Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 2018 State Hazard Mitigation Plan Review Draft: June 29, 2018

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1 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 2018 State Hazard Mitigation Plan Review Draft: June 29, 2018 Prepared for: Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency 2605 Interstate Drive Harrisburg, PA Prepared by: Michael Baker International 1818 Market St., Suite 3110 Philadelphia, PA 19103

2 Table of Contents Table of Figures..x Table of Tables. xiv List of Acronyms.....xxii 1. Introduction... 2 Background... 2 Purpose... 3 Scope... 3 Authority and References... 3 Statute Compliance Assurances State Profile... 8 Geography and Environment... 8 State Facts Population and Demographics Land Use and Development Data Sources Planning Process Update Process and Participation Summary State Planning Team Meetings and Documentation Public & Stakeholder Participation Risk Assessment Update Process Summary State Assets Jurisdictional Assets Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Methodology Local and University Hazard Rankings Risk Ranking Methodology and Risk Factor Analysis THIRA and SHMP Relationship Hazard Identification Table of Presidential and Other Disaster Declarations Summary of Hazards i

3 Hazard Profiles and Vulnerability Analysis NATURAL HAZARDS Coastal Erosion Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Drought Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Earthquake Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Extreme Temperature Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimations Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Flood, Flash Flood, Ice Jam Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Hailstorm Location and Extent Range of Magnitude ii

4 Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Hurricane, Tropical Storm, Nor easter Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment Invasive Species Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Landslide Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Lightning Strike Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Pandemic and Infectious Disease Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation iii

5 Radon Exposure Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment Subsidence, Sinkhole Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Tornado, Windstorm Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Wildfire Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Winter Storm Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment HUMAN-MADE HAZARDS Building and Structure Collapse Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence iv

6 Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Civil Disturbance Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment Cyber-Terrorism Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment Dam Failure Environmental Hazard Coal Mining Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Environmental Hazard Conventional Oil and Gas Wells Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Environmental Hazard Gas and Liquid Pipeline Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation v

7 Environmental Hazard Hazardous Materials Releases Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Environmental Hazard Unconventional Wells Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Levee Failure Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Mass Food and Animal Feed Contamination Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Nuclear Incident Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Opioid Addiction Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence vi

8 Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Terrorism Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Transportation Accident Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Urban Fire and Explosion Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Utility Interruption Location and Extent Range of Magnitude Past Occurrence Future Occurrence Environmental Impacts State Facility Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment and Loss Estimation Future Development and Vulnerability Consequence Analysis Capability Assessment Update Process Summary Legal Context Federal Laws State Laws vii

9 Local Ordinances State Capability Assessment Pre-disaster Capability Federal Programs Supporting Hazard Mitigation in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency Other State and Multi-Agency Programs in Pennsylvania Post-disaster Capability Funding and Technical Assistance Capability Federal-Level Funding and Technical Assistance State-Level Funding and Technical Assistance Development and Construction Management Capability Local Capability Assessment Status of Local Hazard Mitigation Plans Summary & Evaluation of Local Mitigation Capability State-Level Program and Plan Integration Integration with Existing Mechanisms SHMP Integration into Other Planning and Program Initiatives Mitigation Strategy Update Process Summary State Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Goals and Objectives Identification & Analysis of Mitigation Techniques Assessment of Mitigation Actions Mitigation Action Plan Local Mitigation Strategy Local Mitigation Planning Assistance Support of Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Support of Local Hazard Mitigation Projects Prioritizing Local Assistance Pennsylvania Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss Mitigation Strategy Introduction Strategy Overview Review of Implementation Actions from 2013 RL and SRL Strategy Partnerships Mitigation Success viii

10 7. Plan Maintenance Update Process Summary Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the Plan Continued Public Involvement Monitoring Progress of Mitigation Actions Project Reporting Project Closeout Process Plan Adoption Appendices Appendix A Bibliography A-1 Appendix B Plan Review Tool......B-1 Appendix C Planning Process Documentation C-1 Appendix D Data Sources List..D-1 Appendix E Critical Facilities.E-1 Appendix F Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties Inventory (Digital Database).....F-1 Appendix G HAZUS Results Reports.....G-1 Appendix H Dam Failure Profile...H-1 Appendix I Mitigation Action Prioritization...I-1 Appendix J Mitigation Projects List....J-1 Appendix K - NFIP Municipal Coverage......K-1 Appendix L Consequence Analysis L-1 Appendix M County HMP Summary M-1 ix

