C:\1 Document CBMS\Progress Report\Phase 3 Progress Report\Copy of LAOCBMS_Final Report doc

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1 C:\1 Document CBMS\Progress Report\Phase 3 Progress Report\Copy of LAOCBMS_Final Report doc 1

2 1.1. Training of Village Enumerator, Toomlan 15-17/09/2005 The second group called Toomlan CBMS team which consist of 11 villages and 11 enumerators to attending the training, referring to the hard road to Toomlan district was cut off with river during the rainy season or from July to October of every year, the training has to be held in the provincial level; the training call 2 district supervisors, 2 supervisors from Province level and 11 representative from 11 village including those two who did the pilot survey. 2. Field work 2.1. Implementation Survey 18/Sept-17/Oct/2005 The survey started from the finalizing of the training, data collection period is 1 month, there are two team of survey, the first team is Sepon team, which has 2 supervisors from Savanakhet province and 1 from district level with 21 enumerators, the second team is Toomlan team which consist of 2 supervisor from province and 2 from district (due to the road to village is difficult therefore 2 supervisors) and 11 village enumerators Supervisors & enumerators The supervisors were assigned to each survey site, the role of supervisors is to assist the village enumerator in case they have a problem or anything unclear relating to the data collection or data filling into the form, the supervisor had to do the preliminary data checking. The supervisors are suppose to report if there is anything which the province supervisor can not solve to the NSC team, 2.3. Data entry, Editing and Processing Data entry done from 17-23/10/2005 in Saravan province, before making data entry; the operational orientation had to be set up, the members from each team 3 from Sepon team and 3 from Toomlan and 2 staffs from NSC joined in this event. Anyway before filling in the system the filled questionnaires have to be gone through again to make sure every appropriate data is not missing. The entry had spent 4 days, one day left the team sit together again run data then see the result. Data editing had not finalized properly in the province level due to the time planed is over, then the NSC team had to go through the whole data set and clean again in central level then the team came out with the draft of preliminary data from 24 village, the data was shared among the team in province as well as in district level in the meeting called Village book and Poverty Implementation Discussion from December 2005, Vientiane which call CBMS province and district partner and all province statistics unit to join. Data processing was done in NSC by CBMS technical staff, this activity started with the final checking, by run all data out and see if any thing is missing or not C:\1 Document CBMS\Progress Report\Phase 3 Progress Report\Copy of LAOCBMS_Final Report doc 2

3 appropriate, the result from the data base was shared among the team before making changes, the data was processed using Ms Access query and making tabulation with Ms Excel, the data was check again by SPSS. 3. Analysis and Report The data analysis has been done with collaboration between the Central CBMS team and the representative of General Department, the Committee for Planning and Investment. The report has set out into 11 chapters. (See Annex02) 4. Dissemination meeting and Technical meeting Before the national dissemination meeting, the CBMS Lao team had organized local consultation & present workshop, objective is to present and discuss the out put of the project or data collection from 24 villages, the meeting was held on 21 July 2006, (see Annex 03) The meeting has been held on 15 August, 2006, Donchanh Hotel, Vientiane, Lao PDR, the meeting invited 27 participants from Ministries, International Organization and concerned 2 provinces and 2 districts, the actual number of participant who attend the meeting is 26 people. (See Annex 04) The dissemination work shop was running in the half day while another half day is for the technical meeting within the CBMS Team members, the objective is to highlight what is going to do after getting comment from the meeting, the participants are CBMS team member and surrounding divisions of NSC, Project Administration According to the main task of each activity, the project has to assign some new member and some new village enumerators into the real activity of work field as name listed below: Name of CBMS Implementation Working Group, Toomlan District: - Supervisors o Mr. Vixien Navikoun, Provincial Project Coordinator, Director General of Planning and Investment Department o Mr. Khamking Keosouphanh, Provincial CBMS Technical, Deputy Chief of Statistics Unit, CPI Dep. o Mr. Somchid Phathula, Chief of Statistics office, Toomlan District o Miss. Buaphat, Statistics officer, Toomlan District C:\1 Document CBMS\Progress Report\Phase 3 Progress Report\Copy of LAOCBMS_Final Report doc 3

