Manurewa Local Board Economic Overview 2016

Transcription

1 Headlines One Two Three Manurewa has fewer residents educated to degree level, a greater proportion of adults with no qualifications than the average for Auckland, and a low proportion of year olds in Manurewa have NCEA level 1, 2 & 3 or above. Manurewa has a young population with the median age being 30 years. There is an overrepresentation residents under the age of 30, and an under-representation of 30+ year olds when compared to the Auckland region. Manufacturing, wholesale trade and education and training are key industries for employment and GDP in Manurewa. Both Population growth and median household incomes remain lower than the regional average. GDP growth was slightly below average. Employment growth was similar to the rest of the region. Labour force participation is below the Auckland average. Unemployment remains slightly above the Auckland average and has decreased greatly since A large proportion of Manurewa residents have no qualifications, and a low proportion of residents have a bachelor s degrees or higher compared to the Auckland region.

2 The occupant profile in Manurewa s businesses was similar to the Auckland average, with slightly more labourers, technicians and trades workers, and fewer professionals. An assessment of Manurewa s economic potential Strengths Manurewa has a strong manufacturing base. Which is primarily located in the Wiri industrial area. Manurewa benefits from having access to both the rail and bus public transport networks. Providing a good choice of transport options to residents. Manurewa has a growing young population with a decreasing number of residents not in education, employment or training (NEET). Challenges Manurewa has a high number of people unemployment along with a low proportion of higher skilled jobs in the local board area. Low growth rate for number of businesses. Low level of education attainment and low labour force participation. Opportunities Business friendly Potential to Leverage off of the BID partnership programmes in Manurewa and Wiri to increase business activities in the Local Board, and industrial growth at Wiri. Innovation and exports Skills Vibrant and creative city Potential to develop construction and engineering further to achieve higher exports, as well developing niche manufacturing. Opportunities to take a coordinated approach on training to ensuring young people are given the best possible opportunity to enter the labour market. The location of the Manurewa Town centre adjacent to the Manurewa train station creates a great opportunity to increase the economic performance of the Manurewa town centre, to increase patronage and spend. 2

3 Manurewa Local Board Economic Development Overview Introduction...4 What is local economic development?... 4 What is an economic development overview?... 4 The role of Local Boards... 4 Auckland s economic development People & households...5 Population... 5 Ethnicity... 6 Languages... 7 Labour force... 7 Household Income Skills...9 Qualifications... 9 Young people not in education, employment or training Qualifications for employment Local economy Growth and employment trends Industry mix Internationally competitive and platform technology sectors Knowledge-intensive industries Occupations Business size Employment zones and commuting Employment zones Travel to work Development Trends Gap analysis of economic development in Manurewa Want to know more? Glossary

4 1. INTRODUCTION Local economic development is important to Auckland s overall economy. A strong economy means more jobs and opportunities. It allows for the provision of infrastructure and services and makes Auckland even more liveable. This in turn attracts more skilled workers, business and investment. What is local economic development? Local economic development brings together a range of players to build up the economic capacity of a local area and improve its economic future and quality of life for individuals, families and communities. What is an economic development overview? This economic development overview of the Manurewa Local Board area looks at: A range of indicators on Manurewa s economy The drivers, trends and linkages that influence the local economy Major private and public initiatives that will impact on the economy in Manurewa Opportunities and issues to growing business and jobs in Manurewa. The role of Local Boards The Local Boards of Auckland Council are in a unique position to understand their local economy, work with the local business community, facilitate growth in industries in which their area has a competitive advantage, and advocate or catalyse activities for local economic development. The economic development overview can be the first stage in guiding local boards as to what the key issues are in their area and where the local board should focus its efforts. Auckland s economic development Auckland s Economic Development Strategy (EDS) aims to develop an economy that delivers opportunity and prosperity for all Aucklanders and New Zealand. The five priorities of the EDS, seen as vital to ensuring a thriving, competitive and highly liveable city in the future, are to: grow a business friendly and well-functioning city develop an innovation hub of the Asia-Pacific rim be internationally connected and export driven enhance investment in people to grow skills and a local workforce develop a creative, vibrant international city. The priorities of the EDS are supported by cross cutting themes that underpin Auckland s economic future. These themes, requiring us to think in new ways, are: Creating a sustainable eco-economy where jobs and economic growth are created while reducing costs and environmental impacts over the long term Facilitating an iwi/māori economic powerhouse improving Māori wellbeing and economic development Developing and enhancing an innovative rural and maritime economy Supporting a diverse ethnic economy, integral to Auckland s emergence as a significant city in the Asia-Pacific region. Auckland must escalate its growth rate to achieve our ambitious economic targets. The only viable means of doing so is by rapidly increasing the economic output derived from exporting industries. Clustering of economic activity can improve productivity by better enabling the exchange of ideas, the building of relationships and networks and better connectivity. High growth local firms that have the requisite products and skills to internationalise are crucial to Auckland s future prosperity. 4