11 Table of Figures Figure Major Watersheds in Pennsylvania... 9 Figure Physiographic Provinces of Pennsylvania (DCNR, 2000) Figure Map displaying distribution by county of 2017 census populations estimates throughout Pennsylvania (U.S. Census, 2017) Figure Pennsylvania Population Density (U.S. Census, 2016) Figure Map of land cover throughout Pennsylvania (NLCD, 2011) Figure Major Highways in Pennsylvania (PennDOT, 2013) Figure Stream miles per county (National Hydrography Dataset, 2012) Map of state-owned or leased facilities included in the state vulnerability assessment (DGS, 2018 and PEMA, 2018) Map of critical facilities included in the state vulnerability assessment (HIFLD, 2018 and CDMS, 2018) Summary of hazards profiled in county HMPs throughout Pennsylvania Comparison of SHMP HIRA and THIRA Rankings Total Presidential disaster declarations in Pennsylvania by county between 1954 and Inter-relationships between hazard events in Pennsylvania Bluff Recession Hazard Areas along the Lake Erie Shoreline (PA DEP, 2011) Diagram of the Natural and Human-Induced Processes that Influence Coastal Erosion Photograph of Large Avulsion Event along the Lake Erie, PA Shoreline (USGS, 2009 and the PA DEP Coastal Resource Management Program) Photograph of Collapsed Retaining Wall Structure along the Lake Erie, PA Shoreline (PA DEP, 2011) Lake Erie Water Levels Between 1918 and 2017 (NOAA GLERL, 2018) Average Bluff Recession Rates along the Pennsylvania Lake Erie Shoreline (PA DEP, 2012) Stream gage locations and period of record (USGS, 2018) Number of emergency drought declarations in Pennsylvania by county between 1980 and 2016 (PA DEP, 2018) Percent of weeks areas have been in moderate drought or greater (FEMA NRI, 2018) Average percent changes in surface soil moisture by the end of the century using CMIP5 model under RCP8.5 scenario. Hashes indicate changes are small compared to natural while stippling show changes that are larger than natural variation Relative earthquake hazard zones of Pennsylvania (USGS, 2014) Map of earthquake epicenters in Pennsylvania (USGS, 2018) Isoseismal lines of the Lancaster, PA earthquake on April 23, 1984 (modified from Stover, 1988) Isoseismal lines of the New Jersey earthquake on August 23, 1938 (modified from Neumann, 1940) Isoseismal lines of the New Jersey earthquake on August 10, 1884 (modified from a publication by C.G. Rockwood, Jr., 1885) Seismic hazard map (USGS, 2014) Cumulative number (N) of earthquakes versus epicentral intensity (I 0) for the period in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas Map of average annualized losses for earthquake hazard (Hazus, 2018) Map showing excessive cold and wind chill warnings throughout Pennsylvania by census tract based on data collected from (FEMA NRI, 2018) Map showing heatwave warnings throughout Pennsylvania by census tract based on data collected from (FEMA NRI, 2018) x