4 Village enumerators name 1. Mr. Phouvong, Head of Donsaad Village 2. Mr. Koun, Head of Naposim village 3. Mr. Bounhieng, Head of Naphoyai village 4. Mr. Khamphou, Head of Navienghong Village 5. Mr. Thongdam, Head of Nahongkang Village 6. Mr. Bounma, Head of Nahongkham village 7. Mr. Khamsing, Head of Nadounoy village 8. Mr. Simone, Head of Nadouyai village 9. Mr. Khamchanh, Head of Namatong village 10. Mr. Bounkham, Head of Naphonoy village 11. Mr. Bounlong, Head of Nonsavang village Sepon District - Supervisors o Mr. Sithon Nantharath, Provincial Project Coordinator, Deputy Director of Planning and Investment department o Mr. Keokhonesy, Statistics Officer o Mr. Bounlam Daenathidouthai, Chief of Statistics Office, Sepon District Village enumerators name 1. Mr. Somphong, Phonemuang village 2. Mr. Toon, Phonemuang village 3. Mr. Somphone, Phonemuang village 4. Mr. Sitha, Deputy Head of Huaysaan village 5. Mr. Khonesavanh, Deputy Head of Huaysaan village 6. Mr. Bounmee, Deputy Head of Kahan village 7. Mr. Khamphone, Deputy Head of Pheung village 8. Mr. Buakhai, Deputy Head of Kaengyang village 9. Mr. Vanhdee, Deputy Head of Dansavanh village 10. Mr. Khamsone, Member Youth Union, Dansavanh village 11. Mr. Lo, Head of Youth Union, Dansavanh village 12. Miss. Somchai, Member Youth Union, Sonemeexay village 13. Miss. Phaivanh, Member Youth Union, Sonemeexay village 14. Mr. Kam, Member Youth Union, Oudomsouk village 15. Mr. Kongxay, Member Youth Union, Oudomsouk village 16. Mr. Boon, Member Youth Union, Lakhonesy village 17. Mr. Phoukeo, Member Youth Union, Vongvilay village 18. Miss. Bilavanh, Member Youth Union, Vongvilay village 19. Mr. Vanhla, Head of Huakua village 20. Mr. Lamgneun, Deputy Head of Sobnam village 21. Mr. Naly, Deputy Head of Kadup village C:\1 Document CBMS\Progress Report\Phase 3 Progress Report\Copy of LAOCBMS_Final Report doc 4

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6 National Statistics Center Committee for Planning and Investment Final Report Community - Based Monitoring System In Lao PDR The Survey in Sepon (Savanakhet) and Toomlan Districts (Saravan) Supported by IDRC May 2006 National Statistics Centre, Committee for Planning and Investment Luangprabang Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR Tel , : Fax , nscp@etllao.com 1

