Reflections on progress made at the fourth part of the second session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action

Transcription

1 Reflectins n prgress made at the furth part f the secnd sessin f the Ad Hc Wrking Grup n the Durban Platfrm fr Enhanced Actin Nte by the C-Chairs 17 April 2014 I. Intrductin 1. At the furth part f the secnd sessin f the Ad Hc Wrking Grup n the Durban Platfrm fr Enhanced Actin (ADP) (March 2014), Parties advanced the wrk f the ADP by: (a) Prgressing in the elabratin f the cntent f the 2015 agreement, with a view t arriving at the elements fr a cherent draft negtiating text by the twentieth sessin f the Cnference f the Parties (COP), t be held in Lima, Peru; (b) Initiating discussins that facilitate dmestic preparatins fr intended natinally determined cntributins; (c) Cnsidering practical and realizable pprtunities fr raising pre-2020 ambitin. 2. We welcme the prgress and recgnize the cmmitment f Parties t engage and t negtiate. There is a shared understanding that a substantial amunt f wrk remains ahead f us in rder t fully realize the mandates given t us by the COP, and that a mre frmal, interactive, fcused mde f negtiatins is needed fr the ADP. At ur last meeting, the ADP established a cntact grup in rder t mve int such a mde f wrk. We have als issued a nte 1 cntaining ur suggestins n hw the wrk f the cntact grup will be cnducted at the June sessin. II. Wrk twards the 2015 agreement 3. The March sessin saw a very cncrete and detailed exchange n the cntent f the elements fr a draft negtiating text fr the 2015 agreement. The sessin further enhanced the understanding f hw Parties envisage the agreement t be structured and hw it culd perate. The cmprehensive material n the table and the understanding that has been reached prvide a slid fundatin fr the future wrk f the cntact grup. 4. In rder t facilitate this wrk, we cnsider it useful t map ut what Parties have expressed and submitted in the curse f ur negtiatins s far. The annex t this nte presents this landscape f issues prpsed by Parties. It summarizes ur understanding f what Parties have elabrated and prpsed t see reflected as elements fr a draft negtiating text, with the hpe that it will facilitate understanding amng Parties f the landscape f issues, the cntent f the elements elabrated s far and the ptins that are n the table, as prpsed by Parties. We have aimed t be inclusive and cmprehensive, and ask yu t alert us if imprtant ideas r prpsals have nt been reflected. 5. The annex is rganized based n the elements cntained in paragraph 5 f decisin 1/CP.17 in a manner that attempts t include all the prpsals that have been expressed by Parties withut prejudice t the ultimate structure f the draft negtiating text r the 2015 agreement. A sectin n natinally determined cntributins has als been included t reflect prpsals related t paragraph 2 f decisin 1/CP.19. Furthermre, Parties have made prpsals n ther issues that relate t the agreement as a whle r t multiple elements f ur wrk. These include matters that are general in nature r prvide cntext t the agreement, cmpliance, assessment, the rle f nn-state actrs, and prcedural and institutinal prvisins. In rder t present the prpsals as clearly as pssible and in an apprpriate cntext, the annex cntains separate sectins t reflect these prpsals. 6. Parties have als made varius prpsals n general crss-cutting tpics and design cnsideratins such as gvernance, verall architecture f the agreement, differentiatin, flexibility and durability, which frm a central part f ur negtiatins and are inherent in many prpsals summarized in the annex. Furthermre, many 1 ADP InfrmalNte. 1 f 20

2 Parties have expressed views n the legal frm f the agreement. As yu advance the negtiatins during the secnd half f this year, we encurage yu t keep these matters in mind. 7. The annex illustrates the richness f the prpsals n which we need t draw in shaping the agreement. Our next cllective challenge will be t cnverge n the elements fr a draft negtiating text by Lima. As we stated in the clsing plenary in March, we are guided by the understanding that the negtiating text will be cllectively cnstructed based n the views expressed by Parties in their submissins and statements and in the negtiatins. This in ur view is a truly Party-driven prcess. The preparatin f the text, as agreed by Parties, will adhere t the fllwing cre principles: (a) (b) (c) The prcess will cntinue t be Party-driven; The prcess will cntinue t build n inputs frm Parties; Any utputs f the prcess will reflect inputs frm Parties. 8. It is clear that Parties wish t begin in June the prcess f cllectively cnstructing the text with a fcus n advancing cmmn understanding and cnverging thrugh negtiatin n tpics where differences need t be bridged, including the pssible identificatin f a limited number f ptins. 9. Regarding inputs, the prcess is always pen t inputs by Parties and bservers as per the Dha cnclusins f the ADP. 2 Parties and bservers can make use f that channel t cmmunicate their views. Yu can als cmmunicate with us via thrugh <cadp@unfccc.int>. 10. As yu may recall, the ADP was mandated t identify, by COP 20, the infrmatin that Parties will prvide when putting frward their cntributins. At the pen-ended cnsultatins in March, and drawing upn submissins frm, and views expressed by Parties, we had a detailed exchange n the infrmatin and n ways t cnsider that infrmatin, which is reflected in the sectin f the annex n natinally determined cntributins. In additin, at the wrkshp n dmestic preparatins, yu shared yur experiences and lessns learned n appraches, prcesses, cnstraints and challenges, including n needs fr supprt fr the preparatin f such cntributins. 3 This issue needs t be further clarified in rder t fulfil ur mandate by COP 20. In ur view the ADP shuld begin wrk immediately twards a decisin in Lima n this matter. 11. In additin, a briefing by relevant rganizatins n the supprt fr the dmestic preparatin f natinally determined cntributins was held t facilitate the flw f infrmatin n what the needs are, what netwrks and initiatives exist, what supprt is available and hw t access it. 4 As yu are aware, we have asked the secretariat t facilitate the crdinatin f this supprt and the secretariat has initiated a dialgue with a wide range f institutins prviding supprt t encurage infrmatin sharing and crdinatin. The cntact details f the rganizatins present at the March sessin are available n the UNFCCC website t facilitate future interactins and we have requested the secretariat t update that infrmatin regularly. 5 We encurage Parties t actively engage with rganizatins as needed. 12. Fr example, the United Natins Develpment Prgramme is cnvening a series f reginal technical dialgues t cnsider and discuss the technical basis f these cntributins and share related appraches and experiences. We encurage all Parties, in particular develping cuntry Parties, t take advantage f this initiative and t identify specific needs fr supprt which culd be addressed by interacting with the rganizatins that will be participating at these reginal dialgues. 6 III. Pre-2020 ambitin 13. At the March sessin, we launched a new phase in ur effrt t build pre-2020 ambitin, mving frm identificatin t realizatin f the vast mitigatin ptential. The technical expert meetings (TEMs) prvided an initial pprtunity fr Parties t engage with each ther and with partner rganizatins n hw t unlck the mitigatin ptential f renewable energy and energy efficiency imprvements. This exchange has triggered activities t be pursued intersessinally with the aim f delivering tangible results by Lima. 7 As was envisaged, 2 FCCC/ADP/2012/3, paragraph < 4 < 5 < 6 See ftnte 5 abve fr cntact details f rganizatins prviding supprt. 7 < and < 2 f 20