12 National Weather Service s Heat Index matrix (NOAA NWS, 2018) Rate of temperature change in Pennsylvania counties from 1901 to 2014 (NOAA, 2016) Observed and projected temperature change for Pennsylvania (Frankson et al. 2017) Projections of annual mean temperature by relative to for the northeast. Emissions scenario is the IPCC RCP8.5 (Shortle et al., 2015) Diagram Identifying Special Flood Hazard Area, 1%-Annual-Chance (100-Year) Floodplain, Floodway, and Flood Fringe Special Flood Hazard Areas throughout Pennsylvania (FEMA, 2018) Pennsylvania Flood History, 1950 to 2017 (NCEI, 2018) Total NFIP Claims by County since 1978 (FEMA, 2018) Total NFIP Claims per 1,000 Persons by County since 1978 (FEMA, 2018) Figure Change in Magnitude of Inland Flooding from for Pennsylvania Figure Rate of Precipitation Change from for Pennsylvania (NOAA, 2016) Figure Projections of Annual Total Precipitation for from the CMIP5 Statistically Downscaled Model under RCP8.5 Emissions Scenario (Pennsylvania Climate Impact Assessment Update, 2015) Figure Annual and Seasonal Precipitation Change by Relative to Historical from CMIP5 Model Simulations (PA Climate Impacts Assessment Report Update, 2015) Figure Projected Change in Annual Mean Runoff by Compared to from the CMIP5 Statistically Downscaled Model under the RCP8.5 Emissions Scenario (Pennsylvania Climate Impact Assessment Update, 2015) Plot of Historic High Watermarks in Pennsylvania vs. Watershed Area DFIRM Status by County as of April 2018 (FEMA, 2018) HAZUS-Calculated Loss Estimates by County (Hazus, 2018) Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties by County (FEMA, 2018).235 Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties per 1,000 Persons by County (FEMA, 2018) Number of hailstorm events by county between 1950 and 2016 (NOAA, 2017) Hail events per square mile in Pennsylvania (National Risk Index, 2018) Map showing historical coastal storm events which tracked through Pennsylvania (NOAA, 2018) Hurricane frequency by census tract across Pennsylvania between (FEMA NRI, 2018) Map of average annualized losses for hurricane wind hazard (Hazus, 2018) Landslide susceptibility and incidence across Pennsylvania (USGS, 1997) Photos showing damage to a private home (left) and PA Route 51 (right) due to landslide incidents Photos showing damage to a private home (left) and PA Route 51 (right) due to landslide incidents Example of landslide inventory map for Coudersport, PA from USGS Open File Map (G-16 by John S. Pomeroy, 1981). An index map showing the coverage of the inventory is also provided (PA DCNR, 2009) Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes by Census Tract, (National Risk Index, 2018) Pennsylvania Lightning Event History, (NCEI, 2018) Radon hazard zones in Pennsylvania (EPA, 2014) Unadjusted median basement radon concentrations in PA by geologic unit, (Casey et al, 2015) Predicted contribution to basement radon concentration from geologic unit, county, and well water after accounting for variation due to year, building type, test type, test duration, season, average temperature, and average rainfall (Casey et al, 2015) xi

13 A map of Pennsylvania indicating radon concentrations of water samples collected during a multi-year groundwater radon study. (USGS, 2017) Areas in Pennsylvania with karst or potential for karst development (USGS, 2014) Inventoried sinkholes and surface depressions in Pennsylvania (DCNR, 2016) Example of map showing density of karst features in Cumberland County. An index map showing the coverage of the inventory is also provided Example of damage which can occur as a result of abrupt sinkhole and long-term subsidence events Design wind speeds for tornado shelters (ICC 500, 2014) Map showing tornado tracks during the May 31, 1985 tornado outbreak (NOAA NWS, 2015) Map showing maximum number of strong wind events per census tract in Pennsylvania from (FEMA NRI, 2018) Percentage of wildfires occurring each month (PA DCNR, 2013) Map showing location of and size of wildfires (US Forest Service, 2017) Wildfire Hazard Potential for Pennsylvania (FEMA National Risk Index, 2018) Pennsylvania average annual snowfall (NOAA, 2010) Map showing the number of winter weather warnings by census tracts across Pennsylvania (FEMA NRI, 2018) The percent change in winter precipitation projected for the middle of the 21st century (relative to the late 20th century) (Frankson et al. 2017) Change in total snowfall from 1930 to (Kunkel et al., 2009) Change in winter snow-to-precipitation ratio from 1949 to Decreases mean more precipitation is falling as rain instead of snow. (NOAA, 2016) Percent of housing units built prior to 1960 by county (ACS, 2016) Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals (PA DMCR, 2018) Coal Mining Operations in Pennsylvania (PA DEP, 2018) Typical slurry or tailing (coal-fines) impoundment in Pennsylvania s Anthracite region Conventional Oil and Gas Well Locations in Pennsylvania (PA DEP, 2018) Photos of natural gas well fires. Left: Hopewell Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania. (Pittsburgh Post Gazette, June 17, 2010). Right: Dunkard Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania (WPXI, February 12, 2014) Photograph of an explosion on a 30-inch interstate natural gas pipeline in rural Salem Township, Pennsylvania. Source: NPR State Impact Pennsylvania Pipeline Mileage Percentage by Type (PHMSA, 2016) U.S. Pipeline Mileage Percentage by Type (PHMSA, 2016) Major Pipelines of Pennsylvania (EIA, 2018) Frequency of Significant Pipeline Incidents in Pennsylvania (PHMSA, 2018) Cost of Significant Pipeline Incidents in Pennsylvania (PHMSA, 2018) Major pipeline incidents in Pennsylvania (PEMA, 2018) Example of New Development Near Pipeline (FEMA, 2015) Unconventional Oil and Gas Well Locations and the location in Pennsylvania (PA DEP, 2018) Levee and Floodwall Locations in Pennsylvania (FEMA, 2012) Distribution of agricultural critical facilities throughout Pennsylvania (HIFLD, 2018) Location of Pennsylvania nuclear power stations, their Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs), and the population density of affected municipalities (Hazus, 2018 and US Census, 2016) Number of drug related-deaths per 100,000 people in 2016 (DEA, 2016) Average annual daily traffic on the Pennsylvania highway system (PennDOT 2018) Pennsylvania airports and their air transportation volumes (US DOT, 2018) Structurally deficient bridges in Pennsylvania (PennDOT, 2018) xii