5 2. PEOPLE & HOUSEHOLDS Highlights Labour force participation is much lower than the Auckland average. Manurewa is ethnically diverse. Unemployment levels have been consistently above the regional average over the last five years. Median household incomes remain lower than average. Lower levels of people deriving self-employment and business income than the regional average. There are significant geographic differences within the local board area in regard to household income such as Totara Heights households earning more than twice than that of Wiri and Beaumont households. Manurewa Share of Auckland / Auckland Population (2013) 82,242 1,415,550 Population growth ( ) 6.5% 8.5% Median age (2013) Labour force (2013) 35, ,093 Labour force participation (2013) 63% 67% Households (2013) 22, ,500 Median household income (2013) $67,800 $76,500 Home ownership (2013) 55% 61% Population The Manurewa Local Board area has experienced moderate population growth in recent years. Between the 2006 and 2013 censuses, population growth was 6.5 per cent compared to 8.5 per cent regionally. Medium population projections 1 suggest that Manurewa could be home to 97,100 residents by In 2013 Manurewa had a much younger age structure compared to the region as a whole. 1 Source: Statistics New Zealand 5

6 Ethnicity 2 About one in three people were born overseas (32%) and 58 per cent of people born overseas had been in New Zealand more than 10 years. The local board area is one of high ethnic diversity. Compared to Auckland, Manurewa has a much higher proportion of residents of Maori (25%) and Pacific peoples (33%) ethnicity and a much lower proportion of people of European descent (37%). Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 2013 Of the Asian population 3 of 15,381, Indian (54%), Chinese (15%) and South East Asian (11%) make up the majority. Of the Pacific Peoples population (25,020), Samoans (52%), Cook Islands Maori (19%) and Tongans (16%) make up the majority. 2 Census figures for ethnicity often sum to more than 100% as people are able to select more than one ethnicity 3 The South East Asian category is a combination of the following ethnicities: Cambodian, Vietnamese, Laotian, Burmese, Thai, Malay, Malaysian Chinese, Indonesian, and Southeast Asian (not further defined) as defined by Statistics New Zealand. 6

7 Languages The majority of Manurewa residents (92%) can communicate in English, whilst 6 per cent (3,984 residents) cannot communicate in English, and 2 per cent are too young to communicate in English. As a result a small group of residents may either exclusively or additionally speak Samoan (12%), Hindi (7%), Maori (6%) or Tongan (3%). Labour force The labour force participation rate (the proportion of the working age population that was employed or looking for work), was 63 per cent in Manurewa in 2013, lower than the Auckland region (67%) average. The unemployment rate in the 2013 Census 4 was 13 per cent in the Manurewa Local Board area, much higher than the Auckland region unemployment rate of 8 per cent. Unemployment in Manurewa has remained above the Auckland average over the last five years, however has greatly decreased since Unemployment was highest amongst young people, with the unemployment rate of 14 per cent for those aged years at the time of the census. In September per cent of Auckland benefit claims were by Manurewa residents while the local board area is home to just 5.8 per cent of the region s population. The Local Board sits within The Southern Imitative (TSI) area an area of focus for Auckland Council and a range of government and non-government organisations looking to improve economic, health and social outcomes in south Auckland. 4 Note the Census based unemployment rate differs from the rate reported by the Household Labour Force Survey as data collection methods differ and the Census rate is self-reported at the time of completion of the Census form. 7

8 Household Income In 2013, the median household income in Manurewa was $67,800, lower than the regional median of $76,500. There are significant differences between more affluent areas (Mill Road, Totara Heights and Redoubt South) and less affluent areas (Wiri, Beaumont and Manurewa East). Analysis of individual income levels in 2013 shows that there was a lower proportion of people earning a high income (over $100,000 per year) in Manurewa (2%) compared to the region (7%). In 2013, 14 per cent of households in Manurewa derived selfemployment or business income, below the rate across all Auckland households (26%). Home ownership in Manurewa is below the regional average (61%); in 2013, 55 per cent of households owned the dwelling they lived in. 8

