Foreword. February Jari Tarkoma Director Population Statistics

Transcription

1 and in Finland 2011

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3 Foreword This publication contains statistical data on the position of women and men, and on gender equality in Finland. The publication is useful at lectures, meetings or anywhere else where you might need to produce quick factual data as a basis of discussion. The tables and graphs of the publication are clear and simple and include explanations of the most important concepts used. Statistics concerning gender equality are here mainly examined by the statistical topic division used by Statistics Finland, but data from other sources are also included. The tables and graphs are designed to give a realistic picture of the position of women and men in different fields of society. February 2012 Jari Tarkoma Director Population Statistics

4 Inquiries: tasa-arvo.tilasto@stat.fi Cover: Irene Koumolou Cover photo: Hanna Varis Layout: Eeva-Liisa Repo 2012 Statistics Finland ISSN X (pdf) ISBN (pdf) ISSN X (print) ISBN (print) Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki Helsingfors

5 Contents Contents Progress so far Population and families Education Labour market Earnings Income Health and exercise Violence and crime Information Society Power and decision making Time use Explanations of symbols Magnitude nil Magnitude less than half of unit employed Data not available or too uncertain to be reported In some tables the sums do not amount to the totals shown because of rounding. 3

6 Progress so far Progress so far 1864Unmarried women receive full rights (when 25 years old) 1878 and men receive equal rights with regard to inheritance 1890 The fi rst public kindergarten is established in Helsinki 1901 receive the right to study at university on equal terms with 1906 receive voting rights for national elections (the fi rst country to do so in Europe) and the right to be electoral candidates (the fi rst country to do so in the world) 1907 The fi rst women join the fi rst Parliament (19/200) 1908 Brothels in Helsinki (16) closed down 1917 receive general voting rights for local goverment elections 1919 Wives gain a right to work without their husband's permission 1926 The Act on 's Elegibility in State Posts is passed The fi rst female minister for the Finnish goverment is instated 1930 The Marriage Act releases wives from the guardianship of their husbands, and wives are given the right to their own property 1937 The Act on Maternity Allowance is passed 1943 Statutory school meals are introduced 1944 Acts passed instituting local government maternity and child health care clinics and also local government health visitors 1961 The contraceptive pill is approved 1962 The principle of equal pay for work of equal value is established both in the public and private sector 1970 The Abortion Act is passed Human relationships and sex education become part of the school curriculum 1972 First woman to be elected to be Minister of Finance 1975 First woman to be elected to be Minister of Justice 1978 The father receives the right to 12 days paternity leave in connection with the birth of his child 1979 Finland's fi rst sheltered homes were set up in Helsinki, Turku, Oulu and Kotka 1980 A law (taking effect as of 1 January 1982) is passed on the fathers s right to share parental leave with the mother even at a later stage The fi rst Plan of Action for Promotion of Gender Equality of the Go vernment of Finland 4

7 Progress so far 1986 Finland ratifi es the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms are allowed to keep their family name even when married A child is entitled to have the mother's or father's family name 1987 The Act on Equality between and is passed 1988 The fi rst female priests were consecrated in the Evangelic Lutheran 1990 Children up to the age of three are guaranteed a municipal child care The fi rst woman in the world to become Minister of Defence 1992 A woman becomes a University Principal A Woman becomes Director General of the Bank of Finland 1994A woman becomes the Speaker of the Parliament 1995 The Act on Equality between and is partly reviewed The Act on women's voluntary military service is passed A woman becomes the Secretary General of the Ministry of Justice and A woman becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs 1996 A woman becomes Mayor of Helsinki Children under school age are guaranteed municipal day care Finnish Government s Plan of Action for the Promotion of Gender 2000 A woman becomes Chancellor of a University (University of Turku) A woman is elected President of Finland. A Woman becomes member of the Board of the Bank of Finland First female offi cer graduated from the cadet school 2003 A woman becomes Prime Minister 2005 The Act on Equality between and is partly reviewed 2006 A woman becomes President of the Supreme Court 2007 For the fi rst time the majority (60 per cent) of Government Ministersare women 2009 A woman becomes Secretary General of the Offi ce of the President of the Republic of Finland 2010 A woman becomes bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 2011 A woman becomes Minister of Finance 5

8 1 Population and families 1.1 Population by age 1900, 1960, 2010 (end of year) and 2040 (projection) Age Total Thousands Age Total Thousands In 2010 An age of 100 years or more had been reached by 529 women and 93 men. The mean age of females was 42.8 years and of males 40.0 years. Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland Age Total Thousands Age Total Thousands

