SECTION 6 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Transcription

1 SECTION 6 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT This section identifies and quantifies the vulnerability of the MEMA District 6 Region to the significant hazards identified in the previous sections (Hazard Identification and Profiles). It consists of the following subsections: 6.1 Overview 6.2 Methodology 6.3 Explanation of Data Sources 6.4 Asset Inventory 6.5 Vulnerability Assessment Results 6.6 Conclusions on Hazard Vulnerability 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(2)(ii): The risk assessment shall include a description of the jurisdiction's vulnerability to the hazards described in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. The description shall include an overall summary of each hazard and its impact on the community. The plan should describe vulnerability in terms of: (A) The types and numbers of existing and future buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in the identified hazard areas; (B) An estimate of the potential losses to vulnerable structures identified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(a) of this section and a description of the methodology used to prepare the estimate; (C) Providing a general description of land uses and development trends within the community so that mitigation options can be considered in future land use decisions. 6.1 OVERVIEW This section builds upon the information provided in Section 4: Hazard Identification and Section 5: Hazard Profiles by identifying and characterizing an inventory of assets in the MEMA District 6 Region. In addition, the potential impact and expected amount of damages caused to these assets by each identified hazard event is assessed. The primary objective of the vulnerability assessment is to quantify exposure and the potential loss estimates for each hazard. In doing so, the MEMA District 6 counties and their participating jurisdictions may better understand their unique risks to identified hazards and be better prepared to evaluate and prioritize specific hazard mitigation actions. This section begins with an explanation of the methodology applied to complete the vulnerability assessment, followed by a summary description of the asset inventory as compiled for the MEMA District 6 Region. The remainder of this section focuses on the results of the assessment conducted. 6.2 METHODOLOGY This vulnerability assessment was conducted using three distinct methodologies: (1) A stochastic risk assessment; (2) a geographic information system (GIS)-based analysis; and (3) a risk modeling software analysis. Each approach provides estimates for the potential impact of hazards by using a common, systematic framework for evaluation, including historical occurrence information provided in the Hazard 6:1

2 Identification and Analysis sections. A brief description of the three different approaches is provided on the following pages Stochastic Risk Assessment The stochastic risk assessment methodology was applied to analyze hazards of concern that were outside the scope of hazard risk models and the GIS-based risk assessment. This includes hazards that do not have geographically-definable boundaries and are therefore excluded from spatial analysis through GIS. A stochastic risk methodology was used for the following hazards: Erosion Dam and Levee Failure Winter Storm and Freeze Drought / Heat Wave Landslide Land Subsidence Thunderstorm (wind, hailstorm, lightning) Tornado Many of the hazards listed above are considered atmospheric and have the potential to affect all buildings and all populations. For many of these hazards listed above, no additional analysis was performed. When possible, annualized loss estimates were determined using the best available data on historical losses from sources including NOAA s National Climatic Data Center records, MEMA District 6 Region county hazard mitigation plans, and local knowledge. Annualized loss is the estimated long-term weighted average value of losses to property in any single year in a specified geographic area (i.e., municipal jurisdiction or county). Annualized loss estimates were generated by totaling the amount of property damage over the period of time for which records were available, and calculating the average annual loss. Given the standard weighting analysis, losses can be readily compared across hazards providing an objective approach for evaluating mitigation alternatives. For the erosion, dam and levee failure 1, landslide, and land subsidence hazards no data with historical property damages was available. Therefore, annualized potential losses for these hazards are presumed to be negligible. Winter storm and freeze, drought / heat wave, thunderstorm (wind, hailstorm, lightning), and tornado have the potential to impact the entire MEMA District 6 Region. The results for these hazards are found near the end of this section in Table GIS-Based Analysis Other hazards have specified geographic boundaries that permit additional using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). These hazards include: Flood Wildfire 1 As noted in Section 5: Hazard Profiles, Dam failure could be catastrophic to areas in the inundation area. Due to a lack of a data, no additional analysis was performed. Further, local MEMA District 6 officials indicate that separate dam failure plans have been completed for their counties to identify risk and response measures. There was no local knowledge of critical facilities being at risk to dam failure. As additional data becomes available, more in-depth analysis will be conducted. 6:2

3 Hazardous Material Incident The objective of the GIS-based analysis was to determine the estimated vulnerability of critical facilities and populations for the identified hazards in the MEMA District 6 Region using best available geospatial data. Digital data was collected from local, regional, state, and national sources for hazards and buildings. Jurisdictions in the MEMA District 6 Region generally did not have readily available geospatial parcel or building footprint data. Despite this lack of data, the HMC wanted to have some estimate of potential building and dollar losses, so Census block data was extracted from Hazus MH 2.2 that included building counts and potential exposure of property in the region. Additionally, geo-referenced point locations for identified assets (critical facilities and infrastructure, special populations, etc.) were identified via Hazus MH 2.2 and used in this vulnerability analysis. ESRI ArcGIS was used to assess hazard vulnerability utilizing digital hazard data, as well as local building and exposure data described above. Using these data layers, hazard vulnerability can be quantified by estimating the number and dollar value of Census blocks determined to be located in identified hazard areas. To estimate vulnerable populations in hazard areas, digital Census 2010 data by census tract was obtained. This was intersected with hazard areas to determine exposed population counts. The results of the analysis provided an estimate of the number of people and critical facilities, as well as the value of buildings determined to be potentially at risk to those hazards with delineable geographic hazard boundaries Risk Modeling Software Analysis A risk modeling software was used for the following hazards: Earthquake Hurricane and Tropical Storm There are several models that exist to model hazards. Hazus-MH was used in this vulnerability assessment to address the aforementioned hazards. HAZUS-MH Hazus-MH ( Hazus ) is a standardized loss estimation software program developed by FEMA. It is built upon an integrated GIS platform to conduct analysis at a regional level (i.e., not on a structure-by-structure basis). The Hazus risk assessment methodology is parametric, in that distinct hazard and inventory parameters (e.g., wind speed and building types) can be modeled using the software to determine the impact (i.e., damages and losses) on the built environment. The MEMA District 6 Regional Risk Assessment utilized Hazus-MH to produce hazard damage loss estimations for hazards for the planning area. At the time this analysis was completed, Hazus-MH 2.2 was used to estimate potential damages from hurricane 6:3

