Executive Summary MINISTRY OF BUSINESS, INNOVATION & EMPLOYMENT MĀORI IN THE LABOUR MARKET

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3 Executive Summary in the Labour Market presents key labour market information from 2009 to 2014 from the Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) for both at a national and regional level. The key findings are: Employment for increased since employment has increased by 5.0 per cent (or 12,600 workers) from September 2009 to 266,300 workers in September More workers in skilled occupations. Between 2011 and 2014, there has been a 9.1 per cent increase in the number of workers in skilled occupations (104,900 workers). Of the total employed in September 2014, 39 per cent were in skilled occupations. A significant number of in the workforce were still in semi-skilled (41.4 per cent) and low-skilled (19 per cent) occupations. More are active in the labour market. The participation rate for was 67.0 per cent. This was lower than the rate for all ethnic groups (69.0 per cent). The rate for is nearly at the level it was five years ago (67.7 per cent). Participation increased in most regions, with the strongest annual increase in Te Tai Tokerau (up 6.6 percentage points) and Tāmaki Makaurau (up 2.4 percentage points) regions. The unemployment rate has fallen but remains twice as high as the rate for all ethnic groups. The unemployment rate for was 12.3 per cent in the year to September 2014, which was 1.1pp below its level a year ago. Compared with the unemployment rate for all ethnic groups (5.8 per cent in the year to September 2014), the rate has decreased more sharply. Differences in employment across regions continue from 2011 to Compared with other regions, in the Te Waipounamu (67.3 per cent) and Te Whanganui ā Tara (65.3 per cent) regions had the highest employment rates for the year to September Te Tai Tokerau (52.7 per cent) and Tairāwhiti/Takitimu (53.0 percent) regions had the lowest employment rates. Overall, the national rate for was 58.7 per cent, 6.3 percentage points below the national average (65.0 percent). Employment rates of increase as their level of education increases. In September 2014, with degrees or higher qualifications had the highest employment rate at 85.4 per cent, followed by those with certificates, diploma and polytechnic qualifications (72.8 per cent) and school qualifications (58.4 per cent). with no school qualifications have the lowest employment rate of 46.3 per cent. The results show that labour market outcomes for have improved over the 2009 to 2014 period. Despite the recent improvements, still have below average labour market outcomes. 3

4 Introduction This report gives an overview of labour market performance over the past five years, looking at both trends over time and comparisons with the rest of all ethnicities. The report also highlights key labour market indicators for eight regions from 2011 to These regions are based on those formerly used by Te Puni Kōkiri and relate to broader tribal boundaries. The indicators presented in this report relate to employment, participation, unemployment and qualification and skills. Te Puni Kōkiri (TPK) regions Te Puni Kōkiri regions refer to Te Kāhui Māngai 1 (Directory of Iwi and organisations) geographical boundaries. The Te Puni Kokiri region boundaries are based on a mapping of area units to TPK boundaries, which are based on regional boundaries of rohe. TPK boundaries are different from the regional council boundaries. The regional council regions are based on an aggregation of territorial local authority and form the basis of regional councils. The TPK regions are administrative areas used by Te Puni Kōkiri that are related to broader tribal boundaries. The use of Te Puni Kōkiri regions enables us to more closely approximate the perspective on regions and more closely fit where live. Data from the Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) has been mapped to TPK regions. TPK region is a field that matches the TPK boundaries. The TPK region field was the result of cooperation between Te Puni Kōkiri and Statistics New Zealand. The TPK region field in the HLFS has 10 regions. This report features eight regions formerly used by TPK: Te Tai Tokerau, Tamaki Makarau, Waikato, Te Arawa/Te Moana ā Toi, Te Tai Hauauru, Te Waipounamu, and Te Whanganui ā Tara. These regions are slightly finer compared to the six regions that TPK currently uses: Te Tai Tokerau region; Tāmaki Makarau region; Waikato-Waiariki region; Ikaroa-Rāwhiti (Te Arawa andte Moana), Te Tai Hauāuru region (Te Taihauauru and Te Whanganui ā Tara); and Te Waipounamu. Approach Our approach involves comparing labour market performance to that for all New Zealand. Indicators are analysed to describe performance in the labour market and include employment, unemployment, participation and qualifications and skills. The report uses data from the Household Labour Force Survey which has large sampling errors for ethnic data. All figures in this report are annual averages in order to reduce the impact of small sample and remove seasonal effects. As a result, they do not match the headline 1 The Te Kāhui Māngai website was set up to provide information on iwi identified in the Fisheries Act 2004, and those iwi/hapū that have begun the process of negotiating settlement of their historical Treaty of Waitangi claims; this includes their rohe, hapū, marae, and the organisations whose mandates to represent these iwi/hapū have been recognised by the New Zealand Government. 4