7 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION SURVEY METHODOLOGY PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY SAMPLE VILLAGES SELECTION AND FIELD OPERATION PROCEDURE OF DATA ENTRY AND DATA PROCESSING RESULTS OF SURVEY VILLAGE CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH... 9 TABLE 5: NEW BORN AND DEATH (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION) SEX RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIO POPULATION AND VILLAGE DISTRIBUTION NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND LABOR FORCE NON- AGRICULTURE OCCUPATION HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS HOUSING SOURCE OF WATER FOR DRINKING AND COOKING MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR COOKING TYPE OF TOILET AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK RICE CULTIVATION LIVESTOCK HEALTH STATUS NUMBER OF ILL PEOPLE BY MAIN DISEASE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ILLITERACY RATE FOR PEOPLE AGED 15 YEARS AND ABOVE EXPENDITURE AND INCOME EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION INCOME SOURCE POVERTY MONITORING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8 1. Introduction With the strong commitment of government to achieve the objective of poverty eradication in order to achieve its goals of overcoming the status of Least Developed Country by the year 2020 an operational poverty eradication program is significant important. Based on this policy, the National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES) was developed and adopted by National Assembly during In the implementing and monitoring of the NGES there is demand on information of the poor especially at the community level. To measure the social and economic performance of the country as well as NGPES it is required to have a set of data and information which reflected the results of socio and economic performance in different level, particularly at the unit of implementation. The monitoring in Lao PDR has introduced the bottom-up approach system using the community based data collection or Village Book System and the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey for poverty monitoring for national level. The Village Book has been improved. The questionnaire and methodology for data collection have been redesigned by implementing the CBMS under support of IDRC. The adopting of CBMS tools is to ensure quality of data and enhance capacity of local data collector and provincial statistician. The CBMS project has been running since March The purpose of the project is to assist the provincial officers to develop and design a tool for data collection via the Village book and to build capacity of the selected local authorities in data collection as well as to provide practical scientifically generated data to local authorities for their effective planning, monitoring and evaluation of priority development projects. The CBMS or village book is aims to collect on socio-economic information from grass-root level, which consist of data on population, housing, agriculture, labor statistics or main activities, education, health and poverty. The village chief is responsible for filling this book and report to districts, district report to provincial office and then report to NSC. The CBMS project has been implemented over the period of 24 months in three phases. Phase 1 of the project was undertaken during 6 months from March 16 to September 2004; the pilot phase started in October and went on to March 2005; Phase 3 started in April 2005 and concluded in March The project has conducted a pilot survey in 4 poor villages in the poorest district in Savanakhet and Saravanh province during 2004 and has implemented the main survey in The survey covered 24 villages in the same districts as the pilot period. 13 villages in Sepone and 11 villages in Toomlan were selected for CBMS implementing. The selection of villages in Toomlan District is based on the focus area of provincial government, so called Development Villages. The selected villages in 3

9 Sepone are not development villages. However, these villages will be formed as development villages in the near future. CBMS SITE LOCATION SEPONE SAVANNAKHET Vietnam TOOMLARN Thailand SARAVANE PAKSE Country border Province border District border Roads Mekong river 4

10 2. Survey Methodology 2.1. Purpose and scope of the survey The National Statistics Center has recently received support from the IDRC trough the regional coordinator is CBMS International Network, Angelo King Institute for economic and business study of the De la Salle University to implement Lao-CBMS project from 2004 to The project has assisted NSC to develop a data collection tool and provide the technical assistant to strengthening the capacity building of local authority and to support the existing Village Book in Lao PDR. The project has reidentified the indicators of Village Book and developed a mechanism of data collecting and result analysis for local authorities to strengthen their monitoring capacity. The survey will also provide a set of data base for the selected districts and it can be used for the target intervention in the mentioned two development village areas. The data collection was done in September 2005 by the village staff with collaboration of provincial and district statisticians. The survey was leaded by CBMS team at NSC. The fieldwork has carried out for 4 weeks Sample Villages Selection and Field Operation The Sample selection has not applied any statistical technique since we want to focus in some districts where the local authority showing their interest to implement this CBMS. The sample villages for CBMS site were chosen based on the agreement between the provincial Committee for Planning and Investment and NSC as agreed in the pilot period. These villages are located in the poorest districts. There are 24 villages in the survey; 13 villages in Sepone district in Savannakhet and 11 villages in Toomlan district in Saravan province. The data collection was conducted in September The enumerators or interviewers were village head, the head youth organization and village security group. Before the field operation enumerators were trained on technique and methodology on how to collect data and how fill it in the questionnaires and validation checking. The survey was done as full enumeration in all selected villages. There are 392 households with 3435 people in Toomlan and 1193 housejolds with 7435 people in Sepone district. Those villages are compound in the same location. Out of these households there are 7 collective household which are located in Sepone district. 5

