DEPARTMENT OF LAND AFFAIRS

Transcription

1 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AFFAIRS MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF LAND REFORM BENEFICIARIES: 2000/2001 Technical Report prepared for the Department of Land Affairs, Directorate Monitoring and Evaluation January 2003 Prepared by Citizen Surveys 102 De Waal House, 172 Victoria Road, Woodstock, 7925 PO Box 16529, Vlaeberg 8018

2 Report Authors Amien Ahmed (Citizen Surveys) Dr. Peter Jacobs (PLAAS, Univ. of the Western Cape) Ruth Hall (PLAAS, Univ. of the Western Cape) Washeelah Kapery (Citizen Surveys) Reza Omar (Citizen Surveys) Matthew Schwartz (Citizen Surveys) Fieldwork Citizen Surveys Data Processing: Mariam Davids (Citizen Surveys) Technical Advisors: Prof. T.B. Pretorius (University of the Western Cape) Dr. Rajen Govender (Khyana Consulting) Final report as submitted on 6 January 2003 to the Department of Land Affairs

3 Table of Contents List of Tables ix List of Annexures xvi Acknowledgements xvii Executive Summary xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to Land Reform Monitoring and Evaluation of Land Reform Context of the Study Overview of the Report CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction Framework for Analysis Questionnaire Design Themes covered by the Questionnaires Structure of the Questionnaires Research Design Sampling Design Sampling Lists Sampling Attained Details of Realised Sample Respondents Fieldwork Problems with the Study CHAPTER THREE: BENEFICIARY PROFILE 3.1 Introduction Household Size & Structure Average Household Size Household Structure Land Grant Beneficiaries By Province By Relationship to Household Head Gender Profile of Household Gender Profile of Household Members Gender Profile of Household Heads Gender Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys i

4 Table of Contents (continued) 3.5 Age Profile of Household Age Profile of Resident Household Members Age Profile of Household Heads Age Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries Age Cohorts by Gender Level of Education Primary Education Secondary Education Adult Illiteracy Education of Land Grant Beneficiaries Education of Household Heads Currently Receiving Education Household Members Receiving Pension & Grants Farming Experience of Household Members Main Activity Status of Household Members Employment Unemployment Formal Education Main Activities of Land Grant Beneficiaries Migration Patterns CHAPTER FOUR: SERVICES AND FACILITIES 4.1 Introduction Housing Number of Rooms Occupied Number of People in Homestead Type of Dwelling Occupied by Household Main Material used for Dwellings Ownership of Homestead Ownership of Homes Outside Project Water Source of Drinking Water Source of Water for Other Purposes Adequacy of Water for Household Purposes Number of Trips and Time Spent Collecting Water Sanitation and Waste Disposal Toilet Facilities Disposal of Refuse Energy Connection to an Electricity Supply Using Wood for Cooking Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys ii

5 Table of Contents (continued) 4.6 Safety and Security Safety of Households Telecommunications Access to a Telephone Conventional Telephone in Homestead Time Taken to Nearest Telephone Roads Health Care Health Services Time Taken to Access Health Service Access to Schooling Primary School Secondary School Payment of Services Payment of Fees to Other Bodies Gender Issues Financial Decisions Gender Attitudes CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT LAND FOR PRIVATE USE 5.1 Introduction Access to Project Land for Private Use Land for Vegetable Garden Land Size (Overall) Land Size: Cultivated Land Rent and Sale of Land Irrigation of Land Land for Other Cultivation Land Size (Overall) Land Size: Cultivated Land Rent and Sale of Land Irrigation of Land CHAPTER SIX: ECONOMIC PROFILE 6.1 Introduction Household Income Mean Household Income Distribution of Household Income Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys iii

6 Table of Contents (continued) 6.3 Expenditure Profile Total Monthly Household Expenditure Food and Non-Food Monthly Expenditure Assets and Wealth Agricultural Tools and Equipment Owned Household Items owned by the Household Savings Loans from Formal Sources Institutions Loan Obtained From Value of Loan Loans from Informal Sources Where Loans Obtained From Value of Loan Cash Loans to Others Livelihood Strategies Source of Income by Gender of Head Source of Income by Province CHAPTER SEVEN: AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES 7.1 Introduction Crop Production Crop Production on Project Land Crops Produced (Types) Crops Harvested Sale of Crops Agricultural Inputs Types of Inputs Used Cost/Perceived Cost of Obtaining Inputs Private Livestock Ownership Type of Livestock Owned Number of Livestock Owned Animal Products Produce CHAPTER EIGHT: PROJECT ACTIVITIES 8.1 Introduction Type of Activities on the Project Cultivation of Land Size of Land for Communal Agriculture Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys iv

