Women and Men in Education and Training

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Louise Dalton
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1 Facts about and in Great Britain 1999

2 and in Education and Training At age 16, 51 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys had gained five or more passes at grades A*-C of GCSE or grades 1-3 of SCE Standard per cent of girls and 26 per cent of boys had gained two or more A level passes aged either at school or at an FE institution or three or more SCE Highers in Years S5/S at Work 68 per cent of women and 78 per cent of men of working age are in employment. 2 Employment rates are closest for the under 25s; 59 per cent of young women and 63 per cent of young men are in employment per cent of disabled women and 39 per cent of disabled men of working age are in employment. 2 outnumber men three to one in clerical and secretarial occupations, whilst men outnumber women ten to one in craft and related occupations combining Work and Family Life 50 per cent of mothers with children aged under 5 are in work, compared with 89 per cent of fathers per cent of mothers with children aged under 5 and working as employees are in part-time work, compared with 3 per cent of fathers. 2 For every 7 children aged under 8 there was only one place in a day nursery or family centre, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club and their Income employees working full-time earn on average only 80 per cent of the average hourly earnings of men full-time employees. 4 In the adult population, women s individual income is on average only 53 per cent of men s. 5 Sources: 1 Department for Education and Employment; The National Assembly for Wales; The Scottish Executive. 2 Labour Force Survey Spring 1998, Office for National Statistics. 3 Children s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 1998 England, Department for Education and Employment; Population Estimates Unit, Office for National Statistics. 4 New Earnings Survey 1998, Office for National Statistics. 5 s Individual Income 1996/97, s Unit & Department for Social Security 1

3 Introduction The contents of this annual card have been selected to give a broad picture of the relative position of women and men in Great Britain. Two joint projects by the EOC and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) provide further information. A Brief Guide to Gender Statistics can be obtained from ONS Sales on and Social Focus on and can be ordered from The Stationery Office on Copies of this card and other information on gender equality and sex discrimination can be found on the EOC website at or by contacting: Equal Opportunities Commission Overseas House, Quay Street Manchester, M3 3HN info@eoc.org.uk Fax: Tel & Minicom: Please note that the statistics in this booklet are covered by Crown Copyright and are reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO. Resident Population, 1997 Total population: 57.3 millions & girls & boys Thousands % of total Thousands % of total Age group population population Under 16 5, , Working age (16-59/64) 16, , Over SRA* (60/65 and over) 6, ,710 6 All ages 29, , * SRA = State Retirement Age (Source: Population Trends Winter 1998, Office for National National Curriculum Assessments, 1998 School pupils aged 7, 11 & 14 per cent at ENGLAND expected level Girls Boys TA Test TA Test Key Stage 1 - level 2 or above English * * Mathematics Science Key Stage 2 - level 4 or above English Mathematics Science Key Stage 3 - level 5 or above English Mathematics Science Teaching Assessment * Results from four tests are reported separately, these are: reading task, reading comprehension, writing & spelling. (Source: National Curriculum Assessments of 7, 11 & 14 year olds in England , Statistical Bulletin 6/99, Department for Education & Employment) 2

4 Examination Achievements, 1996/7 England Wales Scotland Gt Britain Girls GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or grades A*-C or or more D-G or 4-7, no higher grades No graded results or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^ Boys GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or grades A*-C or or more D-G or 4-7, no higher grades No graded results or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^ * examination achievements of pupils in their last year of compulsory education ^ examination achievements of pupils in schools and students in FE aged at the end of the academic year in England and Wales as a percentage of the 18 year old population; and of pupils in Years S5/S6 in Scotland as a percentage of the 17 year old population. (Source: Department for Education and Employment, The National Assembly for Wales, The Scottish Executive) Modern Apprenticeships, 1999 ENGLAND & WALES Selected sectors Thousands % of sector Thousands % of sector Engineering manufacture Business administration Motor industry Construction Retailing Hotel & catering Electrical installation engineering Hairdressing Health & social care Childcare Accountancy Customer service Travel service Information technology Total for these sectors (Source: TEC delivered Government supported training: work-based training for young people and for adults - England and Wales,Statistical First Release 14/1999, Department for Education and Employment) 3

5 Examinations: Entries and Results, 1996/7 Entries for all ages in schools and FE sector colleges Entries % passes at Entries % passes at Thousands C or above# Thousands C or above# GCSE/SCE Standard grade English French Mathematics Single Award Science Double Award Science* Design & Technology* Craft, Design & Technology Business Studies Home Economics Art & Design Geography History Any subject GCE A level/sce Higher grade English French Mathematics Biological Sciences Chemistry Physics Business Studies Art & Design Geography History Social Studies* # SCE Standard grades 1-3 * England & Wales only (Source: Education and Training Statistics for the UK 1998, Department for Education and Employment) NVQ/SVQ Awards by Occupational Group, 1997/8 UNITED KINGDOM Major occupational groups* Thousands % of group Thousands % of group Managers & administrators Professional Associate professional & technical Clerical & secretarial Craft & related Personal & protective Sales Plant & machine operatives Miscellaneous All occupations * occupational group is determined by the subject of the qualification awarded and not by current job (Source: Vocational qualifications in the UK 1997/98, Statistical Bulletin 9/99, Department for Education and Employment) 4

