Social and Economic Vulnerability Eastern Asia and Pacific Database Handbook

Transcription

1 Socio-economic Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Project 2015 Social and Economic Vulnerability Eastern Asia and Pacific Database andbook Christopher Power James Daniell Bijan Khazai Christopher Burton CEDIM Report No. 2

2 Preface Understanding earthquake risk in it s entirely is not purely dependent on the seismic risk. Gaining a complete picture requires knowledge on the socio-economic characteristics of populations that are exposed to earthquake threats and combining that information with estimates of seismic hazard to obtain an integrated and holistic estimate of risk in an area. This arises out of the realisation that earthquake loss is a product of the interaction of seismic risk and human developed environmental conditions. Addressing the problem of earthquake risk in a holistic way allows the key social issues contributing to earthquake loss to be identified and permits evaluating the loss and damage while taking social factors into account. This project within the Global Earthquake Model is aiming to assess and communicate seismic risk tool with the OpenQuake model. This project meets this need by delivering methods, metrics and an Open-Source software that can be utilised worldwide to explore the amalgamated nature of earthquake damages. The objective in developing the socio-economic datasets in GEM is to produce a parsimonious set of indicators that can be utilized for developing integrated risk assessments at different scales of geography. The datasets were developed as geospatial databases in GEM and will be an integral part of the integrated risk toolkit, which will guide the users through the process of creating composite indices of integrated risk. The targeted end users of the datasets include scientists, academics, researchers and members of the public interested in investigating how social issues contribute to earthquake loss in the Asia-Pacific region. This document covers the development of multiple comprehensive, spatially enabled datasets for building indicators and indices of social and economic vulnerability. These are scaled at the sub-national level for the Asia-Pacific region based on open and publically available sources. The databases will be used for the purpose of integrated risk assessments within the Integrated Risk Toolkit of the OpenQuake Platform.

3 About this Document This report covers the creation of 19 harmonised socio-economic datasets all sourced from a multitude of publically available resources. The socio-economic datasets are scaled at the second sub-national level and contain data for 19 countries in East Asia and South Pacific region. The socio-economic datasets contain 1,652 indicators spread over the 19 countries. The 1,652 indicators were placed into 8 separate themes related to socioeconomic vulnerability via a taxonomy. The 8 themes are population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, environment, indices and governance & institutional capacity. Furthermore the 8 themes contain a total of 25 separate subthemes to further clarify the nature of the indicators (see section 2.3 for a illustration of the subthemes). One focus of the dataset is to recommend a list of indicators most applicable for social and economic vulnerability. The determination of the most applicable indicators for social and economic vulnerability assessment was accomplished through a two-step approach using expert opinion, with reference to the literature, and cluster analysis. The end result was the coupling of the expert and statistical methods for the formation of 19 parsimonious databases reducing a starting number of 15,827 indicators to 1,652 indicators representing 19 countries (19 databases) being sourced from 74 publically available sources.

4 Authors Christopher Power, James Daniell, Bijan Khazai, Christopher Burton Attribution /Copyright The contents of this report are licensed under the creative commons CC-BY-ND license. This report may be freely reproduced, provided that it is presented in its original form and that acknowledgement of the source is included. Contribution of authors and the team This document was prepared by Christopher Power based on database compiled by Dr. James Daniell. The project was led by Dr. Bijan Khazai from KIT and is a part of the Social Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Program of GEM coordinated by Christopher Burton.

5 Table of Contents Preface... 2 About this Document... 3 Authors... Error! Bookmark not defined. Attribution /Copyright... Error! Bookmark not defined. Authorship and Acknowledgements - contribution of authors and the team... Error! Bookmark not defined. Contents Dataset Overview What does this Dataset contain? Data Sourcing Data Collection Defining the armonised Dataset Relevance Data Completeness Data Consistency Data Redundancy Multivariate Analysis for a Parsimonious Dataset Australia Dataset Overview List of Indicators in the entire Australian dataset Brunei Database ighlights & Summary List of Indicators in the Brunei database Cambodia Database ighlights & Summary Chinese Database ighlights & Summary List of Indicators in the Chinese database Indonesia Database ighlights & Summary ighlighted Indicators and Socio-Economic Vulnerability... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3 Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.4 List of Indicators in the Indonesia database... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.0 Japan Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.4 List of Indicators in the Japanese Database Korean Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6 8.3 List of Indicators in the Korean Database Australia Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined. 9.3 List of Indicators in the Laotian Database Malaysia Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Malaysian Database Myanmar Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Myanmar database New Zealand Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the New Zealand database New Zealand Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Papua New Guinea Database Philippines Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Philippines Theme Philippines Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Solomon Islands Theme Philippines Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Taiwanese database Thailand Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Thailand database Thailand Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Timor-Leste database Thailand Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Vanuatu database

7 16.0 Vietnam Database ighlights & Summary Data Completeness... Error! Bookmark not defined List of Indicators in the Vietnam database Documentation of Statistical Methods Data Analysis and Reduction Overview Expert-driven Reduction of Data Statistical Approach: Correlations Statistical Approach: Two Step Cluster Analysis Two Step Cluster Analysis: Example Two Step Cluster Analysis: Summary

8 2.0 Dataset Overview Dataset The starting point of the socio-economic vulnerability and integrated risk initiative of GEM is the development of a uniform socio-economic database for building indicators and indices of social and economic vulnerability for the purpose of integrated risk assessments within the Integrated Risk Toolkit of the OpenQuake Platform. From a holistic risk perspective the sub-national level assessment was accomplished, in part, via the provision of tools, validated data, and methods for the development of indicators/indices of socio-economic vulnerability. In this regard, indicators are pieces of information that summarise the characteristics of a system or highlight what is happening in a system. An indicator is a quantitative or qualitative measure derived from observed facts that simplify and communicate the reality of a complex situation (Freudenberg 2003). Overall this section covers the creation of a harmonised socio-economic database from a multitude of sources. Detailing where the data was sourced, how the data was classified according to a taxonomy and an analysis of the completeness and consistency of the data. As the socio-economic datasets were being constructed quality assurance and control measures were utilised to ensure confidence in indicators. This was described as a generating a harmonised dataset. 2.1 What does this Dataset contain? Within the dataset are 1,652 socio-economic variables compiled from publically available sources (Table 1) representing 19 East Asia and South Pacific countries (Figure 1). The geographic level codes of the sub-national dataset correspond to the Administrative boundaries of the second sub-national level (Admin Level 2) of the Administrative Level Boundaries (SALB) Project of the United Nations

9 Dataset Solomon Islands Brune Timor Vanuat Figure 1: East Asian and South Pacific countries surveyed in this report Table 1: Summary of major sources within each states dataset State Largest Source % of Dataset Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics 100% Brunei Department of Economic Planning and Development 100% Cambodia National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning 75% China China Statistical Year Book 100% Indonesia Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia 81% Japan Statistics Japan, E-Stat 100% Korea (Republic of) Statistics Korea: Census % Laos Economic Census % Malaysia Department of Statistics 52% Myanmar Ministry of ealth, Ministry of ome Affairs, UNICEF 28% New Zealand Census % Papua New Guinea National Statistics Office of Papua New Guinea 100% Philippines National Statistics Office 26% Solomon Islands National Statistics Office 100% Taiwan : 2011 Urban Development Report 100% Thailand National Statistics Office 100% Timor Statistics Timor-Leste 100% Vanuatu Vanuatu National Statistics Office 100% Vietnam Vietnam General Statistical Office 83%

10 Dataset 2.2 Data Sourcing The variables collected cover a wide range of different aspects of the country specifics such as demography, economics, health and infrastructure. Choice of sources to use for construction of the datasets was based on a review of social vulnerability and disaster resilience literature. The sources represented a range of different data themes which were chosen for the compilation of the datasets. No single publically available data source represented a comprehensive socioeconomic dataset for use in social and economic vulnerability assessment at the sub national level. Thus the first task was to compile the socio-economic data from across different sources into the country specific databases. As variables from the different sources were not all unique, equally complete or consistent, or represented the needed dimensions of socio-economic vulnerability or resilience, a process of harmonisation had to take place to reduce the dataset to the most relevant, consistent, complete and recent set of variables. The first step in harmonizing the set of socio-economic datasets was to ensure relevance of the data thorough literature review on indicator-based approaches for operationalising the concepts of vulnerability and resilience. Based on the available literature, a first set of important variables for socio-economic vulnerability indicators were determined. In a next step the database was checked for availability of these variables, and the first quality control check was performed. Pre-selected variables were then thoroughly checked for consistency, completeness, and recentness of the data. Within this context, the statistical analysis process of cluster analysis provided the final harmonisation step. 2.3 Data Collection The data collected was divided into the 19 individual datasets representing the 19 countries of interest, and organized according to the taxonomy developed within this project (Khazai et al, 2014). The aim of the Taxonomy is to harmonise the various international initiatives and establish a database that can support development of vulnerability and resilience indices that are methodologically robust and generalisable for constructing, evaluating and validating complex indicators of socio-economic vulnerability. The large number of indicators that were compiled contained varying degrees of similarity between each other. Many of the indicators are easily classifiable into broad groups such as population, economy, health etc. Thus a taxonomy a set of categories and sub-categories to classify and retrieve the socio-economic data was developed to make the search and browse capabilities of the database content

11 Dataset functional. Thus each of the country datasets is comparable along both themes and sub-themes of the taxonomy. The aim of developing the taxonomy is to conceive a solution-oriented framework and through the definition of a set of data themes and sub-themes to allow for a process of comparability across different socio-economic indicators typically used in vulnerability assessments and the applied concepts and methods. Please see Appendix X for more details on the construction of the Taxonomy). Finally the developed taxonomy and all of the themes and subthemes utilised in the socio-economic datasets can be seen in Figure 2. Figure 2: Themes and respective subthemes of the socio-economic database, labels in the red bubbles are the themes and the labels in the white bubbles are the subthemes. Placement of the socio-economic indicators into the most appropriate respective subthemes was achieved by comparing the relevance of an indicator to each theme. For example the indicator Fertility rate, total (births per woman) contains relevance to the themes of ealth, Population and Economy and could be argued to be linked to Education and Infrastructure as well; however the most relevant theme was chosen to be ealth. From ealth s two subthemes ealth Status is more appropriate than ealthcare Resources for the Fertility indicator because it reflects a health status of the population rather than a resource that a population can access.

12 Dataset This example illustrates how all of the socio-economic indicators were selected and placed into a relevant theme with a respective subtheme. Overall Figure 3 illustrates the composition of indicators classified by the taxonomy and their percentage of the total number of indicators. 8,1% 4,1% 3,2% 0,3% 31,4% Economy Population Education 15,2% ealth 18,4% 19,3% Infrastructure Environment Governance & Institutional Capacity Index Figure 3: The proportion of each theme in all 19 datasets by indicators and percentage 2.4 Defining the armonised Dataset With the data sourced and organised into a taxonomy an additional step of harmonisation was required. A harmonised dataset was defined by the following four attributes: Relevance, Data Completeness, Consistency, & Redundancy Relevance The first attribute is relevance, where the data must be relevant to the concept of socio-economic vulnerability and have a justification for its inclusion in the dataset. Data without a theoretical reason relating to socio-economic vulnerability had to be removed.

13 Countries and Percentage of Missing Data Points Dataset Data Completeness The second attribute of a harmonised dataset is data completeness. Data with missing values provides an incomplete picture of the socio-economic properties of a state and thus hinders data analysis and interpretation. When selecting for inclusion into the datasets data found with high completeness was chosen over lower completeness. This is measured by how many sub-national regions of a state the data covered, varying from 0% covering no regions to 100% covering all regions. On a country by country basis the data completeness varies strongly for different states, since for certain countries only limited information could be acquired. Figure 4 illustrates the large differences between the countries, with differences of up to 4000 indicators and the varying degrees of missing data between the different states. Japan Philippines Cambodia Korea (Republic of) Taiwan Vanuatu Australia Myanmar China New Zealand Timor Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Laos Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vietnam Brunei 6,87% 0,36% 4,16% 0,20% 0,36% 1,53% 0,00% 0,12% 6,88% 11,01% 3,28% 9,44% 0,41% 31,56% 13,79% 0,03% 0,02% 19,68% 12,94% Missing Data Percentage Number of Indicators Figure 4: The number of indicators displayed for each state surveyed and missing data points as a percentage of the total state dataset size. Notice that the differences in the number of indicators vary significantly between states, from a high of 4412 for Japan, down to a low of 29 for Brunei. Moreover Vietnam as an example contains the largest gap in data completeness with % of its data points left blank.

