DEMOCARE Demographic change and policies for the reconciliation of work and family life

Transcription

1 DEMOCARE Demographic change and policies for the reconciliation of work and family life Jean-Marie Jungblut, research officer living conditions and quality of life unit "Work-life balance conference" in Brno, October 23th and 24th 2014

2 DEMOCARE topics of the presentation Topics of the presentation 1. The work and care reconciliation issue for Europe 2. Actors and care regimes in Europe 3. Policy instruments in support of working carers 4. How well do countries perform in their support of working carers? 5. Conclusions

3 Introduction THE WORK AND CARE RECONCILIATION ISSUE FOR EUROPE

4 DEMOCARE Motivation of the study Why is the resolution of the care question so difficult? There are many actors (state, family, businesses, social partners) involved and likely to avoid responsibility; Many different institutional policy frameworks are involved to solve the reconciliation / care question: health care provision, pensions, insurances, invalidity benefits, labour law, collective agreements so that at the end a coordinated strategy is difficult to find; By default, families will organize care themselves, often by choosing or delegating care to those members(s) with the least opportunity costs often creating (uncovered) future costs for this person and society in the future.

5 DEMOCARE Motivation of the study The fundamental problem... To be sustainable, in the future, more people will have to reconcile work and care because: The provision of nationwide formal care is too expensive, even for those countries who already have it (Nordic countries); The necessity to extend working life will have more people working longer and less people available for full-time care (esp. women); The possibilities to take early retirement will become much more difficult, leaving less people available for full-time care when it is most accute (45-64 year old carers); Less and less families will have the ability to delegate care to one particular member with low or no opportunity costs; Singularisation of society makes that more men will have to take on care duties while they are still in employment.

6 DEMOCARE Motivation of the study... and a solution: Formal and informal care should be seen as complementary and not substitutes and therefore......the solution is to implement policies that support reconciliation of work and care along with other forms of care......providing that carers are not loosing out by......bringing three actors together: public authorities, employers and their empoyees with care duties.

7 DEMOCARE Prevalence of care in Europe Prevalence of care in Europe An estimated 16% of Europeans provide full-time (3%) or part-time (13%) care in 2011 (Eurobarometer EB 76.2, 2011); 40% of European s experienced a situation where they had or still have to provide care to a dependent adult; The majority of working age carers are in employment: 50% of full-time carers, 70% of parttime carers work;

8 DEMOCARE Prevalence of care in Europe Europeans caring for elderly or disabled relatives and activity status Third ware of the European Quality of Life Survey, 2012.

9 Context of the survey the organization of care ACTORS AND CARE REGIMES IN EUROPE

10 DEMOCARE actors involved in care Actors involved in care support / decision / provision Private Service providers Public authorities / local authorities Families

11 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

12 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

13 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

14 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

15 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

16 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

17 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

18 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

19 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

20 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

21 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

22 DEMOCARE Care regimes I Who is responsible for care in EU Member States? Primary legal obligation to provide care family care and social attitudes social expectation to provide care (high +, low -) increasing formal recognition of the carer status country Spouse Child State / Local authority Unclear AT X X + X ES X X + FR X X + EL X + IT X + X MT X + X PL X + PT X + BE X - X BG X - DE X +/- X SI X - HU X (X) + IE X + X CZ X - DK X - LU X - FI X - X NL X + X SE X - X UK X - X Based on EUROFAMCARE, 2005, pp. 20f.

23 DEMOCARE Motivation of the study Each country has its own approach and mix of care provision, but in general: Countries in the North tend to provide formal institutionalized care financed by the state; Full-time family carers are often employed and paid by local / communal authority in the Nordic countries; Continental European Member States rely on care insurance(s) to finance (formal) care (but also to pay family carers to compensate foregone earnings); Countries in the South consider it more a family but esp. women s responsibility to care for relatives; The highest share of inactive carers are found in Southern Europe; Because of the good financial support of older people with disabilities, many families in Italy use migrants as informal carers.

24 DEMOCARE Motivation of the study However, if carers can combine work and care:......they have a better quality of life,......have a higher level of self-esteem, and continue to have a career and to contribute towards their own pension and social protection entitlements, while......continuing to be productive in the economy.

25 DEMOCARE actors involved in care Actors involved in care support / decision / provision Private Service providers Public authorities / local authorities Families

26 DEMOCARE actors involved in care Actors involved in care support / decision / provision Employers / Companies Public authorities / local authorities Private Service providers Families

27 How to help the reconciliation of work and care POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF WORKING CARERS

28 DEMOCARE policy instruments What policies help to support working carers in general? Suitably organised long-term (community and homecare) care services to support dependent persons and their working carers; Income support and other flexicurity measures (flexicurity meaning flexibility combined with employment and social security); Rights and regulations in the employment field; Practical measures that can be implemented by employers at company level.

29 DEMOCARE policy instruments What policies help to support working carers? Suitably organised long-term (community and homecare) care services to support dependent persons and their working carers; Income support and other flexicurity measures (flexicurity meaning flexibility combined with employment and social security); Rights and regulations in the employment field; Practical measures that can be implemented by employers at company level.

