How Global Poverty is addressed by the U.N. Richard Park

Transcription

1 Hw Glbal Pverty is addressed by the U.N. Richard Park The Temple f Understanding July 16, 2010

2 The U.N. Missin Statement t save succeeding generatins frm the scurge f war, which twice in ur lifetime has brught untld srrw t mankind and t reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and wrth f the human persn, in the equal rights f men and wmen and f natins large and small and t establish cnditins under which justice and respect fr the bligatins arising frm treaties and ther surces f internatinal law can be maintained and t prmte scial prgress and better standards f life in larger freedm - U.N. Charter The Charter f the UN utlines its wn respnsibility t reduce pverty, clearly stating in Article 55: the United Natins shall prmte higher standards f living, full emplyment, and cnditins f ecnmic and scial prgress and develpment.

3 Current Current Situatin Situatin in Pverty Almst ½ the wrld (300 billin +) live n less than $2.50 a day (Wrld Bank) The prest 40 percent f the wrld s ppulatin accunts fr 5 percent f glbal incme. The richest 20 percent accunts fr three-quarters f wrld incme (2007 Human Develpment Reprt) 24,000 children die each day due t pverty (UNICEF) Almst 50% f the wrld lives n less than $2 a day [CNN] 2.5 millin ppl. die frm pllutin annually Malnutritin kills 4 millin ppl. a year Less than 1% f what the wrld spends n weapns annually was needed t put every child int schl Percentage f Peple Living n Less than $1 a day

4 Current Situatin in Pverty [cnt.] A. General Facts Nearly 3 in every 4 peple in rural areas live n less than $1 a day UN says that by nly using $10 billin a year, 229 millin peple will be alleviated by 2015 B. Children 1.8 millin children die frm diarrhea Of the 2.2 billin children in the wrld, 1 billin are in pverty 1 in 3 children are w/ shelter 1 in 7 children have n health services 10.6 millin children died in 2006 befre age f millin children die a year frm lack f immunizatin C. Disease Malaria takes mre than 1 millin lives a year with millin cases a year It infects 2 billin every 12 mnths $13 billin culd cut this number by ½, prtect 90% f newbrn babies, cut death f children <5 by 72%

5 Hw the U.N. has addressed Pverty The U.N. put pverty reductin at the tp f the internatinal agenda when it prclaimed the Internatinal Decade fr the Eradicatin f Pverty In 2000, the Millennium Summit was held, where wrld leaders ratified the Millennium Declaratin, thus adpting the MDGs The U.N. created the United Natins Develpment Prgramme (UNDP), which wrks t strengthen the capacity f gvernments t address the whle range f factrs that cntribute t pverty (fd security, emplyment pprtunities, credit, technlgy, etc.) The Fd and Agriculture Organizatin f the United Natins (FAO), is a scial prgram that wrks t alleviate pverty and hunger by prmting agricultural develpment, imprved nutritin, fd security UNICEF is a U.N. rgan that deals with pverty, especially affecting children

6 Intrductin f the MDG Gals

7 Intrductin and Analysis f MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Pverty and Hunger Targets Target 1.a Reduce by half the prprtin f peple living n less than ne dllar a day Target 1.b Achieve full and prductive emplyment and decent wrk fr all, including wmen and yung peple Target 1.c Reduce by half, between 1990 and 2015, the prprtin f peple wh suffer frm hunger Indicatrs 1.1: Prprtin f ppulatin belw $1 (PPP) per day 1.2: Pverty Gap Rati 1.3: Share f prest fifth in natinal cnsumptin 1.4: Grwth rate f GDP per persn emplyed 1.5: Emplyment-t-ppulatin rati 1.6: Prprtin f emplyed peple living belw $1 (PPP) per day 1.7: Prprtin f wn-accunt and cntributing family wrkers in ttal emplyment 1.8: Prevalence f underweight children under five years f age 1.9: Prprtin f ppulatin belw minimum level f dietary energy cnsumptin

8 Where D We Stand n MDG 1 Achievement? Frm , the number f hungry ppl. Drpped frm 959 t 791 millin The number tday has risen t 854 millin In 1990, mre than 1.2 billin peple, 28% f the develping wrld s ppulatin was in extreme pverty, but decreased t 19% by 2002 Hwever, prgress was uneven: While extreme pverty fell in Asia, it increased in SE Eurpe In SSA, althugh the pverty rate decreased, 140 millin peple fell int pverty While chrnic hunger, measured by the prprtin f peple, declined, prgress has nt been fast enugh t reduce the number f peple ging hungry (82 millin in 2003) The prprtin f emplyed peple living <$1.25 a day fell frm 41% (1997) t 24% (2007)

9 Summary f Cnstraints and Challenges Summary f Cnstraints and Challenges (t MDG 1 achievement) 1 Barriers t ecnmic grwth and incme equality 2 Lack f incentives fr mre prductive develpment results 3 Limited access t assets, capital, infrastructure and services fr incme generatin and emplyment pprtunities 4 Limited access t updated Infrmatin, data and surveillance n fd availability and needs 5 Inefficient use f existing resurces, untapped value chains 6 Lack f scial safety net t supprt vulnerable ppulatins 7 Capacity cnstraints fr effective implementatin f plicies, standards and prgrams

10 Hw d We Deal with These Prblems?

11 1. Barriers t Ecnmic Grwth and Incme Equality Chile s Grwth with Equity Develpment Strategy Fcused n pr-pr macrecnmic refrms t stimulate grwth Increasing exprts + credit available Refrm incme distributin via changes in tax plicy This led t 50% decrease in pverty frm 40% (1990) t 20% (2000) China s 8-7 Natinal Plan Accunts fr 5-6% f gv. expenditure ver Subsidized lans fr prductin/ecnmic develpment Fd-fr-wrk Prgrams Rural infrastructure Uganda s Natinal Fiscal Decentralizatin Plicy Enabled pr t cmmunicate t lcal leaders t influence allcatin f resurces Cntributed t decrease in pverty + hunger levels

