A Profile of the Working Poor, 2001

Transcription

1 Cornell University ILR School Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents A Profile of the Working Poor, 2001 Abraham Mosisa Bureau of Labor Statistics Follow this and additional works at: Thank you for downloading an article from DigitalCommons@ILR. Support this valuable resource today! This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Key Workplace Documents at DigitalCommons@ILR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Federal Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@ILR. For more information, please contact hlmdigital@cornell.edu.

2 A Profile of the Working Poor, 2001 Abstract [Excerpt] This report presents data on the relationships between labor force activity and poverty in 2001 for workers and their families. As defined for this report, the working poor are individuals who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (working or looking for work), but whose incomes fell below the official poverty level. The specific income thresholds that are used to determine persons' poverty status depend on whether the individuals are family members or live alone or with non-relatives. For family members, the poverty threshold is deter- mined by their families' total income; for persons not living in families, their personal income is used as the determinant. Keywords poverty, United States, labor force activity, workers, families Comments Suggested Citation Mosisa, A. (2003). A profile of the working poor, 2001 (BLS Report 968). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article is available at DigitalCommons@ILR:

3 A Profile of the Working Poor, 2001 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics June 2003 Report 968 Demographic characteristics Table A. Poverty status of persons and primary families in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, Characteristic Total persons... In poverty... Rate... Unrelated individuals.. In poverty... Rate... 4 Primary families... In poverty... Rate , , , ,143 6,796 6,351 6,483 6, ,845 29,041 29,258 29,387 2,272 2,198 2,238 2, ,454 60,870 61,879 62,251 3,755 3,417 3,492 3, Estimates based on 1990 census population controls. 2 Estimates based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample. See Technical Note for details. 3 Includes persons in families, not shown separately. 4 Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half of the year.

4 Educational attainment Occupation Family structure Unrelated individuals

5 Labor market problems

6 Technical Note Source of data Comparability of estimates Concepts and definitions

7

8 Table 1. Persons in the labor force: Poverty status and work experience by weeks in the labor force, 2001 Poverty status and work experience Total in the labor force 27 weeks or more in the labor force Total 50 to 52 weeks TOTAL Total in labor force , , ,528 Did not work during the year... 2, Worked during the year , , ,815 Usual full-time workers , , ,796 Usual part-time workers... 29,103 21,555 16,019 Involuntary part-time workers... 4,233 3,437 2,741 Voluntary part-time workers... 24,870 18,118 13,278 At or above poverty level Total in labor force , , ,992 Did not work during the year... 1, Worked during the year , , ,604 Usual full-time workers , , ,279 Usual part-time workers... 25,767 19,283 14,326 Involuntary part-time workers... 3,260 2,675 2,145 Voluntary part-time workers... 22,506 16,607 12,181 Below poverty level Total in labor force... 9,305 6,802 5,536 Did not work during the year Worked during the year... 8,505 6,422 5,210 Usual full-time workers... 5,168 4,149 3,517 Usual part-time workers... 3,337 2,273 1,693 Involuntary part-time workers Voluntary part-time workers... 2,364 1,511 1,097 Rate 1 Total in labor force Did not work during the year Worked during the year Usual full-time workers Usual part-time workers Involuntary part-time workers Voluntary part-time workers Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force. NOTE: Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. 6

9 Table 2. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 2001 Age and sex Total White Black Hispanic origin Below poverty level Rate 1 Total White Black Hispanic origin Total White Black Hispanic origin Total, 16 years and older , ,874 15,657 16,463 6,802 4,906 1,503 1, to 19 years... 4,848 4, to 24 years... 13,011 10,667 1,648 2,350 1, to 34 years... 31,307 25,314 3,966 5,349 1,988 1, to 44 years... 36,368 29,874 4,399 4,229 1,581 1, to 54 years... 32,128 27,034 3,363 2, to 64 years... 16,008 13,902 1,386 1, years and older... 4,473 3, Men, 16 years and older... 74,316 62,899 7,295 9,787 3,275 2, to 19 years... 2,483 2, to 24 years... 6,854 5, , to 34 years... 17,248 14,286 1,843 3, to 44 years... 19,611 16,490 2,010 2, to 54 years... 16,949 14,471 1,572 1, to 64 years... 8,599 7, years and older... 2,572 2, Women, 16 years and older... 63,827 51,976 8,363 6,677 3,526 2, to 19 years... 2,365 2, to 24 years... 6,157 4, to 34 years... 14,059 11,028 2,122 1,999 1, to 44 years... 16,757 13,384 2,389 1, to 54 years... 15,179 12,562 1,790 1, to 64 years... 7,409 6, years and older... 1,900 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. 7