11 Table 1: Number of sample villages in each District Districts Toomlan, Saravan province Sepon, Savannakhet province Villages Collective Household Agriculture household Total household Total population Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou Yai Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho Yai Napho Noy Nonsavang Sub total ,435 Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan ,426 Pholmuang ,342 Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Subtotal ,193 7,535 Total 7 1,081 1,585 10, Procedure of Data Entry and Data processing NSC has developed the Data entry Programme using Microsoft Access and then installed it in the provincial office. The training was conducted for data entry on how to key the data in and how to check, correct and edit the data. 6

12 The data entry and editing were done in two steps: First the enumerators have checked the validation manually. Second the districts and provincial officers rechecked the quality and consistency. The data entry, editing and cleaning the data base was done by provincial staff. Then the data was brought to NSC for analysis, processing and tabulation for the purpose of survey report. The provincial office is practiced the basic tabulation for their exercise using the MS Excel. Due to lack of capacity and computer facility of local statistics office all data processing and analysis is using SPSS. During this phase NSC has organized a course on data processing and tabulation for provincial statistician using MS Excel since there is lack of other software available at provincial office in order to increase their data processing capacity. This course was useful and helpful for provincial officers and they are interest in participating. This was the first courses, which introduced to the local statistician in process and tabulate of their own data. Equipment and software used: PC with software Micosoft Access and SPSS ver Data base is restored as Access files. 3. Results of Survey 3.1. Village Characteristics The 24 CBMS Villages are located in the remote areas of two provinces ( Savannakhet in the central and Saravan in the south ) of Lao PDR. All villages in Toomlan are classified as rural areas and most of household are engaged in agriculture work and partly involve in non-agriculture activity such as weaving and handicraft. If we compared the two districts, Toomlan is far behind Sepone in terms of access to basic infrastructure. 91 percent of total household in the CBMS villages do not have access to electricity and no access to road percent of villages do not have health care center and over 55 percent of villages has no school in their village. Dansavan is located close to the border between LaoPDR and Vietnam. So this village has better transportation facility and has more opportunity in income generating from non-agriculture activity (Road No. 9 which is connected to Vietnam and Thailand). About 85 percent of villages have access to electric network and 76 percent have shool in their own villages. However the is only few villages has health care center and permanent market in the villages. Most of these people access market at the border to Vietnam (for detail see table 2 below). 7

13 Table 2: Village characteristics Assess to: Districts Villages Urban / rural Electricit y Wate r Access to road Market Healthca re center primary school Donsad Rural No Yes No No Yes Yes Namatong Rural No No No No No Yes Navienghong Rural No Yes No No No No Nahongkang Rural No No No No Yes Yes Toomlan Nahongkham Rural No No No No No No Nadou nhay Rural No Yes No No No No Nadou Noy Rural No Yes No No Yes Yes Naphosim Rural No No No No Yes Yes Napho nhay Rural Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Napho noy Rural No Yes No No No No Nonsavang Rural No Yes No No No No Number of village with no access/ rural Percentage of village with no access/ rural Kadap Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Kahan Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Sonemisay Urban Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Soapnum Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Vongvilay Rural No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Sepone Huisan Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Huakhua Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Kengjang Rural No Yes Yes No No Yes Dansavan Rural Yes Yes Yes No No No Pholmuang Urban Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Pheung Rural Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Lakhonsy Rural Yes Yes Yes No No No Oudomsuk Rural Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Number of village with no access/ rural Percentage of village with no access/ rural

14 4. Population 4.1. Population Size and Growth This part looks at the population size and structure of 24 villages. The analysis is based on the population as enumerated with reference to the survey conducted by NSC with support from the IDRC through the regional coordinator CBMS international network. In September 2005, 11 village in Toomlan and 13 villages in Sepon district had a total population of 3435 and 7535 persons, respectively. Totally, these 24 villages had a population of 10,970 persons. Out of these; 5,453 were females (49.71 percent) and 5517 were males (50.29%). The sex-distributions of the population are shown in the table 3. The sexdistribution is often illustrated that the proportion of males is higher than that of females, percent and percent, respectively. However, if we consider separately, there were more females than males in the Toomlan district, particularly in Naphosim, Nahongkang and Nadou Noy which has percentage more than 54 percent. Table 3: Number of Population Population Districts Villages Total Female % of F s Male %of Males No.of HH Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepone Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total ,193 Total ,585 9