7 Table of Contents (continued) 8.4 Number of People on the Project Number of Land Grant Holders Fulltime Workers on the Project Casual Workers on the Project Cash Contributions to Project Contributions by Land Grant Holders (full time employ) Contributions by Land Grant Holders (casual employ) Contributions by Land Grant Holders (not employed) Salaries, Wages, Bonuses and Dividends Mean Monthly Income Paid Out Annual Bonuses and Dividends Paid Out Other Benefits Communal Crop Production Type of Crops Grown Value of Crop Production Agricultural Inputs and Services Agricultural Inputs Agricultural Services Cost of Obtaining Inputs and Services Communal Livestock Type of Livestock Owned Number of Livestock Owned Value of Livestock Animal Products Produced Value of Animal Products Assets Agricultural Equipment and Tools Communally Owned Buildings Loans Source of Loan or Credit Value of Loan Working Capital Overdraft Facility Other Project Activities and Agro-Processing Income and Expenditure Support Services Support Services Received Type of Support Received Monetary Value of Grants and Goods Received Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys v

8 Table of Contents (continued) 8.15 Project Income and Expenditure Project Income Project Expenses CHAPTER NINE: INSTITUTIONAL PROFILE 9.1 Introduction Nature and Functioning of the Legal Entity Nature of Legal Entity Community Meetings Management Committee Meetings Interaction Between Community and Committee Land Grant Usage & Allocation of Profits Organisations, Committees and Groups Committees on the Project Involvement in Organisations and Groups Factor Affecting the Functioning of the Project Management of the Project Conflict and Other Social Factors Other Problems in the Community CHAPTER 10: PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE PROFILE 10.1 Introduction Land Grant Holders on Management Committee Current Management of the Project Structure of the Management Committees Positions on the Management Committee Gender Profile of Management Committee Age Profile of Management Committee Level of Education of Management Committee Management and Farming Experience Previous Management & Leadership Experience Farming Experience Formal Training for Management CHAPTER 11: SATISFACTION AND EXPECTATIONS 11.1 Introduction Satisfaction with Land Reform Process General Satisfaction Nature of Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys vi

9 Table of Contents (continued) 11.3 Satisfaction and Expectations of Service Provision General Satisfaction with Community Services Expectations of Service Provision Other Quality of Life Expectations Expectations about Income, Education & Self-Worth Improving Land Reform Projects CHAPTER 12: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF THE 1998/1999 AND 2000/2001 ASSESSMENTS 12.1 Introduction Land Reform in South Africa The 1999 and 2001 Assessments Some Caveats Beneficiary Profile Household size and structure Literacy and Educational Attainment Employment Trends Services and Facilities Housing Water services Sanitation Energy Telecommunications Health Care Education Agricultural Activities Production of crops Use of Agricultural Inputs Livestock Ownership and Use Institutional Profile Nature of legal entity Participation Conflict Expectations and Satisfaction General satisfaction with the land reform programme Expectations of service provision Project Activities Communal Crop production Types of Crops Cultivated Livestock Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys vii

10 Table of Contents (continued) 12.9 Economic Profile Household Income Household Expenditure Assets and Wealth Access to Savings Loans and Credit Use of loans Livelihood Strategies Summary and Discussion Targeting Food Security Access to Services Local Institutions Role of Agriculture Methodology Issues CHAPTER THIRTEEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13.1 Introduction Quality of Life Overview Methodology Land Reform M&E Systems Policy REFERENCES Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys viii

