Workforce Investment Act: Exiters Five-year Longitudinal Study

Transcription

1 AUTOMATED FOLLOW-UP SYSTEM 2010 Report Workforce Investment Act: Exiters Five-year Longitudinal Study Hiwot Berhane and Jesse Sampson Contact:

2 Texas Workforce Solutions provides vital workforce development tools that help workers find and keep good jobs, and help employers hire the skilled workers they need to grow their businesses. The main vehicle for workforce development policy in the United States is the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA), which replaced the Job Training Partnership Act. The act came into being, according to its legislative intent, to consolidate, coordinate, and improve employment, training, literacy, and vocational rehabilitation programs in the United States. The most salient feature of the new workforce system was the One Stop Center : The consolidation of services was to take place locally, through a new system of WIA One-Stop centers, guided by state and local entities to assure service coordination and customer access as required by WIA [which] would no longer require applicants to go to different offices to apply for services (Cottingham and Besharov 2011). As implemented in Texas, WIA is a primary source of funding for Texas Workforce Solutions: the workforce programs and initiatives administered by eight state agencies and 28 Local Workforce Development Boards who independently provide services in each of 28 Local Workforce Development Areas (LWDA). The eight state agencies with workforce programs collaborate on addressing systemic issues through the Texas Workforce Investment Council (TWIC), appointed by the Governor. The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) is responsible for administering the main components of WIA (Adult, Dislocated Worker and Youth grants), along with 27 other workforce programs. WIA funds are distributed in the form of grants, and these grants are broken down into different categories by target population. WIA Adult grants aim to increase employment, job retention, earnings and career advancement of U.S. workers, while Dislocated Worker grants assist workers who have been laid off or have been notified that they will be terminated or laid off. WIA Youth grants are intended to prepare youth for the 21 st century workforce. Other grants that do not fall into these categories are also funded by WIA. 1 WIA has been studied exhaustively, both by public-sector auditors such as the US Government Accountability Office and by academic researchers. The most recent and comprehensive impact study of WIA finds that the program has overall positive and statistically significant impacts on employment and earnings, with significant variation across states, and higher earnings gains accruing to female participants and participants who received vocational training as opposed to light-touch services (Heinrich et. al. 2008). Texas has been relatively progressive in recent years with implementation of WIA programs, directing the lion s share of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds appropriated for the purpose to training programs: Texas has mandated that 67 percent of Recovery Act funds be spent on training, including expenditures on support services and needs-related payments. Due to the emphasis in the Recovery Act legislation that the majority of the funds be spent on training, and because USDOL did not establish a specific standard, TWC determined that 67 percent would provide an aggressive focus on training while still allowing the 1 Other programs administered by the Office of Workforce Investment include Indian and Native American Programs, Services to Farmworkers, Disability Program Navigators, The President s Community-Based Job Training Grants, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit Program. Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Three-year Longitudinal Study 2

3 Boards to meet other needs with Recovery Act funds (Hobbie and Barnow 2011, emphasis added). As King and Heinrich (2011) find, Workforce investments also produce widespread benefits for employers and society as a whole, likely leading to sustained increases in productivity and economic growth. Texas continues to implement its WIA five-year strategic plan, centered on market-driven efforts that target specific industry sectors identified as areas of highest competitive advantage for the state. Purpose of the Report Senate Bill 281 (2003) requires the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) to, at least annually, issue an analysis of the job placement performance of each workforce development program by occupation and by training provider (possibly including other relevant data), for the previous one-year, three-year, and five-year periods. TWC s Labor Market and Career Information (LMCI) department fulfills this mandate. We provide these data in the spirit of continuous improvement and do not seek to single out or punish any program, provider or geography. LMCI s mission is to improve the way Texans make career and educational decisions by providing useful and reliable information about careers, educational training options and jobs. For more information, visit Structure of the Report This report addresses the set of individuals (cohort) that exited WIA programs in The report is the last in a series of three snapshots of the cohort s outcomes, i.e. their employment and Earnings, this time taken in the fourth quarter of 2009 (Q42009). The original reports for this cohort are available on LMCI s website. For purposes of this longitudinal analysis, we examine labor market outcomes for the entire cohort ( cohort ) and separately for the subset of individuals employed in both Q42005 and Q42009 ( retainers ) to determine earnings growth for individuals employed consistently over the study period. The report s body provides a high-level overview and analysis of the data. Detailed tables of all measures discussed can be found in the appendix. Methodology The Labor Market and Career Information (LMCI) division of TWC received the original seed records for WIA program exiters from the Policy and Service Delivery Department of TWC s Workforce Development Division. Each of these original records represents a service delivered to a unique client, i.e. a combination of SSN and service code. Due to the hundreds of potential services provided under WIA, our methodology for unduplicating this program s records is slightly different from that of other programs that provide fewer types of service. Under WIA, most customers receive a constellation of services, yet unique records are necessary for statistical analysis. 2 As a result, we must collapse the data by service code, retaining one single service code for each customer. Due to the welldocumented benefits of vocational training, we take a particular interest in measuring outcomes for individuals who received such training. To ensure that these customers are counted accurately, we began the de-duplication process by grouping the records according to SSN. We then isolated individuals who received vocational training as opposed to other services. 3 Finally, 2 It is likely, for example, for local workforce professionals working with customers who require resume help to also provide labor market information to give customers a better idea of the market for their skills. 3 For a detailed discussion of WIA services, see Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 3

