910 12,285 11,228 1, ,182 12,713 11, ,206 12,715 11, ,910 12,386 11,372 1, ,111 12,609 11, ,137 12,635 11, ,161 12,815 11, ,182 12,803 11, ,206 12,818 11, Florida Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 8,531 5,003 4, ,706 5,246 4, ,721 5,239 4, ,531 5,096 4, ,660 5,121 4, ,676 5,170 4, ,691 5,311 4, ,706 5,322 4, ,721 5,337 4, Illinois Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 8,601 5,575 4, ,636 5,573 5, ,639 5,583 5, ,601 5,619 5, ,628 5,643 5, ,631 5,673 5, ,634 5,681 5, ,636 5,611 5, ,639 5,625 5, Massachusetts Civilian nonlnstltutional population. Civilian labor fores 4,503 3,002 2, ,547 3,039 2, ,551 3,037 2, ,503 3,032 2, ,536 3,058 2, ,540 3,061 2, ,544 3,037 2, ,547 3,095 2, ,551 3,070 2, Michigan Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 6,745 4,305 3, ,798 4,329 3, ,802 4,399 3, ,745 4,365 3, ,785 4,4 3, ,790 4,384 3, ,794 4,396 3, ,798 4,393 3, ,802 4,455 4, Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 5,822 3,826 3, ,877 3,824 3, ,881 3,842 3, ,822 3,847 3, ,863 3,783 3, ,868 3,794 3, ,873 3,818 3, ,877 3,869 3, ,881 3,864 3, New York Civilian nonlnstltutional population. North Carolina 13,606 8,072 7, ,685 8,088 7, ,691 8,140 7, ,606 8,045 7, ,666 8,230 7, ,674 8,275 7, ,680 8,242 7, ,685 8,125 7, ,691 8,111 7, Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 4,547 4,628 3,022 2, ,635 3,044 2, ,547 4,606 <3) 4,614 4,621 3,056 2, ,628 3,063 2, ,635 3,058 2, Ohio Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 8,047 4,939 4, ,073 5,001 4, ,075 5,069 4, ,047 5,043 4, ,067 5,107 4, ,070 5,151 4, ,07_ 5,130 4, ,073 5,162 4, ,075 5,179 4, Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 9,200 5,277 4, ,231 5,384 4, ,233 5,4 4, ,200 5,4 4, ,224 5,509 5, ,227 5,533 5, ,230 5,500 5, ,231 5,470 5, ,233 5,557 5, Texas Civilian nonlnstltutional population. 11,401 7,737 7, ^5 11,530 7,827 7, ,5 8,018 7, These are the official Bureau of Labor Statistics' estimates used in the administration of Federal fund allocation programs. Digitized for FRASER 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and the seasonally adjusted columns. 11,401 7,774 7, ,496 7,883 7, ,509 7,937 7, ,520 7,822 7, ,530 7,880 7, ,5 8,052 7, Official estimates for North Carolina prior to are not derived from the household survey. Consequently, seasonally adjusted data are not published.