11 List of Tables Chapter One Table 1.1: Growth of Land Reform Projects 1994 to Table 1.2: Approved Land Reform Projects from 1994 to 2000 by Province Table 1.3: Approved Land (ha) from 1994 to 2000 by Province Chapter Two Table 2.1: Structure of the Household, Community and Commonage Questionnaires Table 2.2: Type of Questionnaire Administered by Year of Project Table 2.3: Ratio of Sampled Projects Allocated vs. Projects Visited Table 2.4: Sample of Projects Chapter Three Table 3.1: Average Household Size Table 3.2: Mean Household Size by Province Table 3.3: Household Structure by Gender of Household Head Table 3.4: Household Structure by Province Table 3.5: Average Number of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province Table 3.6: Land Grant Beneficiaries by Household Relation Table 3.7: Gender Profile of Household Members Table 3.8: Gender Profile of Household Heads by Province Table 3.9: Gender Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries Table 3.10: Gender Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province Table 3.11: Mean Age of Resident Household Members by Province Table 3.12: Mean Age of Household Heads by Province Table 3.13: Mean Age of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Gender Table 3.14: Mean Age of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Gender of Household Head Table 3.15: Mean Age of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province Table 3.16: Age Cohorts by Gender Table 3.17: Age Profile by Province Table 3.18: Average Level of Education (No. of years) by Province Table 3.19: Household Members Currently Receiving Education Table 3.20: Mean and Median Pension & Grant Income Table 3.21: Farming Experience of Household (15 yrs & older) Table 3.22: Farming Experience of Household (15 yrs & older) by Province Table 3.23: Main Activity for Individuals Aged 5 and Older by Gender Table 3.24: Main Activity for Individuals Aged 5 and Older by Province Table 3.25: Age-Specific Unemployment Rates Table 3.26: Main Activity of Land Grant Beneficiaries Table 3.27: Main Activity of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys ix

12 List of Tables (continued) Table 3.28: Residency Status by Gender and Gender of Head Table 3.29: Residency Status by Province Table 3.30: Main Activity of Migrants Chapter Four Table 4.1: Number of Rooms in Homestead Table 4.2: Number of People in Homestead Table 4.3: Household with Members Living on Project Land Table 4.4: Household Moving to Live on Project Land Table 4.5: Dwelling Type by Province Table 4.6: Main Material used for the Walls of Dwelling by Province Table 4.7: Main Material used for the Roof of Dwelling by Province Table 4.8: Ownership of Homestead by Province Table 4.9: Household with Bond/Loan on Homestead by Province Table 4.10: Households Receiving a Government Housing Subsidy by Province Table 4.11: Payment of Rent for Homestead by Province Table 4.12: Owning a Home Outside of Project by Province Table 4.13: Source of Drinking Water by Province Table 4.14: Source of Water for Other Purposes by Province Table 4.15: Adequacy of Water for Household Purposes by Province Table 4.16: Incidence of Fetching Water for Household Purposes by Province Table 4.17: Duration of each Round Trip to Fetch Water by Province Table 4.18: Type of Toilet Facility Used by Province Table 4.19: How Refuse/Rubbish is Disposed of by Province Table 4.20: Connection to an Electrical Supply by Province Table 4.21: Using Wood for Cooking by Province Table 4.22: How Safe Households Feel by Province Table 4.23: Access to Telephone Table 4.24: Conventional Telephone in the Homestead Table 4.25: Duration of each Round Trip to Access Nearest Telephone by Province Table 4.26: Quality of Road into (Project) Area by Province Table 4.27: Frequency with which roads become Impassable by Province Table 4.28: Health Services used by Households by Province Table 4.29: Time Taken to Nearest Health Service by Province Table 4.30: Difficulty in Attending Primary School - Travelling by Province Table 4.31: Difficulty in Attending Primary School Other Expenses by Province Table 4.32: Difficulty in Attending Secondary School - Traveling by Province Table 4.33: Difficulty in Attending Secondary School Other Expenses by Province Table 4.34: Payment of Fees for Services by Province Table 4.35: Payment of Services Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys x

