The Youth, Emotional Energy, and Political Violence: The Cases of Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Frequencies

Transcription

1 The Youth, Emotional Energy, and Political Violence: The Cases of Egypt and Saudi Arabia Frequencies ; CORIGIN: Country of origin Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Saudi Arabia Egypt V1: What is your opinion about people marry at older ages in rich, educated countries than in poor, uneducated countries? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V2: On average, families have more children in rich, educated countries than in poor, uneducated countries Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total Page 1

2 9 DK NA RA Total V3: Women are treated with more respect in rich, educated countries than in poor, uneducated countries Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V4: Do you think that In rich, educated countries, it is less common for young people to choose their own spouse than in poor, uneducated countries? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 2

3 V5: In general, it is more common for married children to live with their older parents in rich, educated countries than in poor, uneducated countries Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V6: Polygamous families are more common in rich, educated countries than in poor, uneducated countries Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V7: The level of development in Saudi Arabia Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Page 3

4 Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total V8: The level of development in Egypt Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total V9: The level of development in Iran Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Page 4

5 2 Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total V10: The level of development in China Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total Page 5

6 V11: The level of development in Yemen Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total V12: The level of development in the U.S. Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total DK RA Total Page 6

7 V13: The level of development in Somalia Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total V14: The level of development in France Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total Page 7

8 V15: The level of development in the UAE Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Least developed Least developed Least developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Total NA DK RA Total V16: The level of individual freedom in Saudi Arabia Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total Page 8

9 99 DK RA Total V17: The level of individual freedom in Egypt Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total DK RA Total V18:The level of individual freedom in Iran Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Page 9

10 High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total NA DK RA Total V19: The level of individual freedom in China Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total NA DK RA Total Page 10

11 V20: The level of individual freedom in Yemen Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total NA DK RA Total V21: The level of individual freedom in The U.S. Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom Page 11

12 9 High level of freedom High level of freedom Total NA DK RA Total V22: The level of individual freedom in Somalia Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total NA DK RA Total Page 12

13 V23: The level of individual freedom in France Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom High level of freedom Total NA DK RA Total V24: The level of individual freedom in UAE Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low level of freedom Low level of freedom Low level of freedom High level of freedom Page 13

14 9 High level of freedom High level of freedom Total DK RA Total V25: On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V26: University education is more important for a boy than for a girl Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 14

15 V27: When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V28: Male and female university students should not attend classes together Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V29: It is up to a woman to dress which ever way she wants to Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK 12.6 Page 15

16 97 NA RA Total V30: It is acceptable for a man to have more than one wife Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V31: A wife must always obey her husband Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 16

17 V32: Which of the following is the more important basis for marriage? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Parental approval Love Total DK NA RA Total V33: Income equality Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Incomes should be made more equal We need larger income differences as incentives for individuals Total NA DK RA Total Page 17

18 V34: Ownership of business 1 Private ownership of business and industry should be increased Frequency Percent Percent Percent Government ownership of business and industry should be increased Total NA DK RA Total V35: Responsibility Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 The government takes more responsibility The individual takes more responsibility Page 18

19 Total NA DK RA Total V36: How well is the government is doing? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very bad Very good Total NA DK RA Total V37: Having a strong head of government who does not have to bother with parliament and elections Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very good Fairly Good Fairly Bad Very Bad Total DK Page 19

20 97 NA RA System Total V38: Having a democratic political system Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very good Fairly Good Fairly Bad Very Bad Total DK NA RA Total V39: Having an Islamic government, where religious authorities have absolute power Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very good Fairly Good Fairly Bad Very Bad Total DK NA RA Total Page 20

21 V40: In democracy, the economy runs badly Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V41: Democracies are indecisive and have too much quibbling Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V42: Democracies aren't good at maintaining order Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK Page 21

22 97 NA RA Total V43: Democracy may have problems but it's better than any other form of government Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V44: Religious leaders should not interfere in politics Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA System Total Page 22

23 V45: Politicians who do not believe in God, should not run for public office Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA System Total V46: Would you say that this country's economy is run by a few big interests looking out for themselves or that it is run for the benefit of all the people? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Run by a few big interests Run for all the people Total DK NA RA Total V47: Aggression from a neighboring country Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very important Important Somewhat important Not very important Not at all important Page 23

24 Total DK RA Total V48: The exploitation of this country's natural resources by powerful countries Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very important Important Somewhat important Not very important Not at all important Total DK RA Total V49: Cultural invasion by the West Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very important Important Somewhat important Not very important Not at all important Total DK RA Total Page 24