14 Dataset Data completeness of the indicators in each state s dataset varied significantly by respective province, state or territory. Utilising the example of Japan, the average data completeness of the indicators is %. The country with the lowest data completeness is % but with a standard deviation of 0.86 %. This means that there are an extremely low number of low data completeness indicators. While the data for Japan is highly comprehensive in terms of data completeness this is not the case for other countries in the region. Investigating the data completeness of the other surveyed countries illustrates several interesting facts: Timor is only the database with 100% data completeness for the entire database. In terms of data completeness the top 5 are as following (average data completeness): Timor (100%), Japan (99.96%), Thailand (99.80%), Myanmar (99.80%) and Korea (Republic of) (99.73%). The worst databases in terms of data completeness are: Vietnam (65.81%), Philippines (76.24%), Brunei (83.62%), Cambodia (87.06%) and Indonesia (88.99%). China is the only country without any indicator at 100% data completeness; maximum indicator completeness is %. Vietnam had the highest indicator data variance for completeness (standard deviation %) and ranged from 9.72 % to 100 % completeness. Thus Vietnam is the country with the greatest variation between indicators for data completeness. All countries have provinces with data completeness greater than 0% but Papua New Guinea has the lowest minimum province data completeness at 7.69 %. These were the provinces of ela and Jikawa which are remote mountainous provinces in the middle of the country that were created last year (2012). 6 countries (Cambodia, Taiwan, Brunei, Vietnam, Philippines and Australia) have provinces with no single province at 100 % data completeness. In other words, all provinces in these countries lacked at least some data on all the indicators in the database.

15 Dataset Data Consistency Consistency is the third attribute of a harmonised dataset and refers to the year that the data is sourced. Data on an indicator is preferred to be all sourced in the same year. For example a state might have data for infant mortality in every province for 2011 with the exception of one province. Instead the government may report data for that province from a previous year, for instance 2005 because of the difficulties of data collection in remote regions. Thus the data on infant mortality would range from 2005 to 2011 in this example. Where possible all data collected was taken as the most recent and corresponding to the same year or the narrowest range of years for better consistency. Within the 1,652 variables in the databases, sourcing of data from one consistent year for all countries was the goal. In most cases, an indicator is represented by data from a single year for the countries. Figure 5 shows the distribution of variables across year ranges. Approximately 98.3% of all indicators are provided in the form of data within a 1-year range. The second largest group is drawn from a range between one and two years. Number of Indicators (0 = all data points correspond to the same year, e.g data points from the year 2011, none from another year) Data sourcing range by years Figure 5: Time ranges within variables Data Redundancy The final attribute of a harmonised dataset is checking for cross-correlation and redundancy. Redundant variables are two more variables that explain the same information. This can be expressed by indicators correlating highly together or a theoretical overlap in what a variable is representing. In the case of indicators that correlated highly together or measured the same concept, a decision had to be

16 Dataset between which of the two indicators to retain. This process allowed for the redundant variables to be removed and the size of the database to be reduced as a part of the goal of creating a smaller more parsimonious database. Together these four attributes describe the process of creating a harmonised dataset that is relevant to socio-economic vulnerability is consistent and contains no redundant variables with high data completeness. 2.5 Multivariate Analysis for a Parsimonious Dataset In addition to a harmonised dataset a reduction of the socio-economic indicators into a smaller parsimonious set of variables that best represent social and economic vulnerability cluster analysis was performed. The steps in the analysis are divided into two key themes, a statistical approach and an expert opinion approach. Expert opinion informed by literature on social and economic vulnerability allowed for real-world knowledge to guide the process and prevent the indicators being selected on a purely statistical basis. Conversely the statistical approach was utilised to provide a statistical basis for the choice of indicators. As shown in Figure 6 the expert opinion starts the process and progresses to the statistical approach with completeness and correlation analyses. Figure 6: Overview of the steps in the methodology towards the creation of the more parsimonious databases, labelled in the Results portion of the figure. After the correlation and completeness analyses they provide the indicators for use in the multivariate analysis (Two Step Cluster Analysis or TSCA). The TSCA then investigates the variance between the indicators and was interpreted to determine the statistically most important indicators for each sub-theme. Combining the results of the TSCA with the expert opinion ensured that most relevant indicators were not ignored by the statistical approach because they lacked 100% data completeness or were correlated too highly with another variable (> ±0.8) and became redundant.

17 Dataset 100% data completeness is an important attribute not just for comparison between the countries but is also required for the TSCAs. To incorporate the statistical results in simple understandable way, indicators that are statistically important were given a tag (labelled SI) in the tables of indicators. This tag signifies that the TSCA had found the indicator to be statistically relevant within its theme. The next section the indicators are investigated on a country by country basis to highlight interesting indicators and explain how the indicators and themes cover socio-economic vulnerability. Moreover potential relationships are explored between indicators and the type of role they exhibit in socio-economic vulnerability further on.

18 Australia

19 Australia 3.0 Australia Dataset Overview This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Australia. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 7 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 8 shows their data completeness by percentage. 5 (7.8%) 1 (1.6%) 9 (14.1%) 10 (15.6%) Economy Population Infrastructure ealth Environment 39 (60.9%) Figure 7: Each theme in the Australian dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100,0% Data Completeness 99,5% 99,0% Economy Population Infrastructure ealth Environment Figure 8: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset Two themes; education and governance & institutional capacity contained no indicators in the Australian dataset.

20 Australia The dataset is divided by the 6 states and 2 territories of Australia and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Australian database is % complete, with 510 out of a total of 510 data points containing data, thus leaving 0.34 % of the data missing. 62 indicators out of the total of 64 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Australian database contains 7 out of 8 states/territories with 100 % data completeness (see Figure 9). Figure 9: Data completeness of each Australian state and territory As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 23 indicators of interest in the Australian dataset (out of a total of 64) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). These 28 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Australia could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the dataset. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Australia.

21 Basic Geography Trade Economics Labour Market Economic Resources Economic Activity Australia 3.1 List of Indicators in the entire Australian dataset Table 2: Indicators in the entire Australian dataset Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme General government Final consumption expenditure: Current prices ABS Income units receiving private rental assistance SI ABS Public - Gross fixed capital formation: Percentage changes - Trend ABS Age Pension- Centrelink (% of Population) ABS Average weekly total cash earnings (all employees) ABS Disability Support Pension (% of Population) ABS Gross household disposable income per capita ABS Main source of income - Wages and salaries (% of ouseholds) ABS Mean weekly disposable household income of All households ABS Parenting Payment- Single (% of Population) ABS Carers Payment (Persons) ABS Female/male ratio of mean weekly ordinary time cash earnings of full-time adult non-managerial employees Gross state/domestic product per capita Income Support - Social assistance benefits in cash to residents as a proportion of gross state/domestic product Renter private landlord Renter state/territory housing authority Employed in lowest skill occupations (% of total employed) ABS Total labour force ABS Total unemployed (% of labour force) ABS Underemployment rate ABS Discouraged job seekers (% of unemployed) Females employed part time - of total females employed Males employed part time (% of total males employed) Economy Theme ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS International trade exports of goods: Current prices ABS International trade - exports of goods: Percentage changes ; - Seasonally Adjusted International trade - imports of goods: Percentage changes ; - Seasonally Adjusted Environment Theme I I ABS ABS Area (km²) ABS

22 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Transport and Communication Buildings and Buildings Aggregates ealth Resources ealth Status Australia Indicator Description Tags Source ealth Theme Total fertility rate (babies per woman), SI ABS Children aged under 3 using formal care (% of all children aged under 3) ABS Primary carers for person with a disability (% of all persons) ABS Children aged 3-4 using formal care (% of all children aged 3-4) Median weekly hours of care received by children aged under 3 - formal and informal combined ABS Infrastructure Theme ouseholds with insufficient bedrooms (% of households) ABS Public rental housing dwellings ABS Total households ABS Building Approvals - Total dwelling units (Number) ABS Building Approvals - Value of total building ($ Millions) ABS Public rental housing applicants on waiting lists (% of population) ABS ABS Registered Motor Vehicles per 1,000 Population ABS Population Theme Average persons per household ABS Contact with family or friends living outside the household in last week (% of Persons aged 18 and over) ABS Population (no.) ABS Population density (persons/km²), SI ABS Population growth (%) ABS Lone-mother families with children aged under 15 - of all families with children aged under 15(b) Lone-father families with children aged under 15 - of all families with children aged under 15(b) Families with children aged under 15 years ABS Persons aged 0 to 14 (% of Population) ABS Persons aged 65 and over (% of Population) ABS Persons aged 65 and over who live alone (% aged 65 and over) ABS SI ABS

23 Australia ABS: Australian Bureau of Statistics Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

24 Brunei

25 Brunei 4.0 Brunei Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Brunei. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 10 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 11 shows their data completeness by percentage. 2 (7.4%) 2 (7.4%) 1 (3.7%) 10 (37.0%) Population Economy 3 (11.1%) Education Environment Governance & Insitutional Capacity ealth 9 (33.3%) Figure 10: Each theme in the Brunei dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100% 80% Data Completeness 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 11: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset One theme; Infrastructure contained no indicators in the Brunei dataset.

26 Brunei The dataset is divided by 4 districts and contains 27 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Brunei database is % complete, with 96 out of a total of 108 data points containing data, thus leaving % of the data missing. 23 indicators out of the total of 27 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Brunei database contains 1 out of 4 provinces with 100 % data completeness (Figure 12). Figure 12: Data completeness of each Brunei district As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 5 indicators of interest in the Brunei database (out of a total of 27) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Table 3). These 28 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Brunei could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Brunei.

27 Population Structure Education Access ealth Resources Basic Geography Landuse / Landcover Absence of Violence and Terrorism Labour Market Economic Activity Brunei 4.1 List of Indicators in the Brunei database Table 3: Indicators in the Brunei database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme GDP (nominal) EPD GDP per capita EPD Newly registered Job Seekers EPD Governance & Insitutional Capacity Theme Police Stations Royal Brunei Police Force Environment Theme National Parks (km^2) EPD Area (km^2) EPD ealth Theme ospitals - Secondary Schools Primary Schools Universities Education Theme Population Theme EPD EPD EPD Province Population 2010 EPD Population Density EPD

28 Brunei EPD: Department of Economic Planning and Development Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

29 Cambodia

30 Cambodia 5.0 Cambodia Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Cambodia. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 13 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 14 shows their data completeness by percentage. 12 (7.4%) 4 (2.5%) 27 (16.7%) 38 (23.5%) 41 (25.3%) 40 (24.7%) ealth Education Population Economy Infrastructure Environment Figure 13: Each theme in the Cambodia dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100% 80% Data Completeness 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 14: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset One theme; governance & institutional capacity contained no indicators in the Cambodian dataset.

31 Cambodia The dataset is divided by the 6 states and 2 territories of Australia and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Cambodia database is % complete, with 3,604 out of a total of 3,888 data points containing data, thus leaving 7.30 % of the data missing. 130 indicators out of the total of 162 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Cambodian database contains 0 out of 24 provinces with 100 % data completeness (see Figure 15). Figure 15: Data completeness of each Cambodian province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 44 indicators of interest in the Cambodian database (out of a total of 162) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 44 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Cambodia could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Cambodia.