30 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives What policies help to support working carers? Suitably organised long-term (community and homecare) care services to support dependent persons and their working carers; Income support and other flexicurity measures (flexicurity meaning flexibility combined with employment and social security); Rights and regulations in the employment field; Practical measures that can be implemented by employers at company level.

31 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Carers@Work (2010) reported that the most valued support insturments by working carers are: 1. Cash benefits; 2. Care services; 3. Day-care services; 4. Respite care and short-term care; 5. One stop shop for information; 6. Paid care leave; Relevant policy initiatives I 7. Migrant care workers

32 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Relevant policy initiatives II Another study (Kümmerling & Bäcker 2010) demonstrated that the most important measures selected by working carers are: 1. Flexible working hours and to be able to react promptly to emergency situations; 2. The possibility to reduce hours of work per week for a limited time; 3. The possibility to give up responsibilities and managing duties for the duration of care; 4. The right to take leave spontaneously.

33 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

34 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

35 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

36 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

37 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

38 Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

39 DEMOCARE policy instruments / initiatives Reconciliation instruments: theory and practice Level of need and sophistication Prevalence among EU28 long-term leave allowance 3 Long-term leave 9 Right to return to same job 13 Emergency leave 13 Short term allowance 15 Working time flexibility 18 Carer-specific employment protection 19 Short term leave 21

40 Asessment of implemented reconciliation measures HOW WELL DO COUNTRIES PERFORM IN THEIR SUPPORT OF WORKING CARERS?

41 DEMOCARE Assessment of countries reconciliation efforts Cardinal summary indicator To simplify the assessment and avoid to compare 28 countries pairwise on all eight dimensions; First: countries are ranked on each dimension, e.g. Worktime flexibility, emergency leave etc. and on the level of entitlements; Second: Each country is averaged across its rankings on all dimensions.

42 DEMOCARE Assessment of countries reconciliation efforts Coding scheme to interpret the national regulatory framework to support the reconciliation of work and care Dimension Working time flexibility Emergency leave Carer-specific employment protection Short term leave Short term allowance Right to return to same job Long-term leave long-term leave allowance Coding operation 1=working time flexibility, 2=1+reduced working hours, 3=1+2+teleworking, 4=1+2+3+long-term accounts Number of days 1=protection from lay-off for personal reasons; 2=protection from economic lay-off only; 3=protection from all layoffs; 4=protection beyond the period of care; Number of days 1=means tested fixed amount, 2=fixed amount, 3=paid through care insurance, 4=wage replacement (%), 5=fixed wage paid by local community 6=full wage continuation. yes=1, no=0 Number of days 1=means tested fixed amount, 2=fixed amount, 3=paid through care insurance, 4=wage replacement (%), 5=fixed wage paid by local community. Detail

43 DEMOCARE Assessment of countries reconciliation efforts Work and care reconciliation indicator (WCRI)

44 DEMOCARE Work & Care regimes Clustering on the reconciliation instruments Generosity of carer support Full-fledged care regimes based on extended leave entitlements Care regimes based on flexible work (time) organisation Residual care regimes with some leave entitlements and protection of working carers High (RI 25%) DK, DE, FI, BE, SE, FR IT Medium (M+- 25%) AT, IE, LT, UK CY, RO, PT, CZ, NL, ES, MT NO, SI, LU, HR Low (RI 25%) BG, SK, GR, LV, HU, PL EE

45 DEMOCARE Impact of RI on labour market participation Impact of work and care reconciliation on employment Correlation of RI and carers not looking for a job Correlation of RI and full-time carers in the working population

46 CONCLUSIONS

47 DEMOCARE Conclusion Policy strategies for the future Relying only on instutional solutions of formal care are not sustainable in the future; Too expensive, not wanted by most care recipients nor their families. A shift of care responsibility onto the shoulders of families only is not thinkable; This will further decrease the labour pool, create more problems in the future with contemporary carers themselves; Working age carers not in employment are worse off than working carers; A more balanced mix between actors is to be found which also includes...;...more efforts to make work and care reconcilable are needed

48 DEMOCARE Conclusion For work and care reconciliation this means: Implementation of the time off work on grounds of force majeure leave entitlement everywhere and not only for children (directive 2010/18/EU); More working time flexibility arrangements, e.g. teleworking; More initiatives by social partners, especially in Eastern Europe; Company initiatives such as long-term working accounts, converted (pooled) overtime accounts

49 The reconciliation of work and care does not have to be an onerous endeavour, but should contribute to make life easier and better for carers and avoid unnecessary costs for employers both through absenteism and presentism.

50 Thank you very much!

51 Entitlements coded Working time flexibility Emergency leave Carer-specific employment protection Short term leave Short term allowance Right to return to same job Long-term leave long-term leave allowance See tab. Days See tab. Days See tab. Yes / No Days See tab. (1) (2) (4) (5) (6) (7) (9) (10) AT BE BG 1 1 CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR

52 Ranking of the entitlements Working time flexibility Emergency leave Carerspecific employment protection Short term leave (paid) Short term allowance Right to return to same job Long-term leave long-term leave allowance Average Rank (1) (2) (4) (5) (6) (7) (9) (10) (11) AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR