1 Assises de l Energie 2007 Liège, 10-11/10/2007 Offshore wind energy in the North Sea Overview

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1 Offshore wind energy in the North Sea Ronnie Belmans Energiecongres 2007 Overview Why offshore? International status Situation in Belgium Elia network Supergrid Conclusion 1

2 Why offshore? Wind resources Availibility Public opposition Why offshore? Wind resources Wind map: Offshore meteorological stations Anemometer observations Disappointing results: not realistic POWER method Atmospheric pressure data + geostrophic wind Wind at sea surface 2

3 Why offshore? Wind resources Source: G. M. Watson et al. (2001) Why offshore? Availability First 20km offshore: fast average wind speed increase 8000 operating hours / year Average wind speed at 70m = 9.1 m/s 3300 full power hours / year (onshore 2000 full power hours / year) 3

4 Why offshore? Availability % of nominal power Offshore turbine Winter Autumn/Spring Summer Onshore turbine Winter Autumn/Spring Summer Source: Elia Why offshore? Public opposition Less public opposition compared to onshore Long permitting process Negative publicity Neighbourhood committees o NIMBY o NIMTO o BANANA o CAVE PEOPLE 4

5 International status Overview North Sea DK: Horns Rev 160 MW 17km offshore Germ: Ems-Emden 4.5 MW 0.04km offshore The Netherlands: Egmond aan zee 108 MW 10km offshore UK: Noordzeewind (Shell/Nuon) Blyth 4 MW 0.8km offshore Scroby Sands 60 MW 2.3km offshore Kentish Flats 90 MW 8.5km offshore International status = built Mm windturbines =built small windturbines =under construction =planned Source: 5

6 International status Overview North Sea Several plans for the future Major plan for Butendiek Germany 50 km South of Horns Rev Total capacity: 240 MW Number of turbines: 80 Source: Situation in Belgium First attempts Alternative: deep offshore Subsidy arrangement 6

7 Several restrictive factors: Situation in Belgium First attempts Source: Driesen J. (2004) Situation in Belgium First attempts 2 Realistic windfarms rejected Vlakte van de Raan (Schelde-estuarium) Wenduinebank Environmental opposition Birds Commercial fishing 7

8 28-46 km offshore Three projects: Thorntonbank Bank Zonder Naam Blighbank Situation in Belgium Alternative: deep offshore Situation in Belgium Alternative: deep offshore Source: 8

9 Situation in Belgium Thorntonbank (C-Power) 27-30km offshore 60 wind turbines 5MW / turbine =300MW energy consumption of people Investment: 800 million Construction C-Power: started Field concession: assigned Production permission: delivered Situation in Belgium Thorntonbank timing: Phase I: o construction of 6 turbines (30MW) o 1st wind measuring mast o 1st electricity cable: 150 kv (36 km) 2009 Phase II: o construction of 18 turbines (90MW) o construction of the offshore transformer station 2010 Phase III: o construction of 36 turbines (180MW) o 2nd wind measuring mast o 2nd electricity cable: 150 kv (36 km) 9

10 Situation in Belgium Thorntonbank Source: Situation in Belgium Bank Zonder Naam 35km offshore 36 windturbines 5MW or 7MW Total power: 180 à 252MW Eldepasco Field concession: assigned Production permission: not yet delivered Construction planning:

11 Situation in Belgium Bank zonder Naam Source: Elia Situation in Belgium Blighbank 40km offshore 66 windturbines 5MW each Total power 330MW Investment: 800 million Belwind Field concession: assigned Production permission: requested Construction planning:

12 Situation in Belgium Blighbank Source: Elia Situation in Belgium Subsidy arrangement Additional support measures compared to onshore Grid investments (Electricity law Art 7 2 and 4) Certificates (KB 16/7/2002, Art. 14 1) Unbalance (Electricity law Art 7 3) 12

13 Undersea cable Subsidy arrangement Grid investments Elia obliged to pay 1/3 of the cost Maximum 25 million CREG determines the cost based on offers 5 equal parts over 5 years Minister can postpone payments 1.In the turbine 2.Between the turbines 3.Transformer 4.Submarine cables 5.Cable landing 6.Land cables 7.Grid connection Subsidy arrangement Grid investments Source:

14 Subsidy arrangement Certificates Energy as federal and regional competence 3 regions: 3 different certificate systems Offshore windturbine in territorial waters (federal): another certificate system = no less than 4 certificate systems Subsidy arrangement Certificates Purchase obligation by Elia resulting from contract between Elia and field concession holder approved by CREG Purchase of green certificates from offshore wind energy during 20 years 107/MWh for the first 216MW installed capacity 90/MWh for installed capacity above 216 MW (onshore 50/MWh during 10 years) 14