5 figures published by Statistics New Zealand. Hence, caution should be exercised in interpreting the results. This report provides a picture of people who identify with the ethnicity, and are living in Te Puni Kōkiri regions. It does not necessarily reflect labour market outcomes of particular iwi members. Explaining labour market trends for and disparities with other ethnic groups are important and complex questions that are beyond the scope of this report. Employment This section highlights key indicators of employment using data from the HLFS. Employment data is presented by age-group, gender, qualification, industry, occupation and TPK region. employment increased since 2009 Figure 1 shows that at the start of the available series (September 2009), the New Zealand economy was in recession. Employment levels, both for and non- continued to decline for another year. From then on, there was modest recovery in employment until last year, which has strong employment growth. High net inward migration growth has led to strong growth in employment at the national level and for some ethnicities (eg Asian, MELAA 2 ). Figure 1. employment, annual average, September 2009 to September , ,000 Sep ,300 Number of people employed 260, , , , , ,000 Sep ,700 Jun , ,000 Sep-09 Sep-10 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Sep-14 Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand 2 MELAA includes Middle East, Africa and Latin America 5

6 In September 2014, there were 303,700 in the labour force. Of this, 266,300 people were employed, representing 11.5 per cent of total national employment. employment has increased by 5.0 per cent since September 2009, and 5.6 per cent from September These growth rates were faster than the rates for Europeans, 2.7 per cent and 2.5 per cent respectively. employment grew by 21,500 or 8.8 per cent from the June 2010 trough of 244,800 (see Figure 1). Table 1 summarises employment growth by ethnic group from September 2009 and September Table 1. Employment numbers and changes ( September 2009 to September 2014), annual average Ethnic group Persons employed in the labour force (000) (percent) Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Year to Sep-14 Sep-09 to Seo-14 European 1, , , % 2.5% % 5.0% Pacific Peoples % 6.7% Asian % 36.8% MELAA % 28.5% Other Ethnicity % 48.7% 2, , , % 6.6% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Employment rate increasing but still below the rate for all ethnic groups The employment rate measures the proportion of the working age population in employment. This indicator describes how well the labour market is functioning. The employment rate for improved between September 2013 and September 2014, but is still below the 60.0 per cent achieved prior to the global financial crisis. The employment rate for was 58.7 per cent for September 2014, 2.4 percentage points higher from a year ago and 1.4 percentage points lower than the 60.9 per cent rate in September The gap between the rate and the rate for all ethnic groups was at least five percentage points over the past five years (see Figure 2). 6

7 Figure 2. and Total All Ethnic Group employment rate, September 2009 to September 2014 Rate(%) Sep-09 Sep-10 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Sep-14 Table 2. Employment rate by ethnic group (September 2009 to September 2014), annual average Ethnic group Employment rate (percentage points) Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Year to Sep-14 Sep-09 to Sep-14 European Pacific Peoples Asian MELAA Other Ethnicity

8 Employment distribution labour market performance is shaped by demographic characteristics, industry concentration and occupation, and how these have changed in recent years. employment by age In September 2014, proportionately more (21 per cent) aged 15 to 24 years were employed than Europeans (14 per cent), Pacific Peoples (18 per cent) and Asians (15 per cent). Figure 3 shows employment by age group and ethnicity. Figure 3. People employed in the labour force by age group and ethnicity, September 2009 and September 2014 Number of people (000) Years Years European Years Years Years Number of people (000) Years Years Years Years Years Sep-09 Sep-14 Sep-09 Sep-14 Number of people (000) Years Years Pacific Peoples Years Years Years Number of people (000) Years Years Asian Years Years Years Sep-09 Sep-14 Sep-09 Sep-14 Employment rates remain low for in their prime years Table 3 shows that employment rates in the year to September 2014 for in all agegroups increased. However, in the 25 to 34 years and 35 to 44 years age-groups still have lower rates than five years ago. In September 2014, the employment rate for aged was 45.1 per cent, up 6.8 percentage points from the year to September Employment was highest among in the years and years. Those aged 54 to 64 years had a similar rate with those 8