25 V50: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if women are treated with more respect than they are now Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK RA Total V51: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if religion and politics are separated Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V52: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if our society became similar to Western societies Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total Page 25

26 9 DK NA RA Total V53: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if age of marriage increased Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V54e: (Egypt) Egypt would be a better society if there was a small number of men that married more than one wife Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System Page 26

27 V54s: (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia would be a better society if the number of men that married more than one wife decreased Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System V55: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if more young people choose their spouses Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 1.1 Total V56: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if the number of children born to families declined Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 4.2 Page 27

28 Total V57: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if people had more freedom to mix with the opposite sex Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 1.1 Total V58: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if it had the technology of the West Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 4.2 Total Page 28

29 V59: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if it had the sexual freedom available in the West Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK 2.1 System Total V60: Egypt/Saudi Arabia would be a better society if it had the entertainment options available in the West Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK Total V61: God has given humanity a complete, unfailing guide to happiness and salvation, which must be totally followed Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total Page 29

30 9 DK NA RA Total V62: The basic cause of evil in this world is Satan, who is still constantly and ferociously fighting against God Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V63: It is more important to be a good person than to believe in God and the right religion Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 30

31 V64: There is a particular set of religious teachings in this world that are so true, you can't go any "deeper" because they are the basic, bedrock message that God has given humanity Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V65: When you get right down to it, there are basically only two kinds of people in the world: the Righteous, who will be rewarded by God; and the rest, who will not Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V66: The Quran may contain general truths, but they should NOT be considered completely, literally true from beginning to end Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Page 31

32 Total DK NA RA System Total V67: To lead the best, most meaningful life, one must belong to the one, fundamentally true religion Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V68: When ever science and religion conflict, religion is always right Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System Page 32

33 V69: The fundamentals of God's religion should never be tampered with, or compromised with others' beliefs Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V70:The only acceptable religion to God is Islam Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V71: God will punish most severely those who abandon his true religion Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total Page 33

34 9 DK NA RA Total V72: Islam is the only religion on this earth that teaches, without error, God's truth Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V73: As countries under go economic development there will be a tendency for people to marry at older ages Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 1.1 Total Page 34

35 V74: As countries under go economic development families will have fewer children Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 5.3 Total V75: As countries under go economic development the status of women will, in general, decline Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 2.1 Total V76e: (Egypt) With economic development, some young people will have the right to choose their own spouse Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Page 35

36 Total System V76s: (Saudi Arabia) With economic development, fewer young people will choose their own spouse Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1.00 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System V77: As countries undergo economic development, it will become more common for married children to live away from their older parents Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 5.3 Total V78: The percentage of men having more than one wife increases with economic development Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Page 36

37 3 Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 6.3 Total V79: As societies become more developed, pursuing of the opposite sex before marriage increases Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 2.1 System Total V80: Islam should be the only religion taught in our public schools Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 37

38 V81: I would not mind to have teachers who are not religious Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V82: Muslims are the only ones who will go to heaven, people of other religions will not no matter how good they one Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V83: Non-Muslim religions have a lot of weird beliefs and pagan ways Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Page 38

39 3 Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V84: People who belong to different religions are probably just as nice and moral as those who belong to mine Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V85: I would like my religious leaders to meet with the leaders of other religions Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 39

40 V86: If it were possible, I'd rather have a job where I worked with people with the same religious views I have rather than with people with different views Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V87: The level of morality in Saudi Arabia Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total DK 12.6 Total Page 40

41 V88: The level of morality in Egypt Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total DK Total V89: The level of morality in Iran Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total NA DK Total Page 41

42 V90: The level of morality in China Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total DK Total V91: The level of morality in Yemen Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total NA DK Total Page 42

43 V92: The level of morality in The U.S. Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total NA DK Total V93: The level of morality in Somalia Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total NA DK Total Page 43

44 V94: The level of morality in France Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total NA DK Total V95: The level of morality in the UAE Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Low morality Low morality Low morality High morality High morality High morality Total NA DK Page 44

45 Total V96: How often, if at all, do you think about the meaning and purpose of life? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Often Sometimes Rarely Never Total DK NA 1.1 Total V97: Apart from funerals, about how often do you go to a mosque these days? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 More than once a week Once a week Once a month Only on special holy days Once a year Less often Never, practically never Total NA RA Total Page 45

46 V98: How often do you pray? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Five Times a Day Once or twice a week Once or twice a month At no time Total DK 13.7 Total V99: Independently of whether you go to religious services or not, would you say you are... Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 A religious person Not a religious person A convinced atheist (not believing in God) Total DK NA 1.1 Total V100: Religious authorities in this country are giving adequate answers to the moral problems and needs of the individual Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK NA 2.1 Page 46