4 winds earthquake hazards using Hazus-MH methodology. Although the program can also model losses for flood and storm surge, it was not used in this Risk Assessment. Figure 6.1 illustrates the conceptual model of the Hazus-MH methodology. FIGURE 6.1: CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HAZUS-MH METHODOLOGY Hazus-MH is capable of providing a variety of loss estimation results. In order to be consistent with other hazard assessments, annualized losses are presented when possible. Some additional results based on location-specific scenarios may also be presented to provide a complete picture of hazard vulnerability. Loss estimates provided in this vulnerability assessment are based on best available data and methodologies. The results are an approximation of risk. These estimates should be used to understand relative risk from hazards and potential losses. Uncertainties are inherent in any loss estimation methodology, arising in part from incomplete scientific knowledge concerning natural hazards and their effects on the built environment. Uncertainties also result from approximations and simplifications that are necessary for a comprehensive analysis (e.g., incomplete inventories, non-specific locations, demographics, or economic parameters). All conclusions are presented in Conclusions on Hazard Vulnerability at the end of this section. 6:4

5 6.3 EXPLANATION OF DATA SOURCES FLOOD FEMA Digital Flood Rate Insurance Maps (DFIRM) flood data was used to determine flood vulnerability. DFIRM data can be used in ArcGIS for mapping purposes, and they identify several features including floodplain boundaries and base flood elevations. Identified areas on the DFIRM represent some features of a Flood Insurance Rate Maps including the 100-year flood areas (1.0-percent annual chance flood), and the 500-year flood areas (0.2-percent annual chance flood). For the vulnerability assessment, local improved property data and critical facilities were overlaid on the 1.0-percent annual chance floodplains (ACF) and 0.2-percent annual chance floodplain areas for counties that had digital parcel data available. It should be noted that such an analysis does not account for building elevation. WILDFIRE The data used to determine vulnerability to wildfire in the MEMA District 6 Region is based on GIS data called the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment (SWRA). This data is available on the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment website and can be downloaded and imported into ArcGIS. A specific layer, known as Wildland Urban Interface Risk Index (WUIRI) was used to determine vulnerability of people and property. The WUIRI is presented on a scale of 0 to -9. It combines data on housing density with the data on the impact and likelihood of a wildfire occurring in a specific area. The primary purpose of the data is to highlight areas of concern that may be conducive to mitigation actions. Due to assumptions made, it is not true probability. However, it does provide a comparison of risk throughout the region. EARTHQUAKE Hazus-MH 2.2 (as described above) was used to assess earthquake vulnerability. A level 1, probabilistic scenario to estimate average annualized loss was utilized. In this scenario, several return periods (events of varying intensities) are run to determine annualized loss. Default Hazus earthquake damage functions and methodology were used to determine the probability of damage. Results are calculated at the 2010 U.S. Census tract level in Hazus and presented at the county level. LANDSLIDE As a result of the low susceptibility and low incidence of landslide for counties in the MEMA District 6 Region, a GIS-based vulnerability analysis was not carried out for this plan. USGS Landslide Susceptibility Index data was evaluated alongside historic occurrences and local knowledge to determine landslide vulnerability and vulnerability was determined to be consistently low throughout the region despite some areas of higher USGS vulnerability. HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM WIND Hazus-MH 2.2 (as described above) was used to assess wind vulnerability. For the hurricane wind analysis, a probabilistic scenario was created to estimate the annualized loss damage in the MEMA District 6 Region. Default Hazus wind speed data, damage functions, and methodology were used in to determine the probability of damage for 100-, 500-, and 1,000-year frequency events (also known as a 6:5

6 return period) in the scenario. Results are calculated in Hazus at the 2010 U.S. Census tract level and presented at the county level. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT For the fixed hazardous materials incident analysis, Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data was used. The Toxics Release Inventory is a publicly available database from the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that contains information on toxic chemical releases and other waste management activities reported annually by certain covered industry groups as well as federal facilities. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of Each year, facilities that meet certain activity thresholds must report their releases and other waste management activities for listed toxic chemicals to EPA and to their state or tribal entity. A facility must report if it meets the following three criteria: The facility falls within one of the following industrial categories: manufacturing; metal mining; coal mining; electric generating facilities that combust coal and/or oil; chemical wholesale distributors; petroleum terminals and bulk storage facilities; RCRA Subtitle C treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities; and solvent recovery services; Has 10 or more full-time employee equivalents; and Manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds or otherwise uses more than 10,000 pounds of any listed chemical during the calendar year. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals are subject to different thresholds of 10 pounds, 100 pounds, or 0.1 grams depending on the chemical. For the mobile hazardous materials incident analysis, transportation data including major highways and railroads were obtained from the National Atlas. This data is ArcGIS compatible, lending itself to buffer analysis to determine risk. 6.4 ASSET INVENTORY An inventory of geo-referenced assets within the MEMA District 6 counties and jurisdictions was compiled in order to identify and characterize those properties potentially at risk to the identified hazards. 2 By understanding the type and number of assets that exist and where they are located in relation to known hazard areas, the relative risk and vulnerability for such assets can be assessed. Under this assessment, two categories of physical assets were created and then further assessed through GIS analysis. Additionally, social assets are addressed to determine population at risk to the identified hazards. These are presented below in Section Physical and Improved Assets The two categories of physical assets consist of: 2 While potentially not all-inclusive for MEMA District 6, georeferenced assets include those assets for which specific location data is readily available for connecting the asset to a specific geographic location for purposes of GIS analysis. 6:6