14 Percent of residential buildings built before 1970 (ACS ) Liquid pipeline mileage per county (NPMS, 2018) Gas pipeline mileage per county (NPMS, 2018) Projected population change by county (PADEP, 2012) Organizational structure for the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency (updated May 13, 2016) Mitigation staff using in-house survey equipment (BORM photos Summer 2013) HMA Program Figure Pennsylvania county HMP expiration dates (FEMA, 2018) Figure Status of county hazard mitigation plans in Pennsylvania (FEMA, 2018) County Greenway and Open Space Planning Efforts (DCNR, 2015) Figure State-Level Plan Integration Hazards Covered by Respective Plans Figure Mitigation Actions Categorized by Mitigation Technique Figure Top 5 Hazards by Number of Actions xiii

15 Table of Tables Table Summary of 2010 census populations for each county in Pennsylvania Table Summary of 2017 census population estimates for each county in Pennsylvania. 15 Table Age Distribution and Median Age of County Populations, 5-Year Estimates (Census, 2016) Table Summary of updates of the SHMP Table Commonwealth agency SSAHMP progress update as of August 8, Table SPT participation by sector Table Summary of agencies participating on the State Planning Team in Table SPT participation by sector Table List of hazards identified and profiled in the 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Pennsylvania SAHMPs Table Summary of state-owned or leased facilities included in the state vulnerability assessment (DGS, 2018 and PEMA, 2018) Table Geolocated critical facilities (HIFLD, 2018 and CDMS, 2018) Table Jurisdictional population and building stock Table Properties in the Pennsylvania CRGIS (PHMC, as of June 14, 2018) Table Historic buildings in Pennsylvania by county (PHMC, as of June 14, 2018) Table Summary of hazards profiled in university HMPs throughout Pennsylvania Table Summary of Risk Factor approach used to rank hazard risk Table Ranking results by hazard for Pennsylvania using the Risk Factor methodology.. 78 Table Comparison between SHMP and THIRA Table Presidential Disaster and Emergency Declarations affecting Pennsylvania Table Pennsylvania Gubernatorial Disaster Emergency Declarations or Proclamations. 87 Table Pennsylvania Disaster Events Receiving Small Business Administration Loan Assistance Table Disaster events where no declaration occurred Table List of hazards profiled in the 2018 Pennsylvania SHMP with associated descriptions Table Overview of vulnerable state assets and loss estimates per hazard Table Summary Damages Caused by High Water Levels in the Pennsylvania Coastal Zone in Erie County, (PA DEP 1987) Table Summary of Life Spans Used to Calculate Minimum Bluff Setback Distances for 129 Development in Lake Erie Bluff Recession Hazard Areas Table Buildings identified in 100-yr Erosion Hazard Area by community with associated building and land value data Table Precipitation deficit drought indicators for Pennsylvania (PA DEP, 2016) Table Summary of declared drought status from 1980 to 2016 by county (PA DEP, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to drought Table Domestic water wells by county (PA DCNR, 2018) Table Estimated populations vulnerable to drought in each county Table Monthly and annual precipitation normals for select cities in Pennsylvania, (NOAA, 2010) Table Estimated jurisdictional losses relating to agricultural production (USDA, Census of Agriculture, 2012) Table Richter scale magnitudes and associated earthquake size effects Table Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale with associated impacts Table Catalog of earthquakes with epicenters in Pennsylvania (DCNR, 2004) Table Vulnerability of state-owned facilities to earthquake events Table Vulnerability of state critical facilities to earthquake events Table Potential direct building losses from earthquake hazards (Average Annualized Loss) xiv