9 aged years. The rate for those aged 54 to 64 years increased to 67.2 compared to its 66.8 per cent level for the year to September Table 3. employment rate by age group (September 2009, September 2013 and September 2014), annual average Age group Employment rate (percentage points) Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year Aged Years Aged Years Aged Years Aged Years Aged Years Aged 65 Years and Over Total All Ages Employment amongst females increasing In September 2014, employment for both males and females had increased from a year ago. There were 126,300 women who were employed, an increase of 4.6 per cent from 120,700 in September 2013 and 3.3 per cent from 122,200 in September This compares with 6.5 per cent and 7.9 per cent respectively for males. Since the current HLFS ethnic series began in 2008, employment rates for females have been lower than the rates for males. This gender difference was at least 10 in percentage points in each of the past five years. For the year to September 2014, the rate for males stood at 64.6 per cent and for females at 53.3 per cent. Table 4 shows that this gender gap in employment rates is similar to that for the total all ethnic groups data. Employment rates for both males and females have fallen since September 2009, by 1.9 percentage points and 0.9 percentage points, respectively. The gap between and total all ethnic groups employment rates was about seven percentage points for both males and females over the past five years. 9

10 Table 4. Male and Female employment rates, and (September 2009, September 2014 and September 2014), annual average Ethnic group Employment rate (percentage points) Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year Male Female Male Female Employment rates of increase as their level of education increases In September 2014, with degrees or higher qualifications had the highest employment rate at 85.4 per cent, followed by those with certificates, diploma and polytechnic qualifications (72.8 per cent) and school qualifications (58.4 per cent). with no school qualifications have the lowest employment rate of 46.3 per cent (see Figure 4). Figure 4 shows that compared to all ethnic groups, has similar employment rates at each qualification level. The employment rates of are roughly equal to those of all ethnic groups. with degree qualifications have a higher employment rate than all degree-qualified New Zealanders. Figure 4. Employment rate of and total all ethnic groups qualification, September % 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% No school qualifications School qualifications Certificate, diploma, polytechnic Degree or higher Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand 10

11 Table 5. Employment rate of by qualification, September 2013 and September 2014 Qualification Employment rate (percentage points) Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual No school qualifications 43.9% 46.3% 5.6% School qualifications 55.7% 58.4% 4.8% Certificate, diploma and polytechnic certificates 71.5% 72.8% 1.8% Degree or higher 82.0% 85.4% 4.2% Note: In March 2013, there was a change in the qualification question in the HLFS survey. This means that there was a break in the series, and earlier quarters may not be directly comparable. Industry This section describes employment by industry. The industry classification was based on the ANZSIC 2006 classification. Data from some were aggregated to form statistically meaningful counts. 3 Manufacturing, wholesale & retail and utilities & construction are the biggest employers for employment is most concentrated in manufacturing (12.9 per cent or 34,500), wholesale and retail trade (12.2 per cent or 32,400 workers), and utilities and construction (11.2 per cent or 29,900 workers) in September The industry with the smallest proportion of employment was finance and insurance (2.2 per cent). 3 Some were combined into a larger category because when broken down by ethnicity, the counts of people employed in each industry were too small and associated with large sampling error. For instance, agriculture, forestry and fishing, and mining are separate in the standard ANZSIC06 classification. These have been combined here. Electricity, gas, water and waste services and construction, and wholesale, retail trade and accommodation and food services, were aggregated to create utilities and construction category. The business services category combines finance and insurance, and other business services (rental, hiring and real estate services, and professional, scientific, technical, and administrative and support services). Other services combined arts and recreation services and other services. 11

12 Figure 5. Proportion of employment by industry, and, September 2014 Manufacturing Wholesale & Retail Utilities & Construction Health Care & Social Assist Education & Training Other Business Services Agri, Forestry, Fishing & Mining Transport Warehousing IM & Comms Public Admin & Safety Accommodation & Food Services Other Services Financial & Insurance 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Construction and business services drive employment growth Table 6 shows that employment grew over the year in most, with utilities and construction, business service and public administration and safety showing the largest increases between September 2013 and September The growth in these was due to strong growth of the sectors in recent years, including the Canterbury rebuild activity. In the year to September 2014, employment growth in most was higher than for the total all ethnic groups. This is highlighted by the following groups: utilities and construction (19.0 per cent vs per cent), education and training (8.9 per cent vs.2.5 per cent), public administration and safety (14.1 per cent vs. 2.7 per cent) and the agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining (5.0 per cent vs. 0.8 per cent). Over the past five years, employment declined in three : manufacturing (down 14.0 per cent or 5,600 workers), wholesale and retail (down 5.7 per cent or 2,000 workers) and other services (down 12.6 per cent or 2,000 workers). The biggest increases were in the utilities and construction (up 24.2 per cent) and public administration and safety (up 26.3 per cent), and business services (21.5 per cent) (see Table 6). 12