4 we grouped the data by WIA funding source (Adult, Youth, Dislocated Worker and others) and unduplicated the remaining records. This left 52,825 unique records for the WIA exit cohort. This report documents the labor market outcomes of those 52,825 WIA participants during the fourth quarter of 2009 (Q42009). LMCI determines labor market outcomes by linking the seed record file to several government databases. The most important data linkage is to the Texas Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage record database, to determine post-program employment and earnings. We also perform linkages with the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) master enrollment file for the fall semester of 2009, the results of which are available in the Higher Education Dashboard, found in the appendix. We also link data with the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Q42009 employment files to locate any participants employed by the federal government and to the Wage Record Interchange System (WRIS) to identify participants employed out of state. LMCI also linked seed records to the Texas Bureau of Vital Statistics (TBVS) database to identify and exclude deceased participants. After performing all exclusions, the final number of records remaining in the WIA seed record file was 52,438. If the linkage to the Q42009 UI Wage Record database records resulted in a match for any program participant, that participant s earnings and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code for the employer of record were both retained for analysis. If a participant was found employed by more than one employer, the sum of the participant s earnings and the NAICS code of the employer paying the most wages were retained for analysis. Caveats About the Data and Analysis To our knowledge, there is no better source of data on labor market outcomes than UI wage records, but these data have some limitations. UI wage records do not cover individuals engaged in certain types of employment ranging from domestic workers to railroads (Stevens 2002). The collection of UI wage data involves editing to clean incoming data, but inaccurate records may remain in the system unless and until a claim for UI benefits is filed. SSNs are not validated against a national database: fraudulent SSNs may be present in the data as well as multiple individuals using one SSN (leading to outlandishly high earnings in some cases). Neither occupational title nor hours worked per quarter are reported, preventing us from calculating hourly wage and determining relatedness of training to employment or part-time/full-time status. This characteristic of the data sometimes leads to very low earnings in the case of individuals who worked for only part of a quarter we sampled. Despite these limitations, data from UI wage records provide an invaluable glimpse of post-exit achievements of workforce training participants. In the fourth quarter of 2009 (Q42009), the period examined in this report, the Texas economy continued to fare better than that of most other states. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the U.S. economy peaked in December 2007 and entered the Great Recession, which officially ended in July 2009 (although subsequent growth has been anemic, with the remaining effects of the Great Recession strongest in the labor market). The period was characterized by extreme economic volatility due to the collapse of the U.S. housing market and subsequent global financial crisis. As a result, the unemployment rate of the U.S. and of Texas both increased markedly: from 5.2 percent to 8.1 percent in Texas and from 5.0 to 9.9 percent nationally. 4 The Texas median worker s earnings grew by US Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 4