16 Table Potential business interruption losses from earthquake hazards (Average Annualized Loss) Table State Critical Facilities vulnerable to Extreme Heat by Critical Facility Type Table Estimated state-owned or leased buildings vulnerable to extreme heat for each department Table State Critical Facilities vulnerable to Extreme Cold by Critical Facility Type Table State-owned or leased buildings vulnerable to Extreme Cold by Department Type Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to extreme heat Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to excessive cold and wind chills Table Number of Flood Events by County between 1950 and 2017 (NCEI, 2018) Table Historic Flood Insurance Claims and Loss Payments (FEMA, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to flood hazard Table Vulnerability of State Facilities to Flooding (Delaware, Allegheny, Lycoming Counties Only) Table Vulnerability of Critical Facilities to Flooding Table Vulnerability of Critical Facilities to Flooding (Delaware, Allegheny, Lycoming Counties Only) Table Potential social and economic losses due to flood hazards (1%-annual-chance flood) Table Vulnerability of historic buildings to floods (PHMC, as of June 14, 2018) Table Total and mitigated Repetitive Loss properties in Pennsylvania. Data from PA RL & SRL Inventory (January 2018) Table Total and mitigated Severe Repetitive Loss properties in Pennsylvania. Data from PA RL & SRL Inventory (January 2018) Table Losses Avoided in Severe Storms and Flooding from DR 4149 and DR Data from PA RL & SRL Inventory Table Summary of Funds Distributed in Pennsylvania as a Result of Flood-Related Disaster Declarations between 2003 and 2018 (PEMA, 2013 and FEMA, 2018) Table Hailstone size and relationship to updraft speed (NOAA, 2018) Table Hailstorms per county, (NCEI, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to hailstorms Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to hailstorms Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to hailstorms Table Estimated jurisdictional losses relating to agricultural production (USDA Census of Agriculture, 2012) Table Saffir-Simpson Scale categories with associated wind speeds and damages (NOAA NHC, 2012) Table Tropical cyclone events which tracked through Pennsylvania between 1952 and present (NOAA OCM, 2018). Note that events with circulation centers that did not move through Pennsylvania are not included in this table, but are identified in text. Storm categories: E = Extra-tropical storm, TD = Tropical depression, TS = Tropical storm Table Vulnerability of state facilities to hurricanes Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to hurricanes Table Potential direct building losses from hurricane wind hazards (Average Annualized Loss) Table Potential business interruption losses from hurricane wind hazards (Average Annualized Loss) Table Vulnerability of historic buildings to hurricane winds (PHMC, as of June 14, 2018) Table Invasive species of concern to the Commonwealth Table Table Previous Occurrences of Invasive Species Events Requiring State Action or Quarantine Estimated jurisdictional losses relating to agricultural production (USDA Census of Agriculture, 2012) xv