9 1 Population and families 1.2 Population by age group 1950, 2010 (end of year) and 2040 (projection) 100% 80% 60% 40% 65 years years 0 14 years 20% 0% Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 1.3 The five biggest groups of foreign citizens living in Finland 2000 and Thousands Woman Russia Estonia Sweden Somalia Iraq Total number of foreign citizens , of which women 50 per cent. Russia Estonia Sweden Somalia China Total number of foreign citizens , of which women 50 per cent. Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 7

10 1 Population and families 1.4 Foreign citizens in Finland, 20 biggest groups at the end of 2010 Total % % Russia Estonia Sweden Somalia China Iraq Thailand Turkey Germany India Great Britain Former Serbia and Montenegro Vietnam Iran Afghanistan United States Poland Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Other countries total Foreign citizens total Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 8

11 1.5 Average life expectancy at birth Age 1 Population and families Year of birth Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 1.6 Average age of getting married for the first time years 76.7 years Age marriages were contracted in According to family statistics the proportion of domestic partnerships of all families was 22 per cent. Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 9

12 1 Population and families 1.7 Cumulation of divorces by the end of year 2010 by year of contracting marriage Divorces per 1000 marriages Year of contracting marriage Duration of marriage in years children were born in 2010, of whom (41.1 per cent) outside marriage. The increase in domestic partnerships started to show after First childbirth often takes place before contracting marriage per cent of the fi rst-born were born outside marriage in Children of lone mothers made up 7.7 per cent and those of lone fathers 0.1 per cent of all children under one year in In 2010, lone parent families numbered Of these, 86.6 per cent were families with lone mothers and 13.4 per cent with lone fathers. Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland Average age of women at first marriage and first childbirth Age First marriage 21 First childbirth Year 1960

13 1.9 Number of abortions performed Population and families 25 Thousands Year The contraceptive pill was approved in Abortion law in Source: The National Institute for Health and Welfare 1.10 Total fertility rate Number of children per woman Year In per cent of women aged have given birth Mothers aged have given birth to an average of 2,4 children aged have given birth to an average of 1,9 children Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 11

14 1 Population and families 1.11 and men living alone as a proportion of age group 1990 and % Age Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland women 2010 men 1990 women 1990 men 1.12 Families by type Number % Year Total Married Cohabiting Mother Father Regis- couple with with tered couple children children couple Total % Proportion Average of family size of population family % (persons) Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland

15 1.13 Families with underage children by type Population and families Number % Year Total Married couple with children Cohabiting couple with children Mother with children Father with children Registered Total couple with children ,0 100 A family with underage refers to a family which has at least one child aged under 18 living at home. Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 13

16 1 Population and families 1.14 Families by type and age of mother 2010 (Families with father and children by age of father, registered couples by age of younger spouse.) Thousands Age *) Inc. 281 registered couples **) Inc registered couples Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland Father with children Mother with children Cohabiting couple with children Married couple with children *) Married couple without children **) Cohabiting couple without children Families with underage children by type of family and age of mother/single-supporter father Thousands Cohabiting couple with children 25 Married couple with children *) Mother with children 20 Father with children Age *) Inc. 267 registered couples Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland

17 1 Population and families 1.16 and men living in registered partnerships by age 2010 (end of year) Persons Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland (1 990) (1 629) Children s day care 2010 Proportion (%) of all within age group Aged 0 to 6 Aged up to % 9. 6% 8. 9% 75. 5% 51. 5% 29. 2% Full-time day care in day care centres Full-time day care in families Not in arranged day care 0. 5% 15.0% Part-time day care in day care centres Part-time day care in families 0. 3% 8. 7% Source: Statistics on municipal finances and activities, Statistics Finland 15

18 1 Population and families 1.18 Children in organised day care 2010 Number Aged up to 3 Aged 3 to 6 Aged 0 to 6 Full-time day care Day care centres Day care in families Part-time day care Day care centres Day care in families % of age group Full-time day care Day care centres Day care in families Part-time day care Day care centres Day care in families There were 247 children aged 7 and over in full-time day care in day care homes, while 89 children were in full-time day care in families, and there were 810 children in part-time care in day care homes, while 384 children were in part time day care in families. Source: Statistics on municipal finances and activities, Statistics Finland 1.19 Recipients of child day care subsidies (number in December) 180 Thousands Children 160 Families Source: The Social Insurance Institution 16