5 percent from on a current-dollar basis. 5 After adjusting for inflation, we see that the Texas median worker experienced a loss in earnings over the period of 2.76 percent. 6 Many factors, particularly the dynamics of the local economy and interplay with national and international trends all drive the metrics we use. The metrics tell part of the story about performance, but should not be used alone to make judgments about the quality (or lack thereof) of a single provider, Workforce Development Area or program. 5 US Census Bureau, American Community Survey One-Year Estimates, Worker Earnings divided by four to derive median quarterly earnings. 6 LMCI uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (CPI) to adjust for inflation. We solve the equation E 2/E 1=CPI 2/CPI 1 where E 1 = current-dollar earnings, E 2=adjusted earnings, CPI 1=average CPI for past years and CPI 2=average CPI for Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 5

6 Cohort Outcomes This section of the report concerns outcomes for the entire cohort of WIA exiters. Figure 1 presents the percent change in labor market outcomes over the period for WIA exiters (the red circle representing percent change in employment, the blue diamond representing percent change in median quarterly earnings in 2009 constant dollar terms). Overall, and in line with Texas employment trends, almost all subgroups of the cohort were employed at a lower rate in Q42009 than in Q Confirming the findings of the 2008 WIA impact evaluation (Heinrich et. al.) and King and Heinrich (2011), we observe better median earnings growth for Adult and Youth participants compared to Dislocated Worker participants, Vocational Training vs. other and Female vs. Male participants. Figure 1: Employment Rate and Earnings by Selected Demographic Characteristics A few notable outcomes are the high growth after several years for Youth grant participants and for individuals who entered the program with less than a high school education. Youth participants saw robust improvement in labor market outcomes even in spite of recession due to their natural tendency to enter the labor force after leaving educational pursuits. The big gains for individuals with the least education are somewhat counterintuitive, but they began with the lowest employment rate and median earnings, and so had the most room for growth (absolute outcomes for this sub-group still underperform other sub-groups). Furthermore, WIA provides one pathway for these individuals to increase their human capital; the gains observed here are likely (at least in part) products of increased human capital. Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 6

7 Comparing the earnings distribution for the cohort in Q42005 and Q42009, we see a 38 percent rise in the median (25 percent after adjusting for inflation). Figure 2 graphically displays these distributions, and highlights the increased concentration of more individuals in the tail, or high-earning, end of the distribution. Figure 2: Earnings Distribution by Year, WIA Exit Cohort (Earnings Greater than Zero) Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 7

8 Outcomes by Geography Figure 3 displays outcomes across geographical areas (Local Workforce Development Areas or LWDAs). As shown in figure three, exiters in almost all regions were employed at lower rates in Q42009 than in Q Higher-performing regions in terms of employment were Upper Rio Grande WDA, Golden Crescent WDA and particularly Middle Rio Grande WDA with 16.6 percent employment growth. Middle Rio Grande also had the second-highest median quarterly earnings gains of 64.2 percent, second to Southeast Texas with 82.6 percent. Figure 3: Outcomes by LWDA, WIA Exit Cohort Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 8

9 Outcomes by Industry Tables 1-2 show the top ten industries of employment for the exit cohort and the associated median earnings. Employment in Employment Services (predominately temporary staffing agencies) declined by 2.1 percent. Limited-service restaurants also fell by one percent.. Many of the industries had gains in mean earnings, as well, including the normally low-wage Home Health Care and Limited Service Eating Places. Table 1: Outcomes by Industry, Q42005 Industry of Employment N % of Mean Cohort Earnings Employment Services 2, % $4,088 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals 1, % $9,560 Limited-Service Eating Places 1, % $1,888 Elementary and Secondary Schools % $4,798 Home Health Care Services % $3,591 Nursing Care Facilities % $5,451 Executive, Legislative, and Other General Government Support % $8,261 Building Equipment Contractors % $8,688 Other General Merchandise Stores % $3,193 Offices of Physicians % $5,593 Table 2: Outcomes by Industry, Q42009 Industry of Employment N % of Cohort Mean Earnings General Medical and Surgical Hospitals 1, % $12,678 Employment Services 1, % $5,682 Elementary and Secondary Schools 1, % $6,452 Home Health Care Services 1, % $5,937 Executive, Legislative, and Other General Government Support % $10,375 Limited-Service Eating Places % $2,876 Nursing Care Facilities % $7,299 Offices of Physicians % $8,163 Building Equipment Contractors % $11,390 Other General Merchandise Stores % $4,394 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 9