7 1. Improved Property: Unfortunately, building footprint and parcel data was not available for any of the participating areas. Therefore the definition of improved property includes all improved properties in the MEMA District 6 Region according to building data extracted from Hazus MH 2.2. It should be noted that this data produced less accurate information concerning the number of buildings at risk than parcel data because the Hazus data was aggregated at a much larger geographic area, the Census Block level. Hazus inventory data provides an estimate of the number of buildings in the study region. The economic exposure is also presented to be referenced with any Hazus-related results. 2. Critical Facilities: Critical facilities vary by jurisdiction. For this Vulnerability Assessment, facilities were used from Hazus-MH which includes fire stations, police station, medical care facilities, schools, and emergency operation centers. When provided, local data was used to supplement the Hazus data. It should be noted that this listing is not all-inclusive for assets located in the region, but it is anticipated that it will be expanded during future plan updates as more geo-referenced data becomes available for use in GIS analysis. The following tables provide a detailed listing of the geo-referenced assets that have been identified for inclusion in the vulnerability assessment for the MEMA District 6 Region. Table 6.1 lists the estimated number of improved properties and the total value of improvements for participating areas of the MEMA District 6 Region (study area of vulnerability assessment). Because digital parcel data was not available, data obtained from Hazus-MH 2.2 inventory was utilized to complete the analysis. TABLE 6.1: IMPROVED PROPERTY IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Location Counts of Improved Property Total Value of Improvements Clarke County 8,431 $1,339,856,000 Enterprise 275 $42,226,000 Pachuta 136 $17,426,000 Quitman 1,178 $281,065,000 Shubuta 213 $31,981,000 Stonewall 596 $84,683,000 Unincorporated Area 6,033 $882,475,000 Jasper County 9,076 $1,423,508,000 Bay Springs 889 $217,296,000 Heidelberg 401 $74,564,000 Louin 169 $22,458,000 Montrose 87 $10,756,000 Unincorporated Area 7,530 $1,098,434,000 Kemper County 4,637 $729,264,000 De Kalb 421 $97,794,000 Scooba 221 $57,932,000 Unincorporated Area 3,995 $573,538,000 Lauderdale County 32,938 $8,053,038,000 Marion 577 $121,543,000 6:7

8 Location Counts of Improved Property Total Value of Improvements Meridian 16,299 $4,747,842,000 Unincorporated Area 16,062 $3,183,653,000 Leake County 9,901 $1,724,980,000 Carthage 1,879 $462,578,000 Lena 97 $14,964,000 Walnut Grove 279 $77,181,000 Unincorporated Area 7,646 $1,170,257,000 Neshoba County 12,629 $2,282,573,000 Philadelphia 3,485 $812,156,000 Unincorporated Area 9,144 $1,470,417,000 Newton County 9,906 $1,832,758,000 Chunky 157 $17,100,000 Decatur 664 $159,626,000 Hickory 241 $50,890,000 Newton (city) 1,615 $366,366,000 Union 950 $258,202,000 Unincorporated Area 6,279 $980,574,000 Scott County 12,412 $2,228,841,000 Forest 2,293 $580,989,000 Lake 166 $27,353,000 Morton 1,304 $301,897,000 Sebastopol 157 $47,123,000 Unincorporated Area 8,492 $1,271,479,000 Smith County 7,774 $1,319,612,000 Mize 173 $39,999,000 Polkville 353 $54,944,000 Raleigh 627 $143,766,000 Sylvarena 49 $7,595,000 Taylorsville 717 $160,570,000 Unincorporated Area 5,855 $912,738,000 MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL Source: Hazus-MH ,704 $20,934,430,000 Table 6.2 lists the fire stations, police stations, emergency operations centers (EOCs), medical care facilities, and schools located in the MEMA District 6 Region according to Hazus-MH Version 2.2. In addition, Figure 6.2 shows the locations of critical facilities in the MEMA District 6 Region. Table 6.14, at the end of this section, shows a complete list of the critical facilities by name, as well as the hazards that affect each facility. As noted previously, this list is not all-inclusive and only includes information provided through Hazus. 6:8

9 TABLE 6.2: CRITICAL FACILITY INVENTORY IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Location Fire Stations Police Stations Medical Care Facilities EOC Schools Clarke County Enterprise Pachuta Quitman Shubuta Stonewall Unincorporated Area Jasper County Bay Springs Heidelberg Louin Montrose Unincorporated Area Kemper County De Kalb Scooba Unincorporated Area Lauderdale County Marion Meridian Unincorporated Area Leake County Carthage Lena Walnut Grove Unincorporated Area Neshoba County Philadelphia Unincorporated Area Newton County Chunky Decatur Hickory Newton (city) Union Unincorporated Area Scott County Forest Lake Morton Sebastopol Unincorporated Area Smith County Mize :9

10 Location Fire Stations Police Stations Medical Care Facilities EOC Schools Polkville Raleigh Sylvarena Taylorsville Unincorporated Area MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL Source: Hazus-MH :10

11 FIGURE 6.2: CRITICAL FACILITY LOCATIONS IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Source: Hazus-MH Social Vulnerability In addition to identifying those assets potentially at risk to identified hazards, it is important to identify and assess those particular segments of the resident population in the MEMA District 6 Region that are potentially at risk to these hazards. 6:11