17 Table Landslides in Southwestern Pennsylvania (Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission, 2017) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to landslide Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to landslide Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to landslide by county Table Vulnerability of state facilities to lighting Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to lightning Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to lightning Table Estimated morbidity and mortality during an influenza pandemic within weeks Table Previous West Nile virus occurrences in Pennsylvania 2007 to 2017 (PA West Nile Virus Control Program, 2018) Table List of previous significant outbreaks of influenza over the past century (Global Security, 2009; WHO, 2009) Table Radon risk for smokers and non-smokers (EPA, 2016) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to Radon exposure Table State Critical Facilities in high risk areas by Critical Facility Type Table Estimated jurisdictional losses in areas with high radon test results Table Summary of sinkholes identified in Pennsylvania (PA DCNR, 2016) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to subsidence or sinkholes Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to subsidence or sinkholes Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to subsidence or sinkhole development Table Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale) categories with associated wind speeds and description of damages (FEMA, 2012) Table State facilities vulnerable to tornadoes or windstorms for each department Table State critical facilities vulnerable to tornadoes and windstorms by critical facility type Table Estimated jurisdictional losses due to tornadoes and windstorms Table Pennsylvania wildfire history (DCNR, 2017) Table Pennsylvania wildfire history (DCNR, 2017) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to wildfire Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to wildfire Table Estimated jurisdictional losses due to wildfires Table Number of reported wildfires and acres burned per county from (USFS, 2017) Table Vulnerability of historic buildings to wildfires (PHMC, as of June 14, 2018) Table Summary of Pennsylvania snowfall and snow depth extremes (NOAA, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to winter storms Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to winter storms Table Estimated jurisdictional losses due to winter storms Table Historic buildings in Pennsylvania by county (PHMC, as of June 14, 2018) Table Total, Closed, and Structurally-Deficient Bridges on State- and Locally-owned Roads by County (PennDOT, 2018) Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to structure collapse Table Civil disturbance events reported to PEIRS, (PEMA, 2010) Table Civil disturbance events reported to PEMA-KC, (PEMA, 2018) Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to civil disturbance events Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to civil disturbance events Table Methods of Cyberattacks (PA Department of Homeland Security, 2017) Table Past occurrences of cyber-attacks, (PEMA-KC, 2018) Table Number of Active and Abandoned Coal Mines in Pennsylvania Counties (PASDA, 2018) Table Summary of Coal Slurry Impoundments in the Commonwealth. (Coal Impoundment LIS, 2012) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to environmental hazards related to coal mining xvi

18 Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to environmental hazards related to coal mining Table Number of conventional oil and gas wells by county throughout Pennsylvania (PASDA, 2018) Table Pennsylvania Active Pipeline Mileage by County (PHMSA, 2018) Table Significant Pipeline Incidents in Pennsylvania by Pipeline Type, (PHMSA, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to pipeline failure Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to pipeline failure Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to pipeline failure Table TRI Facilities in Pennsylvania by County (EPA, 2016) Table Number of hazardous materials incidents by county, April 2018 (PEMA-KC, 2018) Table Highway-Related Hazardous Material Release Incident Statistics (PHMSA) Table Rail-Related Hazardous Material Release Incident Statistics (PHMSA) Table Air-Related Hazardous Material Release Incident Statistics (PHMSA) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to hazard materials release Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to hazardous materials release Table Vulnerability of people and buildings vulnerable to hazardous material release Table Pennsylvania County Chemical Facility and Transportation Threat Ratings (PEMA, 2007a) Table Number of unconventional well permits issued and unconventional wells drilled to 2018 in Pennsylvania counties (PASDA, 2018) Table Number of gas and oil well incidents per county by year between 2013 to 2018 (PEMA-KC, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to unconventional wells Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to unconventional wells Table Sponsorship of Levee Systems by County (NLD, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to levee failure Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to levee failure Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to levee failure Table Population located in the Plume Exposure and Ingestion EPZs for PA nuclear power generating stations (ACR 5-year, 2016) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to nuclear incident Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to nuclear incident Table Counties and municipalities located within each 10-mile Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ (DEP Bureau of Radiation Protection, 2009) Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to nuclear incident Table Estimated 50-mile EPZ jurisdictional losses relating to agricultural production (USDA, 2012) Table Number of Drug Overdoses Reported in Pennsylvania by County in 2015 and 2016 (DEA 2106) Table Number of Drug-Related Deaths per Year in Pennsylvania (CDC, 2018) Table Estimated total cost of opioid addiction through 2015 based on per capita estimates by County (AEI 2018, USCensus 2018) Table Threat and suspected terrorist activity events, (PEMA-KC, 2018) Table Threat and suspected suspicious activity events, (PEMA-KC, 2018) Table Pennsylvania vehicular transportation accident trends, (PennDOT, 2016) Table Rail incidents in Pennsylvania from (FRA, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to highway accidents Table Vulnerability of state critical facilities to highway accidents by facility type Table Vulnerability of state facilities to air transportation accidents Table Vulnerability of state critical facilities to air transportation accidents by facility type Table Vulnerability of state facilities to rail transportation accidents xvii