15 Among villages, the number of new born baby and the number of total death varied from each village. It ranges from 4 to 25 babies and 0 to 8 deaths in Toomlan district, respectively. In Sepone district, on the other hand, it ranges from 2 to 35 babies and 0 to 9 deaths, respectively (see table 4) Table 4: Number of New Born and Number of Total death Total New born Death Districts Villages HH Total Female Male Total Female Male Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total 1, Total 1, Table 5 shows Crude birth rate and crude death rate among villages. During 12 months the Crude birth rate was about 44.5 babies per 1000 lives birth in Toomlan district, while only 21.5 in Sepon district. On the other hand, crude death rate was also higher in Toomlan district (10.2) than that in Sepone (3.8). However, there were not significant differential in birth and death between girl and boy in these two districts 10

16 Table 5: Crude birth rate and Crude death rate, Crude birth rate per 1000 livesbirth Crude death rate per 1000 people District Villages Total Female Male Total Female Male Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total Grand Total Sex Ratio Definition: The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females. Hence a ratio below 100 indicates that there are more females than males. Generally, the sex ratio in two districts was 1.01.The sex ratio was 0.9 in Toomlan, lower than 1.0 in Sepon, it meant that there was more females than males in Toomlan see table 6 below. 11

17 Table 6 : Sex Ratio Population Sex Districts Villages Total Female Male Ratio Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepone Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total Total Dependency Ratio The Dependency Ratio is the ratio of the population aged 0-14 and 61+ to the population aged years. The ratio was 1.15 in Toomlan district compared to 0.78 in Sepone district. Thus, there were more dependent persons in Toomlan 12

18 district than that in Sepone district. Also, there were differences across villages. In Toomlan district, the highest dependency ratio was in Nadounhay village, while the lowest ratio was in Nonsavang village. In the Sepon district, on the other hand, the highest ratio was in Kadap and Kahan villages, while the lowest was in Lakhonsy village (see figure 1 and 2). Figure 1: Dependency Ratio of Toomlan Diastrict 1.40 Dependency Ratio in Toomlan District Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Figure 2: Dependency Ratio of Sepone Diastrict Dependency Ratio of Sepone District Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisai Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk 4.4. Population and Village Distribution The results from the data collection in 2005 are distributed across 24 villages of Toomlan and Sepone districts. Toomlan district adapted 11 villages, while Sepon accepted 13 villages. Navienhong was the most populous village in Toomlan with a population of 489, and Namatong village had less population with only 153. In Sepone district, 13

19 Dansavan was the most populous village with a population of 1426, while Soapnum had only 196 (see figure 3 and 4). Figure 3: Population by Villages in Toomlan District Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Figure 4: Population by Villages in Sepon District Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisai Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk 4.5. Number of Households and Household Size The result shows that the average household size was 6.9 persons. The household size is generally lower in 13 villages in Sepon district (6.3 persons), as comparing to the household size in 11 villages in Toomlan district (8.8). The distribution of household size by villages is presented in the table 7. The villages Namatong, Nadou noy and Napho noy in Toomlan district had the highest average household size about 10.2 members while villages Kahan and Pheung of Sepone district had the lowest average size, about 5.2 members per household. 14

20 Table 7: Household Size by Villages Districts Toomlan Sepon Villages Agriculture household Total households Household Size Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total 690 1, Total 1,081 1, Economic Activity and Labor Force Almost households in Toomlan district were occupied with agricultural activity (92.41 percent), while about half of the households in Sepone district were engaged in this activity. The figure shows that there was about 1.68 percent, who worked for the government, and only 0.05 percent worked for private sector. It is interesting to 15