3 Parties have used the TEMs t accelerate dmestic actin and, with the supprt f internatinal rganizatins, take frward plicy ptins and tangible initiatives, including effrts t remve barriers t implementatin and t scale up and accelerate the delivery f finance, technlgy and capacity-building supprt. 14. We are grateful fr the effrts f Mr. Yuba Skna (Mali) and Mr. Jun Arima (Japan), the tw facilitatrs f the TEMs during the March sessin, and wish t share with yu the fllwing bservatins we tk away frm their feedback t ur clsing meeting n wrkstream On energy efficiency, the key plicy ptins expressed included energy pricing, effective regulatins, fiscal and financial incentives, infrmatin and awareness-raising plicies, technlgy develpment, and innvative research and develpment. Participants als shared the challenges that their gvernments had encuntered, in particular the insufficient prfile f energy efficiency, cmplicated gvernance structures, lack f capacity in designing and implementing effective plicies, lack f technical knwledge, energy prices nt reflecting true csts, purchasing and investment patterns neglecting lng-term savings in energy bills, insufficient financial incentives t stimulate energy efficiency and difficulties in accessing large-scale financing. 16. On renewable energy, the key plicy ptins explred included renewable energy targets, ecnmic instruments, feed-in tariffs and guaranteed access t the pwer grid, smart grids and smart metering, direct subsidies and tax credits, remval f fssil fuel subsidies and strengthening institutinal, legal and regulatry framewrks. It was emphasized that deeper cllabratin amng natinal, subnatinal and internatinal entities is needed. The challenges identified include lack f affrdable up-frnt finance, high csts f technlgy and high peratinal and maintenance csts, challenges related t grids, imbalance f supply and demand, lack f tailred research and develpment, lack f capacity t implement stable plicy ptins, lack f access t infrmatin and high transactin csts f small-scale renewable energy systems. 17. The imprtance f the means and availability f supprt fr the effective implementatin f mitigatin actin n the grund was stressed in nearly every interventin at the TEMs. Participants highlighted a need fr a cmprehensive apprach t the prvisin f finance, technlgy and capacity-building supprt and a plicy dialgue between gvernments and supprt institutins n enhancing the enabling envirnment needed fr the prmtin f energy efficiency and renewable energy. They als emphasized that infrmatin n supprt ptins, channels and frms shuld be made easily available thrugh the UNFCCC website and Parties shuld be able t direct their inquiries t the relevant supprt and technical rganizatins. The existing relevant UNFCCC institutins, namely the Technlgy Mechanism cnsisting f the Technlgy Executive Cmmittee (TEC) and the Climate Technlgy Centre and Netwrk (CTCN), as well as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), shuld actively engage in assisting cuntries in scaling up the deplyment f renewables and energy efficiency plicies, initiatives and actins. A prpsal was made t invite thse institutins t wrk intersessinally directly with Parties in line with their respective mandates, fr instance by putting tgether a prject pipeline linked t GCF and CTCN financing t prvide the right signal and guidance t ptential investrs r by examining thrugh the TEC ways t vercme the plicy barriers that Parties face in develping and transferring technlgies. We have requested the secretariat t facilitate these fllw-up actins, including by making infrmatin available n the UNFCCC website 8 n hw Parties can access internatinal rganizatins and resurces. 18. The secretariat plans t cmpile infrmatin prvided at the TEMs and in submissins t prepare the update f the technical paper n the mitigatin benefits f actins, initiatives and ptins t enhance mitigatin ambitin. 9 The update will infrm the wrk f the ADP n the technical examinatin f mitigatin pprtunities by fcusing n thse ptins that catalyse the implementatin f actins aimed at achieving high emissin reductins in the pre-2020 perid. It will fllw the bjective f the TEMs by infrming the wrk f ADP n the latest available infrmatin prvided by Parties, specialized technical rganizatins and partnerships and bservers n feasible plicies, practices and technlgies, barriers and challenges in implementatin and ways t vercme them as well as the next steps in the technical examinatin prcess. It is ur hpe that the update f the technical paper will assist Parties in turning the pprtunities fr mitigatin actin int reality. 19. We are encuraged that in additin t fcusing n practical ways t take frward plicies that can enhance ambitin, Parties have started engaging with each ther n hw the technical prcess can be enhanced thrughut the year, hw t capture in Lima the results f the TEMs and hw the TEM prcess can be strengthened in We encurage Parties t cntinue t bring frward suggestins fr a Lima utcme n wrkstream 2 fr an initial discussin at the June sessin. 8 < 9 FCCC/ADP/2013/3, paragraph 30(c)(ii); FCCC/TP/2013/8 and Add.1 and 2. 3 f 20