9 3. SKILLS Highlights More than one in four Manurewa residents have no qualifications. Manurewa school leavers have lower than average level 2 or above qualifications. Qualifications The rate of young people not in education, employment or training has decreased greatly over the last five years. A skilled workforce drives a strong and resilient local economy and is critical for Auckland s future competitiveness. The New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF) has ten levels which are based on complexity, with level 1 the least complex and level 10 the most complex. All qualifications on the NZQF are assigned one of the ten levels, and fit into a qualification type: a certificate (levels 1-4), diploma (levels (5-6) or degree (levels 7-10). Secondary school qualifications of National Certificates of Educational Achievement (NCEA) are gained at levels 1-3. Achieving a school level qualification significantly improves a school leavers employment prospects. In 2011 New Zealanders with no qualifications had an unemployment rate 48 per cent higher than those whose highest qualification was a school qualification 5. In 2013, the majority of qualifications levels 1-6 obtained by Manurewa residents was in line with the Auckland average. Qualification levels 7+ obtained by Manurewa residents was far lower than the Auckland average. 28 per cent of residents had no educational qualifications compared with 17 per cent across the region. 6 5 OECD (2013). Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD. 6 Highest qualification is derived for people aged 15 years and over 9

10 NCEA is the national school-leaver qualification and is used as the benchmark for entrance selection by universities and polytechnics. In 2015, 23 per cent of school leavers in Manurewa did not achieve the standard for NCEA level 1 compared to 10 per cent regionally. In 2015, 62 per cent of school leavers in Manurewa had achieved NCEA level 2, which provides the foundation skills required for employment. This is well below the Auckland average. NCEA Level 3 is regarded as the minimum level required for university entry. Thirty-one per cent of Manurewa school leavers achieved this, much lower than the Auckland average of 61 per cent. Young people not in education, employment or training The average annualised NEET rate 7 (proportion of young people aged that are not in education, employment or training) in Manurewa was 13 per cent in March 2015 higher than the Auckland average (10%). The NEET rate in Manurewa has greatly decreased since Manurewa Local Board is supportive of the Southern Initiative which aims to support youth to enter the workforce. 7 The total number of people in each local board area in each age group (Working Age Population) is estimated based in part on the Household Labour Force Survey and is subject to sample error margins. Estimated NEET rates at the local board level also have associated sample error margins. Absolute numbers of NEETS are subject to greater sample error margins and are too unreliable to be reported. NEET rates are indicative only. 10

11 Qualifications for employment Employment by level of qualification and field is based on estimates of what the demand for qualifications would be if all employees had the qualification appropriate to their role. In Manurewa low level qualifications engineering and related technologies and management and commerce are in demand as well as high level education degrees. Thirty-two percent of jobs require a degree level qualification. There was a fast growing demand for management and commerce degrees and low skilled engineering and related technologies qualifications between 2012 and LOCAL ECONOMY 11

12 Highlights Manurewa experienced a slightly lower than average GDP growth rate, but an average employment growth rate compared to the rest of Auckland. Manufacturing was a major are major contributor to employment and GDP. Growth and employment trends In 2015, GDP in Manurewa experienced a high growth of 6.6 per cent, much higher than the overall growth rate in Auckland (3.4%). In the ten years to 2015 the Manurewa economy grew at an average annual rate of 2.0 per cent, slightly lower than the 2.3 per cent in the Auckland region. Employment in Manurewa increased by an average of 1.5 per cent per annum in the ten years from , the same as the Auckland rate. During this period Manurewa job numbers increased the most in heavy & civil engineering construction (+395), wholesale trade (+320) and health care and construction services (+289). Over the five years , the fastest growing industries by GDP in Manurewa were Information media telecommunications ($27.3 million GDP in 2015), financial and insurance services ($54 million), and construction ($164.3 million).of the industries the declined, arts and recreation services was worth $26.1 million GDP in 2015, education and training was worth $167.9 million. 12

13 Industry mix Manurewa s future economic performance depends on its combination of a sufficiently diversified industrial base and clusters of sectors that have the potential to achieve high rates of productivity and export growth. The main sector strengths of the economy in Manurewa are manufacturing, wholesale trade, education and training, and construction. 13