12 Table 6.3 lists the population by jurisdiction according to U.S. Census 2010 population estimates. The total population in the MEMA District 6 Region according to Census data is 244,467 persons. Additional population estimates are presented in Section 3: Community Profile. TABLE 6.3: TOTAL POPULATION IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Location Total 2010 Population Clarke County 16,732 Jasper County 17,062 Kemper County 10,456 Lauderdale County 80,261 Leake County 23,805 Neshoba County 29,676 Newton County 21,720 Scott County 28,264 Smith County 16,491 MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL 244,467 Source: United States Census 2010 In addition, Figure 6.3 illustrates the population density per square kilometer by census tract as it was reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in As can be seen in the figure the population is spread out, with concentrations in Meridian, Philadelphia, Newton, Forest, and Morton. 6:12

13 FIGURE 6.3: POPULATION DENSITY IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Source: United States Census Bureau, Development Trends and Changes in Vulnerability Since the previous county hazard mitigation plans were approved (in 2011 and 2012), the MEMA District 6 Region has experienced limited growth and development. Table 6.4 shows the number of building units constructed since 2010 according to the U.S. Census American Community Survey. 6:13

14 TABLE 6.4: BUILDING COUNTS FOR THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Jurisdiction Total Housing Units (2013) Units Built 2010 or later % Building Stock Built Post-2010 Clarke County 7, % Enterprise % Pachuta % Quitman % Shubuta % Stonewall % Unincorporated Area 6, % Jasper County 8, % Bay Springs % Heidelberg % Louin % Montrose % Unincorporated Area 6, % Kemper County 4, % De Kalb % Scooba % Unincorporated Area 3, % Lauderdale County 34, % Marion % Meridian 18, % Unincorporated Area 15, % Leake County 9, % Carthage 1, % Lena % Walnut Grove % Unincorporated Area 7, % Neshoba County 12, % Philadelphia 3, % Unincorporated Area 9, % Newton County 9, % Chunky % Decatur % Hickory % Newton (city) 1, % Union % Unincorporated Area 5, % Scott County 11, % Forest 2, % Lake % Morton 1, % Sebastopol % Unincorporated Area 7, % 6:14

15 Jurisdiction Total Housing Units (2013) Units Built 2010 or later % Building Stock Built Post-2010 Smith County 7, % Mize % Polkville % Raleigh % Sylvarena % Taylorsville % Unincorporated Area 5, % MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL 105, % Source: United States Census Bureau Table 6.5 shows population growth estimates for the region from 2010 to 2014 based on the U.S. Census Annual Estimates of Resident Population. TABLE 6.5: POPULATION GROWTH FOR THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Jurisdiction Population Estimates (as of July 1) % Change Clarke County 16,704 16,658 16,495 16,389 16, % Enterprise % Pachuta % Quitman 2,319 2,310 2,287 2,271 2, % Shubuta % Stonewall 1,086 1,081 1,069 1,060 1, % Unincorporated Area 12,074 12,042 11,928 11,855 11, % Jasper County 16,986 16,796 16,535 16,517 16, % Bay Springs 1,786 1,763 1,734 1,730 1, % Heidelberg % Louin % Montrose % Unincorporated Area 14,075 13,922 13,710 13,699 13, % Kemper County 10,474 10,270 10,366 10,276 10, % De Kalb 1,150 1,118 1,119 1,108 1, % Scooba % Unincorporated Area 8,593 8,434 8,530 8,455 8, % Lauderdale County 80,370 80,591 80,271 80,332 79, % Marion 1,485 1,526 1,564 1,591 1, % Meridian 41,130 41,128 40,830 40,680 40, % Unincorporated Area 37,755 37,937 37,877 38,061 37, % Leake County 23,779 23,305 23,253 23,309 23, % Carthage 5,067 5,000 5,014 4,972 4, % Lena % Walnut Grove 1,908 1,715 1,751 1,978 1, % Unincorporated Area 16,656 16,444 16,343 16,215 16, % 6:15

16 Jurisdiction Population Estimates (as of July 1) % Change Neshoba County 29,668 29,705 29,679 29,461 29, % Philadelphia 7,474 7,482 7,476 7,414 7, % Unincorporated Area 22,194 22,223 22,203 22,047 22, % Newton County 21,679 21,509 21,625 21,709 21, % Chunky % Decatur 1,838 1,754 1,775 1,796 1, % Hickory % Newton (city) 3,364 3,344 3,355 3,360 3, % Union 1,985 1,979 1,985 1,986 1, % Unincorporated Area 13,638 13,581 13,655 13,709 13, % Scott County 28,315 28,297 28,248 28,241 28, % Forest 5,701 5,723 5,711 5,703 5, % Lake % Morton 3,466 3,455 3,446 3,441 3, % Sebastopol % Unincorporated Area 18,544 18,516 18,489 18,494 18, % Smith County 16,466 16,515 16,333 16,216 16, % Mize % Polkville % Raleigh 1,456 1,464 1,449 1,442 1, % Sylvarena % Taylorsville 1,351 1,353 1,336 1,324 1, % Unincorporated Area 12,380 12,415 12,278 12,190 12, % MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL Source: United States Census Bureau 244, , , , , % Based on the data above, there has been a relatively low rate of residential development and population growth in the region since 2010, and the majority of jurisdictions have actually experienced slight population declines. However, the Town of Shubuta and Town of Heidelberg have experienced a slightly higher rate of development compared to the rest of the region, resulting in an increased number of structures that are vulnerable to the potential impacts of the identified hazards. Additionally, there has been a considerably higher rate of population growth in the Town of Marion. Since the population has increased in this jurisdiction, there is now a greater number of people exposed to the identified hazards. Therefore, development and population growth have impacted the region s vulnerability since the previous local hazard mitigation plans were approved and there has been a slight increase in the overall vulnerability. It is also important to note that as development increases in the future, greater populations and more structures and infrastructure will be exposed to potential hazards if development occurs in the floodplains, moderate and high landside susceptibility areas, high wildfire risk areas, or primary and secondary TRI site buffers. 6:16