6 GNVQ/GSVQ Awards by Occupational Group, 1997/8 UNITED KINGDOM Major occupational groups* Thousands % of group Thousands % of group Managers & administrators 2.6 Associate professional Clerical & secretarial Craft & related 2.3 Personal & protective Unknown 3.1 All occupations^ less than 1,000 * occupational group is determined by the subject of the qualification awarded and not by current job ^ including those not shown separately (Source: Vocational qualifications in the UK 1997/98, Statistical Bulletin 9/99, Department for Education and Employment) Students in Higher Education Institutions, 1997/8 First degree undergraduates Thousands Subject area Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Medicine & dentistry Subjects allied to medicine Biological sciences Veterinary science Agriculture & related subjects Physical sciences Mathematical sciences Computer science Engineering & technology Architecture, building & planning Social, economic & political studies Law Business & administrative studies Librarianship & information science Languages Humanities Creative arts & design Education Combined All subjects less than 50 (Source: Students in Higher Education Institutions 1997/98, Higher Education Statistics Agency) 5

7 Students in Further Education, 1995/96 ENGLAND Programme area Thousands % of prog. Thousands % of prog. area area Science Agriculture Construction Engineering Business Hotel & catering Health & community care Art & design Humanities Basic education All programme areas 1, , (Source: Further Education Funding Council) LABOUR MARKET DEFINITIONS People of working age women aged 16 to 59 and men aged 16 to 64. In employment people aged 16 or over who did some paid work in the reference week; those who had a job they were temporarily away from; those on government-supported training and employment programmes; and those doing unpaid work for their own or a family business. The employment rate is expressed as a percentage of the group which includes those in employment, the ILO unemployed and those outside the labour market. ILO Unemployed an International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommended measure, which counts as unemployed those aged 16 and over who are without a job, are available to start work in the next two weeks, and have been seeking a job in the last four weeks or are waiting to start a job already obtained. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of the economically active. Economically Active people aged 16 and over who are either in employment or ILO unemployed. The economic activity rate is expressed as a percentage of those economically active plus those outside the labour market. Outside Labour Market also often described as economically inactive, those who are neither in employment nor ILO unemployed. Children s Day Care, 1998 ENGLAND No. of places % of places Thousands Places in a day nursery or family centre, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club of which: Day nurseries/family centres Childminders Out of school club 92 9 Playgroup places Total places 1, Number of under 8s (mid-1998) 5,037 Number of children for each place (excluding playgroups) 7 (Source: Children s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 1998 England, Department for Education & Employment; Population Estimates Unit, Office for National 6

8 Economic Activity by Marital Status, 1998 People of working age Thousands per cent Married or Not married or cohabiting Total cohabiting Single Separated, divorced or widowed In employment 7,635 2,487 1,131 11,253 Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate Economically active 7,910 2,752 1,240 11,901 Economic activity rate Outside labour market 2,750 1, ,685 In employment 9,988 3, ,261 Employment rate ILO unemployed ,044 Unemployment rate Economically active 10,404 4, ,305 Economic activity rate Outside labour market 1,413 1, ,925 Economic Activity by Disability Status, 1998 People of working age Disabled* Not disabled Thousands per cent Disabled* Not disabled In employment , ,286 Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate Economically active ,962 1,112 14,193 Economic activity rate Outside labour market 1,360 3,325 1,390 1,535 * Disability Discrimination Act definition of current disability is a health problem or disability which significantly limits the ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities, or a progressive illness. 7

9 Economic Activity by Age Group, 1998 People aged 16 and over Thousands per cent and over In employment 1,757 5,954 3, Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate Economically active 1,966 6,277 3, Economic activity rate Outside labour market 1,028 2,074 2,636 4,834 In employment 1,986 7,525 4, Employment rate ILO unemployed Unemployment rate Economically active 2,305 7,979 5, Economic activity rate Outside labour market ,494 3,345 less than 10,000 Employment by Occupation, 1998 Employees and self-employed aged 16 and over Major occupational groups Thousands % of group Thousands % of group Managers & administrators 1, , Professional 1, , Associate professional & technical 1, , Clerical & secretarial 2, Craft & related , Personal & protective 1, Sales 1, Plant & machine operatives , Other occupations 1, , All occupations* 11, , * includes those not stating occupation 8

10 Employment by Ethnic Origin, 1998 People of working age In employment ILO unemployed Thousands Rate (%) Thousands Rate (%) Black - Caribbean Black - African Indian Pakistani & Bangladeshi Chinese & other Asian Mixed & other origins All non-white groups White 10, All ethnic groups 11, Black - Caribbean Black - African Indian Pakistani & Bangladeshi Chinese & other Asian Mixed & other origins All non-white groups White 13, All ethnic groups 14, ,044 7 less than 10,000 Flexible Working Arrangements, 1998 Employees aged 16 and over Thousands % of Thousands % of employees employees Any flexible working arrangement 2, , Flexible working hours 1, Annualised hours contract Term time working Job sharing Nine day fortnight Four & a half day week Zero hours contract None of these/don t know 7, , All employees* 10, , * includes those not responding to the question on flexible work. 9