19 Table Vulnerability of state critical facilities to rail transportation accidents by facility type Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to highway accidents Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to air transportation accidents Table Vulnerability of people and buildings to rail transportation accidents Table Urban fire and explosion events, (PEMA-KC, 2018) Table Vulnerability of state facilities to urban fire and explosion Table Vulnerability of critical facilities to urban fire and explosion Table Electricity interruption events reported to Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission in 2016 (PUC, 2017) Table Utility interruption events reported to Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 2010 to 2017 in Pennsylvania (PHMSA 2018) Table Population Projections of Pennsylvania Counties (PA DEP, 2012) Table Hazards with the Largest Consequences on Local, State, and Federal Agencies and Organization in the Commonwealth Table FEMA Grant Program Eligible Activities (FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Guidance, February Table \PENNVEST Stormwater Projects (PENNVEST, 2018) Table Total CACs and CAVs in Pennsylvania from January 1, 2013 to May 20, 2018 (CIS, 2018) Table University Hazard Mitigation Plan Status (FEMA 2018) Table Community Participation in the NFIP (FEMA, 2018) Table Communities Suspended from the NFIP Table Pennsylvania Firewise Communities Table Pennsylvania StormReady Communities (April 2018) Table Summary of other local, state and federal planning mechanisms Table Mitigation Planning Mechanisms Table Mitigation vs. Risk Evaluation Table Actions Categorized by Responsible Entity Table Goals and Objectives for 2013 SSAHMP Table Mitigation Technique used for each hazard in Pennsylvania Table Multi-Objective Mitigation Action Prioritization Criteria Table Evaluation of 2013 mitigation actions Table Aligning 2017 Risk Reduction Priorities with the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Table Summary of 2018 mitigation actions Table Table Table Table Number of Projects for which FEMA HMA Grant Funds are Pending/Approved/Obligated from (FEMA) Number of Closed Properties for which FEMA HMA Grant Funds were received (PEMA) Mitigation Projects for which FEMA HMA Grant Funds are Pending/Approved/Obligated since 2013 (as of March 15, 2018) Commonwealth Hazard Mitigation Program Application Evaluation Checklist from HMPO Handbook Table RL and SRL related goals and objectives from full Mitigation Strategy Table Progress Report of SRL Strategy Table Summary of agencies participating on the State Planning Team in Table Key Mitigation Success since xviii

20 List of Acronyms Act 147 Pennsylvania Radiation Protection Act, Act 165 Pennsylvania Hazardous Material Emergency Planning and Response Act of 1990 Act 166 Pennsylvania Flood Plain Management Act of 1978 Act 167 Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act of 1978 Act 227 Counterterrorism Planning, Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 Act 247 Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code Act of 1968 Act 78 Public Safety Emergency Telephone Act of 1990 ATV All-Terrain Vehicle BOF Bureau of Forestry BORM Bureau of Recovery and Mitigation CAC Community Assistance Contacts CAP Community Assistance Program CAV Community Assistance Visits CDBG-DR Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDMS Comprehensive Data Management System CEUS Central and Eastern United States CFR Code of Federal Regulation COOP Continuity of Operations Plan CRS Community Rating System DCED Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development DCNR Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources DEP Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection DFIRM Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map DLI Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry DMA Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 DOH Pennsylvania Department of Health DRBC Delaware River Basin Commission DVMT Daily vehicle miles traveled EALs Emergency Action Levels EAP Emergency Action Plan EF-Scale Enhanced Fujita Scale EMAP Emergency Management Accreditation Program EMPG Emergency Management Performance Grant EOC Emergency Operations Center EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 EPZ Emergency Planning Zone ESF Emergency Support Function xix