13 List of Tables (continued) Table 4.36: Payment of Services by Province Table 4.37: Payment of Fees to Other (Community) Entities by Province Table 4.38: Payment of Fees to Other (Community) Entities Table 4.39: Financial Decision Makers in Household Table 4.40: Attitudes towards Gender Roles Table 4.41: Attitudes towards Gender Roles by Gender Chapter Five Table 5.1: Access to Project Land for Private Use by Province Table 5.2: Average Size of Land used for Vegetable Gardens by Province Table 5.3: Cultivated: Average Size of Land used for Vegetable Gardens Table 5.4: Irrigation of Land used for Vegetable Gardens by Province Table 5.5: Average Size of Land used for Other Cultivation by Province Table 5.6: Cultivated: Average Size of Land used for Other Cultivation Table 5.7: Irrigation of Land used for Other Cultivation by Province Chapter Six Table 6.1: Mean and Median Monthly Household Income (Rand) Table 6.2: Total Monthly Household Income by Gender of Head Table 6.3: Total Monthly Household Income by Province Table 6.4: Mean and Median Total Monthly Expenditure (Rand) Table 6.5: Mean and Median Total Monthly Expenditure by Province (Rand) Table 6.6: Mean Monthly Expenditure: Food & Non-Food Items Table 6.7: Mean Monthly Expenditure: Food & Non-Food Items by Province Table 6.8: Assets Household Have Access To by Gender of Head Table 6.9: Assets Household Have Access To by Province Table 6.10: Ownership of Agricultural Tools and Farming Equipment Table 6.11: Ownership of Agricultural Tools and Farming Equipment by Province Table 6.12: Households by Irrigation Pipes by Province Table 6.13: Ownership of Household Items Table 6.14: Ownership of Household Items by Province Table 6.15: Households Perceptions of the Amount of Money They Have Table 6.16: Apply for Loans in Past 12 Months from Formal Sources Table 6.17: Reason for Not Applying for Loan or Credit by Province Table 6.18: Institutions Loan Applied from in the Past 12 Months Table 6.19: Mean Loan Amounts Granted in Past 12 Months (Rand) Table 6.20: Collateral Provided for Loans Table 6.21: What Loan/Credit Was Used For Table 6.22: Apply for Loans in Past 12 Months from Informal Sources Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xi

14 List of Tables (continued) Table 6.23: Apply for Loans by Gender of Head Table 6.24: Reason for Not Applying for Loan From Informal Sources by Province Table 6.25: Where Informal Loan Applied From in the Past 12 Months Table 6.26: Mean Loan Amounts Granted in Past 12 Months (Rand) Table 6.27: Collateral Provided for Loans Table 6.28: What Loan/Credit Was Used For Table 6.29: Household Making Cash Loan to Others Table 6.30: Mean Cash Loan Amounts Made to Others in Past 12 Months (Rand) Table 6.31: Source of Income and Proportion of Source Table 6.32: Source of Income by Gender of Head Table 6.33: Source of Income by Province Chapter Seven Table 7.1: Crops Grown by Household in Past 12 Months on Project Land Table 7.2: Type of Crops Grown by Province Table 7.3: Crops Harvested by Province Table 7.4: Crops Sold by Province Table 7.5: Reason for Not Selling Crops Table 7.6: Type of Inputs Used in the Past 12 Months by Province Table 7.7: Cost/Perceived Cost of Obtaining Inputs Used in the Past 12 Months by Province Table 7.8: Ownership of Private Livestock by the Household by Province Table 7.9: Type of Private Livestock Owned by the Household by Province Table 7.10: Mean Number of Livestock Owned by the Household by Province Table 7.11: Animal Products Produced by the Households Chapter Eight Table 8.1: Number of Land Reform Projects by Province Table 8.2: Type of Activities on the (Land Reform) Projects by Province Table 8.3: Land for Agriculture and Grazing Table 8.4: Land Suitable for Agriculture by Province Table 8.5: Land Suitable for Grazing by Province Table 8.6: Project Land Jointly Cultivated (Communal Agriculture) Table 8.7: Average Number of Land Grant Holders in the Project by Province Table 8.8: Average Number of Female Land Grant Holders in the Project Table 8.9: Percentage of Projects with People Working Fulltime by Province Table 8.10: Average Number of People Working Fulltime on the Project Table 8.11: Percentage of Projects with Land Grant Holders Working Fulltime Table 8.12 Average Number of Land Grant Holders Working Fulltime on the Project Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xii