10 Table 3. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status by educational attainment, race, and sex, 2001 Educational attainment and race Total Men Women Below poverty level Rate 1 Total Men Women Total Men Women Total, 16 years and older ,143 74,316 63,827 6,802 3,275 3, Less than a high school diploma... 16,776 10,370 6,406 2,194 1, Less than 1 year of high school... 5,053 3,375 1, years of high school... 9,861 5,820 4,041 1, years of high school, no diploma... 1,861 1, High school graduates, no college... 42,802 23,053 19,749 2,500 1,126 1, Some college, no degree... 27,032 13,774 13,258 1, Associate degree... 12,220 5,820 6, College graduates... 39,313 21,299 18, White, 16 years and older ,874 62,899 51,976 4,906 2,562 2, Less than a high school diploma... 13,693 8,717 4,975 1, Less than 1 year of high school... 4,341 2,975 1, years of high school... 7,907 4,798 3, years of high school, no diploma... 1, High school graduates, no college... 35,541 19,442 16,098 1, Some college, no degree... 22,135 11,476 10, Associate degree... 10,313 5,022 5, College graduates... 33,193 18,240 14, Black, 16 years and older... 15,657 7,295 8,363 1, Less than a high school diploma... 2,238 1,158 1, Less than 1 year of high school years of high school... 1, years of high school, no diploma High school graduates, no college... 5,441 2,649 2, Some college, no degree... 3,686 1,693 1, Associate degree... 1, College graduates... 2,931 1,256 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. 8

11 Table 4. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: Poverty status by occupation of longest job held, race, and sex, 2001 Occupation and race Total Men Women Below poverty level Rate 1 Total Men Women Total Men Women Total, 16 years and older ,306 73,837 63,470 6,422 3,057 3, Managerial and professional specialty... 42,476 21,337 21, Executive, administrative, and managerial... 21,156 11,505 9, Professional specialty... 21,320 9,832 11, Technical, sales, and administrative support... 39,101 14,093 25,008 1, , Technicians and related support... 4,566 1,993 2, Sales occupations... 15,916 8,106 7, Administrative support, including clerical... 18,619 3,994 14, Service occupations... 18,636 7,557 11,079 2, , Private household ( 3 ) 20.3 Protective service... 2,455 1, Service, except private household and protective... 15,523 5,576 9,947 1, , Precision production, craft, and repair... 15,231 13,861 1, Operators, fabricators, and laborers... 18,611 14,385 4,225 1, Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 7,153 4,621 2, Transportation and material moving occupations... 5,992 5, Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers... 5,466 4,381 1, Farming, forestry, and fishing... 3,184 2, White, 16 years and older ,350 62,585 51,764 4,695 2,429 2, Managerial and professional specialty... 36,465 18,600 17, Executive, administrative, and managerial... 18,530 10,306 8, Professional specialty... 17,935 8,294 9, Technical, sales, and administrative support... 32,667 11,916 20,751 1, Technicians and related support... 3,774 1,621 2, Sales occupations... 13,669 7,142 6, Administrative support, including clerical... 15,223 3,153 12, Service occupations... 14,047 5,752 8,296 1, Private household ( 3 ) 18.4 Protective service... 1,854 1, Service, except private household and protective... 11,674 4,197 7,477 1, Precision production, craft, and repair... 13,458 12,345 1, Operators, fabricators, and laborers... 14,798 11,655 3, Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 5,630 3,788 1, Transportation and material moving occupations... 4,834 4, Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers... 4,334 3, Farming, forestry, and fishing... 2,864 2, Black, 16 years and older ,389 7,152 8,237 1, Managerial and professional specialty... 3,329 1,248 2, Executive, administrative, and managerial... 1, Professional specialty... 1, , Technical, sales, and administrative support... 4,433 1,332 3, Technicians and related support Sales occupations... 1, Administrative support, including clerical... 2, , Service occupations... 3,423 1,291 2, Private household ( 3 ) 28.7 Protective service Service, except private household and protective... 2, , Precision production, craft, and repair... 1, Operators, fabricators, and laborers... 2,854 2, Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 1, Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing ( 3 ) 1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year. 2 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000. NOTE: Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. Dash represents zero or rounds to zero. 9