19 1 Population and families 1.20 Child day care subsidies (at 2010 values) Year Million Basic amount Additional amount Sibling increase Care Supplement allowance Reduced allowance Municipal supplement Total ,8 3,0 2,5 57, Source: The Social Insurance Institution 17

20 1 Population and families 1.21 Child custody, right of access and residence Agreements on child custody during year Agreements on joint custody Agreements on joint custody for registered partners Agreements on custody entrusted to the mother alone Agreements on custody entrusted to the father alone Total Agreements on right of access during year Total Agreements on residence of child during year With mother With father Total Agreements on child custody during year Agreements on joint custody Agreements on joint custody for registered partners 24 Agreements on custody entrusted to the mother alone Agreements on custody entrusted to the father alone Total Agreements on right of access during year Total Agreements on residence of child during year With mother With father Total Source: National Institute for Health and Welfare 18

21 1.22 Parenthood allowances by age Population and families Parenthood allowance Total number of days covered Average allowance 1,000 % Number % per day Mothers Total Fathers Total , ,0 77,4 Source: Statistics on benefits for families with children, Social Insurance Institution of Finland 19

22 1 Population and families 1.23 Percentage of women in immigration by type of citizenship Year Percentage of women (%) Total Foreign citizens Finnish citizens Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 1.24 Percentage of women in emigration by type of citizenship Year Percentage of women (%) Total Foreign citizens Finnish citizens Source: Demographic Statistics, Statistics Finland 20

23 Work experience Compulsory schooling 2 Education 2.1 The regular education system in Finland Doctor s degrees Licentiate s degrees Master s degrees Polytechnic Master s degrees Work experience Bachelor s degrees Universities Polytechnic Bachelor s degrees Polytechnics Specialist vocational qualifications School years Matriculation examination Upper secondary general schools Additional education Vocational qualifications Vocational institutions and apprenticeship training Age Further vocational qualifications Work experience Basic education (Grades 7 9) Basic education ( Grades 1 6) Comprehensive schools Pre-primary education 21

24 2 Education 2.2 Population aged 15 or over by level of education 1) at end-2009 Level of education 2) Population aged 15 or over Woman aged 15 or over aged 15 or over % % % Only basic education Population with educational qualifications Upper secondary education (ISCED 3/4) Tertiary education (ISCED 5/6) First stage of tertiary (ISCED 5) Vocational college (ISCED 5B) Lower and higher university, polytechnic (ISCED 5A) Second stage of tertiary (ISCED 6) Total ) Unesco: International Standard Classifi cation of Education 1997 (ISCED) 2) The principal contents of the levels: Upper secondary education (ISCED 3/4): upper secondary general education, upper secondary vocational education, specialist vocational qualifi cations First stage of tertiary education, 5B programmes (ISCED 5B): vocational college education First stage of tertiary education, 5A programmes (ISCED 5A): polytechnic degrees, lower and higher university degrees Second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 6): licentiate s and doctor s degrees Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 22

25 2.3 Differences in the levels of educational qualifications (25 64 years) in EU21 countries ) 2 Education At least upper secondary level (ISCED 3) Proportion of the Proportion of the female population male population Difference of the % proportions Educational level of women higher or as high as educational level of men Ireland Estonia Portugal Finland Sweden Greece Spain Belgium Italy Poland Educational level of men higher France Denmark The Netherlands Slovak Republic Slovenia Germany Czech Republic Luxembourg Hungary UK Austria ) Including EU countries which are member countries of OECD. Excluding ISCED 3C short programmes Source: Education at a Glance, OECD Indicators,

26 2 Education 2.4 Population with educational qualifications from vocational institutions, polytechnics and universities by field of education 2009 Health and Welfare Education Humanities and Arts Services Social Sciences, Business Science Agriculture Engineering, Manufact. 43,1 32,6 16, ,9 71,2 70,1 67,8 56,9 67,4 83, ,1 28,8 29,9 32,2 Total 51,7 48,3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 24

27 2.5 Population with at least upper secondary level qualification (ISCED 3) by age Education Age At least upper secondary level qualifi cation Proportion (%) of the age group Total ,7 12, ,1 78, ,6 80, ,9 83, ,8 81, ,7 81, ,4 81, ,8 76, , ,8 61, , ,4 42, ,6 34, ,3 28, ,1 27,8 Total ,6 65, per cent of the women and 76.9 per cent of the men aged between 20 and 64 had completed post-basic level of education in Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 25