13 Table 6. Employment by industry,, September 2011, September 2013 and September 2014 employment (000) (%) Industry (ANZSIC06) Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year Agriculture Forestry Fishing and Mining % 10.3% Manufacturing % 14.0% Utilities and Construction % 24.2% Wholesale & Retail % 5.7% Accommodation & Food Services % 8.1% Transport Warehousing IM & Communications % 7.2% Business Services % 21.5% Public Administration and Safety % 26.3% Education and Training % 9.8% Health Care and Social Assistance % 3.1% Other Services % 12.6% Total Employed (including Not Specified) % 5.0% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Occupation This section describes employment by occupation and skill levels 4. Eight occupation groups are used to describe the type of jobs that workers have. More workers in skilled occupations Table 7 shows that between 2011 and 2014, there has been a 9.1 per cent increase in the number of workers in skilled 5 occupations such as managers, professionals and technicians and trade workers. Of the total employed in September 2014, 39 per cent (or 104,900 workers)were in skilled occupations, 41.1 per cent in semi-skilled and 19 per cent (50,500) were in low-skilled occupations. In part, this is due to increasing qualification levels of. While skill levels of have improved over the years, a significant number of in the workforce are still in semi-skilled and low-skilled occupations. 4 Skill levels are calculated only from September 2011 to September 2014 due to limited data available. 5 Skilled occupations include those in manager, professional, technician and trades occupation groups; semi-skilled occupations include technicians and trade workers, clerks, sales, service and plant operator occupation groups; and low-skilled occupation are labourers. 13

14 Table 7. employment by occupation (September 2011, September 2013 and September 2014), annual average employment (000) (%) Occupation (ANZSCO) Sep-11 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Managers % 8.4% Professionals % 7.9% Technicians and Trades % 11.6% Service workers % 2.4% Clerks % 16.5% Sales workers % 25.1% Plant operators % 2.5% Labourers % 1.8% Total Employed % 6.7% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand The number of employed as labourers fell by 1.8 per cent between 2011 and 2014, respectively. The declines in this occupation occurred when overall employment declined in manufacturing, and agriculture, forestry and fishing. Employment in these display seasonal and cyclical patterns and thus, can be volatile over time. Proportionately more were employed in low and semi-skilled occupations Given that utilities and construction and manufacturing are among the with high employment, there were proportionately more (19.0 per cent) employed as labourers than the total all ethnic groups (11.0 per cent) in September Figure 6 shows that were more likely to be employed in low and semi-skilled occupation groups when compared to the total for all ethnic groups. 14

15 Figure 6. Proportion of employment across occupation groups, and (September 2014) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Managers Professionals Technicians and Trades Service Clerks Sales Plant Labourers Skilled Semi-skilled Low skilled Compared with the total all ethnic groups, the proportion of was higher in labourer, plant and service groups. In September 2014, about one in five labourers or plant workers was. For service workers, the figures were one in ten. As shown in Figure 7, representation in these occupations has not changed much over the past three years. In contrast, the representation in managerial and professional occupation groups increased by 7.7 and 8.2 per cent respectively between 2011 and This increase represents an improvement of the position in the labour market. 15

16 Figure 7. Proportion of within each occupation group (September 2011, September 2013 and September 2014) 25% 20% Sep-11 Sep-13 Sep-14 15% 10% 5% 0% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Participation More are active in the labour market In September 2014, there were about 303,700 in the labour force. The labour force participation rate for was 67.0 per cent (up 1.9 percentage points from September 2013). This was lower than the rate for all ethnic groups (69.0 per cent). The participation rate for is nearly at the level it was five years ago (67.7 per cent). While factors such as age structure, educational attainment and geographic distribution explain differences in participation rate, muted growth in jobs and employment at the national and regional levels has also contributed to this difference in recent years. 16

17 Figure 8. Labour force participation rate, and (September 2009 to September 2014), annual average Rate(%) Sep-09 Sep-10 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Sep-14 Unemployment This section looks as trends in unemployment. It focuses on changes in unemployment between 2009 and The section compares unemployment rates by age group and gender, and across ethnicities. This section also discusses youth unemployment and rates for youth not in education employment or training (NEET). Decreasing unemployment rate but still twice as high as the rate for all ethnic groups The unemployment rate is the proportion of people who are unemployed in the labour force. The unemployment rate for increased to 12.3 per cent in September This compares with 5.7 per cent for the nation as a whole. As Figure 9 shows, the unemployment rate, at an annual average of 12 to 13 per cent over the five year period, is about twice the average of the rate for all ethnic groups. In September 2014, about 37,400 were unemployed, up from 31,900 in September By ethnicity, the growth of the unemployed over the past five years has been faster for compared to Pacific Peoples and Europeans. 17