21 note that there was very low rate of unemployment in this district (only 0.43 percent). In the Sepone district, on the other hand, there were more people worked for the government and private sectors, and 2.14 percent, respectively. The rate of villagers who worked for other activities were quite high (38.06 percent). However, the rate of unemployment was much higher (3.54 percent) compared to the Toomlan district (see figure 5 and 6) Figure 5: Distribution of the population by main activities in Toomlan district ( Population aged 10 years and above) 5.42% 0.43% 0.05% 1.68% Toomlan Farmers Government officers Private officers Unimployed Others 92.41% Figure 6: Distribution of the population by main activities in Sepone district ( Population aged 10 years and above) Sepone 38.06% 3.54% 2.14% 45.38% Farmers Government officers Private officers Unimployed Others 10.88% 4.7. Non- Agriculture Occupation Table 8 presents the results from a question about the main occupation in the last 12 months of non-farm activities. As has been stated earlier, farming is the dominant sector of the economy in all villages of these two districts. In parallel with farming and gardening, the additional activities like weaving, handicraft, 16

22 furniture and others were also engaged by villagers, especially weaving which covers only 0.86 and 0.94 percent in Toomlan and Sepone districts, respectively. About 1.10 percent of villagers in Toomlan were occupied in handicraft and 0.16 percent in Sepone. In these two districts, the highest percentage of households occupied weaving activity was Nonsavang village (7.06 percent), 9.09 percent of households in Nahongkang village were engaged n handicraft, and other 9.09 percent were engaged in other non-agricultural activities. In Sepone, few households were occupied in non-agricultural activity. The highest percentage of households engaged in weaving activity was Pholmuang village (4.11 percent). Table 8: Villages with Non-Farm Activities, percent Districts Villages Weaving Handicraft Furniture Others Donsad Navienghong Toomlan Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou Noy Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total Kahan Soapnum Huisan Huakhua Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total Total

23 5. HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS 5.1. Housing There are a number of factors forming the living conditions for the households. In order to give a picture of all these, special surveys are necessary to be carried out. Housing is one of the indicators for measuring the living condition in Toomlan and Sepon districts. Tenure status refers to the arrangements under which the household occupied its living quarters and the nature of its right to be there. Almost 100 percent of the households owned their houses/dwelling units. Type of dwelling unit refers to the type of housing structure occupied by the household. The most common type of dwelling in Toomlan and Sepone distrcs is the wooden house, occupied by 58.6 percent of households (see Table 9). The second largest type of dwelling is bamboo house (31 percent). Concrete dwelling units are occupied by 6.5 percent of households in Sepon district. Oudomsak village had the highest percentage of concrete housing (14.7 percent), while none households of Toomlan district were occupied concrete dwelling. Table 9: Household Characteristics by Village Housing by Type of Construction Material Districts Villages Concrete House Mixed Concrete/ Wood Wooden House Bamboo House Others Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Toomlan Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total

24 Table 9: Household Characteristics by Village (con t) Housing by Type of Construction Material Districts Villages Concrete House Mixed Concrete/ Wood Wooden House Bamboo House Others Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Sepon Huisan Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total Total Source of Water for Drinking and Cooking More than 80 percent of households gathering their water from well/borehole or Nam lin and another 10.5 percent of household fetch their water from rivers or streams, and from other source 5.3 percent. Comparing among villages, there are more households in Toomlan are accessed to water from unsafe source of water especially Naphosim, Naphoyai and Napho noy while there are only few household in Sepon have access to water from River/Stream or Lake. 19

25 Table 10: Main Sources of Water in Percent District Villages Water supply Bore hole/ well/ numlin River/pond Other water Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total Grand Total

26 5.3. Main Sources of Energy for Cooking All villages of Sepon district used firewood/charcoal as a main source of energy for cooking. In Toomlan, on the other hand, almost all households (99.7 percent) used fired wood and charcoal as the main source of energy for cooking and 0.26 percent used other source of energy. None of households in 24 villages of two Districts Toomlan and Sepon have used neither Electricity nor Fuel/Coal/gas. Table 11: Main Sources of Energy for Cooking District Villages Electricity Fuel & coal/gas Firewood & charcoal Other energy Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total Grand Total Type of Toilet As result shown in Table 11, percent of the households did not make use of toilets. As could be expected the table also shows that the sanitation is most severe in the Toomlan district, where the proportion of households without using toilet facilities is much higher (92.09 percent) compared to the Sepone district (51.55 percent). 21