11 Occupational Segregation, 1998 Employees and self-employed aged 16 or over Selected occupations Thousands % of Thousands % of employees employees Drivers of road goods vehicles Production, works & maintenance managers Warehouse & storekeepers Computer analyst/programmers Technical & wholesale reps Marketing & sales managers Chefs & cooks Secondary teachers Sales assistants Waiters & waitresses Book-keepers & financial clerks Computer & records clerks Counter clerks & cashiers Cleaners & domestics Catering assistants Retail check-out operators Primary & nursery teachers Nurses Care assistants & attendants Employment Type by Family Type, 1998 People of working age with dependent children Thousands per cent Lone parent Married or Lone parent Married or cohabiting cohabiting Employees* 680 3, ,340 full-time 287 1, ,229 part-time 393 2, % part-time Self-employed All in employment^ 733 3, ,271 Employment rate ILO unemployed ILO unemployment rate Outside labour market 780 1, * includes those not stating full-time/part-time ^ Employees, self-employed, on government programmes or unpaid family workers. less than 10,000 10

12 Employment Type by Age of Youngest Dependent Child, 1998 People of working age Thousands per cent No dependent Age of youngest dependent child or over children Employees* 1,357 1,309 1,419 6,283 full-time ,298 part-time ,984 % part-time Self-employed All in employment^ 1,499 1,449 1,558 6,747 Employment rate ILO unemployed ILO unemployment rate Employees* 1,940 1,247 1,232 7,518 full-time 1,884 1,212 1,203 6,754 part-time % part-time Self-employed ,269 All in employment^ 2,301 1,541 1,522 8,896 Employment rate ILO unemployed ILO unemployment rate * includes those not stating full-time or part-time ^ Employees, self-employed, on government programmes or unpaid family workers. less than10,000 Members of Parliament, 1999 UNITED KINGDOM Political party No. of MPs % of MPs No. of MPs % of MPs in party in party Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Other parties* All parties * includes speaker and independent MP (Source: House of Commons Weekly Information Bulletin, August 1999) 11

13 Members of the European Parliament, 1999 UNITED KINGDOM Political party No. of MEPs % of MEPs No. of MEPs % of MEPs in party in party Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Other parties & independents All parties (Source: The Guardian, 15 June 1999) Full-Time Earnings 1978, 1998 Average gross hourly earnings, excluding the effects of overtime, and weekly earnings of full-time employees on adult rates. Ratio of W s to M s Hourly earnings (pence per hour) earnings 1978 All* All Manual Non-manual Weekly earnings (pounds per week) 1978 All* All Manual Non-manual * women aged 18 & over, men aged 21 & over (Source: New Earnings Surveys 1978 & 1998, Office for National Part-time Employees by Age Group, 1998 Part-time employees aged 16 and over Thousands % part-time Thousands % part-time , , and over All ages 4,

14 Part-time Earnings, 1998 Gross pay* in main job of part-time employees aged 16 and over Ratio of W s to M s earnings Hourly earnings ( ) Weekly earnings ( ) * respondents are asked for their total pay before deductions the last time they were paid, or if not yet paid, how much is expected Relative Earnings of Couples, 1996/97 Gross weekly earnings from employment or self-employment where both partners work 16 hours a week or more. % of couples Woman earns over 10 per cent more 16 Woman earns 5 to 10 per cent more 2 Earnings are within +/- 5 per cent 7 Man earns 5 to 10 per cent more 2 Man earns over 10 per cent more 73 All couples 100 (Source: Social Focus on and, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National Members of Pension Schemes, Employee membership of occupational and personal pension schemes. per cent Full-time Part-time Full-time Professional Employers & managers Intermediate non-manual Junior non-manual Skilled manual Semi-skilled manual* Unskilled manual All socio-economic groups * includes personal services (Source: Social Focus on and, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National 13

15 Individual Income by Source, 1996/7 Average gross weekly personal income of all people aged 16 or over per week % of total per week % of total income income Earnings Self employment Occupational pensions/annuities Investment Benefit income, including state pension Other Total income (Source: s Individual Income 1996/97, s Unit & Department for Social Security) Accounts, Savings & Investments, 1996/7 Percentage of people having the items listed per cent Single adult families Couple families Woman s Man s name or name or joint names joint names Current account Other bank/building society account* Premium bonds Stocks & shares Post Office account TESSA National Savings bonds PEPs Unit trusts Save as you earn Gilts Any of the above * Excluding current accounts and TESSAs less than 0.5% (Source: Social Focus on and, Equal Opportunities Commission/Office for National 14

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Facts about Women and Men in Great Britain EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION

Facts about Women and Men in Great Britain EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION Facts about and in Great Britain 2001 EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION and in Great Britain... Education and Training In their last year of compulsory education, 55 per cent of girls and 44 per cent of boys