32 Education Access Labour Market Economic Resources Cambodia 5.1 List of Indicators in the Population Theme Table 4: Indicators in the entire Cambodian dataset Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Veterans receiving pension Total Veterans Pension Department Population by usual activity status and 5 years age group Unemployed MoP Population by usual activity status and 5 years age group Employed MoP Unemployed population aged 7 and over by literacy Total MoP Unemployed population aged 7 and over by literacy Illiterate MoP All employed population aged 5 and over by 5 years age group Total MoP All employed population aged 5 and over by 5 years age group Female MoP Not economically active migrants from place of last residence aged 7 and over by literacy Illiterate Not economically active migrants from place of last residence aged 7 and over by literacy Female Illiterate Not economically active migrants from place of last residence aged 7 and over by literacy Male Illiterate Not economically active population aged 7 and over by literacy Total Population by usual activity status and 5 years age group Female Unemployed Population by usual activity status and 5 years age group Male Unemployed All employed population aged 5 and over by 5 years age group Male MoP MoP MoP MoP MoP MoP MoP Employed females aged 5 and over by marital status Windowed MoP Education Theme Enrolment Total, SI MoP Gross admission rate Total MoP Gross admission rate Female MoP Gross enrolment ratio in primary education Total MoP Pupil-class ratio Total, SI MoP Pupil-teacher ratio Total MoP Gross admission rate Male MoP Gross enrolment ratio in primary education Female MoP Gross enrolment ratio in primary education Male MoP Schools Total SI MoP Teaching staff (Female) Total SI MoP Teaching staff Total SI MoP Transition rate to lower secondary Total MoP Transition rate to upper secondary Total MoP

33 Equipment and Non- Structural Components Energy, Water and Sanitation ealthcare Resources ealth Status Landuse/ Landcover Education Outcome Cambodia Indicator Description Tags Source All population aged 7 and over by literacy Total, SI MoP Gross completion rate Grade 6 Total, SI MoP Repetition rate Primary, SI MoP Survival rate to grade 5 Total SI MoP All population aged 7 and over by literacy Rural SI MoP All population aged 7 and over by literacy Urban MoP Gross completion rate Grade 9 Total MoP Gross completion rate Grade 12 Total SI MoP Environment Theme Cultivated area for paddy affected by natural calamities (Wet Season) Total I ealth Theme Infant mortality rate (IMR) Total MoP Life expectancy at birth Total MoP Percentage of women who do not use tobacco products Total, I2 MoP Proportion of children aged months completely immunised Total, I2 MoP Total fertility rate Total MoP ospital mortality rate Total Mo Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) Total MoP Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) Total, I2 MoP Females aged 15 to 49 bearing children during last year by type assistance provided during delivery Doctor MoP Females aged 15 to 49 bearing children during last year by type assistance provided during delivery Nurse MoP Source of money spent on health care Savings, I2 MoP Source of money spent on health care Wages, I2 MoP Unmet need for family planning (for limiting) Total, I2 MoP Expanded program on measles immunization Total Mo Infrastructure Theme Schools without drinking water Total MoP ouseholds by main source of light used Both city power and generator MoP Schools without latrine Total MoP ouseholds by main source of drinking water Rain Water MoP ouseholds by main source of drinking water Unproteced Dug Well MoP Distribution of hotels by province Total, I Offical Tourism Statistics

34 Vulnerable Population Population Structure Transport and Communication Cambodia Indicator Description Tags Source ouseholds by availability of access to internet facility Accessed at home MoP ouseholds by availability of access to internet facility Accessed outside home MoP ouseholds by availability of access to internet facility No access MoP Population Theme Annual population growth rates Total MoP Population size Total MoP Population aged 7 and over by language literate Khmer and English MoP Population aged 7 and over by language literate Khmer Only MoP Population density Total MoP Annual population growth rates Urban MoP Annual population growth rates Rural Population size Rural Population size Urban Population size Female Population aged 7 and over by language literate Khmer and Other Languages (Except English) Sex ratio Total Population size by single year of age 0-5 yrs MoP Population size by single year of age 65+ yrs MoP Migrants by reason for migration with all durations of residence In Search of Employment Migrants by reason for migration with all durations of residence Orphaned MoP Migrants classified by duration of residence <01 yr MoP Visitor arrivals to provinces Total Migrants by reason for migration with all durations of residence Total Migrants by reason for migration with all durations of residence Female Migrants in the previous 5 years Total Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% MoP MoP MoP MoP MoP MoP MoP Offical Tourism Statistics MoP MoP MoP

35 People's Republic of China

36 China, PRC 6.0 Chinese Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in China. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 16 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 17 shows their data completeness by percentage. 5 (6.8%) 4 (5.4%) 9 (12.2%) 10 (13.5%) 26 (35.1%) Economy Education Infrastructure ealth Population Index 20 (27.0%) Figure 16: Each theme in the Chinese dataset by number of indicators and percentage Data Completeness (%) 100,0% 99,9% 99,8% 99,7% 99,6% 99,5% 99,4% 99,3% 99,2% Figure 17: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset Two themes; governance & institutional capacity and environment contained no indicators in the China dataset.

37 China, PRC The dataset is divided by the 31 provinces of China and contains 74 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Chinese database is % complete, with 2,289 out of a total of 2,294 data points containing data, thus leaving 0.22 % of the data missing (Error! eference source not found.). 70 indicators out of the total of 74 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Chinese database contains 28 out of 31 provinces with 100 % data completeness. ` Figure 18: Data completeness of each Chinese province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 28 indicators of interest in the Chinese database (out of a total of 74) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 28 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for the People s Republic of China could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within China.

38 Trade Economics Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Resources Economic Activity China, PRC 6.1 List of Indicators in the Chinese database Table 5: Indicators in the entire Chinese dataset Per capita GDP (%) GDP per capita (RMB) Real GDP (% yoy) Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme, SI CSYB 2006 SI CSYB 2011 SI CSYB 2012 Per capita living expenses of urban residents by province in 2006 (Yuan)-Medical expenses Per capita living expenses of rural residents by province in 2006 (Yuan)-Food Revenues of provinces in 2006-Total revenues (billion Yuan) Unemployment insurance for the urban employed, Combined-participation rate (%) Minimum living standard allowances in different provinces in Percent of the total population - Urban Minimum living standard allowances in different provinces in Percent of the total population - Rural Urban residents income structures by province in 2006 (Yuan)-Per capita disposable income Urban residents income structures by province in 2006 (Yuan)-Per capita total income Urban residents income structures by province in 2006 (Yuan)-Income structure Salary income Urban residents income structures by province in 2006 (Yuan)-Income structure ousehold net operating income Unemployment Rate (%) Employment structures of provinces, Primary Employment structures of provinces, Secondary Employment structures of provinces, Tertiary SI, I CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2005 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2011 CSYB 2005 CSYB 2005 CSYB 2005 Exports CSYB 2011

39 Equipment and Non- Structural Components Index ealthcare Resources ealth Status Education Outcome Education Access China, PRC Indicator Description Tags Source Education Theme Education level of ordinary primary schools by province in 2006-Proportion of qualified teachers (%) Gross high school enrolment ratio Gross junior high school enrolment ratio Gross university and college enrolment ratio Illiterate in the population aged 15 years and above (%) (Female) Illiterate in the population aged 15 years and above (%) (Male) Per student education funds for ordinary junior middle schools by province in Average of urban and rural junior middle schools (Total) Education level of ordinary primary schools by province in 2006-Number of teachers CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2006 CSYB 2005 CSYB 2006 Adult literacy ratio (%), SI CSYB 2006 Combined school enrolment ratio (%) CSYB 2006 ealth Theme Life expectancy (years) CSYB 2006 Per capita health expenses by province, (Yuan) - Final CSYB 2006 Number of township hospital beds (per 1000 rural residents) CSYB 2006 Number of health workers in township hospitals (per 1000 rural residents), SI CSYB 2006 Medical insurance for the urban employed, Participation-rate of the employed (%), SI CSYB 2005 Index Theme DI CSYB 2006 Infrastructure Theme Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Laptop computers CSYB 2006 Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Color TV sets CSYB 2006 Number of durables for every 100 rural households by province in 2006-Desktop computers CSYB 2006

40 Population Structure Transport and Communication China, PRC Indicator Description Tags Source Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Cars, SI CSYB 2006 Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Mobiles, SI CSYB 2006 Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Telephones, SI CSYB 2006 Population weighted expressways (km per million inhabitants) CSYB 2011 Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Bicycles CSYB 2006 Number of durable consumer goods for every 100 urban households by province in 2006-Motorcycles SI CSYB 2006 Population Theme Population (millions) CSYB 2011 Natural growth rates ( ) CSYB 2006 Birth rates ( ) CSYB 2006 Death rates ( ) CSYB 2006 Gender ratio (female=100) CSYB 2006 CSYB: China Statistical Year Book Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

41 Indonesia

42 Indonesia 7.0 Indonesia Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Indonesia. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 19 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 20 shows their data completeness by percentage. 3 (12.0%) 3 (24.0%) 1 (4.0%) 1 (4.0%) 1 (4.0%) 6 (24.0%) 10 (40.0%) Economy Population ealth Education Environment Index Figure 19: Each theme in the Indonesian dataset by number of indicators and percentage Data Completeness (%) 100% 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88% 86% Figure 20: Data completeness of each theme in the Indonesian dataset

43 Indonesia The Indonesian database is divided up into 33 provinces and contains 25 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Indonesian database is % complete, with 1,287 out of a total of 1,386 data points containing data, thus leaving 7.14 % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). 10 indicators out of the total of 42 ontained 100% data completeness. Overall the Indonesian database contains 24 out of 33 provinces with 100 % data completeness. Figure 21: Data completeness of each Indonesian province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 15 indicators of interest in the Indonesian database (out of a total of 25) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 15 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Indonesia could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Indonesia.

44 Index ealth Status Education Outcome Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Activity Indonesia 7.1 List of Indicators in the entire Indonesia dataset Table 6: Indicators in the entire Indonesian dataset Annual Growth % ( ) Share of GRDP (2010) % Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) per capita by province and district, 2005 (constant 2000) GRDP at 2000 constant prices (2010) I 2011 ILO 2011 ILO BPS Indonesia 2011 ILO uman poverty index 2002 I BPS Indonesia Labor force (1000s) Unemployment Rate (%, 2010) Percentage of Annual Growth of Labour Force by Province and Area, Total Percentage of Annual Growth of Labour Force by Province and Area, Rural Percentage of Annual Growth of Labour Force by Province and Area, Urban Education Theme Literacy Rates of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Province and District - Total 2005 Literacy Rates of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Province and District - Male 2005 Literacy Rates of Population Aged 15 Years and Above by Province and District - Female 2005 ealth Theme Infant Mortality Rates by Province, District and Sex - Total Life Expectancy at Birth by Province, District, and sex - Total Trend of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) by Province - ( ) Index Theme I I I I I I I I I 2011 ILO 2011 ILO BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia uman development index 2005 BPS Indonesia

45 Population Structure Indonesia Annual Rate of Growth by Province Number of Population by Province 2005 Population Density per Km2 by Province 2005 Indicator Description Tags Source Population Theme Number of Population and Sex Ratio by Province and District, Sex Ratio Percentage of Population by Area, Province and District, Rural Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM)of Female by Area and Province - Total Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% SI, I I I I 2011 ILO BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia BPS Indonesia

46 Japan

47 Japan 8.0 Japan Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Japan. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 22 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 8 shows their data completeness by percentage. 12 (8.6%) 13 (9.4%) 11 (7.9%) 3 (2.2%) Economy 40 (28.8%) Population Infrastructure Governance & Institutional Capacity Environment Education 15 (10.8%) 18 (12.9%) 27 (19.4%) ealth Index Figure 22: Each theme in the Japanese dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100,0% 100,0% Data Completeness (%) 99,9% 99,9% 99,8% 99,8% Figure 23: Data completeness of each theme in the Japanese dataset

48 Japan The dataset is divided by the 47 provinces of Japan and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Japanese database is % complete, with 13,723 out of a total of 13,724 data points containing data, thus leaving % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). 291 indicators out of the total of 292 contained 00% data completeness. Overall the Japanese database contains 46 out of 47 provinces with 100 % data completeness. Figure 24: Data completeness of each Japanese province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 23 indicators of interest in the Indonesian database (out of a total of 64) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 28 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Indonesia could be covered with many of the

49 Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Resources Economic Activity Japan additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Indonesia. 8.4 List of Indicators in the Japanese Database Table 7: Indicators in the Japanese Database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Prefectural income per capita (U.S. $ thousand) [ouseholds of two or more persons] food cost percentage (%) [ouseholds of two or more persons] ousing costs ratio (%) [ouseholds of two or more persons] and water utilities expense ratio (%) [ouseholds of two or more persons] health care costs ratio (%) [ouseholds of two or more persons] transportation and communication cost ratio (%) [ouseholds of two or more persons] percentage expenditure on education (%) Elderly medical expenses per capita (U.S. $) Percentage of taxpayers (%) Aged 65 years and older welfare expenditures per capita [total municipal finance department] (U.S. $ thousand) Minimum wage by region (U.S. $) National pension insurance payment rate (%) Welfare costs (financial state) (thousand yen) Disaster relief costs (financial state) (U.S. $ thousands) Disaster recovery costs (financial state) (thousand yen) Disaster relief costs (financial municipalities) (thousand yen) Public debt expense (finance municipalities) (U.S. $ thousands) Current account ratio [finance department (%) Social welfare expenditure ratio [finance department (%) Proportion aged welfare costs [finance department (%) Welfare cost ratio [finance department (%) Proportion of health costs [finance department (%) Social welfare expenditures per capita [total municipal finance department] (Thousands of yen) Composition ratio of the number of establishments tertiary industry (%) Personal savings balance (per capita) (10,000 yen) Male part-time salary (U.S. $) (Of two or more households Workers' ouseholds) Gini coefficient of annual income (U.S. $ million) (Of two or more households Workers' ouseholds) disposable income (U.S. $) SI, 65 years of age or older (and head of the household is wages and salaries) the number of elderly households (households) Labor force (people) The unemployment rate (%) Number of employees (country) (human)