47 Total V101: Religious authorities in this country are giving adequate answers to the problems of family life Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK NA 1.1 Total V102: Religious authorities in this country are giving adequate answers to the people's spiritual needs Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK NA 3.2 Total V103: Religious authorities in this country are giving adequate answers to the social problems facing your country today Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total Page 47

48 9 DK NA 1.1 Total V104: Do you believe in God? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total V105: Do you believe in life after death? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK NA 1.1 Total V106: Do you believe people have a soul? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK Page 48

49 Total V107: Do you believe in hell? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK 3.2 Total V108: Do you believe in heaven? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK 3.2 Total V109: How important is God in your life? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Not at all important Page 49

50 Very important Total NA DK 1.1 Total V110: Do you find that you get comfort and strength from religion? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Yes No Total DK NA 12.6 Total V111: It should make laws according to the people's wishes Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very important Important Somewhat important Least important Not important Total System Page 50

51 V112: It should implement only the laws of the shari'a Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very important Important Somewhat important Least important Not important Total System V113: How proud are you to be Saudi/Egyptian? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Very proud Quite proud Not very proud Not at all proud Total DK NA 1.1 Total V114: Which of the following best describes you? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Above all, I am an Egyptian/a Saudi Above all, I am a Muslim Above all, I am an Arab Other Total Page 51

52 97 NA 1.1 Total V115: In order for an underdeveloped country to achieve economic development its people should marry at older ages Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 1.1 Total V116: In order for an underdeveloped country to achieve economic development its families should have more children Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 2.1 Total Page 52

53 V117: In order for an underdeveloped country to achieve economic development, it should increase the status of women Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 8.4 Total V118: In order for an underdeveloped country to achieve economic development, more young people should choose their own spouse Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 4.2 Total V119: In order for an underdeveloped country to achieve economic development, it should decrease the number of men having more than one wife Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Page 53

54 Total DK NA 5.3 Total V120: In order for an underdeveloped country to achieve economic development, it should allow young people more freedom to mix with the opposite sex Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 2.1 Total V121: There are conspiracies against Muslim nations by Jews and Americans Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total Page 54

55 V122e: (Egypt) There is no peaceful way of establishing a truly independent country Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA System Total V122s: (Saudi Arabia) There is a peaceful way to establish a country that is truly independent Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System V123: Peaceful means are more effective to establish a truly Islamic state Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 13.7 Page 55

56 999 RA Total V124: Armed struggle often leads to fitneh, even though it may cause injury to the enemy Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System V125e: (Egypt) I desire my government to promote living or getting closer to nonbelievers Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System V125s: (Saudi Arabia) I yearn for a way to improve our society so we can live with other societies Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1.00 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System Page 56

57 V126: The enemies of our nation should be dealt with through military action Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA System Total V127e: (Egypt) War is often necessary Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System V127s: (Saudi Arabia) War is always necessary Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Page 57

58 Total System V128: Killing of civilians is never acceptable even though it may help defeat the enemy and win the war Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V129: It is necessary for our nation to manufacture weapons Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA System Total Page 58

59 V130: It is justified to kill foreigners if their government harms our people, even though these foreigners may not be responsible for the action of their government Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA System Total V131: For the realization of a truly ideal society, people must be ready for self-sacrifice Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 5.3 Total V132: The best way to persuade the enemy to change its actions is dealing with him thru peaceful methods Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Page 59

60 4 Strongly disagree Total DK NA 5.3 Total V133: Our society needs more social scientists to help us live better Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA 6.3 System Total V134e: (Egypt) It is not possible to live happily in this world Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System Page 60

61 V134s: (Saudi Arabia) It is not possible to live very happily in this world Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total System : Perceived control Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 None at all A great deal Total NA DK 13.7 Total : To what extent are you optimistic/pessimistic about your future? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Highly pessimistic Page 61

62 Highly Optimistic Total NA DK 11.6 Total V137: Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree that in your country these days, life is unpredictable and dangerous? Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Total DK NA RA Total V138: Extent of reliance upon parents about the role of women in society and politics Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Do not rely Generally do not rely sometimes not Generally rely Rely completely Page 62

63 Total DK NA 4.2 Total V139: Extent of reliance upon teachers of religion at school or university about the role of women in society and politics Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Do not rely Generally do not rely sometimes not Generally rely Rely completely Total DK NA 4.2 Total V140: Extent of reliance upon other secular teachers about the role of women in society and politics Frequency Percent Percent Percent 1 Do not rely Generally do not rely sometimes not Generally rely Rely completely Total DK NA 4.2 Page 63