15 Subsidy arrangement Certificates Total subsidy Thorntonbank 216MW * 3300h * 107/MWh = MW * 3300h * 90/MWh = Total 300MW = /year = after 20 years Subsidy arrangement Unbalance Unbalance nominated / actual production More preferable tolerance margins Usual 10% for installations using RES and CHP 30% in case of offshore wind Positive procentual production deviation <30%: bought by System Operator at 90% of market reference price Negative procentual production deviation <30%: supplemented by System Operator at 110% of market reference price Deviations >30% are being treated as unbalances 15

16 Elia grid Stability and security New projects <600MW 600MW < x <900MW Up to 2000MW Elia grid Stability and security Large wind parks problematic for the network Unstable dispatch within a zone o Will there be wind? Not too much? Unstable loop flows Energy policy is national and may conflict with neighbouring countries Benelux case Positive correlation between loop flows and wind in Germany o Up to 0.4 Loop flows almost entirely through BE and NL 16

17 Elia grid Stability and security Static load flow calculations Risk of overload Voltage instability Single incident: (n-1)security Introduction of renewables: Location of plant depends on geological constraint (offshore = far away from load centers) Unpredictable behaviour Elia grid Stability and security High level of uncertainty about future offshore projects Location: geographic Timing: duration of construction Technology: constantly evolving 17

18 Thorntonbank Elia grid New projects Landing point: Slijkens (Oostende) Sea cable: 36 km (2* 150 kv) Land cable: 3,3 km Bank Zonder Naam Sea cable : Bligh Bank 46,5 km (Oostende); 39,4 (if Zeebrugge) (2* 150 kv) Landing point : Zeebrugge(or Oostende) Sea cable : 46 km (2* 150 kv) Land cable : 6 km Elia grid < 600MW: feasible without investments 600MW < x <900MW: limited investments in North of Western Flanders Already over-capacity compared to light load o Herdersbrug (460 MW) o Gent-Ringvaart (460 MW) o Rodenhuize 150 kv reinforcement Slijkens-Blauwe Toren-Eeklo 18

19 Elia grid Source: Elia Elia grid Up to 2000MW New connections Belgian North Sea Wind Energy Platform AC or DC? HVDC Voltage Source Controlled Central platform Results 19

20 Up to 2000MW New connections Above 900MW up to 2000MW 380 kv extension necessary North Eeklo (30 km) Izegem (50 km) Rodenhuize (50 km) Belgian North Sea Wind Energy Platform Technical study group offshore connections C-Power, Eldepasco, Belwind Elia (co-ordination) Responsibilities Investigate different possible connections for planned and future offshore farms Formulate a working plan for further actions and studies Points of special interest Cost analysis of 6 different variants Possible interconnector Belgium-UK (1000 MW) 20

21 Belgian North Sea Wind Energy Platform Reference and 6 variants: Reference: Each farm has kv cables 4 AC-variants: 3 * 150 kv (C-Power/Eldepasco), 2 * 150 kv (Belwind) 4 * 150 kv, 1 central platform at C-Power 1 * 150 kv (C-Power), 2 * 220 kv, 1 central platform at C-Power 1 * 150 kv (C-Power), 1 * 380 kv, 1 central platform at C-Power 2 DC-variants: 1 * 150 kv (C-Power), 1 kabel 300 kv DC, 1 central platform HVDC connection Belgium-UK via central platform Up to 2000MW AC or DC? Advantages AC -Known technology -Cheaper -High reliability -Less losses DC -Potential arrangement (active and reactive power separately) -Optimal choice between AC and DC -Modular capacity extension 21

22 Up to 2000MW AC or DC? AC DC Disadvantages -Reactive power compensation -Limited potential arrangement -Limited experience -Higher losses -Higher space use Up to 2000MW HVDC Voltage Source Controlled Controlled turn-on turn-off capability Full power control Reduced footprint of converter stations Higher losses Higher overall cost 22

23 Reference Up to 2000MW Central platform Each wind farm its own connection Central platform All wind farms interconnected One connection with existing national grid Plug offshore Cost analysis Up to 2000MW Results All AC-variants have comparable cost price All DC-variants have comparable cost price DC-variants have significant higher price level than AC-variants 23

24 Supergrid Absorb wind energy instabilities Generation = consumption Storage is not yet an option Use of hydro-electric power station Widespread wind production in Europe High winds in Germany and Spain at the same time? One European grid can smoothen the wind energy instabilities Supergrid Supergrid Composed of Series of very large offshore wind farms Airtricity Equally large high voltage subsea electricity grid. ABB 24

25 Supergrid Necessity of co-operation between GEN-COs and system operators Offshore market model: Regulated system operator manages offshore grid GEN-COs can develop projects in an nondescriminating and transparent way Supergrid ABB s vision Source: ABB 25

26 Conclusion Offshore windturbines More efficient use of wind resources More subsidies available Only 6 wind farms in the North Sea 3 future offshore projects in Belgium (882MW) Grid investments needed Opportunity for European supergrid 26