10 Retainer Outcomes This section of the report concerns outcomes for employment retainers, i.e. individuals found employed in both Q42005 and in Q Figure 4 displays the employment retention rate, the percent of individuals found employed in Q42005 still employed in Q42009 as well as employment retainers change in Earnings (in 2009 constant dollars). In terms of employment retention, Dislocated Workers had the best outcomes, an unsurprising finding due to these participants having more job experience and skills than other participants. Dislocated Workers employed in both periods had slightly higher Earnings than Adult counterparts. Again, nearly all subgroups experienced growth in Earnings compared to Texas workers overall, who actually experienced a slight decline on an inflation-adjusted basis. Interestingly, both individuals with bachelor s degrees or above and those with post secondary education faced declining real earnings over the period in line with the state overall, while those with less education experienced more growth (from a much lower base). Figure 4: Employment Retention and Real Earnings by Selected Demographic Characteristics Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 10

11 Outcomes: Earnings Distribution, Employment Retainers Figure 5 displays earnings distributions from Q42005 and Q42009 for employment retainers from each funding source. Their median earnings grew at a slightly higher rate than those of the cohort overall. Figure 5: Earnings Distribution by Year, WIA Retainers (Earnings Greater than Zero) Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 11

12 Outcomes by Geography (LWDA) Figure 5 displays labor market outcomes by geography for employment retainers. As opposed to the cohort overall, areas like Panhandle and South Plains WDA had the highest employment retention along with Texoma and Deep East Texas (all percent). By far, the best earnings growth for retainers was seen in Middle Rio Grande WDA, 82.2 percent. Figure 6: Outcomes by LWDA, WIA Employment Retainers Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 12

13 Outcomes by Industry Health care industries such as Nursing Care Facilities and General Medical and Surgical hospitals were the industries likeliest to retain employees. Employment Services and Elementary/Secondary Schools were also major employers of retainers. Table 3: Outcomes by Industry of Employment, WIA Retainers Industry of Employment N % of Retainers Mean Earnings General Medical and Surgical Hospitals 1, % $12,885 Employment Services 1, % $6,389 Elementary and Secondary Schools % $6,997 Executive, Legislative, and Other General Government Support % $10,896 Home Health Care Services % $7,047 Nursing Care Facilities % $7,820 Offices of Physicians % $8,650 Building Equipment Contractors % $12,024 Limited-Service Eating Places % $3,300 Other General Merchandise Stores % $4,899 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 13

14 Appendix A: Detailed Tables, Exit Cohort Table 4: Outcomes by Gender, 2005 Gender N % Working Earning Female 23, $4,367 Male 17, $5,770 Total 41, $4,879 Table 5: Outcomes by Gender, 2009 Gender N % Working Earning Female 23, $6,089 Male 17, $7,659 Total 41, $6,696 Table 6: Outcomes by Race/Ethnicity, 2005 Race/ethnicity N % Working Earning Unknown $9,438 White 11, $6,783 American Indian $5,792 Asian $6,955 Hispanic 14, $4,262 Black 13, $3,996 Hawaiian $5,862 Total 41, $4,879 Table 7: Outcomes by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Race/ethnicity N % Working Earning Unknown $10,899 Asian $10,386 Hispanic 14, $5,826 White 11, $9,116 Hawaiian $10,381 Black 13, $5,684 American Indian $7,303 Total 41, $6,696 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 14

15 Table 8: Outcomes by WIA Funding Group, 2005 Funding Group N % Working Earning Dislocated 8, $5,768 ADULT 22, $5,516 Unknown 1, $4,076 Youth 9, $1,969 Total 41, $4,879 Table 9: Outcomes by WIA Funding Group, 2009 Funding Group N % Working Earning Unknown 1, $7,200 Dislocated 8, $7,663 ADULT 22, $7,546 Youth 9, $3,915 Total 41, $6,696 Table 10: Outcomes by Primary Activity, 2005 Primary Activity N % Working Earning Vocational Training 11, $5,278 No Vocational Training 29, $4,699 Total 41, $4,879 Table 11: Outcomes by Primary Activity, 2009 Primary Activity N % Working Earning Vocational Training 11, $7,500 No Vocational Training 29, $6,345 Total 41, $6,696 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 15