16 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonagriculturai payrolls by industry (In thousands) y Industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted p Total 92,234 94,628 94,846 95,660 93,058 95,497 95,681 96,045 96,157 Total private 7,030 78,558 78,490 79,203 77,185 79,371 79,618 79,971 80,064 Goods-producing 24,084 24,694 24,534 24,771 24,595 25,123 25,258 25,338 25,227 Mining Oil and gas extraction , , , Construction General building contractors 3,794 4,122 1, , ,009 4,216 1,059 1, ,151 1,099 4,396 1,146 4,457 1,159 4,530 1,186 4,489 1,171 Manufacturing Production workers 19,323 13,280 19,579 13,363 19,540 13,331 19,568 13,360 19,466 13,388 19,718 13,505 19,801 13,571 19,808 13,569 19,739 13,495 Durable goods Production workers 11,456 7,736 11,716 7,853 11,691 7,829 11,718.7,856 11,513 7,769 11,776 7,925 11,834 7,969 11,844 7,965 11,797 7,911 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products.. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing ,449. 2,17 2,188. 1, ,48 2,243. 2,273. 1, ,483. 2,24 2,26 1, ,482 2,249 2,260 1, ,456 2,166 2,202 1,905 a ,498 2,251 2,274 1, ,502 2,253 2,281 1, ,498 2,248 2,282 2, ,494 2,242 2,276 2, Nondurable goods Production workers 7,867 5,544 7,863 5,510 7,849 5,502 7,850 5,504 7,953 5,619 7,942 5,580 7,967 5,602 7,964 5,604 7,942 5,584 Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 1, , ,3 1, , , ,390 1, , , ,392. 1, , , ,398 1, , , ,339 1, , , ,386 1, , , ,386 1, , , ,390 1, , , ,392 1, Service-producing. 68,150 69,934 70,312 70,889 68,463 70,374 70,423 70,707 70,930 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communication and public utilities 5,055 2,793 2,262 5,189 2,921 2,268 5,202 2,939 2,263 5,207 2,943 2,264 5,112 2,839 2,273 5,226 2,953 2,273 5,249 2,974 2,275 5,266 2,984 2,282 5,279 3,002 2,277 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 5,421 3,192 2,229 5,622 3,323 2,299 5,619 3,325 2,294 5,649 3,342 2,307 5,457 3,205 2,252 5,623 3,317 2,306 5,6 3,328 2,313 5,665 3,340 2,325 5,670 3,348 2,322 Retail trade General merchandise stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations Eating and drinking places Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Insurance Real estate Services Business services Health services Government Federal State Local 15,629 2, , , ,964 5,565 2,816 1,740 1,008 20,276 3,833 6, ,204 2,756 3,785 9,662 16,456 2, , , , ,727 2,900 1,782 1,045 20,870 4, , ,070 2,785 3,683 9,602 16,271 2, , , , ,746 2,910 1,788 1,048 21,118 4, , ,356 2,788 3,815 9,753 16,432 2, , ,776 5,234 5,777 2,925 1,794. 1,058 21,367 4, , ,457 2,797 3,845 9,815 16,030 2,230 2,626 1,748 5,136 5,613 2,831 1,742 1,0 20,378 3,875 6,052 15,873 2,770 3,686 9,7 16,644 2,391 2,696 1,772 5,303 5,725 2,874 1,778 1, ,030 4,142 6,104 16,126 2,804 3,724 9,598 16,626 2,331 2,710 1,777 5,327 5,749 2,886 1,785 1,078 21,095 4,151 6,115 16,063 2,809 3,711 9,543 16,707 2,368 2,714 1,780 5,359 5,764 2,900 1,786 1,078 21,231 4,193 6,140 16,074 2,807 3,713 9,554 16,757 2,369 2,727 1,795 5,389 5,800 2,922 1,792 1,086 21,331 4,229 6,156 16,093 2,805 3,726 9,562 p = preliminary.

17 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers* on private nonagriculturai payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry P PI P P Total private Mining Construction Manufacturing Overtime hours Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 39, 39,, 42., , 40, , ,, 42, , , 40., Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products , Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; to construction workers in construction; and to nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonagriculturai payrolls. 'This series is not published seasonally adjusted since the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary.

18 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonagrteutturaj payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry 198S Pi 198S PI Mining Construction Total private Manufacturing Seasonally adjusted Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products.. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products $ $ , $ , $ $ $ $ $ Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade , Retail trade Finance, Insurance, and real estate Services See footnote 1, table B-2. p * preliminary. Table B- Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonagrlcultural payrolls by industry (1977=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry p p Chang* from: - p p Percent change from: - Total private nonfarm: Current dollars Constant (1977) dollars Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, Insurance, and real estate Service* , , , N.A S*»o footnote 1. table B-2. 2 Percent change is -0.1 percent fro* February to February, the latest month available. 3 Percent change is 0.3 percent from January to February, the latest month available. 4 These series are not seasouaiiy adjusted since the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle and/or irregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. N.A. - not available, Digitized for FRASER p - preliminary ? N.A

19 ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B- Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonagricuitural payrolls by industry (1977 = 100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry P p P Total Goods-producing Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries %. Blast furnaces and basic steel products.. Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical and electronic equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 94 93, , , Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products , 74, 8 97, , 93, 7 88, Service-producing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services See footnote 1, table B-2. p s preliminary. Table B- Indexes of diffusion: Percent of industries in which employment 1 increased Time span Year Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Over 1-month span p p Over 3-month span Op p * Over 6-month span lp p ill p p Number of employees, seasonally adjusted for 1,3, and 6 month spans, on payrolls of 185 private nonagricuitural industries, p = preliminary. Digitized for FRASER NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the spans.