12 Table 5. Persons in families and unrelated individuals: Poverty status and work experience, 2001 Poverty status and work experience Total persons Unrelated individuals Husbands In married-couple families Wives Related children under 18 In families maintained by women Other relatives Householder Related children under 18 In families maintained by men Other relatives Householder Related children under 18 Other relatives TOTAL All persons ,788 56,160 56,712 5,416 17,386 13,118 1,856 9,965 4, ,459 46,840 With labor force activity ,300 44,872 37,186 2,273 12,524 9, ,689 3, ,083 31,582 1 to 26 weeks... 14,157 1,480 3,504 1,316 2, , , weeks or more ,143 43,392 33, ,741 8, ,607 3, ,778 29,387 With no labor force activity... 64,488 11,287 19,527 3,144 4,862 3,397 1,170 3, ,376 15,258 At or above poverty level All persons ,586 53,430 53,954 5,113 16,716 9,652 1,384 8,555 3, ,075 37,492 With labor force activity ,995 43,390 36,317 2,214 12,280 7, ,105 3, ,942 28,161 1 to 26 weeks... 11,654 1,328 3,218 1,279 2, , weeks or more ,341 42,062 33, ,597 7, ,225 3, ,669 26,999 With no labor force activity... 51,591 10,040 17,637 2,898 4,436 1, , ,133 9,332 Below poverty level All persons ,201 2,730 2, , , ,348 With labor force activity... 9,305 1, , ,421 1 to 26 weeks... 2, , weeks or more... 6,802 1, , ,388 With no labor force activity... 12,897 1,247 1, , ,927 Rate 2 All persons With labor force activity to 26 weeks weeks or more With no labor force activity Data on families include persons in primary families and unrelated subfamilies. 2 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total. NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and older. Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. 10

13 Table 6. Primary families: Poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2001 Characteristic Total families At or above poverty level Below poverty level Rate 1 Total primary families... 62,251 58,553 3, With related children under ,542 32,418 3, Without children... 26,708 26, With one member in the labor force... 25,626 22,505 3, With two or more members in the labor force... 36,625 36, With two members... 30,712 30, With three or more members... 5,913 5, Married-couple families: With related children under ,159 24,856 1, Without children... 21,692 21, With one member in the labor force... 15,550 14,318 1, Husband... 11,691 10, Wife... 3,224 2, Relative With two or more members in the labor force... 32,301 31, With two members... 27,301 26, With three or more members... 5,000 4, Families maintained by women: With related children under ,297 5,740 1, Without children... 3,210 3, With one member in the labor force... 7,657 6,066 1, Householder... 6,367 4,967 1, Relative... 1,290 1, With two or more members in the labor force... 2,850 2, Families maintained by men: With related children under ,086 1, Without children... 1,807 1, With one member in the labor force... 2,419 2, Householder... 1,972 1, Relative With two or more members in the labor force... 1,474 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. 11