16 Table 12: Outcomes by Education at Entry, 2005 Education at Entry N % Working Earning BA and above 2, $9,095 More than HS 7, $6,647 Unknown 2, $7,872 High School/GED 24, $4,263 Elementary/ESL 4, $2,571 Total 41, $4,879 Table 13: Outcomes by Education at Entry, 2009 Education at Entry N % Working Earning BA and above 2, $11,999 More than HS 7, $9,152 Unknown 2, $9,926 High School/GED 24, $5,919 Elementary/ESL 4, $3,842 Total 41, $6,696 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 16

17 Table 14: Outcomes by Education at Entry, 2005 LWDA N % Working Earning Panhandle $7,850 Golden Crescent $7,094 Texoma $7,258 South Plains $5,354 Deep East Texas $6,438 East Texas 1, $5,607 Concho Valley $3,528 North Central 1, $7,815 Permian Basin $4,821 Coastal Bend $4,769 Cameron County $3,595 Tarrant County 2, $4,683 North Texas $4,699 South East Texas 1, $3,199 Dallas 5, $7,034 Brazos Valley $4,913 Rural Capital $4,609 Capital Area $5,470 Upper Rio Grande 2, $4,008 West Central $5,660 South Texas $4,180 Alamo 2, $4,817 Gulf Coast 12, $4,681 Central Texas $3,964 North East Texas $3,597 Lower Rio Grande Valley 2, $3,471 Heart of Texas $4,755 Unknown 1, $3,701 Middle Rio Grande $2,773 Total 41, $4,879 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 17

18 Table 15: Outcomes by Education at Entry, 2009 LWDA N % Working Earning Texoma $8,443 South Plains $6,639 Panhandle $11,511 Coastal Bend $6,463 Deep East Texas $8,769 North Central 1, $9,773 Golden Crescent $9,964 Cameron County $5,585 Permian Basin $6,719 Rural Capital $6,392 Middle Rio Grande $4,552 Alamo 2, $6,275 North East Texas $5,136 North Texas $6,951 Dallas 5, $9,093 South Texas $6,207 Lower Rio Grande Valley 2, $4,925 Concho Valley $5,269 South East Texas 1, $5,840 Brazos Valley $6,829 East Texas 1, $6,628 Central Texas $5,833 Upper Rio Grande 2, $5,079 Capital Area $7,688 Gulf Coast 12, $6,780 Heart of Texas $5,376 Tarrant County 2, $6,585 West Central $5,790 Unknown 1, $5,038 Total 41, $6,696 Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 18

19 Appendix B: Detailed Tables, Retainers Table 16: Outcomes by Gender, Gender N N Working 2005 Employment Retention % Earnings, Q42005 Earnings, Q42009 Earnings Change, % Female 23,624 17, $4,974 $7, % Male 17,629 12, $6,558 $8, % Total 41,355 29, $5,543 $7, % Table 17: Outcomes by Ethnicity/Race, Ethnicity N N Working 2005 Employment Retention, % Earnings, Q42005 Earnings, Q42009 Earnings Change, % Unknown $9,585 $11, % Asian $7,368 $10, % Hawaiian $7,670 $11, % White 11,358 8, $7,650 $9, % Hispanic 14,949 10, $4,641 $6, % Black 13,184 8, $4,642 $6, % American Indian $6,388 $8, % Total 41,355 29, $5,543 $7, % Table 18: Outcomes by WIA Funding Group, Fund Group N N Working 2005 Employment Retention, % Earnings, Q42005 Earnings, Q42009 Earnings Change, % Dislocated 8,814 6, $6,092 $7, % Unknown 1, $5,167 $8, % Adult 22,202 17, $6,271 $8, % Youth 9,063 4, $2,274 $4, % Total 41,355 29, $5,543 $7, % Table 19: Outcomes by Primary Actvity, Training N N Working 2005 Employment Retention, % Earnings, Q42005 Earnings, Q42009 Earnings Change, % Vocational Training 11,409 8, $5,846 $8, % No Training 29,946 20, $5,412 $7, % Total 41,355 29, $5,543 $7, % Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 19