50 Basic Geography Education Outcome Education Access Labour Market Japan The number of employees of Primary Industries (people) Number of Employees secondary industry (people) The number of employees tertiary industry (people) Indicator Description Tags Source The number of employees (wholesale and retail trade, restaurants) (per plant 1) (Establishment and Enterprise Census results) (human) Labor force (man) (man) Labor force (F) (human) Number of unemployed (thousands) The number of self-employed main (thousands) Education Theme Education level of ordinary primary schools by province in 2006-Proportion of qualified teachers (%) Gross high school enrolment ratio Gross junior high school enrolment ratio Gross university and college enrolment ratio Illiterate in the population aged 15 years and above (%) (Female) Illiterate in the population aged 15 years and above (%) (Male) Per student education funds for ordinary junior middle schools by province in Average of urban and rural junior middle schools (Total) Education level of ordinary primary schools by province in 2006-Number of teachers Middle school enrollment rate (%) igh school enrollment rate (%) School enrollment per capita expenditure on education (elementary school) ( ) School enrollment per capita expenditure on education (high school, full-time) ( ) Per capita expenditure on education society [total municipal finance department] (Thousands of yen) School enrollment per capita expenditure on education (kindergarten) ( ) School enrollment per capita expenditure on education (vocational high school) ( ) Number of junior college graduates (people) Educational degree [kindergarten] (%) [30 days or more during the year] elementary school absenteeism child ratio (per 1,000 children) Percentage of those who graduated from universities and graduate schools of Education final (%) Percentage of persons junior elementary education graduate final (%) Sunshine hours (per year) (time) Environment Theme (The highest value of the monthly average of the daily maximum temperature) maximum temperature ( ) (Minimum of monthly mean daily minimum temperature of) minimum temperature ( ) Precipitation (annual) (mm) Inhabitable land area ratio (%)

51 Political Stability and Control of Corruption Laws, Rights & Voice Government Effectiveness Absence of Violence and Terrorism Landuse/ Landcover Disaster Prevalence Japan Indicator Description Tags Source Amount of disaster damage (per capita) (yen) Number of households afflicted by natural disasters (households) Amount of disaster damage (Millions of yen) Disaster recovery costs per capita [total municipal finance department] (Thousands of yen) Number of bridges washed away places (place) Number of places embankment collapse (place) Participation rate volunteer activities related to the disaster (over 10 years) (%) Arable area ratio (%) Governance & Institutional Capacity Theme Number of persons arrested violent juvenile offenders (persons) SI, (Per 1,000 people) The number of reported cases penal code offenses (of) SI, (Per 1,000 population) Number of police officers (persons) Cleared for penal code offenses rate (%) (Per 1,000 population aged 14-19) number of persons arrested juvenile thieves (people) (Per 100,000 population) number of referral for special law offenses (of) Police costs per capita [finance department] (thousand yen) Total number of road traffic law violation arrests (referral-announcement) (of) SI, Volunteer Participation rate (over 15 years) (%) Participation rate of other volunteer activities (over 10 years) (%) (Per 100,000 population) fire department official number (people) Number of fire for fire dispatch agency (per 100,000 population) (times) The number of registered voters' list (people) ouse of Councilors election turnout (constituency) (%) Volunteer Participation rate (over 10 years) (%)

52 Energy, Water and Sanitation Buildings and Buildings Aggregates Index ealthcare Resources ealth Status Japan Indicator Description Tags Source ealth Theme (Per 100,000 population) number of deaths due to lifestyle-related diseases (human) SI, Stillbirth rate (per several thousand births) SI, Infant mortality rate (per several thousand births) Total fertility rate Number of physicians engaged in medical facilities (per 100,000 population) (human) SI, General hospital bed occupancy rate (%) Medical expenses per capita (U.S. $ thousand) SI, Number of children with disability Rehabilitation guidance (health center implementation minutes) (uman) Per capita health expenditure [total municipal finance department] (Thousands of yen) The number of dentists who are engaged in medical facilities (per 100,000 population) (human) (Per 100,000 population) the number of public health nurses (people) uman Development Index Index Theme Year-on-year rate of increase in the consumer price index [food] (%) Year-on-year rate of increase in the consumer price index [and water utilities (%) Infrastructure Theme Gross National appiness and Material Welfare in Bhutan and Japan Number of gymnasium (facility) SI Number of religious organizations (associations) SI Number of houses were earthquake resistant construction (wooden and fire home ownership) (ousing) SI (Rented house public) the total floor area per household 1 (m2) Proportion of new housing construction (%) ouse with bathroom ratio (%) Water supply water supply population ratio (%) Electric power consumption (per household 1) (kwh) Garbage-recycling rate (%) ousing with flush toilet ratio (%)

53 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Transport and Communication Equipment and Non-Structural Components Number of houses that are automatic fire detection equipment (housing) Japan Number of houses that are automatic fire extinguishing equipment (housing) Indicator Description Tags Source Participation rate of Internet use (over 10 years) (%) (Per 100,000 population) number of traffic accidents (cases) (Per 100 traffic accidents) the number of traffic fatalities (people) (Per 1,000 population) Number of telephone subscribers (subscribers) Main paved road ratio (%) (Per 1,000 population) Number of private passenger vehicles (units) Population Theme Percentage of households with household members aged 65 or over (%) Proportion of elderly couple only households (%) Two-income households (households) Dual-income household (no children) (household) Number of households (households) Number of mother-to-child households (households) (One child) mother and child number of households (households) The average size of households (people) Percentage of nuclear family households (%) Percentage of nuclear family households - Proportion of households (%) Regular household members (total people) Total population (persons) District population concentration area (km2) Population sex ratio [total] Total population (Male) (human) Total population (woman) (man) 1k population density per square feet (uman) Rate of natural increase (%) Proportion of two-income households (%) (Per 100,000 population) foreign population (persons) SI, Proportion of young population [population less than 15 years old (%) Proportion of elderly population [population over 65 years of age (%) SI, (Per 1,000 population) Number of issued physical disability (people) SI, Welfare expenditures per capita actual number to be protected [total municipal finance department] (Thousands of yen) Foreign population (per 100,000 population) [Korean] (people) Foreign population [China] (per 100,000 population) (human) SI (Per 100,000 population) foreign population [USA] (people) Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic

54 vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% Korea (Republic of)

55 Korea 9.0 Korean Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Korea. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 25 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 26 shows their data completeness by percentage. 3 (6.3%) 3 (6.3%) 4 (8.3%) 18 (37.5%) 20 (41.7%) Economy Population ealth Education Infrastructure Figure 25: Each theme in the Korean dataset by number of indicators and percentage

56 Data Completeness (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Figure 26: Data Korea completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset Two themes; environment and governance & institutional capacity contained no indicators in the Korean dataset. The dataset is divided by the 16 provinces of Korea and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Korean database is % complete, with all 2,112 data points containing data, (Error! Reference source not found.). 132 indicators out of the otal of 132 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Korean database contains 16 provinces with contain 100 % data completeness. Figure 27: Data completeness of each Korean province

57 Economic Resources Economic Activity As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 25 indicators of interest in the Korean database (out of a total of 48) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 25 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability Korea for could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Korea. 8.3 List of Indicators in the Korean Database Table 8: Indicators in the Korean Database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Transportation At current prices (million Won) Wholesale and retail trade At 2005 prices (million Won) Disposable income, net; Financial corporations (Resources) billion Won Disposable income, net; Total (Resources) billion Won Regional GDP Regional GDP, millions of national currency, current prices Regional GDP Regional GDP, millions of US$ constant PPP, constant (real) prices (year 2005) Compulsory social security At current prices (million Won) Disposable income, net; General government (Resources) billion Won Public administration, defence and social security At current prices (million Won) Regional GDP Regional GDP, millions of national currency, constant (real) prices (year 2005) Regional per capita GDP Regional GDP per capita, national currency, constant (real) prices (year 2005) Regional per capita GDP Regional GDP per capita, US$ constant PPP, constant (real) prices (year 2005) Social benefits; Individuals (Resources) billion Won KOSTAT Economic Surveys KOSTAT Economic Surveys KOSTAT Economic Surveys KOSTAT Economic Surveys Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD KOSTAT Economic Surveys KOSTAT Economic Surveys KOSTAT Economic Surveys Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD KOSTAT Economic

58 ou seho ld Stru cture Transport and Communication Energy, Water and Sanitation ealthcare Resources ealth Status Education Access Labour Market Surveys Unemployment Rate Total Employment Labour Force Agricultural Employment Female Labour Force Female Employment Rate Employment Rate Education Theme Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Korean Statistics for OECD Participation rate in education level Average KOSTAT Surveys Monthly education expenditure Korea (10000 won) Average KOSTAT Surveys Monthly education expenditure (10000 won) Elementary school KOSTAT Surveys Indicator Description Tags Source ealth Theme Age-specific fertility rate Years old KOSTAT Census 2010 Age-specific fertility rate Years old KOSTAT Census 2010 Total Fertility Rate KOSTAT Census 2010 uman health and social work activities At 2005 prices (million Won) KOSTAT Economic Surveys Infrastructure Theme Electricty, gas, steam and water supply At 2005 prices (million Won) KOSTAT Economic Surveys Transportation At 2005 prices (million Won) KOSTAT Economic Surveys Information and communications At 2005 prices (million Won) KOSTAT Economic Surveys Population Theme ousehold-total (households) KOSTAT Census 2010

59 Vulnerable Population Population Structure Foreigner household (households) KOSTAT Census 2010 Population (total) Total KOSTAT Census 2010 Population Density Korean Statistics for OECD Total population (Person) KOSTAT Census 2010 Female (Person) KOSTAT Census 2010 Korean - Female (Person) KOSTAT Census 2010 Korean - male (Person) KOSTAT Census 2010 Korean - total (Person) KOSTAT Census 2010 Natural increase rate(per 1,000 population) KOSTAT Census 2010 Sex Ratio (Male/Female) Total KOSTAT Census 2010 Foreigner-Total (Person) KOSTAT Census 2010 Population (female) 65 Years old & over KOSTAT Census 2010 Population (total) 14 and under KOSTAT Census 2010 Population (total) 0-4 Years old KOSTAT Census 2010 Population (total) 65 Years old and Older KOSTAT Census 2010 Population by 3 Age Groups Total population: 0-14 years old Korean Statistics for OECD Sex Ratio (Male/Female) 14 and under KOSTAT Census 2010 Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Laos

60 Laos 9.0 Laos Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Laos. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 28 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 29 shows their data completeness by percentage.

61 5 (11.1%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.2%) 3 (6.7%) 15 (33.3%) Education Population ealth Economy Infrastructure 7 (15.6%) 12 (26.7%) Environment Governance & Institutional Capacity Index Figure 28: Each theme in the Laos dataset by number of indicators and percentage Data Completeness (%) 99% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% Laos Figure 29: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset The dataset is divided by the 18 provinces of Laos and contains 43 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Laotian database is % complete, with 417 out of a total of 432 data points containing data, thus leaving 3.47 % of the data missing (Figure 30). 9 indicators out of the total of 24 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Laotian database contains 17 out of 18 provinces with 100 % data completeness.