27 As for the different types of toilet used, 9 villages of Sepon district (25.06 percent of households) used modern/filter toilet, compared to only one village of Toomlan district (7.14 percent of the households) used this type of toilet. Table 12: Type of Toilet Districts Villages Modern/Filter Toilet Normal /Dry Toilet No Toilet Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total Total

28 6. Agriculture and Livestock 6.1. Rice Cultivation Rice production is the main stable crop in Lao PDR and it is significant in these 24 villages. Almost all households were growing rice and they were selfsubsistence farmers. The households in 11 villages of Toomlan district are engaged in low land rice, while nearly half (40 percent) of households in 13 village of Sepon district are occupied with upland rice. In 24 villages, there is hectares of planted area for Lowland rice, while irrigation area is quite small in these villages only 8.1 hectares, the production of lowland rice for last season was tons and irrigation rice was tons. The yield for both lowland and irrigation rice for these CBMS villages is truly low if comparing to other source of data, the reason is because of the data collection for this purpose can not represent as sample for one district but to reflect on only the specific selected area. Table 13: Low land rice and Irrigation Lowland Irrigation District Villages Planted Area Production Ton/Hectar Planted Area Production Ton/Hectar Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub total Grand Total

29 Table 14 showing the upland rice and other crops, according to the result of data collection from these villages, there are only 13 villages of Sepon grow this kind of rice. The planted area for upland rice is hectares while other crops is criticized to be less, only 5.2 hectares; the production of upland rice was tons and other crop was 5.8 tons. Table 14: Upland and other crop Upland Others District Villages Planted Area Production Ton/Hectar Planted Area Production Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang SubTotal Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk SubTotal Grand Total Livestock Similar to rice growing, livestock husbandry is another activity of household in the villages among 24 villages. People raise livestock like cows and buffalos for use in transportation and plow rice field. The livestock is also used as a way of household saving. They will sell when money is needed. There are totally 1764 cows, 2596 buffaloes, 1661 pigs, 787 sheep & goats, poultries and for other livestock(including fish released). 24

30 Table 15: Livestock by Households District Villages Cows Buffalos Pigs Sheep & goats Poultry Other Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang ,050 Nahongkham ,227 Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang ,903 Sub Total 541 1, ,524 12,323 Kadap Kahan Sonemisay ,094 2,186 Soapnum Vongvilay ,712 43,893 Huisan ,100 Sepon Huakhua Kengjang ,700 Dansavan ,500 Pholmuang ,138 32,335 Pheung ,046 Lakhonsy ,910 Oudomsuk ,000 Sub Total 1,223 1, , ,425 Grand Total 1,764 2,596 1, , ,748 In both districts, the common animals raised by the households are buffalos and pigs. Particularly in Sepon district, goats were raised commonly by the households in all villages, while only very few households in Donsad and Naphonhay of Toomlan were raising goats. Also, households in Sepon raised more (double) cows, chickens and ducks compared to Toomlan (See tale 14). However, the animal decease is one of the village restrictions in Lao PDR. In 24 CBMS villages, villagers have faced this problem, particularly, Navienghong and Nornsavang villages of Toomlan districts as well as Vongvilay and Pholmuang villages of Sepon district. 25

31 Table 16: Number of Livestock Death in the past 12 months District Villages Cows Buffalos Pigs Poultry Others Donsad Namatong Navienghong ,046 - Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total , Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay ,688 - Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang ,142 - Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total ,842 7 Grand Total , Health Status 7.1. Number of ill people by main disease in the past 12 months Malaria and diarrhea are the mainstream problems in the southern people. Number people affected in CBMS site varies from each village. In 11 villages of Toomlan, The result shows there are 141 sick people caused by Malaria, particularly in Donsad, Napho noy, Nadou Noy, Nonsavang and Nadou nhay, and for Diarrhea there are 65 people while other disease also hold a big number of 88 people. In 13 viillages of Sepone maralia is also considered to be spreading, the result shows there are 149 of sick people caused by Malaria, among these village, Oudomsuk is the most severe area which has Malaria sickness of 41 people while Dansavan has 22, Polmuang 19 and Kanhan 17 respectively. For Diarrhea there are 45 people, Dengue there are 27 people and other has 478 people. 26