4 20. During the March sessin, yu raised the implementatin by the COP f paragraphs 3 and 4 f decisin 1/CP.19. We have brught this exchange t the attentin f the COP President. The High-level Ministerial Dialgue n the Durban Platfrm t be cnvened in cnjunctin with the June sessin culd prvide a first pprtunity fr Parties t elabrate n hw they are respnding t the call f the COP. 4 f 20

5 Annex Landscape f issues identified by Parties General 10 The 2015 agreement is t: Be under the Cnventin and guided by its principles and bjective Be applicable t all Parties Be durable, flexible and effective Aim fr and incentivize universal/bradest pssible participatin Strengthen the multilateral rules-based regime Respect/nt cmprmise the right t develpment, as well as the right t survival Prtect the integrity f Mther Earth Equity and ambitin Equity and ambitin are: Of central imprtance fr the agreement and need t be reflected in all the elements, including mitigatin, adaptatin and means f implementatin Clsely interlinked: Equity is an enabler fr ambitin Synergy between equity and ambitin results in leadership; a win-win slutin fr sustainable develpment that benefits nt nly envirnmental aspects but als sciecnmic aspects Equity is a central principle and crnerstne f the Cnventin; all prvisins f any agreement t be adpted will have t ensure equity Equity with regard t glbal public gds and t pprtunities and pathways fr develping cuntries t achieve sustainable develpment and lw-carbn scieties: Need t understand sci-ecnmic aspects, taking int accunt pverty alleviatin, adequate access t energy and related issues, in rder t determine hw current scieties and pathways can be refrmed Supprt is als required in the endeavur t achieve lw-carbn scieties The Gini index shws the status f equity The agreement must be based n equity and be infrmed by science: Science and equity underpin the ability f the agreement t deliver an ambitius, fair and effective regime There is a need fr rbust science; identificatin f infrmatin needs Parties t increase their level f ambitin ver time Clsing the ambitin gap during the pre-2020 perid by develped cuntries is critical fr ambitin and equity in the pst-2020 perid; it is nt apprpriate t redistribute this task t develping cuntries Increasing ambitin applies: T mitigatin nly/primarily T mitigatin, adaptatin and means f implementatin In the cntext f the 2 nd cmmitment perid f the Kyt Prtcl (KP) and the Bali Actin Plan Impacts shuld be a benchmark fr ambitin The cnsequence/flipside f the ambitin issue are adaptatin needs Equity t be peratinalized by reflecting the Cnventin principles in the 2015 utcme Equity and ambitin are t be peratinalized in the agreement thrugh a prcess 11 Differentiatin Cmmn but differentiated respnsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC): T be applied accrding t the prvisins and annexes f the Cnventin 10 Headings and subheadings are nly t assist the reader. 11 Fr prpsals fr an assessment prcess, see sectin belw n ther issues. 5 f 20

6 In the cntext f histrical respnsibility and capabilities, taking int accunt natinal circumstances Bld actin is required frm all Parties based n their CBDR-RC T be applied in a dynamic way; all Parties t participate ver time in accrdance with their evlving respnsibilities and capabilities A binary apprach is untenable in the light f shifts in cuntries emissins and ecnmic prfiles; it might place a ceiling n what Parties culd d Capabilities: Current capacity and respnsibilities are imprtant Different levels f capacity and resurces are t be cnsidered Capabilities evlve ver time Leadership: T be taken by develped cuntries, due t their histrical emissins and the wide gap f per capita emissins/due t their capacity and histrical respnsibility T be glbal T be taken by thse with greatest respnsibly and highest capacity Mitigatin General Participatin in mitigatin effrts needs t be glbal/brad t address the scale f the challenge Mitigatin effrts need t be based n the principles and prvisins f the Cnventin The agreement needs t incentivize all Parties t fully realize/maximize their mitigatin ptential and encurage lw-carbn develpment Lng-term and cllective aspects f mitigatin Cllective mitigatin effrts shuld be adequate fr staying under 2/1.5 C f glbal warming and shuld cmbine near-term quantified cmmitments/cntributins with lng-term ambitin The 2015 agreement shuld include a glbal gal t limit temperature increase t well belw 1.5 C Anchring the 2 ºC lng-term glbal gal in the agreement t increase its status and t use it fr future reviews f the adequacy f cuntries bligatins under the agreement A lng-term mitigatin gal fr 2050 shuld be in line with the pathway t 2 C based n mst recent science Identify a glbal gal fr 2025 Develped cuntries t identify zer emissins pathways and define a 2050 carbn neutrality gal Substantial emissin reductins are needed t stay under 2 C, with negative emissins after 2080; financial and technlgy supprt is required Use the Brazilian prpsal t lk at the glbal temperature gal in terms f the principles and prvisins f the Cnventin Cmmitments Mitigatin cmmitments culd be expressed thrugh a spectrum f effrts, a range r set f ptins reflecting natinal circumstances, capacities and histrical respnsibilities, including: Abslute ecnmy-wide emissin reductin targets/cmmitments fr develped cuntries Abslute ecnmy-wide emissin reductin targets/cmmitments fr majr ecnmies A set f enhanced actins/natinally apprpriate mitigatin actins (NAMAs), including: reductins belw business as usual ; intensity targets; sectral initiatives; lw-emissin develpment strategies and plicies and measures fr develping cuntries REDD-plus actins Apprpriate actins fr the least develped cuntries (LDCs) and small island develping States (SIDS) Ecnmic diversificatin plans with mitigatin c-benefits Mitigatin cmmitments t be differentiated: In accrdance with Article 4 f the Cnventin, with the implementatin f Article 4, paragraph 1, as a cmmn respnsibility and: Enhanced mitigatin cmmitments by develped cuntries under Article 4, paragraph 2 6 f 20