62 Figure 30: Data completeness of each Laotian province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 22 indicators of interest in the Laotian database (out of a total of 43) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 22 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Laos could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to Laos investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Laos. 9.3 List of Indicators in the Laotian Database Table 9: Indicators in the Laotian Database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme

63 Educat ion Outco me Education Outcome Education Access Economic Resources Economic Activity Average consumption per household (kips), I NDR 2009 Average number of workers per households (Persons) Proportion of people living below the national poverty line (%) Poverty gap ratio (%) 2002 Education Theme Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) yr 2003 Ratio of literate women to men of year-olds Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) yr 2002 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) Female 2003 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) MDG target Lao PDR 2003 Literacy rate of year-olds (%) Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%) yr 2006 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) Female 2005 Average number of schooling years (Female) Laos Average number of schooling years (Male), I I I I, I I NDR 2009 Lao PDR Poverty Trend Lao PDR Poverty Trend LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE LNLS 2001 LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE LNLS 2001 LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE Annual Reports Lao Statistics Bureau Lao Statistics Bureau Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%) yr 2005 Indicator Description Tags Source I LAO_MoE Annual Reports

64 Index Theme ealth Status Basic Geography Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%) Female 2006 Net enrolment ratio in primary education (%) MDG target Lao PDR 2006 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) yr Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (%) MDG target Lao PDR Environment Theme I I I LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE Annual Reports LAO_MoE Annual Reports Total Area (km2), I MPI-DoS (2007), Statistic Year Book ealth Theme Life Expectancy, female (Years), I NDR 2009 Life Expectancy, male (Years) NDR 2009 Percent of people with long term illness or disability (Female) 2007 Percent of people with long term illness or disability (Male) 2007 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (%) Percent of people with long term illness or disability (Female) 2002 Percent of people with long term illness or disability (Male) 2002 Index Theme, I Consumption Survey Consumption Survey LAO_SPC RS 2000 Consumption Survey Consumption Survey DI Index NDR 2009 Laos Indicator Description Tags Source Infrastructure Theme

65 Population Structure Energy, Water and Sanitation Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation (%) 2006, I LAO_Mo_NCE WS_2007 Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source (%) 2006, I LAO_Mo_NCE WS_2007 Proportion of villages with electricity, I Lao Statistics Bureau Population Theme Migration (numbers), I Census 2005 Population, I Census 2005 Population density (people/km 2 ), I NDR 2009 Population not born in same province as residence (%) 2005, I Census 2004 ouseholds (Number) I MPI-DoS (2007), Statistic Year Book Population not born in same province as residence (%) 1995 I Census 1995 Population, Female I Census 2005 Population, Male Census 2005 Rural Population (% Total) I NDR 2009 Sex Ratio 2005 I Census 2005 Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

66 Malaysia 10.0 Malaysia Database ighlights & Summary

67 This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Malaysia. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 31 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 8 shows their data completeness by percentage. 1 (4.2%) 1 (4.2%) 1 (4.2%) 10 (41.7%) Economy 3 (12.5%) Infrastructure Education ealth 3 (12.5%) Environment 5 (20.8%) Governance & Institutional Capacity Figure 31: Each theme in the Australian dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100% 95% Data Completeness (%) 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% Malaysia Figure 32: Data completeness of each theme in the Malaysian dataset

68 The dataset is divided by the 16 sub-national administrative regions of Malaysia and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Malaysian database is % complete, with 463 out of a total of 512 data points containing data, thus leaving 9.57 % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). Only 10 ndicators out of the total of 32 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Malaysian database contains 12 out of 16 provinces with 100 % data completeness. Figure 33: Data completeness of each Malaysian state and territory As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 17 indicators of interest in the Malaysian database (out of a total of 24) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 17 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Malaysia could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Malaysia.

69 Absence of Violence and Terrorism Basic Geography Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Activity Malaysia 10.3 List of Indicators in the Malaysian Database Table 10: Indicators in the Malaysian Database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme GDP Per Capita by State at Current Prices RM (Juta/Million) GDP at 2000 constant prices RM (Juta/Million) 2010, I Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Economic Group Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Economic Group GINI Coefficient, I Department of Statistics, 2004 Mean monthly gross household income (RM) current, I Department of Statistics, 2004 Gini Coefficient by State Total Percent I Economic Planning Unit Incidence of ardcore Poverty by State Total Percent I Economic Planning Unit Incidence of poverty by state and strata Total Percent I Economic Planning Unit Kadar pengangguran Unemployment rate % Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector Total Percent Unemployment rate of 15 to 24 year-olds, by sex and state Total Percent Environment Theme, I I I Manpower And Social Statistics Division, Department of Statistics, Malaysia Manpower And Social Statistics Division, Department of Statistics, Malaysia Manpower And Social Statistics Division, Department of Statistics, Malaysia Land Area - km^2, I Department of Statistics, 2010 Preliminary Count Report Governance & Institutional Capacity Theme Juvenile Offenderss per population I Department of Statistics, 2009

70 Population Structure Transport and Communication ealth Resources ealth Status Education Access Education Outcome Malaysia Indicator Description Tags Source Education Theme Literacy rate of year-olds Total Percent, I Department of Statistics Teacher-Pupil Ratio (primary), I Department of Statistics Teacher-Pupil Ratio (secondary) I Department of Statistics ealth Theme Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Total Ratio, I Department of Statistics Malaysia ospital Beds per 1000 population, I Department of Statistics, 2005 Doctor-Population Ratio Fixed telephone line per 1000 population Private Cars per 1000 population Infrastructure Theme Cellular phones penetration rate per 100 inhabitants by state Total Ratio Broadband penetration rate per 100 household by state Total Ratio Public Buses per population Population Theme I Department of Statistics, 2006 Department of Statistics, 2004 Department of Statistics, 2004 Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission Department of Statistics, 2011 Level of Urbanization 2005, I Department of Statistics, 2004 Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

71 Myanmar

72 Myanmar 10.0 Myanmar Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Myanmar. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 34 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 35 shows their data completeness by percentage. 7 (11.7%) 2 (3.3%) 1 (1.7%) 14 (23.3%) ealth Education Economy 11 (18.3%) Infrastructure Population 12 (20.0%) 13 (21.7%) Governance & Institutional Capacity Environment Figure 34: Each theme in the Myanmar dataset by number of indicators and percentage Data Completenes (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Figure 35: Data completeness of each theme in the Myanmar dataset

73 Myanmar The dataset is divided by the 16 regions and contains 60 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Burmese database is 100 % complete, with 1,760 out of a total of 1,760 data points containing data, thus leaving 0.0 % of the data missing (Error! Reference source ot found.). 110 indicators out of the total of 110 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Myanmar database contains 16 out of 16 regions with 100 % data completeness. Figure 36: Data completeness of each Myanmar state and territory As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 25 indicators of interest in the Myanmar database (out of a total of 60) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 25 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Myanmar could be covered with many of the

74 ealth Status Basic Geography Income Distribution and Poverty Labour Market Economic Resources Economic Activity Myanmar additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Myanmar List of Indicators in the Myanmar database Table 11: Indicators in the Myanmar database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Expenditure on food and beverages as a percentage of total monthly household expenditure - Per cent - Total SI SY 2002 ousehold expenditure ( ,000 kyats per month) - Per cent - Total SY 2002 ousehold expenditure (less than 5000 kyats per month) - Per cent - Total SY 2002 Average monthly household income - Kyats - Total, SI CSO ousehold with access to secure tenure - Per cent - Total Share of 15+ year old women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector - Per cent - Total CSO CSO Unemployment rate (age 15-24) - Per cent - Total CSO Poverty headcount ratio - Per cent - Total UNCT Share of poorest quintile in consumption - Per cent - Total, SI CSO Average monthly household expenditure - Kyats - Total SY 2002 Food Poverty eadcount Index - Per cent - Total Share of poorest quintile in consumption - Per cent - Urban Environment Theme CSO CSO Area - Sq-km - Total DP ealth Theme ouseholds consuming iodized salt - Per cent - Total. SI CSO, UNICEF Infant mortality rate - Per 1000 live births - Total DP Fully immunized children (before age 1) - Per cent - Rural CSO, UNICEF Fully immunized children (before age 1) - Per cent - Urban CSO, UNICEF ouseholds consuming iodized salt - Per cent - No Iodine UNICEF Infant mortality rate - Per 1000 live births - Rural SY 2001 Infant mortality rate - Per 1000 live births - Urban SI SY 2001 Measles immunization coverage (before age 1) - Per cent - Total CSO

75 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Transport and Communication Energy, Water and Sanitation ealth Resources Myanmar Indicator Description Tags Source Births attended by skilled health personnel - Per cent - Total CSO Doctors - Number - Total DP Nurses - Number - Total DP Monthly expenditure on medical care as a percentage of total household expenditure - Per cent - Total Skilled attendant at delivery - Per cent - Total Water treatment - Per cent - Total Access to improved sanitation facilities - Per cent - Total Infrastructure Theme SI. SI CSO Mo, MoA, UNICEF Mo, MoA, UNICEF Mo, MoA, UNICEF ouseholds with access to electricity - Per cent - Total CSO Use of improved drinking water sources - Per cent - Total Mean time to source of drinking water - Minutes - Total Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation - Per cent - Total. SI Mo, MoA, UNICEF Mo, MoA, UNICEF ouseholds who listen radio - Per cent - Total. SI CSO ouseholds who watch television - Per cent - Total. SI CSO ousehold received health information from mass media - Per cent - Total SI CSO, UNICEF ouseholds who listen radio - Per cent yr SI CSO ouseholds who read newspaper - Per cent - Total SI CSO ouseholds who watch television - Per cent yr SI CSO Population Theme CSO Children not living with a biological parent (0-14yr) - Per cent - Total UNICEF Average household size - Number - Total SY 2002 Population density - Number per sq. km. - Total DP Population size - In thousand - Total, SI DP Early marriage women (15-19yr) - Per cent - Total SI Mo, MoA, UNICEF Children not living with a biological parent (0-17yr) - Per cent - Total Mo, MoA, UNICEF Prevalence of orphans - Per cent - Total Mo, MoA, UNICEF Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis)

76 Myanmar SY 2002: Statistical Yearbook 2002 CSO: Central Statistical Organization UNCT: United Nations Country Team CSO, UNICEF: Central Statistical Organization, UNICEF SY 2001: Statistical Yearbook 2001 Mo, MoA, UNICEF: Ministry of ealth, Ministry of ome Affairs, UNICEF Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

77 New Zealand

78 New Zealand 11.0 New Zealand Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in New Zealand. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 37 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 38 shows their data completeness by percentage. 7 (12.3%) 8 (14.0%) 2 (3.5%) 1 (1.8%) 3 (5.3%) 12 (21.1%) 24 (42.1%) Population Economy Infrastructure Education ealth Governance & Institutional Capacity Environment Figure 37: Each theme in the Australian dataset by number of indicators and percentage

79 100% 96% Data Completeness (%) 92% 88% 84% 80% New Zealand Figure 38: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset The dataset is divided by the 17 provinces of New Zealand and contains 57 indicators. Overall the database for the New Zealand database is % complete, with 1,323 out of a total of 1,377 data points containing data, thus leaving 3.92 % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). Only 58 indicators out of the total f 81 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the New Zealand database contains 9 out of 17 regions with 100 % data completeness. Figure 39: Data completeness of each New Zealand province

80 Income Distribution and Poverty Labour Market Economic Resources As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 40 indicators of interest in the New Zealander database (out of a total of 57) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 40 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for New Zealand could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary New guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within New Zealand List of Indicators in the New Zealand database Table 12: Indicators in the New Zealand database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Workplace injury claims rate per 1000 FTEs, I2 Social Report 2010 Labour Force Status; Employed Full-time Census 2006 Labour Force Status; Employed Part-time Census 2006 Labour Force Status; Unemployed Census 2006 Unemployment % of labour force Social Report 2010 Employment % of population years, I Social Report 2010 Total Personal Income; Loss Census 2006 Total Personal Income; Zero Income Census 2006 Total Personal Income;$1 - $5,000 Census 2006 Total Personal Income;$5,001 - $10,000 Census 2006 Population with low incomes %, I2 Social Report 2010 Median hourly earnings $, I2 Social Report 2010 Environment Theme