14 Manufacturing contributed 22 per cent of the Manurewa economy in 2015 and is a very significant sector by employment locally (23%). The sector provided 5,309 jobs. o Fruit, cereal and other food product, basic chemical and chemical product and fabricated metal manufacturing are the key manufacturing sectors in terms of employment. All of which also contribute a higher proportion of GDP compared to the Auckland average. Wholesale trade accounted for 12 per cent of Manurewa s GDP and 11 per cent employment. The sector provided 2,463 jobs locally. The education and training sector accounted for 7 per cent of Manurewa s GDP and 12 per cent of employment. The sector provided 2,901 jobs locally. Construction accounted for 7 per cent of Manurewa s GDP, and 9 per cent of employment providing 2,133 jobs locally. Health care and social assistance also accounted for 7 per cent of Manurewa s GDP and 9 per cent of employment, providing 2,195 jobs locally. 14

15 Internationally competitive and platform technology sectors Auckland has comparative advantage in a number of industry segments that compete internationally. Some of these are well represented within Manurewa niche manufacturing, construction and food and beverage contribute a greater share of the Manurewa economy than they do regionally. Knowledge-intensive industries In 2015, there were 5,690 jobs in Manurewa in knowledge-intensive industries, which are defined based on the qualifications and occupations of employees in these industries. Knowledge intensive jobs comprised 24 per cent of employment in Manurewa, below the Auckland average of 36 per cent of jobs in knowledge intensive industries. Primary education, secondary education, veterinary pharmaceutical and medicinal product manufacturing, general practice medical services and corporate head office management services were amongst the largest knowledge intensive sectors. Occupations 8 Professionals, clerical and administrative workers, technicians and trade workers and labourers were the most popular occupational categories for Manurewa residents in Compared to the region however, there are a much lower proportion of workers in professional and managerial occupations, and a much higher proportion of workers in machinery operators and labourers. 8 The 2013 Census provides details of the occupations of residents of the local board area whereas Infometrics data provides details of occupations within businesses located in the local board area. 15

16 Higher skilled jobs offer people an improved standard of living and are a critical component in attracting workers to an area. Statistics NZ allocates occupations to skill levels based on the range and complexity of tasks performed in a particular job. The skill level does not relate to the qualifications obtained by an individual, but to the range and complexity of the tasks they do at work. There is a lower proportion of highly-skilled jobs in Manurewa (33%) and a higher proportion of medium-skilled (15%) and low-skilled jobs (42%) compared to the Auckland average (39% highly skilled, 13% medium skilled, and 38% low skilled). Of the occupations in Manurewa, professionals (21%) and managers (17%) are the largest occupational group, yet both are lower than the Auckland average (25% and 18%). Machinery operators and drivers and labourers are higher than the region average. Education professionals are the largest occupational group in Manurewa, followed by specialist managers 9 and sales assistant and salespersons. 9 Specialist managers include managers in advertising, construction, ICT, business administration and education. 16

17 Some occupations saw growth between , particularly within specialist managers (+441), office managers and program administrators (+230) and chief executives, general managers and legislators (+197). There was only small decline in occupations between , with road and rail drivers losing 45 jobs. 17

18 Business size 10 In 2015 there were 4,332 businesses in Manurewa employing an average of 5.4 employees each, larger than the Auckland average 4.4 employees. The number of businesses grew 1 per cent a year on average over the last decade, lower than the average growth rate of 1.7 per cent for Auckland. 10 Large businesses are defined as entities with 20 or more employees 18