7 Enhanced mitigatin actins by develping cuntries subject t, enabled and supprted by finance and technlgy by Parties included in Annex II t the Cnventin (Annex II Parties) under Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7 By categries f cuntries fr develped cuntries; emerging ecnmies; middle-incme cuntries; and mst vulnerable cuntries, based n agreed criteria T fster ambitin fr all Parties and avid backtracking All Parties need t take mitigatin actins and sme Parties require supprt t d s By types f cntributins Acrss a brad range f all Parties based n a number f factrs, including circumstances, level f develpment, mitigatin pprtunities, capabilities, etc. Mitigatin cmmitments are t: Address 100 per cent f glbal emissins Be quantified r at least quantifiable A tnne f carbn prvides the best metric t quantify mitigatin cmmitments Fr LDCs and SIDS, be qualitative, with quantified nes t be submitted at a later stage Fr Annex I Parties, be cmparable and be undertaken dmestically s that develping cuntries d nt undertake mitigatin n their behalf Fr nn-annex I Parties be determined natinally r shuld als manifest as adaptatin cbenefits Be based n science-based quantificatin f histrical cntributins t glbal temperature rise; histrical emissins are a central cnsideratin Take int accunt past actins, including thse f Parties with ecnmies in transitin (EITs) Need fr a rules-based system, t be arrived at thrugh an iterative prcess, including rules and prvisins n: Cmmn accunting metrics Preventin f duble cunting Methdlgies, including in relatin t base year, glbal warming ptential (GWP), sectrs and gases Use f markets Accunting fr emissins and remvals frm the land-use sectr Based n the KP and the Bali Actin Plan The same cmmitment perid t apply t all, with a length f: 10 years with a mid-term review after 5 years 5-year cycles, with the Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change (IPCC) prcess being synchrnized Cmmn shrt-term time frames fr cuntries using markets Need t allw fr bunded flexibility in the applicatin f rules Institutinal arrangements, cperatin and crdinatin Incentive mechanisms: Use f ecnmic instruments, such as carbn markets r carbn taxes, will help t reach the 2/1.5 ºC gal Purpse is t facilitate mitigatin cmmitments and nt t channel supprt Nn-market systems include: A jint mitigatin and adaptatin mechanism fr integrated management f frests, financed thrugh the Green Climate Fund (GCF) A glbal feed-in tariff system via a dedicated windw in the GCF Prduct labelling and sustainably managed frest prducts Strict technlgy standards and requirements fr cmmunity-based implementatin Market mechanisms: Cmmn accunting rules fr use f markets are required Mechanisms need internatinal versight Existing mechanisms shuld be incrprated int the agreement, but after being reviewed Mechanisms shuld: Nt be limited t ffsetting Generate revenue fr adaptatin Be designed t allw access fr all Parties 7 f 20

8 N rle fr market-based systems; the Cnventin is a nn-market apprach Respnse measures/sci-ecnmic cntext: Build n existing arrangements and in the cntext f Article 3, paragraph 5, f the Cnventin Respnse measures t be cnsidered thrugh supprt and nn-market appraches Need t prevent unilateral measures Adaptatin General Adaptatin is a cuntry-driven prcess Addressing adaptatin is a matter f cllective respnsibility, even if adaptatin actin is taken at the lcal level The agreement t define a framewrk f verarching prvisins which wuld help t accelerate the implementatin f adaptatin Links with mitigatin: Mitigatin and adaptatin are mutually supprtive; develping cuntries depend n supprt fr adaptatin in rder t engage in mitigatin activities All effrts made t anticipate, prevent r minimize the causes f climate change thrugh early mitigatin increase the likelihd that adaptatin effrts will be successful and that ecsystems can adapt naturally in a timely manner Lk at win-win situatins and trade-ffs between mitigatin and adaptatin; such c-benefits culd increase the verall level f ambitin Mitigatin and adaptatin t be institutinally linked Ambitius dmestic climate plicies, strategies and framewrks will stimulate bth actin and supprt Lng-term and cllective aspects f adaptatin Aggregating climate impacts at the natinal, reginal r glbal levels t estimate adaptatin csts is pssible Develp a glbal gal fr adaptatin based n the level f mitigatin which wuld determine the level f means f implementatin required t meet the csts f impacts under different temperature scenaris (in line with Article 4 bligatins f develped cuntry Parties) Csts and respective supprt needs culd be identified thrugh natinal adaptatin plans (NAPs) The prcess f allcating csts and defining them ex ante is difficult and the peratinalizatin and utility f it fr enhancing actin n the grund is questinable An alternative and simple gal fr adaptatin culd be reflected in the cmmn cmmitment f all Parties t ensure resilience t the adverse effects f climate change by integrating adaptatin int their plicies and prgrammes Anchring the lng-term glbal gal f 2 ºC in the agreement, building n the guiding frce f the existing bjective f the Cnventin Cmmitments The 2015 agreement t re-emphasize the cmmitment f all Parties t wrk twards climate-resilient develpment, and t cperate Individual cmmitments by Parties include adaptatin; cmmitments related t adaptatin shuld be in the frm f NAPs Institutinal arrangements, cperatin and crdinatin Existing institutinal arrangements: Existing institutinal architecture shuld be anchred explicitly in the agreement Ad-hc multilateral arrangements such as the Cancun Adaptatin Framewrk t be effectively articulated within the 2015 agreement, by establishing a functinal link between the tw It is mre imprtant t ensure the implementatin f existing arrangements fr adaptatin thrugh sufficient supprt than t anchr new adaptatin prvisins in the legally binding agreement NAPs prvide the essential basis fr all cuntries t assess vulnerabilities, identify adaptatin ptins and define respnses: 8 f 20