20 Table 20: Outcomes by LWDA, LWDA N N Working 2005 Employment Retention Earnings, Q42005 Earnings, Q42009 Earnings Change, % Panhandle $8,126 $11, % Texoma $7,881 $9, % Deep East Texas $7,467 $9, % South Plains $5,583 $7, % North Central 1,890 1, $9,043 $10, % Coastal Bend $4,973 $7, % Golden Crescent $8,145 $10, % Cameron County $3,809 $6, % Alamo 2,212 1, $5,406 $7, % Dallas 5,782 4, $7,900 $10, % South Texas $4,753 $6, % Upper Rio Grande 2,052 1, $4,138 $5, % Permian Basin $5,148 $7, % North Texas $5,560 $7, % Rural Capital $5,111 $7, % Brazos Valley $5,323 $7, % Capital Area $6,448 $8, % Lower Rio Grande Valley 2,380 1, $3,694 $5, % East Texas 1,626 1, $6,225 $7, % South East Texas 1, $3,664 $6, % Heart of Texas $5,388 $6, % Gulf Coast 12,670 8, $5,307 $7, % Middle Rio Grande $3,114 $5, % North East Texas $4,582 $6, % Concho Valley $4,107 $5, % Tarrant County 2,023 1, $5,385 $7, % West Central $6,523 $7, % Central Texas $4,074 $6, % Total 41,355 29, $5,543 $7, % Table 21: Outcomes by Education at Entry, Education at Entry N % Working Earning BA and above 2, % More than HS 7, % Unknown 2, % High School/GED 24, % Elementary/ESL 4, % Total 41, % Automated Follow-up System Report: WIA Exit Cohort Five-year Longitudinal Study 20

21 Table 22. Higher Education Dashboard, Workforce Investment Act Exit Cohort Five-Year Study Summary of Linkage N % of all Cohort Earnings N % Higher Education Enrollment by Institution Type Working Only 15, ,408 10, Community and/or Technical Colleges & Career Schools Pursuing Higher Education Only 3, , Public/Private Universities & Health Science Centers Working & Pursuing High Ed. 9, ,330 13, Total Found Enrolled Subtotal for All Working 25, ,714 All Enrolled 13, ,330 Not Verified 10, Subtotal 41, ,714 TX Vital Statistics ,436 Total 41,879. 6,714 Number Top LWDAs by Enrollment N Enrolled Gulf Coast 12,670 3,499 Dallas 5,782 2,429 Lower Rio Grande Valley 2, North Central 1, Alamo 2, Tarrant County 2, East Texas 1, Middle Rio Grande Upper Rio Grande 2, South East Texas 1, %of All Enrolled 26.5% 18.4% 5.7% 5.4% 4.3% 3.9% 3.8% 2.7% 2.6% 2.4% Top 10 Public Postsecondary Institutions Houston Community College DCCCD Richland College DCCCD El Centro College N % of All Enrolled Top 9 Majors (6-digit Classification of Instructional Programs Code/CIP) N % of All Enrolled General Studies 1, Undeclared Nursing - Registered Nurse Training (RN, ASN, BSN, MSN) South Texas College Truck and Bus Driver/Commercial Vehicle Operation El Paso Community College Dist Collin Co Comm Coll District Austin Community College Southwest Texas Junior College DCCCD Eastfield College Texas Southern University Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies Business Administration and Management, General Business/Commerce, General Licensed Practical /Vocational Nurse Training (LPN, LVN, Cert, Dipl, AAS) Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician General Studies 1,

22 References Cottingham, Phoebe H., and Douglas J. Besharov "Introduction." In The Workforce Investment Act: Implementation Experiences and Evaluation Findings, Douglas J. Besharov and Phoebe H. Cottingham, eds. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Hobbie, Richard A. and Burt S. Barnow (2011). Early Implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: Workforce Development and Unemployment Insurance Provisions. National Association of State Workforce Agencies (NASWA) Report. King, Christopher T. and Carolyn J. Heinrich (2011). How Effective Are Workforce Development Programs? Implications for U.S. Workforce Policies. Presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management s Fall Research Conference, Nov Heinrich, Carolyn J., Peter R. Mueser and Kenneth R. Troske (2008). Workforce Investment Act Non-Experimental Impact Evaluation Final Report. IMPAQ International. Stevens, David W. (2002). Employment That Is Not Covered by State Unemployment Insurance Laws. US Census Bureau Technical paper No. TP Texas Strategic State Workforce Plan (2009) Workforce Investment Act of 1998, Pub. L. no , 112 Stat 936 (1998). Print. Automated Follow-up System 2010 Report 22