12 2. Lack f Incentives fr Mre Prductive Develpment Results Mexic s Oprtunidades Prvides mnthly stipend t husehlds n the cnditin that children attend schl + make visits t health clinic Kenya s Cash Transfer Prgram fr Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Cash incentive t prvide care + develpment t OVC (similar t Oprtunidades) Tajikistan s Enhancing Agricultural Gvernance Prgram Creates incentives fr farmers t imprve land and increase yield Led t 20% increase in prductivity

13 3. Limited Access t Assets, Capital, Infrastructure, and Services fr Incme Generatin and Emplyment Opprtunities Indnesia s Educatin and Skills Training fr Yuth Emplyment Skill and entrepreneurship training in line with market demand fr bth inschl and ut-f-schl yuth Mnglia s Enterprise Mnglia Prject Creates partnerships with the private sectr t link beneficiaries t financial services China s 8-7 Pverty Reductin Prgram Created jbs by putting 125 millin t wrk t create 4 millin hectares f cultivable land and thusands f kilmeters f electricity lines Bangladesh Rural Advancement Cmmittee Lends mney with little t n interest t enable businesses t arise w/ debt

14 4. Limited Access t Updated Infrmatin, Data, and Surveillance n Fd Availability and Needs A lack f infrmatin can keep gvernments frm preventing fd shrtages The Crss-Brder Fd Trade Mnitring System Mnitrs trade flws acrss the brders f Malawi, Zambia, Mzambique, and Zimbabwe t better infrm fd aid

15 5. Inefficient Use f Existing Resurces, Untapped Value Chains Smallhlder Prductivity Imprvement Prgram Fcused n seven African cuntries t instill agricultural gd practices fr raising smallhlders fd prductin and prductivity ~158,000 peple benefited, with increased yields frm 50% t 200% India s Green Jbs Prgram Indentified high-ptential sectrs fr the creatin f green jbs t address decent wrk gaps + imprve envirnment Kenya s Kayle Envirnmental Management Assciatin (KEMA) Invested in pilting ways t use recycled and reused garbage t make handbags and flr mats Iraq s Supprt t Rural Develpment and Safer Envirnment thrugh Mine Actin Clears unexplded rdnances frm agricultural land t enable fd prductin

16 6. Lack f Scial Safety Nets t Supprt Vulnerable Ppulatins Malawi s Scial Cash Transfer Scheme A pilt attempt that targets ultra-pr husehlds living n <$0.10 a day by prviding incme Namibia s Transitining Orphans and Vulnerable Children (frm Fd Assistance t Natinal Safety Net) Mved arund 25,082 OVCs t gvernmentsupprted child welfare grants Iraq s Recnstructin and Emplyment Prgram Prvides temprary emergency emplyment fr the mst vulnerable unemplyed Iraqis Emplyed mre than 131,928 wrkers China s 8-7 Pverty Reductin Prgram East-Supprts-West Initiative: where 10 develped prvinces supprt the develpment f 10 under-develped prvinces

17 7. Capacity Cnstraints fr Effective Implementatin f Plicies, Standards and Prgrams Uganda s Natinal Fiscal Decentralizatin Plicy A pilt attempt that targets ultra-pr husehlds living n <$0.10 a day by prviding incme Namibia s Transitining Orphans and Vulnerable Children (frm Fd Assistance t Natinal Safety Net) Mved arund 25,082 OVCs t gvernmentsupprted child welfare grants Iraq s Recnstructin and Emplyment Prgram Prvides temprary emergency emplyment fr the mst vulnerable unemplyed Iraqis Emplyed mre than 131,928 wrkers China s 8-7 Pverty Reductin Prgram East-Supprts-West Initiative: where 10 develped prvinces supprt the develpment f 10 under-develped prvinces

18 Success Stries / Examples

19 China s 8-7 Natinal Pverty Reductin Plan Aimed t lift the majrity f the remaining 80 millin pr (frm ) thrugh land imprvement, infrastructure, and emplyment pprtunities Results Directly supprted 30.7 millin husehlds (125 millin peple) The number f rural pr declined frm 80 millin t 32 millin Grain prductin grew 1.9% Agricultural prductin grew by 35% Key Elements f Success The East-Supprts-West initiative encuraged 10 rich prvinces t supprt the develpment f the pr Brad participatin frm all level f gvernment, NGOs A well-established natinal payment transfer scheme repriritized central funds Backgrund Infrmatin The plan has three types f anti-pverty prgrams: subsidized lans fr develpment, fd-fr-wrk t build infrastructure and grants China has launched the New Century Rural Pverty Alleviatin Plan fr

20 Bangladesh Rural Advancement Cmmittee (BRAC) Targeting The Ultra Pr Targets the extreme pr Is a tw-year special investment prgram invlving asset transfer, intensive scial awareness, and health services Results Reprted fd deficits decreased frm 98% in 2002 t 70% in 2005 Of the 54% f prgram participants that wned land in 2005, 35% were landless in 2002 Key Elements f Success A highly innvative feature is the substantial asset transfer a ne-way gift f a micr-business (usu. By mney) Mnthly stipends and health services prvide basic security Backgrund Infrmatin BRAC wrks in all 64 districts in Bangladesh Reaches 110 millin peple, making it the largest NGO in the wrld Has been wrking with WFP t link gd aid, scial develpment, and incme-generatin

21 Surces / Bibligraphy Wrld Bank United Natins Develpment Grup MDG Gd Practices UN Tday Millennium Reprt, 2006

22 Thanks fr Listening!