9 The agreement t ensure that the prcess t frmulate and implement NAPs is being undertaken in all interested develping cuntries Mnitring and evaluatin as well as reprting n adaptatin and learning frm plans, plicies and prgrammes (e.g. thrugh natinal cmmunicatins (NCs)) t be strengthened and/r institutinalized: The agreement culd prvide the authrity t the Cnference f the Parties (COP) t adpt further guidance n such reprting and further facilitate sharing f prgress and experiences in preparing and implementing adaptatin actins Supprt the synthesis and sharing f infrmatin, knwledge and lessns learned abut gd adaptatin practices Address the gap in the implementatin f adaptatin New institutinal arrangements: A registry t recrd natinal adaptatin actins/prgrammes, seeking: T enhance internatinal cperatin fr finance, technlgy and capacity-building supprt fr such adaptatin actins and prgrammes and/r T mnitr and identify prgress and gaps in adaptatin frm a glbal perspective An adaptatin assessment framewrk: t enhance the evidence base fr assessing and quantifying Parties levels f vulnerability and expsure, adaptatin ptins and the csts f adaptatin actins, with a view t identifying the mst cst-effective, n regrets r win-win alternatives Cperatin and stakehlder engagement: Enhance cperatin amng Parties and stakehlder engagement; ptins t invlve the private sectr t be better understd and assessed and barriers t be reduced Mre attentin shuld be directed t subnatinal, reginal and crss-brder activities and cperatin Lss and damage The new agreement shuld include prvisins fr lss and damage fr cases where mitigatin and adaptatin will nt be sufficient The Warsaw Internatinal Mechanism fr Lss and Damage assciated with Climate Change Impacts: Shuld be develped under the prcess established in Warsaw Shuld be anchred in the agreement Finance, technlgy and capacity-building General Prvisin f supprt t: Be effective and predictable fr develping cuntries in the medium and lng term; the agreement t prvide all that is required fr a transfrmatin at scale in the way in which bth public and private investments are made Be rganized in a crdinated, hlistic and cherent manner based n prgrammatic systemwide appraches Build n lessns learned, existing mechanisms under the Cnventin and best practices frm ther prcesses Prmte cuntry wnership Attribute a greater rle t natinal and subnatinal entities Be cnsidered within the brader package Finance, technlgy and capacity-building as all elements f decisin 1/CP.17 are t be treated independently and equally, als in terms f legal bindingness Need t define the relatinship between the cmpliance mechanism and supprt Adequate access t supprt in the pre-2020 perid is imprtant; pre-2020 implementatin is essential fr cnfidence-building Cmmitments Implementatin f the prvisin f finance, technlgy and capacity-building t be enhanced in accrdance with Article 4 f the Cnventin: 9 f 20

10 Only Annex II/develped cuntry Parties have cmmitments t prvide supprt, due t histrical respnsibilities, equity and CBDR-RC All Parties in a psitin t d s t have cmmitments t prvide supprt, based n: Tday s capacity The plluter pays principle Histrical respnsibility, equity and CBDR-RC: Histrical emissins might nt be the right basis t determine cmmitments n prvisin f means f implementatin in an equitable manner Cmmitments n the prvisin f supprt t include relevant rad maps and targets Means f implementatin shuld be adequately prvided t implement the activities identified in paragraph 70 f decisin 1/CP.16 Institutinal arrangements, cperatin and crdinatin Further develp/strengthen existing institutinal arrangements fr supprt New agreement t facilitate and enhance crdinatin amng cntributrs within and utside the Cnventin Crdinatin and cperatin between institutins t be assessed peridically, and amendments made accrdingly Incentive mechanisms: Agreement must put in place the right incentives fr ambitius actin by all Parties in a psitin t d s Incentivize and acknwledge frnt-runners that have already taken actin Create incentives fr actin by the bradest range f stakehlders and mbilize the widest range f ptential investments fr climate benefits thrugh: A balanced apprach between market and nn-market appraches Explring hw best t mainstream climate int ur ecnmies and invlve the private sectr Use nn-market systems nly Finance General Develping cuntry needs and cncerns are central Gender and LDC issues need t be reflected Allcatin: Balanced allcatin between mitigatin and adaptatin Priritize adaptatin An allcatin frmula shuld be in place Need t address cncerns abut access: Simplified and imprved access, including direct access t finance in the cntext f cuntrydriven appraches and n the basis f agreed fiduciary standards and envirnmental safeguards Particularly vulnerable cuntries will need greater access Need t ensure that climate finance is effective Cmmitments Clear prvisin f new, additinal, adequate and predictable finance, including clarity n the level f supprt Acknwledge the need fr adequacy f financial flws mbilized frm varius surces, public and private, in the cntext f meaningful mitigatin actin and transparency f implementatin Prvisin f supprt by: Annex II/develped cuntry Parties based n criteria and a burden-sharing mechanism, including reference t histrical respnsibility Bradening f cntributrs/all cuntries in a psitin t d s, accrding t CBDR-RC Frm f supprt: Financial supprt t be withut cnditins, i.e. as grants Will vary widely by cuntry and sectr, including grants, cncessinal lans, nn-cncessinal lans, risk mitigatin instruments, technical assistance, and ther frms 10 f 20