14 Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and living arrangement, 2001 Characteristic Total At or above poverty level Below poverty level Rate 1 Age and sex Total unrelated individuals... 29,387 26,999 2, to 19 years to 24 years... 3,928 3, to 64 years... 23,603 22,140 1, years and older... 1,280 1, Men... 16,199 14,945 1, Women... 13,187 12,054 1, Race and Hispanic origin White... 24,188 22,317 1, Men... 13,340 12, Women... 10,848 9, Black... 3,647 3, Men... 1,960 1, Women... 1,688 1, Hispanic origin... 2,853 2, Men... 1,909 1, Women Living arrangement Living alone... 15,619 14, Living with others... 13,768 12,204 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. Table 8. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage and salary workers, 2001 Poverty status and labor market problems Total At or above poverty level Below poverty level Rate 1 Total, full-time wage and salary workers , ,630 3, No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings ,769 88, Unemployment only... 6,762 6, Involuntary part-time employment only... 2,658 2, Low earnings only... 7,128 5,601 1, Unemployment and involuntary part-time employment... 1,172 1, Unemployment and low earnings... 1, Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. 2 The low earnings threshold in 2001 was $ per week. NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and older. Estimates are based on Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years previously published. See the Technical Note for additional information. 12

15 Revised Data for

16 Table 1. Persons in the labor force: Poverty status and work experience by weeks in the labor force, 2000 Poverty status and work experience Total in the labor force 27 weeks or more in the labor force Total 50 to 52 weeks TOTAL Total in labor force , , ,009 Did not work during the year... 1, Worked during the year , , ,462 Usual full-time workers , , ,829 Usual part-time workers... 29,360 21,388 15,633 Involuntary part-time workers... 3,581 2,822 2,150 Voluntary part-time workers... 25,779 18,566 13,483 At or above poverty level Total in labor force , , ,880 Did not work during the year Worked during the year , , ,588 Usual full-time workers , , ,511 Usual part-time workers... 26,064 19,241 14,077 Involuntary part-time workers... 2,715 2,168 1,675 Voluntary part-time workers... 23,349 17,073 12,402 Below poverty level Total in labor force... 9,131 6,483 5,130 Did not work during the year Worked during the year... 8,494 6,179 4,874 Usual full-time workers... 5,197 4,032 3,318 Usual part-time workers... 3,297 2,147 1,556 Involuntary part-time workers Voluntary part-time workers... 2,431 1,493 1,081 Rate 1 Total in labor force Did not work during the year Worked during the year Usual full-time workers Usual part-time workers Involuntary part-time workers Voluntary part-time workers Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. 14

17 Table 2. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 2000 Age and sex Total White Black Hispanic origin Below poverty level Rate 1 Total White Black Hispanic origin Total White Black Hispanic origin Total, 16 years and older , ,207 15,638 15,934 6,483 4,636 1,449 1, to 19 years... 5,191 4, to 24 years... 13,011 10,658 1,675 2,365 1, to 34 years... 31,442 25,345 4,062 5,004 1,767 1, to 44 years... 36,857 30,337 4,414 4,146 1,637 1, to 54 years... 31,508 26,615 3,255 2, to 64 years... 14,891 12,824 1, years and older... 4,497 4, Men, 16 years and older... 73,991 62,631 7,206 9,547 3,023 2, to 19 years... 2,644 2, to 24 years... 6,804 5, , to 34 years... 17,210 14,233 1,819 3, to 44 years... 20,022 16,843 2,051 2, to 54 years... 16,616 14,221 1,507 1, to 64 years... 8,056 6, years and older... 2,638 2, Women, 16 years and older... 63,407 51,575 8,433 6,387 3,459 2,269 1, to 19 years... 2,547 2, to 24 years... 6,207 4, to 34 years... 14,233 11,112 2,243 1, to 44 years... 16,835 13,494 2,363 1, to 54 years... 14,892 12,394 1,748 1, to 64 years... 6,835 5, years and older... 1,859 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. Dash represents zero or rounds to zero. 15