17 6.5 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT RESULTS As noted earlier, only hazards with a specific geographic boundary, available modeling tool, or sufficient historical data allow for further analysis in this section. Those results are presented here. All other hazards are assumed to impact the entire planning region (drought / heat wave; thunderstorm wind, hail, lightning; tornado; and winter storm and freeze) or, due to lack of data, analysis would not lead to credible results (dam and levee failure, erosion, and land subsidence). In the case of landslide, local officials determined that the USGS data may be somewhat amiss and that even the areas identified as moderate risks probably entailed an overall low risk. The total region exposure, and thus risk to these hazards, was presented in Table 6.1. The hazards to be further analyzed in this section include: flood, wildfire, earthquake, hurricane and tropical storm winds, and hazardous materials incident. The annualized loss estimate for all hazards is presented near the end of this section in Table Flood Historical evidence indicates that the MEMA District 6 Region is susceptible to flood events. A total of 237 flood events have been reported by the National Climatic Data Center resulting in $208.3 million (2015 dollars) in property damage as well as one fatality. On an annualized level, these damages amounted to $14,024,795 for the MEMA District 6 Region. In order to assess flood risk, a GIS-based analysis was used to estimate exposure to flood events using Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) data in combination with improved property records for each of the MEMA District 6 Counties. The determination of value at-risk (exposure) was calculated using GIS analysis by summing the values for improved properties that were located within an identified floodplain. Due to a lack of digital parcel data, it was determined that an analysis using the inventory from Hazus-MH 2.2 would be used, though it should be noted that the data will merely be an estimation and may not reflect actual counts or values located in the floodplain. Indeed, in almost all cases, this analysis likely overestimates the amount of property at risk. Table 6.6 presents the potential at-risk property. Both the number of parcels and the approximate value are presented. Location TABLE 6.6: ESTIMATED EXPOSURE OF PARCELS TO THE FLOOD HAZARD 3 Approx. Number of Improvements 1.0-percent ACF Approx. Improved Value Approx. Number of Improvements 0.2-percent ACF Approx. Improved Value Clarke County 2,844 $452,662, $26,235,000 Enterprise 158 $23,389,000 0 $0 Pachuta 32 $4,464,000 0 $0 Quitman 184 $68,907,000 0 $0 Shubuta 210 $31,549, $23,735,000 Stonewall 269 $36,247,000 0 $0 Unincorporated Area 1,991 $288,106, $2,500,000 3 As noted in Section 6.4, no building-specific data, such as building footprints, was available to determine buildings at risk. As a result of this data limitation, at risk Census block building counts and values of the structures were used. 6:17

18 Location Approx. Number of Improvements 1.0-percent ACF Approx. Improved Value Approx. Number of Improvements 0.2-percent ACF Approx. Improved Value Jasper County 4,762 $738,829,000 0 $0 Bay Springs 251 $54,497,000 0 $0 Heidelberg 256 $49,517,000 0 $0 Louin 101 $13,300,000 0 $0 Montrose 4 $477,000 0 $0 Unincorporated Area 4,150 $621,038,000 0 $0 Kemper County* 73 $314,960,000 2 $15,256,000 De Kalb* 2 $35,745,000 0 $0 Scooba* 12 $24,880,000 2 $13,192,000 Unincorporated Area* 59 $254,335,000 0 $2,064,000 Lauderdale County 15,877 $3,682,330,000 6,329 $1,647,850,000 Marion 350 $74,215, Meridian 5,591 $1,637,140,000 4,206 $1,184,778,000 Unincorporated Area 9,936 $1,970,975,000 2,023 $435,705,000 Leake County 5,569 $900,039,000 0 $0 Carthage 776 $186,012,000 0 $0 Lena 31 $6,045,000 0 $0 Walnut Grove 73 $35,379,000 0 $0 Unincorporated Area 4,689 $672,603,000 0 $0 Neshoba County 6,541 $1,142,690, $144,465,000 Philadelphia 1,296 $316,471, $90,484,000 Unincorporated Area 5,245 $826,219, $53,981,000 Newton County 5,706 $1,033,257, $175,367,000 Chunky 117 $13,126,000 0 $0 Decatur 197 $43,299,000 0 $0 Hickory 194 $43,056,000 0 $0 Newton (city) 862 $186,347, $62,673,000 Union 458 $142,146, $112,694,000 Unincorporated Area 3,878 $605,283, $0 Scott County 7,966 $1,340,108,000 0 $0 Forest 1,051 $267,978,000 0 $0 Lake 94 $11,976,000 0 $0 Morton 674 $139,660,000 0 $0 Sebastopol 63 $31,735,000 0 $0 Unincorporated Area 6,084 $888,759,000 0 $0 Smith County 4,667 $779,200, $112,842,000 Mize 150 $35,525,000 0 $0 Polkville 96 $15,052,000 0 $0 Raleigh 0 $0 0 $0 Sylvarena 7 $1,217,000 0 $0 Taylorsville 453 $102,580, $64,319,000 6:18