11 Surces: Financial supprt cming primarily frm public funding, financing frm the private sectr t be supplementary Need fr clarity n the rle f public funding, especially fr adaptatin, as well as the cntributins f the varius surces (public, private and thers) Specific surces, especially public nes, need t be identified fr adaptatin Engagement f diverse resurces, including the private sectr, shuld be encuraged in rder t prvide sustainable financial supprt fr adaptatin Bth public and private finance effrts will play a rle pst 2020: Public climate finance supprt cntinues t play an imprtant rle, including fr adaptatin Public financing culd leverage private finance and ther surces but shuld remain the primary vehicle Need fr financial prvisins t be able t adapt t future changing envirnmental and ecnmic realities Need fr greater diversity f finance tls, channels and instruments, als in the light f their evlving nature, and innvative surces Need t capture the cperative dimensin f climate finance Imprtant t send a signal n catalysing private finance; central t address hw t mbilize/incentivize the private sectr: Acknwledge the rle f public interventins fr mbilizing private investment thrugh efficient use f public resurces and effective public plicies Further enhance the mbilizatin f climate finance; shuld be used t shift develpment twards a lw-emissin climate-resilient path Mechanism t attract the private sectr t invest in prjects Natinal respnsibility f all cuntries t mbilize and invest in climate-friendly actins at the natinal and subnatinal levels: Imprtance f mainstreaming climate change in investments Acknwledge the relevance f climate-friendly private investments Imprtance f enabling envirnments: Cmmitment by all Parties t prepare fr efficient and effective investment envirnments stimulating the mbilizatin f private and public climate finance Barriers t private-sectr investment in adaptatin need t be reduced Shuld be supprted and strengthened in develping cuntries, including access f REDD-plus credits t internatinal markets and ther ptential surces f finance Nature f financial cmmitments: Is t be legally binding Is plitical Specifics f cmmitments: Cncrete annual levels f public funding by Annex II Parties: With USD 100 billin as flr and leading t enhanced cmmitments fr pst 2020; USD 100 billin is nt enugh, especially if lss and damage is als included Cmmensurate with the climate financing needs f nn-annex I Parties, and have an increasing trend ver time An ex ante prcess cmmitted t quantified supprt cmmensurate with the required effrt reflected in the adaptatin and mitigatin gals The agreement shuld include: A gal fr climate finance that reflects the 2 ºC gal A cncrete rad map, target, timelines and surces, r pathways fr finance, t be included in an attachment t the agreement Assessed cntributins, but als mandatry cmmitments Prvisin f finance t EITs A request t strengthen the existing prvisin f climate finance and enhance it significantly t achieve the maximum level f ambitin pssible A prvisin t enhance the implementatin by Annex II Parties f their cmmitments t prvide financing t address the impacts n develping cuntries f the implementatin f respnse measures 11 f 20

12 A specific cmmitment t prvide supprt fr financing and peratinalizatin f the Warsaw Internatinal Mechanism fr Lss and Damage An explicit cmmitment by develped cuntries t the realizatin f the USD 100 billin gal Prcess fr finance is nt necessarily the same as fr mitigatin: n quantified cmmitments fr the pst-2020 perid n climate finance Funding t be prvided t the GCF: Develped cuntries t prvide 1 per cent f their grss dmestic prduct (GDP) per year frm 2020 t the GCF Annex II Parties t prvide a list f specific amunts t be prvided t the GCF subject t review Annex II Parties t prvide a list with percentages reflecting required share f climate financing t be prvided t the GCF, with the ttal amunt t be based n financing needs A mechanism fr the full implementatin f REDD-plus activities supprted with adequate, additinal and predictable finance frm a wide variety f surces, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative surces such as market-based mechanisms, t cntribute t the scaling-up f REDD-plus actins and finance and t secure lng-term sustained effrt Pre-2020 finance: Specific annual targets shall be achieved: USD 40 billin fr 2014, USD 50 billin fr 2015, USD 60 billin fr 2016, USD 70 billin fr 2017, USD 80 billin fr 2018, USD 90 billin fr 2019 and USD 100 billin fr 2020; Annex II Parties t prvide clarity and a defined pathway fr public climate financing with specific targets, timelines and surces (decisin 3/CP.19) t be made peratinal; and a clear aggregate public climate financing cmmitment by Annex II Parties f USD 70 billin per year by 2016 rising t USD 100 billin per year by 2020 as flr Pre-2020 implementatin as cnfidence builder; by 2015, the financial mechanism (FM) must be made mre rbust; urgent need t reach an agreement that prvides apprpriate, transparent and predictable funding in the pre-2020 time frame Public and private finance effrts are nging and will have an impact thrugh t 2020 and beynd Institutinal arrangements, cperatin and crdinatin Cntinue t further develp, build n and strengthen existing climate finance institutins and prcesses, within and utside the Cnventin: Strengthen and anchr existing institutins Cnsider hw t anchr new and existing elements f climate finance Establish a relatinship with existing institutins and mechanisms Expect arrangements fr climate finance supprt t grw and strengthen beynd 2020 Need fr regulatin t gvern private financing Refrm the gvernance f climate finance t maximize adaptatin and mitigatin benefits in develping cuntries Rle f the FM: The FM f the Cnventin t serve as the FM f the 2015 agreement Financial cmmitments t be channelled thrugh the perating entities (OEs) f the FM The GCF as the main entity f the FM, cre vehicle fr climate finance up t and beynd 2020, and linked t cntributins; transparency n pririties fr financing and distributin f finance f the GCF needed The FM t be made mre rbust The FM and replenishment fr OEs shuld be linked t IPCC scientific assessment The COP t be prvided with the authrity t adpt any further guidance t the OEs fllwing the implementatin f the agreement Set up a new financial mechanism Institutinal arrangements gverning REDD-plus assisting develping cuntry Parties in receiving adequate and predictable financial supprt fr all phases, and crdinating and prviding guidance t all existing REDD-plus finance related activities within and utside the Cnventin 12 f 20