18 Table 3. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status by educational attainment, race, and sex, 2000 Educational attainment and race Total Men Women Below poverty level Rate 1 Total Men Women Total Men Women Total, 16 years and older ,398 73,991 63,407 6,483 3,023 3, Less than a high school diploma... 16,739 10,291 6,448 2,214 1,206 1, Less than 1 year of high school... 4,929 3,337 1, years of high school... 10,076 5,887 4,188 1, years of high school, no diploma... 1,734 1, High school graduates, no college... 42,745 23,173 19,572 2, , Some college, no degree... 27,425 13,826 13,598 1, Associate degree... 12,232 5,833 6, College graduates... 38,256 20,867 17, White, 16 years and older ,207 62,631 51,575 4,636 2,367 2, Less than a high school diploma... 13,693 8,705 4,988 1, Less than 1 year of high school... 4,328 2,997 1, years of high school... 8,088 4,880 3, years of high school, no diploma... 1, High school graduates, no college... 35,408 19,501 15,907 1, Some college, no degree... 22,535 11,589 10, Associate degree... 10,241 5,016 5, College graduates... 32,330 17,821 14, Black, 16 years and older... 15,638 7,206 8,433 1, , Less than a high school diploma... 2,266 1,163 1, Less than 1 year of high school years of high school... 1, years of high school, no diploma High school graduates, no college... 5,642 2,773 2, Some college, no degree... 3,634 1,561 2, Associate degree... 1, College graduates... 2,724 1,176 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. 16

19 Table 4. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year: Poverty status by occupation of longest job held, race, and sex, 2000 Occupation and race Total Men Women Below poverty level Rate 1 Total Men Women Total Men Women Total, 16 years and older ,705 73,580 63,126 6,179 2,847 3, Managerial and professional specialty... 41,706 21,102 20, Executive, administrative, and managerial... 20,693 11,225 9, Professional specialty... 21,013 9,877 11, Technical, sales, and administrative support... 39,497 14,175 25,322 1, , Technicians and related support... 4,656 2,148 2, Sales occupations... 15,999 8,075 7, Administrative support, including clerical... 18,842 3,953 14, Service occupations... 18,022 7,253 10,769 1, , Private household ( 3 ) 18.3 Protective service... 2,402 1, Service, except private household and protective... 14,958 5,275 9,683 1, , Precision production, craft, and repair... 15,338 14,010 1, Operators, fabricators, and laborers... 18,829 14,353 4,475 1, Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 7,601 4,788 2, Transportation and material moving occupations... 5,758 5, Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers... 5,469 4,426 1, Farming, forestry, and fishing... 3,252 2, White, 16 years and older ,817 62,385 51,432 4,475 2,254 2, Managerial and professional specialty... 35,828 18,373 17, Executive, administrative, and managerial... 18,019 10,001 8, Professional specialty... 17,809 8,372 9, Technical, sales, and administrative support... 32,905 12,022 20,883 1, Technicians and related support... 3,813 1,797 2, Sales occupations... 13,740 7,131 6, Administrative support, including clerical... 15,352 3,094 12, Service occupations... 13,584 5,504 8,080 1, Private household ( 3 ) 17.8 Protective service... 1,832 1, Service, except private household and protective... 11,234 3,961 7,273 1, Precision production, craft, and repair... 13,508 12,468 1, Operators, fabricators, and laborers... 14,930 11,536 3, Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 5,975 3,906 2, Transportation and material moving occupations... 4,617 4, Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers... 4,337 3, Farming, forestry, and fishing... 3,011 2, Black, 16 years and older ,384 7,068 8,316 1, Managerial and professional specialty... 3,277 1,245 2, Executive, administrative, and managerial... 1, Professional specialty... 1, , Technical, sales, and administrative support... 4,473 1,235 3, Technicians and related support Sales occupations... 1, Administrative support, including clerical... 2, , Service occupations... 3,358 1,271 2, Private household ( 3 ) 23.0 Protective service Service, except private household and protective... 2, , Precision production, craft, and repair... 1,176 1, Operators, fabricators, and laborers... 2,930 2, Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 1, Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing ( 3 ) 1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more who worked during the year. 2 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. Dash represents zero or rounds to zero. 17