81 Transport and Communication ealthcare Resources ealth Status Laws, Rights & Voice Education Outcome Basic Geography Land Area - km^2 Statistics New Zealand 2001 Education Theme Number of Languages Spoken for the Census; One Language Census 2006 Number of Languages Spoken for the Census; Two Languages Census 2006 Number of Languages Spoken for the Census; Not Elsewhere Included(2) Census 2006 ighest Qualification (over 15 years);level 1 Certificate Gained at School Census 2006 ighest Qualification (over 15 years);bachelor Degree & Level 7 Qualificat-ions, I Census 2006 Participation in early childhood education %, I Social Report 2010 School leavers with higher qualifications % NCEA Level 2 or higher, I Social Report 2010 Governance & Institutional Capacity Theme Voter turnout Local authority elections %, I Social Report 2010 New Zealand Representation of women in local government %, I Social Report 2010 Indicator Description Tags Source ealth Theme Cigarette smoking % I Social Report 2010 Road casualties deaths and injuries per population I Social Report 2010 Participation in physical activity (%) I Social Report 2010 Infrastructure Theme Access to Telecommunication Systems for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;Access to a Cellphone or Mobile Phone Access to Telecommunication Systems for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;No Access to Telecommunication systems Access to Motor Vehicles for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;No Motor Vehicles Access to Motor Vehicles for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;One Motor Vehicle Census 2006 Census 2006 Census 2006 Census 2006 Telephone access in the home %, I Social Report 2010 Internet access in the home %, I Social Report 2010 Access to Telecommunication Systems for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;Access to the Internet I Census 2006

82 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Access to Telecommunication Systems for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;Access to a Telephone I Census 2006 Population Theme Family Type for Families in Private Occupied Dwellings;One Parent With Child(ren) ousehold Composition for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;One-Family ousehold (With or Without Other People) ousehold Composition for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;One- Person ousehold ousehold Composition for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;Two-Family ousehold (With or Without Other People) I Census 2006 Census 2006 Census 2006 Census 2006 ousehold crowding % Social Report 2010 Tenure of ousehold for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;Dwelling Not Owned by Usual Resident(s) Tenure of ousehold for ouseholds in Private Occupied Dwellings;Dwelling Owned or Partly Owned by Usual Resident(s) Census 2006 Census 2006 New Zealand Indicator Description Tags Source Life expectancy Female years Social Report 2010 Life expectancy Male years Social Report 2010 Population Density Statistics New Zealand 2001 and Census 2006 Population Total Census 2006 Birthplace;New Zealand Census 2006 Contact between young people and their parents Female % Social Report 2010 Contact between young people and their parents Male % I Social Report 2010 Ethnic Group(1) for the Census Usually Resident Population Count;European Census 2006 Ethnic Group(1) for the Census Usually Resident Population Count;Mäori Census 2006 Legal Marital Status;Married (Not Separated) Census 2006 Legal Marital Status;Never Married and Never Joined in a Civil Union I Census 2006 Population Count;Female;Total I Census 2006 Legal Marital Status;Separated(1), Divorced, Widowed or Bereaved Civil Union Partner Census 2006 Number of Languages Spoken for the Census;None(1) Census 2006 Population Count;Total;0-4 Years Census 2006 Population Count;Total;65 Years and Over Census 2006 Total Population 0-14 years Census 2006 Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99%

83 Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% Papua New Guinea

84 Papua New Guinea 11.0 Papua New Guinea Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Papua New Guinea. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 7 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 8 shows their data completeness by percentage.

85 1 (5.9%) 1 (5.9%) 6 (35.3%) ealth 2 (11.8%) Population Education 3 (17.6%) Governance & Institutional Capacity Environment 4 (23.5%) Infrastructure Figure 40: Each theme in the Papua New Guinea dataset by number of indicators and percentage Data Completeness (%) 100% 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88% 86% Papua New Guinea Figure 41: Data completeness of each theme in the Papua New dataset One theme; economy contained no indicators in the Papua New dataset. The dataset is divided by the 22 provinces of Papua New Guinea and contains 17 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Papua New Guinea database is % complete, with 746 out of a total of 814 data points containing data, thus leaving 8.35 % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). Only 3 indicators out of he total of 37 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the population theme contains 20 out of 22 provinces with 100 % data completeness.

86 Education Outcome Figure 42: Data completeness of each Australian state and territory As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 13 indicators of interest in the Papua New Guinea database (out of a total of 17) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 13 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Papua New Guinea could be covered with many of the additional Papua indicators in the database. New owever these Guinea indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Papua New Guinea List of Indicators in the Papua New Guinea Database Table 13: Indicators in the Papua New Guinea Database Net enrolment rate Indicator Description Tags Source Education Theme NSOPNG Literacy rate (%) Total NSOPNG Net admission rate NSOPNG Environment Theme

87 ation Struct ure ousehold Structure Transport and Communication ealthcare Resources ealth Status Laws, Rights & Voice Basic Geography Area (km2) 2011 NSOPNG Governance & Institutional Capacity Theme Number of votes cast (2007) NSOPNG 2007 Electoral Roll NSOPNG ealth Theme Infant mortality rate (per 1000) under 1 year NSOPNG Life Expectancy (years) (%) Total NSOPNG Under 5 mortality rate (per 1000) NSOPNG Medical Officers (population per officer) NSOPNG Nursing Officers (population per officer) NSOPNG Population per health center NSOPNG Infrastructure Theme Percent of population within 5km of a national road NSOPNG Papua New Guinea Indicator Description Tags Source Population Theme Citizen ouseholds NSOPNG Population (people) 2011 NSOPNG

88 Vulnerable Population Density (pop/km2) 2011 NSOPNG Population (people) Less than 15 years Total NSOPNG NSOPNG: National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% Philippines

89 Philippines 12.0 Philippines Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Philippines. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 43 illustrates the number of

90 indicators in each theme and Figure 8 shows their data completeness by percentage. 4 (10.5%) 1 (2.6%) 10 (26.3%) Economy 5 (13.2%) Education ealth Governance & Institutional Capacity 5 (13.2%) Infrastructure 6 (15.8%) 7 (18.4%) Population Figure 43: Each theme in the Philippines dataset by number of indicators and percentage Data Completeness (%) 96% 93% 90% 87% 84% 81% 78% 75% Philippines Figure 44: Data completeness of each theme in the Philippines dataset The dataset is divided by the 17 provinces of Philippines and contains 38 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Philippines database is % complete, with 1,098 out of a total of 1224 data points containing data, thus leaving % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). Only 25 indicators out of the total of 62 contained 00% data completeness. Overall the population theme contains 6 out of 17 provinces with 100 % data completeness.

91 Figure 45: Data completeness of each Philippines province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 35 indicators of interest in the Philippines database (out of a total of 38) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 35 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability Philippines for could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Philippines List of Indicators in the Philippines Theme Table 14: Indicators in the Philippines theme Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme

92 of Viole nce and Education Outcome Basic Geography Income Distribution and Poverty Labour Market Economic Activity GDP (Current Prices) Total; Total, SI NSO Unemployment rate Working children (5-17 years old), I NSO Unemployment Rate by Region, 2004Q SI, I NSO Poverty Incidence Among Population, by Region, I NSO Poverty incidence of population, I NSO Annual per capita poverty threshold, I NSO Gini Coefficifient, I NSO Proportion of population below national poverty line, I NSO Share of poorest quintile in national consumption, I NSO Environment Theme, SI, I NSO Land area - km^2, I NSO Education Theme Completion Rate, Elementary Level, by Region , I Department of Education Completion Rate, Secondary Level, by Region , I Department of Education Dropout Rate, Elementary Level, by Region , I Research and Statistical Division Office of Planning Service Dropout Rate, Secondary Level, by Region , I Research and Statistical Division Office of Planning Service Educational attainment of female household population NSO Educational attainment of male household population, I NSO Functional literacy, I NSO Philippines Average Monthly Crime Rate (%) by region Indicator Description Tags Source Governance & Institutional Capacity Theme, I National Statistics

93 Transport and Communication Energy, Water and Sanitation ealthcare Resources ealth Status Government Effectiveness Office Crime solution efficiency rate Number of crimes against person Number of crimes against property, I2, I, I National Statistics Office National Statistics Office National Statistics Office Number of highly urbanized cities, I National Statistics Office ealth Theme Infant mortality rate, I NSO Total fertility rate, I NSO Under-five mortality rate, I NSO Number of doctors Number of midwives, I2 NSO Number of private hospitals Infrastructure Theme Basic Amenities- Population with Access to Electricity, by Region, , SI, I, SI, I, I NSO NSO Family Income and Expenditure Survey Population with access to safe water supply, I NSO Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, I2 NSO Number of traffic accidents, I NSO Telephone density Philippines, I NSO Indicator Description Tags Source Population Theme

94 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Informal settler families/squatters household, I NSO Population density, I NSO Population size, I NSO Population aged 65 and over, I NSO NSO: National Statistics Office Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

95 Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 13.0 Philippines Database ighlights & Summary

96 This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Solomon Islands. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 7 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 8 shows their data completeness by percentage. 4 (13.8%) 1 (3.4%) 6 (20.7%) 11 (37.9%) Population Economy Education ealth Environment 7 (24.1%) Figure 46: Each theme in the Solomon Islands dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100,0% 99,5% Data Completeness (%) 99,0% 98,5% 98,0% 97,5% 97,0% Figure 47: Data completeness of each theme in the Australian dataset Two themes; infrastructure and governance & institutional capacity contained no indicators in the Solomon Islands dataset.

97 Solomon Islands The dataset is divided by the 6 states and 2 territories of Australia and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for the Solomon Islands database is 99.2 % complete, with 248 out of a total of 250 data points containing data, thus leaving 0.8 % of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). 23 indicators out of the total f 25 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the population theme contains 9 out of 10 provinces with 100 % data completeness. Figure 48: Data completeness of each Solomon Island province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 21 indicators of interest in the Solomon Islands database (out of a total of 29) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 21 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Solomon Islands could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Solomon Islands.

98 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ealth Status Education Outcome Education Access Basic Geography Labour Market Solomon Islands 13.3 List of Indicators in the Solomon Islands Theme Table 15: Indicators in the Solomon Islands theme Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Employed population (number) - Total NSO Subsistence workers (number) - Total NSO Unpaid workers - Total NSO Unemployed (number) - Total NSO Labour force participation rate - Total NSO Employment population ratio - Total NSO Unemployment rate (%) - Total NSO Environment Theme Area km^2 - Education Theme School enrolment rates, 6 12 year-olds (%) - Total NSO Language ability, 5+ (%) - English NSO Language ability, 5+ (%) - Local language NSO Literacy rate, 15+ (%) Total NSO Proportion of pop aged 12 and older with (%): no school completed NSO Literacy rate, (%) Total NSO ealth Theme Number of people with a disability - Blindness - Total NSO Number of people with a disability - Deafness - Total NSO Number of people with a disability - Lameness - Total NSO Number of people with a disability - Senile and/or amnesic - Total NSO Population Theme Average annual population growth rate (%) NSO Number of children (<15 years) NSO Older population (60 years and older) NSO Per cent urban (%) I, NSO Population density (number of people/km2) NSO Total population NSO Urban growth rate (%) I, NSO Mean age at first marriage (SMAM) - Female NSO Number of children (<15 years) Older population (60 years and older) Dependency ratio (15-59) NSO NSO NSO

99 Solomon Islands NSO: National Statistics Office Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

100 Taiwan

101 Taiwan 14.0 Taiwan Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Taiwan. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 49 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 50 shows their data completeness by percentage. 8 (9.2%) 7 (8.0%) 14 (18.4%) ealth Infrastructure Education 9 (10.3%) 13 (14.9%) 14 (16.1%) 14 (18.4%) Economy Governance & Institutional Capacity Environment Figure 49: Each theme in the Taiwan dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100,0% 95,0% Data Completeness (%) 90,0% 85,0% 80,0% 75,0% Figure 50: Data completeness of each theme in the Taiwan dataset

102 Taiwan The dataset is divided by the 22 provinces of Taiwan and contains 75 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for Taiwan is % complete, with 3,681 out of a total of 3,784 data points containing data, thus leaving 2.72 % of the data missing (Error! Reference ource not found.). 133 indicators out of the total of 172 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the population theme contains 0 out of 10 administrative divisions with 100 % data completeness. Figure 51: Data completeness of each Taiwanese province As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 39 indicators of interest in the Taiwanese database (out of a total of 75) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 39 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Taiwan could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Taiwan.