13 Technlgy develpment and transfer General Enhance technlgy develpment and transfer t supprt actin n bth adaptatin and mitigatin All Parties t enhance cperatin in rder t prmte technlgy develpment and transfer and knwhw Cmmitments Cmmitments n technlgy develpment and transfer, cnsistent with the relevant prvisins f the Cnventin and linked t a measurable, reprtable and verifiable (MRV) system A platfrm fr cmmitments in the agreement, with ex ante cmmitments n technlgy develpment and transfer, addressing: Financial supprt fr technlgy develpment and transfer Dmestic plicy cmmitments by Annex II Parties, cvering prperty rights, thrugh licences and agreement, using existing institutins Delivering n cmmitments Prvide supprt n research, develpment, demnstratin and deplyment, including n endgenus technlgies, and supprt t build and strengthen endgenus capacities in cuntries Institutinal arrangements, cperatin and crdinatin N need t create new institutins and rather build n and strengthen existing nes Technlgy Mechanism: Anchr the Technlgy Mechanism (Technlgy Executive Cmmittee (TEC) and Climate Technlgy Centre and Netwrk (CTCN)) in the agreement and strengthen it by: Ensuring predictable and sustainable funding bth the private and the public sectr are imprtant in mbilizing finance fr technlgy Prviding space fr the private sectr in the Technlgy Mechanism given its imprtance in technlgy develpment and transfer Prviding fr assessments f the effectiveness f the Technlgy Mechanism Emphasizing the expert rle f the TEC and the implementatin rle f the CTCN Linking plicy recmmendatin with actin n the grund by sharing best practices Demnstrating greater flexibility t respnd t the needs f all Parties Enhance cllabratin/synergy/linkage between the Technlgy Mechanism and ther institutinal arrangements under the Cnventin, in particular the financial mechanism Enabling envirnments and barriers: Need t address/remve barriers t technlgy develpment and transfer, including thse related t small markets/cuntries and natinal circumstances Address financial barriers, e.g., thrugh a funding windw fr technlgy in the financial mechanism Create enabling envirnments in recipient cuntries, including the necessary regulatry framewrk, institutins and capacity, t attract investments in technlgy Address intellectual prperty rights (IPR) by: Establishing a facilitative regime r an internatinal mechanism n IPR Creating a dedicated funding windw under the GCF and/r the financial mechanism Having a cnversatin n hw t address IPR, including a wrkshp IPR prtectin is an enabling envirnment, nt a barrier. It is: Needed fr innvatin Being addressed: Thrugh numerus discussins in the TEC By the cmpetent internatinal rganizatins (Wrld Intellectual Prperty Organizatin and Wrld Trade Organizatin) Find ways t facilitate access t and deplyment f technlgy while prmting innvatin Technlgy needs assessments (TNAs): Have prvisins r a prcess t ensure the implementatin f utcmes f TNAs and technlgy actin plans TNAs culd be linked with NAMAs and NAPs 13 f 20

14 Capacity-building General Capacity-building t be: Featured prminently as a separate chapter in the 2015 agreement Mainstreamed in all aspects f the 2015 agreement Clear, predictable, effective, demand-driven, sustainable and lng-term supprt fr capacity-building, respnding t natinal needs and fstering cuntry wnership, is key t the 2015 agreement Capacity-building supprt t: Fllw a gender-sensitive apprach Be guided by the findings and utcmes f the Durban Frum n capacity-building Ensure develpment f climate plicies, mbilizatin f private-sectr capital and public engagement Identify, design and implement adaptatin and mitigatin actins Enable dmestic develpment and absrptin f technlgies Need fr public awareness and educatin, strengthening f dmestic institutins and creatin f enabling envirnments t supprt Parties in taking effective climate actin Need t build capacity at the natinal, subnatinal and lcal levels, create multiplier effects and engage the private sectr and ther stakehlders Cmmitments Clear and predictable targets and utcmes fr capacity-building Specific and quantified cmmitments by Annex II Parties t prvide adequate, predictable and sustainable financing fr capacity-building thrugh a dedicated windw under the GCF Institutinal arrangements, cperatin and crdinatin Establish: An internatinal capacity-building mechanism, linked t technlgy and adaptatin institutins, funded by the GCF: T enhance the prvisin f skills develpment and institutin building An evaluatin mechanism: T assess the effectiveness f the delivery f capacity-building A capacity-building cmmittee, with clearly defined relatinships t ther bdies established under the Cnventin, t be made peratinal well befre 2020: T ensure that lack f capacity des nt becme a barrier t implementing the 2015 agreement Reginal centres fr capacity-building An ad hc wrking grup n capacity-building: T discuss what kind f capacity-building is required by develping cuntries and hw it shuld be delivered Capacity-building supprt t be built n, and enhance, existing arrangements, such as the Durban Frum n capacity-building Bdies established under the Cnventin t intensify their wrk relating t capacity-building Clearly define arrangements fr capacity-building and their linkages t ther bdies and institutins under the Cnventin Imprtance f the rle and ptential f the private sectr in supprting capacity-building Natinally determined cntributins 12 Scpe and character f cntributins The Cnventin, as well as decisins frm Dha and Durban, prvide the framewrk fr intended natinally determined cntributins Each Party t assess dmestically the best way t cntribute based n its capacities and circumstances Cntributins are: The best effrts that cuntries can put frward withut cnditins: T be supprted fr cuntries that wish t g beynd their capacity 12 Fr brevity, natinally determined cntributins are referred t in this annex as cntributins. 14 f 20

15 Fr develping cuntries: dependent n adequate prvisin f supprt and based n clarity n the prvisin f supprt T be natinally determined and nt t be impsed r determined by way f tp-dwn allcatin r internatinal negtiatin Nt t set new bligatins fr Parties Intended and therefre prvisinal Cntributins cver: All elements cnsidered under the ADP Mitigatin fr all Parties: Fcus shuld be n mitigatin since this is where a cllective effrt is needed Adaptatin cntributins cannt be a substitute fr mitigatin cntributins; there culd be adaptatin cntributins in additin t mitigatin cntributins, develped accrding t specific guidance different frm the rules fr mitigatin cntributins Fr develped cuntries: mitigatin and means f implementatin: Cntributins d nt include supprt Cntributins will be: The basis fr legally binding cmmitments Of the same legal frce fr all Parties Legally binding fr develped cuntries, vluntary fr develping cuntries Optins fr legal frce t be cnsidered: Legally binding at the internatinal level Legal bligatin t put frward a cntributin Recgnize dmestic legally binding character Infrmatin t accmpany the cntributins Infrmatin shuld be prvided with a view t: Understanding verall and individual effrts twards the glbal gal Ensuring that cmmitments are transparent, quantifiable, cmparable, verifiable and ambitius Building trust and prviding guidance fr preparing cntributins Allwing Parties t explain why cntributins are fair and ambitius Allwing fr aggregatin t determine the verall level f ambitin Assessing verall ambitin and fairness Cmparing cntributins and the effrt behind the cntributins Helping t build the transparency framewrk Build n experiences in the clarificatin f pre-2020 pledges Prvisin f infrmatin shuld be differentiated fllwing the Bali apprach: Develped cuntries thrugh the cmmn tabular frmat that emerged frm the Bali Actin Plan Develping cuntries thrugh NCs A cmmn template: Fr all, t be develped Only fr develped cuntries Infrmatin t be prvided includes: Type f cmmitment/cntributin Time frame r base year/perid Baseline emissins Peaking year Cverage in terms f: Greenhuse gases and sectrs Gegraphical bundaries Percentage f ttal/natinal emissins Methdlgies, emissin factrs and metrics used (e.g. GWP) Expected emissin reductins t be achieved Expected use f market mechanisms Apprach t accunting fr the land-use sectr Additinal specific infrmatin depending n the type f cmmitment/cntributin Indicatrs relating t fairness and ambitin Infrmatin n supprt/means f implementatin 15 f 20