19 Location Approx. Number of Improvements 1.0-percent ACF Approx. Improved Value Approx. Number of Improvements 0.2-percent ACF Approx. Improved Value Unincorporated Area 3,961 $624,826, $48,523,000 MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL 54,005 $10,384,075, $2,122,015,000 *Additional data was provided by local officials concerning number of structures at-risk to flooding for these jurisdictions. However, additional data was not available concerning values for these structures. Therefore, structure values from HAZUS estimates were utilized and these values are much higher than the likely value of structures identified by local officials Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency DFIRM and Hazus MH 2.2 Data SOCIAL VULNERABILITY Figure 6.4 is presented to gain a better understanding of at-risk population by evaluating census tract level population data against mapped floodplains. There are areas of concern in several of the municipal population centers in this region including Meridian, Carthage, and Philadelphia. Indeed, nearly every incorporated municipality is potentially at risk of being impacted by flooding in some areas of its jurisdiction. Therefore, further investigation in these areas may be warranted. 6:19

20 FIGURE 6.4 : POPULATION DENSITY NEAR FLOODPLAINS Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency DFIRM, United States Census 2010 CRITICAL FACILITIES The critical facility analysis revealed that there are 13 facilities located in the floodplain. (Please note, as previously indicated, this analysis does not consider building elevation, which may negate risk.) All of these facilities are located in the 1.0 percent annual chance flood zone, and they include 1 fire station, 2 medical care facilities, 2 police stations, and 8 schools. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.14 at the end of this section. 6:20

21 In conclusion, a flood has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, facilities, and populations in the MEMA District 6 Region, though some areas are at a higher risk than others. All types of structures in a floodplain are at-risk, though elevated structures will have a reduced risk. Such sitespecific vulnerability determinations are outside the scope of this assessment but will be considered during future plan updates. Furthermore, areas subject to repetitive flooding should be analyzed for potential mitigation actions Wildfire Although historical evidence indicates that the MEMA District 6 Region is susceptible to wildfire events, there are few reports which include information on historic dollar losses. Therefore, it is difficult to calculate a reliable annualized loss figure. Annualized loss is considered negligible though it should be noted that a single event could result in significant damages throughout the region. To estimate exposure to wildfire, building data was obtained from Hazus-MH 2.2 which includes information that has been aggregated at the Census block level and which has been deemed useful for analyzing wildfire vulnerability. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of Hazus data is somewhat lower than that of parcel data. For the critical facility analysis, areas of concern were intersected with critical facility locations. Figure 6.5 shows the Wildland Urban Interface Risk Index (WUIRI) data, which is a data layer that shows a rating of the potential impact of a wildfire on people and their homes. The key input, Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), reflects housing density (houses per acre) consistent with Federal Register National standards. The location of people living in the WUI and rural areas is key information for defining potential wildfire impacts to people and homes. Initially provided as raster data, it was converted to a polygon to allow for analysis. The Wildland Urban Interface Risk Index data ranges from 0 to -9 with lower values being most severe (as noted previously, this is only a measure of relative risk). Figure 6.6 shows the areas of analysis where any grid cell is less than -5. Areas with a value below -5 were chosen to be displayed as areas of risk because this showed the upper echelon of the scale and the areas at highest risk. Table 6.7 shows the results of the analysis. 6:21

22 FIGURE 6.5: WUI RISK INDEX AREAS IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Data 6:22

23 FIGURE 6.6: WILDFIRE RISK AREAS IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Data 6:23

24 TABLE 6.7: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY 4 TO WILDFIRE RISK AREAS Location Approx. Number of Improvements Wildfire Risk Approx. Improved Value Clarke County 6,133 $915,167,000 Enterprise 90 $12,219,000 Pachuta 85 $10,864,000 Quitman 429 $84,926,000 Shubuta 142 $20,947,000 Stonewall 229 $35,353,000 Unincorporated Area 5,158 $750,858,000 Jasper County 8,241 $1,242,153,000 Bay Springs 700 $140,597,000 Heidelberg 313 $61,369,000 Louin 151 $19,409,000 Montrose 75 $9,325,000 Unincorporated Area 7,002 $1,011,453,000 Kemper County 3,882 $599,890,000 De Kalb 382 $90,053,000 Scooba 70 $23,031,000 Unincorporated Area 3,430 $486,806,000 Lauderdale County 21,849 $4,756,346,000 Marion 419 $89,955,000 Meridian 6,613 $1,835,582,000 Unincorporated Area 14,817 $2,830,809,000 Leake County 7,856 $1,288,858,000 Carthage 948 $208,064,000 Lena 48 $8,285,000 Walnut Grove 51 $30,861,000 Unincorporated Area 6,809 $1,041,648,000 Neshoba County 9,811 $1,626,264,000 Philadelphia 1,360 $276,599,000 Unincorporated Area 8,451 $1,349,665,000 Newton County 7,317 $1,252,697,000 Chunky 112 $12,021,000 Decatur 292 $77,115,000 Hickory 126 $22,400,000 Newton (city) 886 $199,997,000 Union 351 $92,082,000 Unincorporated Area 5,550 $849,082,000 Scott County 9,431 $1,513,692,000 Forest 988 $222,831,000 Lake 67 $8,855,000 Morton 692 $134,835,000 Sebastopol 27 $14,558,000 4 Parcel/Building Footprint data was not available for the MEMA District 6 counties. Therefore, building counts and values were pulled from Hazus-MH at the Census Block level and approximate improved value was calculated. 6:24