21 FAC Flood Advisory Committee FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance F-Scale Fujita Scale GIS Geographic Information System GSTF Greatest Savings to the Fund HAZUS Hazards United States Multi-Hazard (FEMA risk assessment software) HIRA Hazard Identification Risk Assessment HM Toolkit Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's All-Hazard Mitigation Planning and Project Identification Toolkit HMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HMP Hazard Mitigation Plan HMPO Hazard Mitigation Project Opportunity HUD United States Department of Housing and Urban Development HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning ICC Increase Cost of Compliance LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging LMRDP Local Municipal Resources and Development Program LUPTAP Land Use Planning and Technical Assistance Program MPO Model Plan Outline NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information NEMIS National Emergency Management Information System NFIA National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 NFIF National Flood Insurance Fund NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NFPA National Fire Protection Association NIMS National Incident Management System NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORMS Normally occurring radioactive materials NPL National Priorities List NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NWS NOAA-National Weather Service PACD Pennsylvania Association of Conservation Districts PAGs Protective Action Guides PHMC Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission PASDA Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access PASSHE Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education pci/l pico Curies per Liter PDM Pre-Disaster Mitigation PDMS Post-Defueling Monitored Storage xx

22 PDSI Palmer Drought Severity Index PEMA Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency PEMA-KC PEMA-Knowledge Center (incident management software) PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation PennFIRS Pennsylvania Fire Information Reporting System PHGA Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration PHMSA United States Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous materials Safety Administration PISC Governor's Invasive Species Council of Pennsylvania PNP Private Non-profit PRA Probabilistic Risk Assessment PSATS Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors PUC Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission REC Record of Environmental Consideration RF Risk Factor RFC Repetitive Flood Claims RL Repetitive Loss SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 SBA United States Small Business Administration SCC State Conservation Commission SEOP Commonwealth's State Emergency Operation Plan SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer SOG Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's All-Hazard Mitigation Planning Standard Operating Guide SPT State Planning Team SRL Severe Repetitive Loss SHMP State Hazard Mitigation Plan SSAHMP State Standard All-Hazard Mitigation Plan Stafford Act Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 TDS Total Dissolved Solids THIRA Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment TRI Toxic Release Inventory UCC Uniform Construction Code UDP Urban Development Program USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers USDA United States Department of Agriculture USGS United States Geological Survey xxi

23 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 1

24 1 Introduction 1. Introduction Background Hazard mitigation describes sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risks to life and property from hazards and create successive benefits over time. Mitigation is effective both before and after disaster events. It is preferred to mitigate in advance of a disaster and thus avoid impact, but often mitigation finds its greatest political and community will for implementation after a disaster. Pre-disaster mitigation actions are taken in advance of a hazard event and are essential to breaking the disaster cycle of damage, reconstruction and repeated damage. Post-disaster mitigation happened during the process of recovery when rebuilding elevates and otherwise protects people and property from future risk. With careful selection, successful mitigation actions are cost-effective means of reducing risk of loss over the long-term. Mitigation will play a critical role both before and after disaster events as the Commonwealth aims to protect communities from current and future risk from climate change. Since Pennsylvania s founding by William Penn, hazard mitigation has been an inherent value of the Commonwealth. In Pennsylvania, natural, technological and human-made hazards are managed through a system that is based on rights and responsibilities of individuals as well as local and state government. Through this system, the Commonwealth has created efforts to make communities safer and sustainable for future generations. The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency (PEMA) has been legislatively charged with coordinating Commonwealth government to prepare the State Hazard Mitigation Plan (SHMP). Across the United States, natural and human-made disasters have led to increasing levels of deaths, injuries, property damage, and interruption of business and government services. This trend is projected to increase due to the impacts of climate change, therefore adding data, analysis, and action related to climate change was an important component of this plan update. The time, money and effort needed to recover from these disasters exhausts resources, diverting attention from important public programs and private agendas. Since 1954, there have been fifty-nine Presidential Disaster Declarations and ten Presidential Emergency Declarations in Pennsylvania. Accordingly, the Pennsylvania Hazard Mitigation State Planning Team (SPT), composed of government agency leaders, academia and other organizations, has prepared this SHMP update. This all-hazard mitigation plan will guide the Commonwealth towards greater disaster resilience, while also respecting the character and needs of its local communities. 2