32 Table 17: Number of sick people by main disease in the past 12 month District Villages Dengue Malaria Diarrhea Others Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Toomlan Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total Grand Total Illiteracy rate for people aged 15 years and above Illiteracy rate for people age 15 and above is very important for household economic development, on the other hand this age group is also important for the Labor Market for income generation. According to the data collection from 24 villages, the illiteracy rate is 35.9 %, Female is 44.9% and Male is 26.3%. Out of 11 villages in Toomlan, Donsad village has got very severely Illiteracy rate of 95.3 %, while Nadou Noy has the lowest rate. Anyway the illiteracy rate in these villages is still high as resulted the average rate is 70.3%. In 13 villages of Sepon, the average rate is 23.0%, this rate is lower when compare to the situation in 11 villages in Toomlan, the most severe situation is in Kahan and Kadap with 88.7 percent and 62.5 percent, respectively. 27

33 Table 18: Illiteracy rate for people age 15 years and above Illiterate people age 15+ Total population age 15+ Illiteracy rate of people age 15+ District Villages Female Male Total Female Male Total ò ¾ ì Toomlan Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total , , Sepon Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total ,042 2,276 2,256 4, Grand Total 1, ,233 3,194 3,033 6,

34 9. Expenditure and Income 9.1. Expenditure and Consumption On average, a household in Lao PDR consumes goods and services for a value of 1.1 million Kip or Kip per month per person. The average expenditure in the CBMS villages is about Kip per month per person. The definition of food expenditure only includes the cash expenditure. The own produced food are not yet included. Food products make up more than half of the consumption. In figure 13 presented the food and non food expenditure of two districts. This indicates that the Toomlan villagers have less access to market compare to Sepone villagers. Therefore Sepon has higher Non-food expenditure than in Toomlan villagers where food expenditure is higher than 60 percent. Figure 13: Share of Food and non-food expenditure in Toomlan and Sepon Toomlan Sepon Food Noon-food The food and non food consumption varies between villages. Surprisingly, Donsad village has the lowest share of food consumption. The highest share of food consumption was Napho noy, Nahongkham, Nahongkang, Nadou noy, Napho sim, Nonsavang (approximately 80 percent and above). 29

35 Figure 14: Food and non-food consumption by village in Toomlan Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Food Non-food The Consumption pattern in Sepone villages is very different from each other. In Kadap and Huisan people consume more food than non food ( 80 percent ) compare to other villages see (figure 15) Figure 15: Food and non-food consumption by village in Sepone Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Food Non-food 30

36 Table 18 show the pattern of consumption by type of food and non food group item, the result identifies that rice consumption covers high percentage compare to other item as well as to non food items in 11 village of Toomlan 56.5 and 22.1 percent while in 13 villages of Sepon rice and other non food group is slightly different, 27.9 and 26.2 percent respectively. Table 19: Share of consumption by village District Toomlan Rice Meat Fish Other food Tobacco & alcohal Village Donsad Namatong Navienghong Nahongkang Nahongkham Nadou nhay Nadou Noy Naphosim Napho nhay Napho noy Nonsavang Sub Total Kadap Kahan Sonemisay Soapnum Vongvilay Huisan Sepon Huakhua Kengjang Dansavan Pholmuang Pheung Lakhonsy Oudomsuk Sub Total Grand Total Clothesfootwear Housing Hoapsampoo Other non food Total 9.2. Income Source Most of the households in Toomlan are engaed in agriculture. Therefore their income from grain agriculture stands for more than 70% of total income, 14% from paid employee. About 2 % from hunting and forestry and 2.5 % is from other sources. 31