28 2 Education 2.6 Population with polytechnic and higher university degrees (ISCED 5A and 6) by age 2009 Age Polytechnic and higher university degrees Proportion (%) of the age group Total Total Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 26

29 2.7 Population with second stage of tertiary educational qualification (ISCED 6) Education Degrees of licentiate and doctor Total Number % There were 307 licentiate (of which 54.4 per cent women) and doctorate (of which 52.4 per cent women) level degrees attained at universities in Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 27

30 2 Education 2.8 Vocational institutions 2010 Field of education (ISCED) Students Degrees % Total Total Education Humanities and Arts Social sciences, Business and Law Science Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Agriculture Health and Welfare Services Total Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 2.9 Degrees at vocational institutions by field of education (ISCED) 2010 Health and Welfare Social sciences, Business and Law Humanities and Arts Services Agriculture Education Science Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 28

31 2 Education 2.10 Polytechnics 2010 Field of education (ISCED) Students % Degrees % Total Total Education Humanities and Arts Social sciences, Business and Law Science Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Agriculture Health and Welfare Services Total Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 2.11 Degrees at polytechnics by field of education (ISCED) 2010 Health and Welfare Services Humanities and Arts Social sciences, Business and Law Education Agriculture Science Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 29

32 2 Education 2.12 Universities 2010 Field of education (ISCED) Students % Degrees % Total Total Education Humanities and Arts Social sciences, Business and Law Science Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Agriculture Health and Welfare Services Total Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 2.13 University degrees by field of education (ISCED) 2010 Education Humanities and Arts Health and Welfare Social sciences, Business and Law Agriculture Science Services Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 30

33 2 Education 2.14 Pupils who have completed the comprehensive school in 2009 entering that year Started Upper secondary general schools Vocational institutions Did not immediately continue studying Girls Boys % Pupils completing the comprehensive school: girls , boys Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 2.15 Pupils who passed the matriculation examination in 2009 Did not immediately continue studying Started Universities Polytechnics Vocational institutions % Pupils matriculating in 2009: women , men Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 31

34 2 Education 2.16 Employment rates of persons with a degree or qualification attained in 2004 by field of education (ISCED) at end-2009 Education Health and Welfare Social sciences, Business and Law Science Services Humanities and Arts Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Agriculture Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland Employed as a percentage of persons with a degree or qualification (five years after qualification) 2.17 Teachers at comprehensive and upper secondary schools and vocational and professional institutions and polytechnics 2008 Comprehensive schools Headmasters and managers Lecturers, teachers Upper secondary schools Headmasters and managers Lecturers, teachers Vocational institutions Headmasters and managers Lecturers, teachers Polytechnics Headmasters and managers Lecturers, teachers Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland % 60 69

35 2 Education 2.18 Teachers at universities 2008 Professors Lectures and senior assistants Assistants and full-time visiting teachers Total % Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 2.19 Proportion of pupils transferred to special education and recipients of part-time special education of all comprehensive school pupils in 2010 and in the academic years Girls Boys % Pupils transferred to special education 2010 Part-time special education Source: Education Statistics, Statistics Finland 33

36 3 Labour market 3.1 Population by main groups Whole population 100% 2. Population of working age (aged years) 75% Under 15 17% 75 or over 8% 5. Labour force 6. Persons not in labour force 50% 26% 7. Employed 8. 46% 4%. Unemployed % 11. Service industries 10% 33% Manufacturing and construction Agriculture and forestry 34 Total 1. Whole population Population of working age aged Under 15 years old years old or over Labour force Persons not in labour force aged Employed Unemployed Agriculture and forestry Manufacturing and construction Service industries Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland

37 3 Labour market 3.2 and men in the labour market 2010 (aged years) persons Proportion (%) Total Total AGED YEARS ,0 50,1 Not in the labour force ,446,6 In the labour force ,2 51,8 employed ,5 51,5 unemployed ,8 56,3 Employment rate years, % 67,8 66,9 68,7 Unemployment rate, % 8,47,6 9,1 EMPLOYED ,5 51,5 Working time part-time work ,8 34,9 full-time work ,8 54,3 Employer ,5 51,5 Private sector ,7 60,3 Public sector ,1 27,9 local government ,2 21,8 central government ,6 48,4 Unknown ,0 40,0 Occupational status/ sosio-economic status ,5 51,5 Self-employed persons and unpaid family members ,6 67,4 Employees ,0 49,0 upper salaried staff ,2 54,8 senior offi cials and upper management ,8 67,2 lower salaried staff ,5 26,5 wage earners ,8 70,1 unknown 7 44 Industry ,5 51,5 Agriculture and forestry ,7 71,3 Manufacture, construction ,9 79,1 Services ,6 41,4 Unknown ,0 50,0 Actual hours worked (mill.) 3 998, , , ,6 55,4 Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 35