15 List of Tables (continued) Table 8.13: Percentage of Projects with People Working on a Casual Basis Table 8.14: Average Number of People Working on a Casual Basis on the Project Table 8.15: Percentage of Projects with Land Grant Holders on a Casual Basis Table 8.16: Average No. of Land Grant Holders working on a Casual Basis on the Project Table 8.17: Percentage of Projects with Paid Full Time Land Grant Holders Table 8.18: Projects with Full Time Land Grant Holders making Cash Contributions Table 8.19: Annual Cash Contributions Made by Fulltime Land Grant Holders Table 8.20: Percentage of Projects with Paid Full Time Land Grant Holders Table 8.21: Projects with Casual Land Grant Holders making Cash Contributions Table 8.22: Annual Contributions Made by Casual Employed Land Grant Holders Table 8.23: Percentage of Projects with Land Grant Holders working on Project Table 8.24: Percentage of Projects Paying an Income Table 8.25: Mean Monthly Income of People Working on the Project Table 8.26: Percentage of Projects Granting Bonuses and Dividends Table 8.27: Mean Annual Bonuses and Dividends Paid Out Table 8.28: Other Benefits Received by Working on the Project Table 8.29: Percentage of Projects with Communal Crops by Province Table 8.30: Type of Communal Crops Grown in the Past 12 Months by Province Table 8.31: Mean and Median Value of Crop Production Table 8.32: Projects Using Seed and Seedlings by Province Table 8.33: Projects Using Fertilizer and Chemicals by Province Table 8.34: Types Services/Inputs Used in the Past 12 Months by Province Table 8.35: Cost of Obtaining Services/Inputs (Rand/Annum) Table 8.36: Percentage of Projects with Communally Owned Livestock Table 8.37: Communally Owned Livestock in the Past 12 Months by Province Table 8.38: Mean Number of Communally Owned Livestock by Province Table 8.39: Mean and Median Value of Herd Table 8.40: Animal Products Produced by the Projects Table 8.41: Mean and Median of Animal Products Table 8.42: Communal Ownership of Agricultural Equipment and Tools Table 8.43: Communal Ownership of Agricultural Equipment and Tools Table 8.44: Projects Receiving Loan/Credit for Production or Services Table 8.45: Source of Loan or Credit by Province Table 8.46: Mean Loan Amounts Since Transfer of the Land Table 8.47: Projects with Working Capital Table 8.48: Mean Working Capital Amounts by Province Table 8.49: Projects With an Overdraft Facility by Province Table 8.50: Mean Income from Other Activities & Agro-Processing Table 8.51: Mean Expenditure on Other Activities & Agro-Processing Table 8.52: Mean Income and Expenditure: Other Activities & Agro-Processing Table 8.53: Support Services Received by the Land Reform Projects Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xiii

16 List of Tables (continued) Table 8.54: Type of Support Provided to Land Reform Projects Table 8.55: Projects Receiving Grants and Goods as Gifts Table 8.56: Mean Value of Grants and Goods Table 8.57: Project Income in 2000/ Table 8.57: Project Income in 2000/ Table 8.59: Project Expenditure in 2000/ Chapter Nine Table 9.1: Table 9.2: Table 9.3: Table 9.4: Type of Legal Entity by Province Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Type of Legal Entity by Province Households (Household Questionnaire) Frequency of Community Meetings Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Frequency of Community Meetings - Past 12 Months by Province Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Table 9.5: Attendance of Community Meetings by Household Members Table 9.6: Attendance of Community Meetings - Past 12 Months by Province Table 9.7: Table 9.8: Household Members (Household Questionnaire) Household Members Attendance of Community Meetings by Province Frequency of Management Committee Meetings - Past 12 Months Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Table 9.9: Report Back of Management Committees to the Community Table 9.10: Report Back of Management Committees by Province Table 9.11: Table 9.12: Table 9.13: Table 9.14: Table 9.15: Table 9.16: Table 9.17: Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Report Back of Management Committees by Province Household Members (Community Questionnaire) Report Back of Management Committees by Type of Legal Entity Household Members (Household Questionnaire) Household Members source about Land Grant Usage Household Members (Household Questionnaire) Who decides about Allocation of Profits from the Project Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Groups and Committees on the Project Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Membership of Groups and Organisations by Province Household Members (Household Questionnaire) Level of Satisfaction with Women, Men & Youth Participation in Project Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xiv