103 Education Access Disaster Prevalence Basic Geography Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Resources Economic Activities Taiwan 14.3 List of Indicators in the Taiwanese database Table 16: Indicators in the Taiwanese database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Family Income and Expenditure - the average household annual recurrent expenditure Year-old Affair structure than - Pension spending Average annual per capita disposable income ousehold disposable income of the median The population of low-income households accounted for the county (city) population ratio The population of low-income households Years old age, unemployment rate Years old age, unemployment rate Years old age, unemployment rate The labor force participation rate The number of labor force Environment Theme Land area Alpine areas as % of land area ratio Arable land rate Disaster Relief number of people affected Per million fire deaths Per million people the number of fire injuries Receive emergency assistance average each person amount The amount of disaster relief Education Theme Average number of students - elementary The average number of students per class - Elementary The average number of students per class - Senior igh School Average classroom of each township mother of Classes Average number of students each teacher to teach - kindergarten The average number of students per class - junior The average number of students per class - Kindergarten

104 ealth Status ealth Status Government Effectiveness Absence of Violence and Terrorism Education Outcome Education Access Taiwan Indicator Description Tags Source The number of students per school - kindergarten The number of students per school - Senior igh School The number of vocational high school students Women the number of civil servants and teachers The literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 Illiterate population over the age of 15 Adult criminal population rate Population rate of violent crime The incidence of theft case Governance & Institutional Capacity Theme The number of children and juvenile placement and correctional institutions existing asylum The number of violent crimes occur Incidence of violent crime Per 100,000 people the number of volunteer firefighters Teachers and government workers to total population ratio The average age of civil servants and teachers ealth Theme Infant mortality Million elderly long-term care, the number of nursing homes Number of disabled Notifiable Diseases per 100,000 people Average population every practicing physician services Beds per 10,000 population The number of practicing physicians Disability welfare agencies approved housing placement and daycare proportion of the ratio of the number of people with disabilities ealthcare expenses as a percentage of government spending ratio (annual) The number of beds average every practicing physician services The number of social welfare staff The Per Capita government social welfare expenditures, net Volunteers proportion of the population over the age of 15 ratio Women's halfway house, shelter center accommodating passengers accounted for the female population of the county (city) ratio

105 Vulnerable Population Population Structure Transport and Communication Equipment and Non- Structural Components Energy, Water and Sanitation Taiwan Infrastructure Theme Electricity users average household electricity sales Tap water supply coverage The family modern equipment (per 100 households) - home computer The family modern equipment (per 100 households) - Mobile The family modern equipment number (100) - Color TV The family modern equipment number (100) - telephone Family Income and Expenditure - owned residential ratio Number of road traffic accident casualties per 100,000 people Per thousand the number of telephone subscribers The density of road mileage Daily traffic accidents Number Every 000 small car with off-road and on-street parking median Per thousand holders of the number of vehicles (the end) - locomotive Population Theme Population density Population growth rate The sex ratio 0-14 years population Dependency ratio Population of older people (over 65 years) The juvenile population ratio (0-14 years) : 2011 Urban Development Report Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

106 Thailand

107 Thailand 15.0 Thailand Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Thailand. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 52 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 53 shows their data completeness by percentage. 2 (3.6%) 2 (3.6%) Infrastructure 8 (14.5%) 9 (16.4%) 13 (23.6%) Population Economy Education ealth Environment 10 (18.2%) 11 (20.0%) Governance & Institutional Capacity Figure 52: Each theme in the Thailand dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100,0% 99,9% Data Completeness (%) 99,8% 99,7% 99,6% 99,5% 99,4% Figure 53: Data completeness of each theme in the Thailand dataset

108 Thailand The dataset is divided by the 80 provinces of Thailand and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for Thailand is % complete, with 6,701 out of a total of 6,720 data points containing data, thus leaving % of the data missing (Error! eference source not found.). 60 indicators out of the total of 64 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Thailand theme contains 63 out of 80 provinces with 100 % data completeness. Figure 54: Data completeness of each Thailand provinces As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 33 indicators of interest in the Thailand database (out of a total of 55) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 33 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Thailand could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Thailand.

109 Education Access Disaster Prevalence Basic Geography Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Resources Economic Activities Thailand 14.3 List of Indicators in the Thailand database Table 17: Indicators in the Thailand database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme ousehold expenditure change, (%) NSO GPP Per capita (baht/ year) SI, NSO ouseholds owning house and land (%) SI, NSO Total households (baht/ month) NSO Poverty incidence(%) I, NSO GINI index NSO Poverty line (baht/ person/ month) NSO Unemployment rate (%) NSO Number of unemployed persons Female I NSO Occupational injuries (per 1,000 workers covered by WCF) Environment Theme NSO Land area, 2006 Total (sq.km) NSO Population affected by drought (%) NSO Education Theme Mean years of schooling 2007 Total NSO Population with no education 2007 Total NSO Mean years of schooling 2007 Female Population with no education 2007 Female NSO NSO

110 Equipment and Non-Structural Components Energy, Water and Sanitation Buildings and Buildings Aggregates ealth Status ealth Status Education Outcome Thailand Indicator Description Tags Source Educational attainment of poplulation aged 15 and over 2007 Primary % Total NSO Educational attainment of poplulation aged 15 and over 2007 Total (%) NSO Educational attainment of poplulation aged 15 and over 2007 Primary (%) SI NSO Educational attainment of poplulation aged 15 and over 2007 Diploma (%) NSO Educational attainment of poplulation aged 15 and over 2007 University (%) NSO ealth Theme Infant mortality 2007 per 1,000 live births (number) NSO Maternal mortality 2007 per live births (number) NSO Population with physical illness 2007 Total NSO Mental illness 2007 per 1,000 pop NSO Population with disability and/or impairment 2007 Total SI, NSO Population per health personnel/infrastructure 2007 Physician (number) NSO Population per health personnel/infrastructure 2007 Nurse (number) NSO Population per health personnel/infrastructure 2007 ospital bed (number) Infrastructure Theme NSO ousing, 2007 Permanent building material (%) NSO Safe sanitation (%) NSO Clean drinking water (%) NSO Electricity in dwelling (%) NSO Refrigerator (%) I NSO Cooking gas or electric stove (%) NSO

111 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Transport and Communication Thailand Indicator Description Tags Source Villages with all- season main road (%) SI, NSO Transportation, 2007 Vehicle registration, 2007 (per 1000 pop) NSO Land- traffic accidents reported (per pop) SI, NSO Communication, 2007 ouseholds with radio(%) NSO Communication, 2007Population with mobile phone(%) NSO Communication, 2007 Population with internet access(%) SI, NSO Living conditions, 2007 Telephone in structure (%) SI NSO Population Theme (% total elderly) NSO Average household size (persons) NSO Persons per room (number) SI NSO Persons per sleeping room (number) SI NSO Family life 2007 Female-headed households, 2007(%) NSO Elderly living alone, 2007(number) NSO Population, 2007 Total (number) NSO Population density, 2007 (persons per sq.km.) I, NSO Population, 2007 Male (number) Population, 2007 Female (number) NSO NSO Family life 2007 Children in distress 2007 (per pop) NSO NSO: National Statistical Office Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25%

112 Timor-Leste

113 Timor-Leste 15.0 Timor-Leste Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Timor-Leste. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socio-economic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 55 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 56 shows their data completeness by percentage. 3 (9.1%) 1 (3.0%) 11 (33.3%) Education 4 (12.1%) ealth Population Infrastructure Economy 7 (21.2%) 7 (21.2%) Governance & Institutional Capacity Figure 55: Each theme in the Timor-Leste dataset by number of indicators and percentage

114 100% 80% Data Completeness (%) 60% 40% 20% 0% Timor-Leste Figure 56: Data completeness of each theme in the Timor-Leste dataset The dataset is divided by the 6 states and 2 territories of Australia and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for Timor-Leste is 100 % complete, with 507 out of a total of 507 data points containing data, thus leaving 0% of the data missing (Error! Reference source not found.). All 39 indicators out of the total of 39 contained 00% data completeness. Overall the Timor-Leste theme contains 13 out of 13 Administrative Districts with 100 % data completeness. Figure 57: Data completeness of each Timor-Leste province

115 alt h St at Education Outcome Education Access Labour Market As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 23 indicators of interest in the Timor-Leste database (out of a total of 64) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also agged according to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 28 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Timor-Leste could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Timor-Leste. Timor-Leste 14.3 List of Indicators in the Timor-Leste database Table 18: Indicators in the Timor-Leste database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme Labour force participation rate Total (%) STL Labour force participation rate Female (%) STL Unemployment rate Total (%) STL Education Theme Primary Schools Total Number STL Secondary schools Total Number STL Dropout rate in primary education Total (%) STL Gross attendance rate in primary education Total (%) STL Gross attendance rate in secondary education Total (%) STL Literacy rate of year-olds Total (%) STL Net attendance rate in primary education Total (%), SI STL Gross enrolment ratio in primary education Total (%) STL Pupil-teacher ratio in pre-secondary school Total Ratio STL Pupil-teacher ratio in secondary school Total Ratio STL Repetition rate in primary education Total (%) STL ealth Theme Contraceptive prevalence rate Female yr (%), SI STL

116 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Transport and Communication Energy, Water and Sanitation Infant mortality rate Total Deaths per 1000 live births STL Total fertility rate Total Number STL Child fully immunization coverage 1 yr Total (%) SI STL Proportion of < 1 year children fully immunised against DPT Total (%) STL Proportion of pregnant women fully immunised against tetanus Total (%) STL Infrastructure Theme Proportion of population with access to electricity Total (%) STL Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation Total (%) STL Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source Total (%) STL Timor-Leste Proportion of population with access to radio Total (%) STL Indicator Description Tags Source Population Theme Children living with both parents 0-14 yr (%) STL ousehold size Total Persons per household STL Land area Total Persons per square Km STL Population density Total Persons per hectare STL Children whose one or both parents dead 0-14 yr (%) STL Population size 0-14 yr Number STL Population size 65+ yr Number STL STL: Statistics Timor-Leste Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50%

117 Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% Vanuatu

118 Vanuatu 15.0 Thailand Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Vanuatu. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 58 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 59 shows their data completeness by percentage.

119 5 (8.8%) 5 (8.8%) 18 (31.6%) 14 (24.6%) Infrastructure Economy Population Education ealth 15 (26.3%) Figure 58: Each theme in the Vanuatu dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100% 80% Data Completeness (%) 60% 40% 20% 0% Vanuatu Figure 59: Data completeness of each theme in the Vanuatu dataset The dataset is divided by the 6 provinces of Vanuatu and contains 57 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for Vanuatu is 100 % complete, with 576 out of a total of 576 data points containing data, thus leaving 0% of the data missing (Error! Reference source not ound.). All 96 indicators out of the total of 96 contained 100% data completeness. Overall the Vanuatu database contains 6 out of 6 provinces with 100 % data completeness.

120 Economi c Resourc Figure 60: Data completeness of each Vanuatu provinces As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 33 indicators of interest in the Vanuatu database (out of a total of 57) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 28 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability for Vanuatu could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary Vanuatu guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Vanuatu List of Indicators in the Vanuatu database Table 19: Indicators in the Vanuatu database Land Tenure Rural Lease Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme es ousing Tenure Rented 2009 Census 2009 Census

121 ealth Status Education Outcome Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Land Tenure Urban Lease 2009 Census Main source of household income;wages/salary 2006 IES Main source of household income;others 2006 IES Income quintile, province and average monthly household income, 2006 IES;5th Quintile 2006 IES Type of Work Unpaid family work Why not actively working if unemployed Disabled Labour force status during the week before the Census;Total labour force Labour force status during the week before the Census;Unemployed Type of Work Employee - government Type of Work Employee - private Main Occupation DOCTOR 221 Main Occupation MIDWIFE NURSE 222 Labour force status during the week before the Census;Labour force participation rate Education Theme ighest Educational Level Completed No school completed ighest Educational Level Completed Primary leaving certificate ighest Educational Level Completed Snr Secondary certificate ighest Educational Level Completed Bachelors degree ighest Educational Level Completed Pre school Vanuatu 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census Indicator Description Tags Source ealth Theme Difficulties in seeing;cannot do at all;total 2009 Census Difficulties in walking;cannot do at all;total 2009 Census Difficulties in remembering;cannot do at all;total 2009 Census

122 Transport and Communic Equipment and Non- Structural Components Energy, Water and Sanitation Buildings and Buildings Aggregates Cigarettes Consumption;Yes;Total Alcohol Consumption;Yes;Total Infrastructure Theme 2009 Census 2009 Census Age of Building;20+ years 2006 IES Type of Living Quarter Building with 2 or more households which share a kitchen/toilet 2009 Census Main source of Drinking Water Total Main Source of Lighting Electricity - main grid Main toilet facility None Main form of waste disposal Total Main source of Drinking Water Well - unprotected Main toilet facility Flush shared Main toilet facility Pit latiren shared 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census 2009 Census ousehold durables in working order;computer 2006 IES ousehold durables in working order;internet Connection 2006 IES ousehold durables in working order;mobile phone 2006 IES ousehold durables in working order;radio 2006 IES ousehold durables in working order;telephone 2006 IES ousehold durables in working order;tv Screen 2006 IES Vanuatu Indicator Description Tags Source Internet use in the week before the Census ;Yes;Total ation ousehold durables in working order;motor vehicle 2006 IES 2009 Census