38 3 Labour market 3.3 Population aged years by economic activity 2010 Not in labour force 36% Not in labour forc 32% Employed 59% Unemployed 5% Employed 62% Unemployed 6% Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.4 Employed, unemployed and not in the labour force by age group 2010, persons Population Employed Unemployed Not in the labour force Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 36

39 3 Labour market 3.5 Labour force participation rate , aged years 80 % From 1989 onwards, the fi gures are in compliance with the ILO/EU defi nition. Labour force = Employed + unemployed Labour force participation rate = Labour force as a percentage of population aged Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.6 Labour force participation by age group % Age group Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 37

40 3 Labour market 3.7 Labour force participation of the parents with children under 18 years by number of children 2010 Population aged Number in labour force Labour force participation persons % Total No children under With children under child children or more children With children under child or more children Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.8 and men aged by employment rate % Miehet 68.7 Naiset The offi cial employment rate = The ratio of the employed to the total population aged Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland

41 3 Labour market 3.9 Employment rates in EU countries years years EU Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Source: Eurostat 39

42 3 Labour market 3.10 Employment rate by age group 2010 % Age group Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.11 Employed persons aged years by employer sector 2010 Private 58% Private 85% Central government 8% Local government 34% Central government 6% Local government 9% Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 40

43 3 Labour market 3.12 Level of education of the employed % 80% 60% Tertiary (5,6) Upper secondary (3,4) 40% % 0% Primary and lower secondary (1,2) Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.13 Industries by female/male-domination 2010 (proportions of employed persons in the industry) Q Human health and social work activities I Accomodation and food services activities S U Other service activities P Education K, L Financial, insurance and real estate act. O Public admin. and defence, compulsary soc. sec. N Administrative and support service activities G Wholesale and retail trade R Arts, entertainment and recreation M Prof., scientific and technical activities J Information and communication A B Agriculture, forestry and fishing C Manufacturing D, E Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning H Transport and storage Standard Industrial Classifi cation 2008 Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland F Construction % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 41

44 3 Labour market 3.14 Proportion of the employees working part-time and with a fixed-term contract Employees Employed part-time Fixed-term employees persons Percentage of employees Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 42

45 3.15 Percentage of persons in employment working part-time in EU countries Labour market Employees working part-time EU Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Source: Eurostat 43

46 3 Labour market 3.16 Reasons for working part-time 2010, employees aged years 100 Could not find a full-time job 30% 27% 80 Studies 27% 38% 60 Child care Health reasons Some other reason 13% 1% 8% 10% 22% 24% Part-time workers Percentages of employees 18.8% 8.0% 0 Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.17 Principal occupations of employed women 1) 2010 Personal and protective service workers Other associate professionals Office clerks Sales and services elementary occupations Life science and health associate professionals Other professionals Teaching professionals Models, salespersons and demonstrators Corporate managers Skilled agricultural and fishery workers persons 1) Classifi cation of Occupation 2001, 2 digit level Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 44

47 3.18 Principal occupations of employed men 1) Labour market Physical, mathematical and engineering science pro Metal, machinery and related trades workers Corporate managers Extraction and building trades workers Drivers and related water traffic operators Other associate managers Physical and engineering science associate profess Skilled agricultural and fishery workers Managers of small eneterprises Other professionals persons 1) Classifi cation of Occupation 2001, 2 digit leve Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.19 Proportion of fixed-term employees of the employees aged years % Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 45

48 3 Labour market 3.20 Proportion of fixed-term employees of all employees by age group 2010 Age group % Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.21 Proportion of fixed-term employees by level of education 2009 Primary and lower secondary (1, 2) Upper secondary (3, 4) Tertiary (5, 6) Proportion of fixed-term employees Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 46

49 3 Labour market 3.22 Parents by economic activity and the youngest child 2010, % The youngest child Employed under 3 years Unemployed Not in the labour force years Employed Unemployed Not in the labour force 7 17 years Employed Unemployed Not in the labour force Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland % of parents 3.23 Self-employed persons and unpaid family members by industry 2010 Industry Total Gender distribution, % persons persons % persons % All industries A, B Maa-, metsä- ja kalatalous; kaivostoiminta C F Manufacturing, construction G U Services X Industry unknown Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 47