25 SOCIAL VULNERABILITY Location Approx. Number of Improvements Wildfire Risk Approx. Improved Value Unincorporated Area 7,657 $1,132,613,000 Smith County 6,810 $1,120,251,000 Mize 151 $35,604,000 Polkville 343 $53,791,000 Raleigh 598 $130,571,000 Sylvarena 38 $6,110,000 Taylorsville 462 $89,601,000 Unincorporated Area 5,218 $804,574,000 MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment and Hazus-MH ,330 $14,315,318,000 Given some level of susceptibility across the entire MEMA District 6 Region, it is assumed that the total population is at risk to the wildfire hazard. Determining the exact number of people in certain wildfire zones is difficult with existing data and could be misleading. CRITICAL FACILITIES The critical facility analysis revealed that there are 13 critical facilities located in wildfire areas of concern, including 2 fire stations, 2 police stations, and 7 schools. It should be noted, that several factors could impact the spread of a wildfire putting all facilities at risk. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.14 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a wildfire event has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, critical facilities, and populations in the MEMA District 6 Region Earthquake As the Hazus-MH model suggests below, and historical occurrences confirm, any earthquake activity in the area is likely to inflict minor to moderate damage to the planning area. Hazus-MH 2.2 estimates a total annualized loss of $237,000 which includes buildings, contents, and inventory throughout the planning area. For the earthquake hazard vulnerability assessment, a probabilistic scenario was created to estimate the average annualized loss 5 for the region on a county by county basis. The results of the analysis are generated at the Census Tract level within Hazus-MH and then aggregated to the county level. Since the scenario is annualized, no building counts are provided. Losses reported included losses due to structure failure, building loss, contents damage, and inventory loss. They do not include losses to business interruption, lost income, or relocation. Table 6.8 summarizes the findings with results rounded to the nearest thousand. 5 Annualized Loss is defined by Hazus-MH as the expected value of loss in any one year. 6:25

26 TABLE 6.8: AVERAGE ANNUALIZED LOSS ESTIMATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Location Structural Damage Non-Structural Damage Contents Damage Inventory Loss Total Annualized Loss Clarke County $3,000 $6,000 $2,000 $0 $11,000 Jasper County $2,000 $5,000 $1,000 $0 $8,000 Kemper County $3,000 $7,000 $2,000 $0 $12,000 Lauderdale County $26,000 $56,000 $19,000 $1,000 $102,000 Leake County $6,000 $14,000 $4,000 $0 $24,000 Neshoba County $8,000 $18,000 $5,000 $0 $31,000 Newton County $5,000 $11,000 $3,000 $0 $19,000 Scott County $6,000 $12,000 $4,000 $0 $22,000 Smith County $2,000 $5,000 $1,000 $0 $8,000 MEMA D6 REGION TOTAL $61,000 $134,000 $41,000 $1,000 $237,000 Source: Hazus-MH 2.2 SOCIAL VULNERABILITY It can be assumed that all existing and future populations are at risk to the earthquake hazard. CRITICAL FACILITIES The Hazus-MH probabilistic analysis indicated that no critical facilities would sustain measurable damage in an earthquake event. However, all critical facilities should be considered at-risk to minor damage, should an event occur. Specific vulnerabilities for these assets will be greatly dependent on their individual design and the mitigation measures in place, where appropriate. Such site-specific vulnerability determinations are outside the scope of this assessment but will be considered during future plan updates. In conclusion, an earthquake has the potential to impact all existing and future buildings, facilities, and populations in the MEMA District 6 Region. The Hazus-MH scenario indicates that minimal to moderate damage is expected from an earthquake occurrence. While the MEMA District 6 Region may not experience a large earthquake (the greatest on record is a magnitude V MMI), localized damage is possible with an occurrence. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.14 at the end of this section Hurricane and Tropical Storm Historical evidence indicates that the MEMA District 6 Region has some significant risk to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. There have been seven disaster declarations due to hurricanes (Hurricanes Camille, Frederic, Georges, Ivan, Dennis, Katrina, and Isaac). Several tracks have come near or traversed through the MEMA District 6 Region, as shown and discussed in Section 5: Hazard Profiles. Hazus-MH 2.2 estimates a total annualized loss of $4,226,000 which includes buildings, contents, and inventory throughout the planning area. 6:26

27 Hurricanes and tropical storms can cause damage through numerous additional hazards such as flooding, erosion, tornadoes, and high winds, thus it is difficult to estimate total potential losses from these cumulative effects. The current Hazus-MH hurricane model only analyzes hurricane winds and is not capable of modeling and estimating cumulative losses from all hazards associated with hurricanes; therefore only hurricane winds are analyzed in this section. It can be assumed that all existing and future buildings and populations are at risk to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. Hazus-MH 2.2 was used to determine average annualized losses 6 for the region as shown below in Table 6.9. Only losses to buildings, inventory, and contents are included in the results. TABLE 6.9: AVERAGE ANNUALIZED LOSS ESTIMATIONS FOR HURRICANE WIND HAZARD Location Building Damage Contents Damage Inventory Loss Total Annualized Loss Clarke County $384,000 $191,000 $1,000 $576,000 Jasper County $333,000 $144,000 $0 $477,000 Kemper County $66,000 $21,000 $0 $87,000 Lauderdale County $1,117,000 $394,000 $3,000 $1,514,000 Leake County $125,000 $44,000 $0 $169,000 Neshoba County $216,000 $92,000 $0 $308,000 Newton County $229,000 $71,000 $0 $300,000 Scott County $253,000 $106,000 $0 $359,000 Smith County $293,000 $143,000 $0 $436,000 MEMA D6 REGION TOTAL $3,016,000 $1,206,000 $4,000 $4,226,000 Source: Hazus-MH 2.2 SOCIAL VULNERABILITY Given equal susceptibility across the entire MEMA District 6 Region, it is assumed that the total population, both current and future, is at risk to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. CRITICAL FACILITIES Given equal vulnerability across the MEMA District 6 Region, all critical facilities are considered to be at risk. Some buildings may perform better than others in the face of such an event due to construction and age, among factors. Determining individual building response is beyond the scope of this plan. However, this plan will consider mitigation action for especially vulnerable structures and/or critical facilities to mitigate against the effects of the hurricane hazard. A list of specific critical facilities can be found in Table 6.14 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a hurricane event has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, critical facilities, and populations in the MEMA District 6 Region. 6 Annualized Loss is defined by Hazus-MH as the expected value of loss in any one year. 6:27