19 5. EMPLOYMENT ZONES AND COMMUTING Highlights Only 20 per cent of Manurewa residents live and work in Manurewa. The majority of Manurewa residents travel to work via private vehicle. Wiri is Manurewa s main area of employment. Manurewa is a mix of labour importing commercial and industrial areas and labour exporting suburban areas. There are 82,242 residents of Manurewa which has a labour force of 35,133. The local board area has a total of 23,440 jobs located within it. As a result the area is a net exporter of labour to other parts of Auckland. Just 4 per cent of people work from home which is lower than the Auckland average (8%). Eighty-five percent of residents travelled to work by private vehicle, above the regional average (75 per cent). Of those that travel in to Manurewa to work, 81per cent travel by private vehicle. Employment zones Employment in Manurewa is mostly concentrated in Wiri, with just under 4,000 employees mainly in heavy industry, 2,400+ in Wiri East and just under 1,100 in Wiri West both of which are mainly in light industry. Manurewa town centre has an employee base of just over 1,300. Businesses in Manurewa are supported by the Wiri business association and Manurewa town centre business association with Business Improvement District (BID) status. This BID charges a targeted rate to raise income for projects and initiatives to help develop the commercial centres. The town centres have largely mirrored the pattern of spending growth seen across Auckland over the last 2 years. Travel to work In 2013, 20 per cent of Manurewa residents live and work within the area. Other major Local Board employment destinations for Manurewa residents were Ōtara-Papatoetoe (17%), Maungakiekie- Tāmaki (13%), Māngere-Ōtāhuhu (12%), Howick (10%) and Waitematā (8%), As a result there is an outflow of commuting traffic from Manurewa along SH1 that contributes to congestion. The Manurewa Local Board Plan cites that an increase in the use of buses, trains, cycling and walking along with improved safety of roads and intersections as priorities for the Local Board to address congestion on major arterial roads, the use of rat runs within the local board area. The delivery of an area plan for the Manurewa Takanini-Papakura corridor will assist in this process. 19

20 TRAVEL TO WORK PATTERNS BETWEEN LOCAL BOARD AREAS (2013) LESS THAN 1% 1-5% 6-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% RESIDE AND WORK IN THE LOCAL BOARD AREA To Local Board Area Kaipātiki Devonport- Takapuna Henderson- Massey Waitakere Ranges Waitematā Whau Albert-Eden Puketāpapa Ōrākei Maungakiekie -Tāmaki Howick Mangere- Ōtāhuhu Otara- Papatoetoe Manurewa Papakura Franklin Rodney 3% 3% 4% 9% 2% 2% 1% 2% Hibiscus and Bays 6% 9% 2% 15% 1% 2% 1% 3% 1% Upper Harbour 9% 9% 5% 17% 2% 3% 2% 3% 1% 2% Kaipātiki 29% 13% 1% 24% 1% 3% 2% 4% 1% 1% 1% Devonport- Takapuna 8% 39% 1% 25% 3% 2% 3% 1% 1% Henderson- Massey 2% 2% 34% 3% 19% 9% 6% 1% 2% 5% 1% 2% 1% Waitakere 1% 2% 14% 22% 20% 12% 7% 2% 3% 6% 1% 3% 2% Waitematā 2% 3% 2% 67% 1% 6% 4% 5% 2% 2% 1% From Whau 2% 2% 7% 2% 26% 24% 9% 4% 3% 7% 2% 4% 2% Albert-Eden 2% 2% 2% 37% 3% 27% 3% 5% 7% 2% 4% 2% Puketāpapa 1% 1% 2% 26% 5% 11% 18% 4% 11% 3% 7% 4% 1% Ōrākei 1% 2% 33% 1% 6% 29% 12% 4% 3% 3% Maungakiekie- Tāmaki 1% 1% 1% 21% 1% 6% 2% 9% 33% 7% 7% 5% 1% Howick 13% 3% 5% 14% 39% 6% 9% 2% 1% 1% Mangere-Ōtāhuhu 10% 1% 4% 2% 3% 17% 7% 33% 13% 3% 1% 1% Otara-Papatoetoe 1% 8% 1% 2% 3% 13% 13% 15% 29% 5% 2% 2% Manurewa 8% 1% 2% 3% 13% 10% 12% 17% 20% 6% 3% Papakura 8% 2% 2% 10% 8% 9% 12% 6% 30% 7% Franklin 6% 1% 2% 7% 7% 5% 8% 3% 7% 50% Source: Richard Paling, Journey to Work Patterns in the Auckland Region 20