50 3 Labour market 3.24 Unemployed and unemployment rates , % Year Unemployed persons Percentage Percentage Unemployment rate, % Total of women of men Total Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 48

51 3 Labour market 3.25 Unemployment rates in EU countries 2010 Total EU Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Source: Eurostat 49

52 3 Labour market 3.26 Unemployment rates by age group Age group , % Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 3.27 Unemployment rates , aged years 20 % Year From 1989 onwards, the fi gures are in compliance with the revisions made in Unemployment rate = The ratio of the unemployed to all persons in the labour force. Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 50

53 3 Labour market 3.28 Level of education of the unemployed % 80% Tertiary (5,6) 60% Upper secondary (3,4) 40% 20% 0% Primary and lower secondary (1,2) Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Finland 51

54 3 Labour market 3.29 Physical burden of job % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Mainly sitting Much walking and lifting Quite a lot of walking Source: Health Behaviour among the Finnish Adult Population 2010, National Institute for Health and Welfare 3.30 Wage earners accidents at work Physically very demanding 100 Thousands Source: Occupational accident statistics, Statistics Finland 52

55 4 Earnings 4.1 Average earnings /month Year Average monthly earnings represent earnings for normal working hours at full wage and salary. Average earnings are calculated from material in the index of wage and salary earnings. In the calculation, average earnings for different employee groups are formed by using the numbers of employees as weights. Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland 4.2 Average monthly earnings of employees by sector (women s earnings as a percentage of those of men) Total Private sector Central government Municipalities Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland 53

56 4 Earnings 4.3 Average monthly earnings of employees by sector , All employees Private sector Municipalities Central government Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland 4.4 Average monthly earnings of employees in manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade , Manufacturing Trade New weight structure Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland 54

57 4 Earnings 4.5 Average monthly earnings of employees in education and health services , Education Health services New weight structure Source: Index of Wage and Salary Earnings, Statistics Finland 4.6 Average monthly earnings by age group in the private sector /month Age group Number: In the structure of earnings statistics, monthly earnings measure the remuneration paid for regular, additional and overtime working hours. One-off payments, such as e.g. holiday pay, are not included in these earnings. Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland 55

58 4 Earnings 4.7 Average monthly earnings by age group in central government /month Age group Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland Number: Average monthly earnings by age group in local government 2009 /month Number: Age group Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland 56

59 4 Earnings 4.9 Monthly earnings of full-time employees by level of education Primary level Upper secondary level Lowest tertiary level Lower tertiary level Upper tertiary level Doctorate level Source: Structure of Earnings Statistics, Statistics Finland 4.10 Gender pay gap in EU countries 2008/2009 EU Austria 25.4 Belgium.. Bulgaria 15.3 Cypros 21.0 Czech 25.9 Denmark 16.8 Finland 20.4 France 17.9 Germany 23.2 Greece 22.0 Hungary 17.1 Italia 5.5 Latvia 14.9 Source: Eurostat Lithuania 15.3 Luxembourg 12.5 Malta 6.9 Netherlands 19.2 Norway 16.7 Poland 9.8 Portugal 10.0 Romania 8.1 Schwitzerland 18.4 Slovakia 21.9 Slovenia 3.2 Spain 16.1 Sweden 16.0 United Kingdom

60 5 Income 5.1 s and men s income 2009 Income recipients, total Number of individuals receiving earned income Number of individuals receiving capital income Income subject to state taxation, total million Earned income subject to state taxation Wages and salaries Per diem and maternity allowances Child home care allowance Student grants Unemployment benefi ts Pensions National pensions Other pensions Income from agriculture Business income Capital income, total Dividend, taxable share State taxes, total Municipal tax Taxes and charges, total The most essential income concept in the statistics on taxable incomes is income subject to state taxation. Income subject to taxation does not include, among other things, some social benefi ts, pensions, daily allowances and compensations such as family allowance, housing benefi t, income maintenance benefi t, additional amount of national pension and veterans pension. Interest on usual bank deposits and bonds is tax-free, the statistics also exclude interest income subject to taxation at source. Scholarships and grants received from general government are not subject to taxation, either. Income subject to taxation is divided to earned and capital income. Taxes on capital income are paid solely to the state. Besides the state income tax, municipal tax and national health insurance payment are determined according to earned income. Source: Taxable incomes, Statistics Finland 58