28 6.5.5 Hazardous Materials Incident Historical evidence indicates that the MEMA District 6 Region is susceptible to hazardous materials events. A total of 532 HAZMAT incidents have been reported by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, resulting in $6,485,907 (2015 dollars) in property damage as well as 16 injuries. On an annualized level, these damages amount to $501,793 for the region. Most hazardous materials incidents that occur are contained and suppressed before destroying any property or threatening lives. However, they can have a significant negative impact. Such events can cause multiple deaths, completely shut down facilities for 30 days or more, and cause more than 50 percent of affected properties to be destroyed or suffer major damage. In a hazardous materials incident, solid, liquid, and/or gaseous contaminants may be released from fixed or mobile containers. Weather conditions will directly affect how the hazard develops. Certain chemicals may travel through the air or water, affecting a much larger area than the point of the incidence itself. Non-compliance with fire and building codes, as well as failure to maintain existing fire and containment features, can substantially increase the damage from a hazardous materials release. The duration of a hazardous materials incident can range from hours to days. Warning time is minimal to none. In order to conduct the vulnerability assessment for this hazard, GIS intersection analysis was used for fixed and mobile areas and building footprints/parcels. 7 In both scenarios, two sizes of buffers 0.5- mile and 1.0-mile were used. These areas are assumed to represent the different levels of effect: immediate (primary) and secondary. Primary and secondary impact zones were selected based on guidance from the PHMSA Emergency Response Guidebook. For the fixed site analysis, geo-referenced TRI sites in the region, along with buffers, were used for analysis as shown in Figure 6.7. For the mobile analysis, the major roads (Interstate highway, U.S. highway, and State highway) and railroads, where hazardous materials are primarily transported that could adversely impact people and buildings, were used for the GIS buffer analysis. Figure 6.8 shows the areas used for mobile toxic release buffer analysis. The results indicate the approximate number of improved properties and improved value, as shown in Table 6.10 (fixed sites), Table 6.11 (mobile road sites), and Table 6.12 (mobile railroad sites). 8 7 This type of analysis will likely yield inflated results (generally higher than what is actually reported after an actual event). 8 Note that improved properties included in the 1.0-mile analysis are also included in the 0.5-mile analysis. 6:28

29 FIGURE 6.7 : TRI SITES WITH BUFFERS IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION Source: Environmental Protection Agency 6:29

30 TABLE 6.10: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY 9 TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (FIXED SITES) Location Approx. Number of Improvements 0.5-mile buffer zone Approx. Improved Value Approx. Number of Improvements 1.0-mile buffer zone Approx. Improved Value Clarke County 165 $22,580, $43,026,000 Enterprise Pachuta Quitman Shubuta Stonewall Unincorporated Area 165 $22,580, $43,026,000 Jasper County 57 $7,925, $18,735,000 Bay Springs 0 $0 3 $7,637,000 Heidelberg 0 $0 0 $0 Louin 0 $0 0 $0 Montrose 0 $0 0 $0 Unincorporated Area 57 $7,925, $11,098,000 Kemper County 31 $3,833, $11,304,000 De Kalb Scooba Unincorporated Area 31 $3,833, $11,304,000 Lauderdale County 1,422 $523,836,000 3,853 $1,210,018,000 Marion 0 $0 8 $1,416,000 Meridian 1,189 $358,608,000 3,293 $988,932,000 Unincorporated Area 233 $165,228, $219,670,000 Leake County 32 $4,082, $20,098,000 Carthage Lena Walnut Grove Unincorporated Area 32 $4,082, $20,098,000 Neshoba County 448 $114,526, $192,285,000 Philadelphia 205 $68,780, $132,795,000 Unincorporated Area 243 $45,746, $59,490,000 Newton County 388 $55,372,000 1,092 $187,283,000 Chunky 0 $0 0 $0 Decatur 0 $0 0 $0 Hickory 0 $0 0 $0 Newton (city) 284 $42,762, $157,922,000 Union 0 $0 0 $0 Unincorporated Area 104 $12,610, $29,361,000 Scott County 1,555 $418,939,000 3,213 $769,980,000 Forest 923 $295,606,000 1,918 $515,696,000 Lake 0 $0 0 $0 Morton 245 $65,860, $164,201,000 Sebastopol 0 $0 0 $0 9 Parcel/Building Footprint data was not available for the MEMA District 6 counties. Therefore, building counts and values were pulled from Hazus-MH at the Census Block level and approximate improved value was calculated. 6:30

31 Location Approx. Number of Improvements 0.5-mile buffer zone Approx. Improved Value Approx. Number of Improvements 1.0-mile buffer zone Approx. Improved Value Unincorporated Area 387 $57,473, $90,083,000 Smith County 381 $71,069, $125,435,000 Mize 0 $0 0 $0 Polkville 0 $0 0 $0 Raleigh 0 $0 0 $0 Sylvarena 0 $0 0 $0 Taylorsville 230 $44,737, $92,422,000 Unincorporated Area 151 $26,332, $33,013,000 MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION TOTAL Source: Environmental Protection Agency and Hazus-MH 2.2 4,479 $1,222,162,000 10,208 $2,578,164,000 6:31

32 FIGURE 6.8 : MOBILE HAZMAT BUFFERS IN THE MEMA DISTRICT 6 REGION 6:32