123 Vulnerable Population Population Structure ousehold Structure Internet use in the week before the Census ;No;Total 2009 Census Population Theme ouseholds; Census Relationship to ousehold ead Adopted son/daughter 2009 Census Relationship to ousehold ead Grandchild 2009 Census Relationship to ousehold ead Not related/friend 2009 Census Language; Local language 2006 IES Language; English 2006 IES Language; French 2006 IES Population 2009 Census Sex Male 2009 Census Sex Female 2009 Census Language; Total 2006 IES Language; Bislama 2006 IES Single Age Group Age in Years (0-14) 2009 Census Single Age Group Age in Years (65 and above) Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% 2009 Census Vietnam

124 Vietnam 16.0 Vietnam Database ighlights & Summary This chapter focuses on the socio-economic indicators relevant to socioeconomic characteristics related to risk in Vietnam. The socio-economic indicators are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education, health, governance & institutional capacity and the environment. The themes were

125 included to organise the socio-economic indicators found to be important to socioeconomic vulnerability from the literature. Figure 61 illustrates the number of indicators in each theme and Figure 62 shows their data completeness by percentage. 4 (14.8%) 7 (25.9%) Education 4 (14.8%) Economy ealth Governance & Institutional Capacity Infrastructure 6 (22.2%) 6 (22.2%) Figure 61: Each theme in the Vietnam dataset by number of indicators and percentage 100% 99% Data Completeness (%) 98% 97% 96% 95% Education Infrastructure Economy Governance & Institutional Capacity ealth Vietnam Figure 62: Data completeness of each theme in the Vietnam dataset The dataset is divided by the 72 provinces of Vietnam and contains 64 indicators which were examined for relevance, completeness, consistency. Overall the database for Vietnam is % complete, with 2,072 out of a total of 2,088 data points containing data, thus leaving 0.77% of the data missing (Error! Reference source ot found.). All 23 indicators out of the total of 29 contained 100% data completeness.

126 Overall the Vietnam database contains 68 out of 72 provinces with 100 % data completeness. Figure 63: Data completeness of each Vietnam provinces As a starting point to understanding socio-economic vulnerability a list of 16 indicators of interest in the Vietnam database (out of a total of 27) were highlighted through informed expert opinion on the literature in social and economic vulnerability (Error! Reference source not found.). In addition the indicators were also tagged ccording to their statistical importance from the statistical analysis. These 16 highlighted indicators are non-comprehensive and other facets of socio-economic vulnerability Vietnam for could be covered with many of the additional indicators in the database. owever these indicators provide a preliminary guide to investigating socio-economic vulnerability within Vietnam List of Indicators in the Vietnam database Table 20: Indicators in the Vietnam database Indicator Description Tags Source Economy Theme

127 ealth Status Education Outcome Education Access Labour Market Income Distribution and Poverty Economic Resources Proportion of households with access to secure tenure-total VGSO Proportion of population living below the international poverty line-total VGSO Rate of households living in slums and temporary settlements-total VGSO Poverty headcount ratio-total I VGSO Proportion of people living below the international food poverty line-total VGSO Ratio of men wage per 1 hour comparing to women in non-agriculture sector-total I VGSO Education Theme Ratio of girls to boys in primary education-total Net enrolment ratio in primary education-total Ratio of girls to boys in upper-secondary education-total VGSO VGSO VGSO Literacy rate of years-old-total VGSO Literacy of women under 40 years-old-total VGSO Primary completion rate-total VGSO Ratio of literate women to men of years-old-total VGSO ealth Theme IV/AIDS prevalence-total VGSO Infant mortality rate-total I VGSO Prevalence of underweight (moderate and severe)-<13 yr VGSO Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel-total I VGSO Prevalence of malaria-total I VGSO Prevalence of underweight (moderate and severe)-male VGSO Vietnam Indicator Description Tags Source Infrastructure Theme

128 Transport and Communication Energy, Water and Sanitation Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation-total VGSO Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source-total VGSO Percentage of households uses personal computer-total I VGSO Telephone lines-total VGSO Tag: SI statistically important indicator (See Cluster Analysis) Tag: an indicator highlighted for particular importance to socio-economic vulnerability Tag: I Data completeness not at 100% but between 75-99% Tag: I2 Data completeness not at 100% but between 50-75% Tag: I3 Data completeness not at 100% but between 25-50% Tag: I4 Data completeness not at 100% but between 0-25% Statistics 17.0 Documentation of Statistical Methods

129 This chapter documents the process of statistically assessing the socio-economic indicators. Covering how correlations, data completeness, missing data imputation and the two step cluster analysis were achieved Data Analysis and Reduction Reducing the 15,821 socio-economic indicators of the 19 state datasets into a smaller parsimonious set of variables that best represent social and economic vulnerability cluster analysis was performed. A factor analysis was considered for sub national however it was deemed inappropriate because of the sample sizes of the databases and the number of level 2 administrative regions. Frequently the ratio of variables to cases (provinces/regions) was unacceptable and the overall number of cases too small for reliable results. Thus an alternative was required and it was determined that a cluster analysis would be capable of assessing the data. Cluster Analysis (Specifically a Two Step Cluster Analysis) groups together variables into cases that represent a common similarity and can be considered the reverse of factor analysis (Field, 2005). This section covers how the cluster analysis was performed and the key decisions that led to the reduced 19 socio-economic datasets. owever it should be noted that the full datasets with all the 15,821 were kept and hence all the indicators remain available for use upon request Overview The steps in the analysis are divided into two key themes, a statistical approach and an expert opinion approach. Expert opinion informed by literature on social and economic vulnerability allowed for real-world knowledge to guide the process and prevent the indicators being selected on a purely statistical basis. Conversely the statistical approach was utilised to provide a statistical basis for the choice of indicators. As shown in Figure 64 the expert opinion starts the process and progresses to the statistical approach with completeness and correlation analyses. Figure 64: Overview of the steps in the methodology towards the creation of the more parsimonious databases, labelled in the Results portion of the figure. After the correlation and completeness analyses they provide the indicators for use in the Two Step Cluster Analysis (TSCA). The TSCA then investigates the variance between the indicators and was interpreted to determine the statistically most important indicators for

130 each sub-theme. Combining the results of the TSCA with the expert opinion ensured that most relevant indicators were not ignored by the statistical approach because they lacked 100% data completeness or were correlated too highly with another variable (> ±0.8) and became redundant. 100% data completeness is an important attribute not just for comparison between the countries but is also required for the TSCAs Expert-driven Reduction of Data Applying the knowledge of experts and reliance on the extant literature provides a qualitative solution to determining the key indicators required for a social and economic vulnerability database. During a series of expert working group sessions at the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology all of the indicators (15,821) in the socio-economic datasets were ranked according to their importance within each sub-theme. This process identified 2203 indicators across all 19 countries and this knowledge was added to aid the statistical method Statistical Approach: Correlations Investigating the correlation structure between the indicators allows for the redundant variables to be removed and the size of the datasets to be reduced as a part of the goal of creating smaller and more parsimonious datasets. The redundant variables are two or more variables that explain the same information. For the indicators that correlated highly together, a decision had to be made during the correlation process between which of the two indicators to retain. The expert opinion at the final step ensures that there is a validation process in the elimination choice of indicators due to correlations in the final the final Social and Economic dataset. To investigate the correlation matrix in detail the 15,821 indicators were divided up according to their respective countries and subthemes. When considering the correlation coefficient between two variables a limit of ± 0.8 was utilised for deciding redundancy. This was chosen because of a desire to only exclude those variables that are very highly correlated and together provided no significant additional information for socio-economic vulnerability. In addition the variables within the dataset were expected to be correlated together and this fact allows for a TSCA to cluster together the appropriate variables. It is important to note that indicators with less than 100% data completeness cannot be utilised in the Two Step Cluster Analysis. Thus any indicators after the correlation analysis that contained missing data were removed. During the correlation analysis step when two indicators correlated highly together (± 0.8) and were consider of equal importance, the indicator with the lower data completeness of the two was dropped. Overall the 2,203 indicators were then reduced to 1,778 based on the correlation and completeness criteria these indicators were transferred to data completeness for analysis before the Two Step Cluster Analysis Statistical Approach: Two Step Cluster Analysis The next stage in reducing the 19 Socio-Economic datasets into more parsimonious social and economic vulnerability datasets was achieved through a Two Step Cluster Analysis (TSCA). A TSCA forms groups of related variables by utilising a similarity measure such as Euclidean distance after standardising the data. This technique allowed the importance of

131 each indicator to be accessed through an importance factor that indicates the significance of each indicator to clustering the variables. TSCA s were conducted separately for each of the subthemes for each country that contained indicators that passed through the statistical and expert opinion approach2. The TSCA automatically determines an appropriate number of clusters to extract from the data. owever since for many countries the datasets of the sub-themes contained a small number of indicators or small sample sizes, the TSCA would attempt to extract a single cluster and fail. Thus in these circumstances it was decided to extract 2 cluster solutions to provide a clear solution. Running the TSCAs in SPSS provided a measure of cluster quality to ensure that no cluster solutions were unacceptable Two Step Cluster Analysis: Example An example is provided to demonstrate the methodology as it was applied to the subtheme of Absence of Violence and Terrorism in Japan. This example can be considered representative of the procedure utilised to analyse and assess the results of the TSCAs for each state s theme/subtheme. The country of Japan has 8 indicators in the sub-theme of Absence of Violence and Terrorism that passed the expert opinion and statistical analyses and is appropriate for the Two Step Cluster Analysis (TSCA). After clustering the indicators into two clusters the value of the Silhouette measure of cohesion and separation was computed as approximately This is a measure of the clustering solutions overall goodness-of-fit and indicated that the cluster quality is Good (Figure 65). The TSCA provides a measure of the indicator s importance in deciding the clustering between the variables referred to as the Predictor Importance and indicates which indicates are most relevant in the subtheme (Figure 66 and Table 21). The predicator importance value has a maximum of 1 to a minimum of 0, indicating an indicator has no predictive power in determining the clusters. The results of the TSCA indicate that the key indicator of the subtheme Absence of Violence and Terrorism in Japan s is the indicator Number of persons arrested - violent juvenile offenders (persons) with a predictor importance value of 1. (Per 1,000 people) the number of reported cases penal code offenses (of)" and Number of representative police station (Per 100k inhabitable land m²) are 2nd and 3rd in the list however their predictive importance drops off rapidly (0.61 and 0.37 respectively). This suggests that the number of violent juvenile offenders is key factor in predicting Violence and Terrorism in Japan. owever, in this analysis the number of police stations will still be kept as a suggested indicator in the dataset as this is a transparent and meaningful indicator used in modelling social vulnerability and resilience. The added value is that the predictive power of this indicator for Absence of Violence and Terrorism will also be indicated in the dataset. 2 In total there were 47 TSCAs conducted excluding the subthemes Equipment and Non-Structural Components, Basic Geography, Landuse/Landcover, Laws, Rights & Voice, Political Stability and Control of Corruption which failed to contain enough indicators with 100 % data completeness or not too closely correlated (± 0.8).

132 Figure 65: Summary of the Two Step Cluster Analysis and the quality of the clustering. Figure 66: List of the indicators based on the Predictor Importance which is a measure of the indicator s importance in deciding the clustering between the variables. Table 21: List of indicators of Japan s Absence of Violence and Terrorism subtheme ordered by the predictor importance Indicators Predictor Importance Number of persons arrested - violent juvenile offenders (persons) 1 (Per 1,000 people) The number of reported cases penal code offenses (of) 0.61 (Per 100k inhabitable land m²) Number of representative office, police station, police station (station) 0.37 (Per 100,000 population) number of referral for special law offenses (of) 0.34 Cleared for penal code offenses rate (%) 0.32 (Per 1,000 population) Number of police officers (persons) 0.17 (Per 1,000 population aged 14-19) number of persons arrested juvenile thieves (people) 0.08 Police costs per capita [finance department] (thousand yen) 0.08