16 Prcess 13 Supprt Fr adaptatin cntributins: assessment and assumptins f climate impacts; analysis f vulnerable sectrs; technlgy, investment and capacity needs; adaptatin ptins and their csts; quantificatin f wn investments; reflectin f existing prgrammes and prjects (all per sectr) A prcess is needed t: Infrm/guide the preparatin f cntributins Present the cntributins Cnsider/assess/review cntributins With the purpse f: Enhancing transparency, in rder t understand cntributins, but nt t negtiate cmmitments: Prviding an pprtunity fr Parties t analyse and pse clarifying questins regarding the cntributins befre they are finalized Understanding the envirnmental effectiveness f the cntributins and their aggregatin; determining the individual and verall level f ambitin Cnsidering, assessing and/r reviewing cntributins ex ante/upfrnt: In the light f equity/fairness and ambitin/adequacy In a transparent and cmparable manner, based n science, and guided by cnsideratin f evlving capability and respnsibility Against a cllective perceptin f fairness/fairness f cntributins with regard t mitigatin, adaptatin and means f implementatin In terms f the glbal ambitin and effrts f all Parties in view f the 2 C gal Enhancing actin thrugh fstering cllabratin Adjusting cntributins: Autmatic upward adjustment f cntributins as part f an ex pst assessment Allwing Parties t increase ambitin accrding t their natinal circumstances/prviding an pprtunity fr Parties t adjust their cntributins if they s chse, befre finalizing them In the frm f: An initial review under the ADP An assessment under a review panel An internatinal review mechanism A dynamic, flexible and rbust mechanism A dynamic framewrk A cnsultative prcess A cmbinatin f upfrnt assessment and a transparent and cnsultative prcess An ex ante multilateral assessment in a nn-intrusive nn-prescriptive manner An ex ante assessment f cntributins regarding means f implementatin based n needs assessment As part f a principle-based reference framewrk T be cnducted/start: Fr the cntributins presented by Parties in 2015: Fllwing the establishment f a multilateral ex ante assessment prcess in Lima In 2015 In 2016 In 2020 After Parties accunting fr 75 per cent f glbal emissins have submitted their cntributin Cntributins t be frmalized and anchred/captured: In schedules Separately frm the adpted instrument, fr example in a decisin In an annex/attachment t the agreement Need fr prvisins t supprt develping cuntries t prepare and implement their cntributins, including thrugh establishing a mechanism: Supprt is already being prvided t develping cuntries 13 See als prcess-related prpsals with regard t peridic assessment belw (sectin n ther issues). 16 f 20

17 Transparency f actin and supprt Transparency f actin General features Build n existing arrangements MRV, accunting rules and cmpliance t underpin future transparency framewrk MRV t encmpass mitigatin and adaptatin KP is the main reference fr transparency rules System t be efficient and streamlined Differentiatin and flexibility One cmmn system, single set f guidelines with built-in flexibility Applicatin f CBDR-RC All Parties t enhance the implementatin f Article 4, paragraph1(a) and (j), and Article 12, paragraph 1 Different requirements/rules fr develped and develping cuntries, in accrdance with Articles 4 and 12; tw sets f rules fr Annex I and nn-annex I Parties, which are different in nature: Develped cuntries t enhance MRV f supprt, based n NCs, biennial reprts (BRs), internatinal assessment and review (IAR) and KP rules, using cmmn templates fr all develped cuntries Develping cuntries t increase transparency f enhanced actins thrugh NCs, biennial update reprts (BURs), registry and internatinal cnsultatin and analysis (ICA) in a nnintrusive, nn-punitive manner and respecting natinal svereignty MRV fr develped cuntries t be enhanced Same rules fr all Parties will delay actin Differentiated based n capacity t evlve ver time int a cmmn system Allw MRV f develping cuntries t prgress gradually Chice f different tiers in IPCC methdlgies Different tiers f IPCC methdlgies and stringency fr SIDS and LDCs Accunting Cmmn accunting rules fr land use, land-use change and frestry and use f market mechanisms Cmmn accunting rules with built-in flexibility Cmmn accunting rules fr Annex I Parties nly Difficult t cmply with cmmn accunting rules due t different capabilities Accunting rules shuld apply t all Accunting rules imprtant t understand cntributins Shuld nt be used as an excuse t delay submissin f upfrnt infrmatin Transparency f supprt General features Build n existing arrangements Need fr internatinal versight t better track the implementatin f cmmitments, including n supprt Need fr infrmatin n supprt prvided and received Need fr harmnizatin and crdinatin f existing data systems Differentiatin and flexibility Cmmn MRV f supprt system which: Reflects prgress made and lessns learned in the existing MRV system Recgnizes special circumstances f cuntries and allws fr the evlutin f cuntries within the system Prvides fr differentiatin in reprting and cmmn internatinal review f reprts Takes int accunt further COP guidance Allws fr the incrpratin f a grwing number f cntributrs Places greater emphasis n effectiveness Transparency requirements t be differentiated in accrdance with Article 12: 17 f 20