20 Table 5. Persons in families and unrelated individuals: Poverty status and work experience, 2000 Poverty status and work experience Total persons Unrelated individuals Husbands In married-couple families Wives Related children under 18 In families maintained by women Other relatives Householder Related children under 18 In families maintained by men Other relatives Householder Related children under 18 Other relatives TOTAL All persons ,292 55,953 56,542 5,336 17,005 12,880 1,750 9,737 4, ,191 46,186 With labor force activity ,417 44,816 37,329 2,541 12,457 9, ,722 3, ,963 31,663 1 to 26 weeks... 15,019 1,542 3,826 1,500 2, , , weeks or more ,398 43,274 33,504 1,041 9,699 8, ,709 3, ,650 29,258 With no labor force activity... 61,875 11,137 19,213 2,795 4,548 3,371 1,003 3, ,229 14,523 At or above poverty level All persons ,237 53,336 53,906 5,002 16,349 9,603 1,250 8,389 3, ,890 37,334 With labor force activity ,286 43,303 36,473 2,461 12,200 7, ,122 3, ,840 28,340 1 to 26 weeks... 12,371 1,350 3,556 1,443 2, , weeks or more ,916 41,953 32,917 1,018 9,537 7, ,323 3, ,562 27,020 With no labor force activity... 49,951 10,033 17,433 2,540 4,149 2, , ,050 8,994 Below poverty level All persons ,055 2,617 2, , , ,852 With labor force activity... 9,131 1, , ,323 1 to 26 weeks... 2, , weeks or more... 6,483 1, , ,238 With no labor force activity... 11,924 1,104 1, , ,529 Rate 2 All persons With labor force activity to 26 weeks weeks or more With no labor force activity Data on families include persons in primary families and unrelated subfamilies. 2 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total. NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and older. Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. 18

21 Table 6. Primary families: Poverty status, presence of related children, and work experience of family members in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, 2000 Characteristic Total families At or above poverty level Below poverty level Rate 1 Total primary families... 61,879 58,387 3, With related children under ,423 32,441 2, Without children... 26,456 25, With one member in the labor force... 25,261 22,381 2, With two or more members in the labor force... 36,618 36, With two members... 30,487 29, With three or more members... 6,131 6, Married-couple families: With related children under ,314 25,036 1, Without children... 21,427 21, With one member in the labor force... 15,560 14,419 1, Husband... 11,771 10, Wife... 3,148 2, Relative With two or more members in the labor force... 32,181 31, With two members... 26,994 26, With three or more members... 5,187 5, Families maintained by women: With related children under ,079 5,573 1, Without children... 3,294 3, With one member in the labor force... 7,408 5,900 1, Householder... 5,996 4,686 1, Relative... 1,411 1, With two or more members in the labor force... 2,965 2, Families maintained by men: With related children under ,031 1, Without children... 1,735 1, With one member in the labor force... 2,293 2, Householder... 1,910 1, Relative With two or more members in the labor force... 1,473 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Data relate to primary families with at least one member in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. 19

22 Table 7. Unrelated individuals in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and living arrangement, 2000 Characteristic Total At or above poverty level Below poverty level Rate 1 Age and sex Total unrelated individuals... 29,258 27,020 2, to 19 years to 24 years... 4,098 3, to 64 years... 23,391 22,072 1, years and older... 1,201 1, Men... 16,177 15,100 1, Women... 13,081 11,920 1, Race and Hispanic origin White... 24,080 22,390 1, Men... 13,329 12, Women... 10,751 9, Black... 3,785 3, Men... 2,002 1, Women... 1,782 1, Hispanic origin... 2,867 2, Men... 1,917 1, Women Living arrangement Living alone... 15,289 14, Living with others... 13,970 12,483 1, Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. NOTE: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. Table 8. Persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more: Poverty status and labor market problems of full-time wage and salary workers, 2000 Poverty status and labor market problems Total At or above poverty level Below poverty level Rate 1 Total, full-time wage and salary workers , ,989 3, No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings ,805 89, Unemployment only... 5,248 4, Involuntary part-time employment only... 2,173 2, Low earnings only... 7,952 6,383 1, Unemployment and involuntary part-time employment Unemployment and low earnings... 1, Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. 2 The low earnings threshold in 2000 was $ per week. NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and older. Data have been revised to reflect Census 2000 population controls and an expanded sample and are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. See the Technical Note for additional information. 20