21 6. DEVELOPMENT TRENDS Highlights From 2013 onwards, residential consents have increased greatly in the Manurewa Local Board area. The level of growth in commercial and industrial development has been varied over the last five years. There were 280 new dwellings consented in Manurewa in 2015, which equates to 5 per cent of the 6,045 issued in the Auckland region. The number of new dwellings consented has increased significantly from 2013 onwards. As part of the plan to meet the growing need for housing in Auckland a number of Special Housing Areas (SHA) were created in order to speed up the development of Auckland s housing supply. Housing growth brings with it the need to ensure adequate infrastructure is put in place and that services such as schools and health services meet the needs of a growing population. In addition there is the potential for economic growth as the local market for goods and services increases. There are currently six special housing areas within Manurewa to help ease the growing housing crisis Auckland is facing. These special housing areas are expected to contribute just over 3,400 homes in total, with Pacific Events Centre Drive s 800 new homes being the major SHA for Manurewa. The new Unitary Plan allows for residential intensification in parts of the local board area, most notably in and around town centres which are intended to be hubs of commercial, community, civic, entertainment and residential activities, with excellent public transport. The potential density of town centres has, in some cases, increased from legacy plans, with allowable heights in many areas of up to 24.5m to 32.5m. In addition, the density of some local centres have increased from legacy plans, with many having an 18m height limit. Mixed use zones are generally located around centres or along major roads and permit a mix of uses. Intensive residential activities along with supporting commercial activities are anticipated, although it could be all residential or all commercial. The zone height limit is 18m although it does go up to a limit of 32.5m in some places. Mixed use zones are seen as a prime area for redevelopment possibilities due to the flexibility, scale and location of the zone. 21

22 There were 54,992 sqm of industrial and commercial building consents issued in Manurewa in 2015, comprising 6.7 per cent of the total of 824,526 sqm issued in the Auckland region. 22

23 7. GAP ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MANUREWA The Auckland Region aim: Develop an economy that delivers opportunity and prosperity for all Aucklanders and New Zealand The Manurewa Local Board seeks to ensure that Manurewa develops thriving town centre and a healthy local economy. The Local Board s vision is that Manurewa supports a range of new and established businesses that provide employment opportunities, with an attractive and prosperous town centre. Auckland region Manurewa Where we want to be Current situation Local options for future exploration 1. Grow a business-friendly and well-functioning city 2. Develop an innovation hub of the Asia-Pacific rim 3. Become internationallyconnected and export driven 4. Enhance investment in people to grow skills and a local workforce 5. Develop a vibrant, creative international city Manurewa has established Business Improvement Districts. Manurewa has good public transport links being on the Southern rail line and with frequent buses along Great South Road but traffic can increase journey times. Manurewa has a lower than average numbers of businesses operating in knowledge intensive industries. Strengths in manufacturing. Educational performance in the local board area is well below the regional average. There is a low proportion of higher skilled jobs and a low level of local employment. Youth employment is an issue. Approximately 5 per cent of the population cannot speak English. Manurewa has many diverse cultures and one of the highest Māori populations that many of the residents would like to see celebrated. Potential for business associations to grow and strengthen business performance in the town centre. Further support local businesses to access innovation support services. Support the development of the industrial area in Wiri to access regional business support and compete internationally. Increase training opportunities (particularly for youth) and access to English language programmes to increase capacity of the local workforce to become employed. Could work collaboratively with AUT and MIT. Look to expand the employment offering within Manurewa by attracting new businesses to Manurewa Town Centre and Clendon. Work with communities and organisations to promote Manurewa s unique culture particularly for Maori, Pacific Island and Sikh. 23

24 8. WANT TO KNOW MORE? More information about the content of this report is available: Report cards on Auckland GLOSSARY Australian and New Zealand Standard Industry Classification 2006 (ANZSIC 2006) Business areas Employment GDP Labour force participation Participation rate Population Productivity Unemployment rate This is the official industrial classification used by Statistics NZ. The classification system aims to reflect the structure of Australian and New Zealand industries and enable comparability with other countries statistics. Business areas were defined as part of the work undertaken in preparation of the draft unitary plan and are based on business zoned land. In some cases the business areas cross Local Board boundaries and where this occurs the business areas was allocated to a Local Board based on the location of the area centroid. Head count of salary and wage earners sourced from taxation data. Unless stated, does not include self-employed. Gross Domestic Product is the total market value of goods and services produced in the Local Board area, minus the cost of goods and services used in the production process. GDP for each Local Board was estimated by Infometrics Ltd using 2010 prices. The labour force is defined as all persons aged 15 years and over who are looking for work, or are employed, either full time, part time or casually. The proportion of the total population aged over 15 years that are in the labour force. The population for the Local Board area is the usual resident population count from the 2013 Census of Population and Dwellings. This figure may be lower than previously published estimated 2012 population figures from Statistics New Zealand. The NZ Productivity Commission defines productivity as the efficiency with which resources such as labour and capital are converted into outputs of goods and services. The unemployment rate is the number of people aged 15 years and over who did not have a paid job, were available for work, and were actively seeking work, as a percentage of the labour force. Note, unless otherwise stated, definitions are based on those provided by Statistics NZ. 24