18 Figure 9. Unemployment rate, and (September 2009 to September 2014), annual average Rate(%) Sep-09 Sep-10 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Sep-14 Over the year, the unemployment rate for females fell 0.8 percentage points to 13.5 per cent. The unemployment rate for males also fell to 11.2 per cent, from 12.6 per cent a year ago (see Table 8). Table 8. Number of people employed by ethnicity (September 2009, September 2013 and September 2014), annual average Ethnic group Unemployment rate Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year European pp no change pp 1.1pp Pacific Peoples pp 0.7pp Asian pp 0.5pp MELAA pp 0.3pp Other Ethnicity pp 0.7pp Total All Ethnic Groups pp 0.2pp Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand 18

19 Female unemployment rate is falling but remains higher than the rate for males In the context of strong economic growth over the past year, unemployment rates for male and female have been decreasing to reach an annual average of 11.2 per cent and 13.5 per cent, respectively in September The female unemployment was generally higher than the male rate over the past five years. Figure 10 unemployment rate by gender (September September 2014), annual average Rate(%) Sep-09 Sep-10 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Sep-14 Male Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Female In the five years to September 2014, the unemployment rate has increased for the years age group (up 2.8 percentage points), years age group (up 1.7 percentage points) and years age group (up 1.9 percentage points). Of all ethnic groups, and Pacific Peoples, tend to have higher unemployment rates for all age groups. Table 9. unemployment rate by age group (September 2009, September 2013 and September 2014), annual average Age group Unemployment Rate Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year Aged Years pp 0.5pp Aged Years pp 2.8pp Aged Years pp 1.6pp Aged Years pp 1.3pp Aged Years pp 1.9pp Total All Ages no change 1.1pp Note: Statistics New Zealand has confidentialised the data for aged 65 years and over. 19

20 Over the past five years, youth unemployment in September 2014 in has improved, with the rate falling by 0.5 percentage points from September In September 2014, there were about 73,700 youth in the labour force, of whom about 16,600 were unemployed. Table 10 summarises youth unemployment rate by major ethnic group. Table 10. Youth unemployment rates 15 to 24 years (September 2009, September 2013 and September 2014), annual average Ethnic group Unemployment Rate Percentage point change Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year pp 0.5pp pp 0.4pp European pp 0.6pp Pacific Peoples pp 1.1pp Asian Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Declining not in employment, education and training (NEET) rate Youth who are categorised as NEET are disengaged from both formal learning and work, with potentially negative outcomes over the longer-term. 6 As at September 2014, there were about 126,500 aged years. Of these, about 25,600 people were NEET, a decrease of 1,200 from the past five years. Overall, have higher NEET rates than other ethnic groups. However, over the past five years, NEET rates had the biggest fall of all ethnic groups (down 2.2 percentage points). Table 11. NEET rate by ethnic group (September 2009, September 2013 and September 2014), annual average Ethnic group NEET Rate Percentage point change Sep-09 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual Five-year European pp 1.4pp pp 2.2pp Pacific Peoples pp 0.7pp Asian pp 1.1pp pp 1.4pp Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand 6 The NEET measure counts young people who are not in education, employment or formal training or who are in between these activities for a short period. 20

21 By gender, the NEET rate has been consistently higher that other ethnic groups for males and females. In September 2009, 16.5 per cent of males and 28.1 per cent females were NEET. Since then, there has been an overall decline in the rate, particularly for females. In September 2014, the NEET rate was 25.8 per cent and 15.0 per cent for females and males, respectively. Regional Performance This section summarises key labour market indicators in eight Te Puni Kōkiri (TPK) regions. The profile for each TPK region only covers HLFS results from 2011 to Participation in most regions increased The strongest increase in the participation rate was in the Te Tai Tokerau (up 6.6 percentage points), followed by Tāmaki Makaurau (up 2.4 percentage points). The largest decline in participation was in the Taranaki/Manawatu-Wanganui region (down 2.1 percentage points). Previous studies by the Ministry on the connection between ethnicity and participation rate led to inconclusive results. 7 Figure 11. Labour force participation by TPK region, September 2014 Te Taitokerau 62.6% Tāmaki Makaurau 65.0% Waikato 63.2% Te Tai Hauāuru 67.1% Te Moana ā To/ Te Arawa 66.6% Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu 60.4% Te Whanganui ā Tara 72.9% Te Waipounamu 71.4% Maori: 66.4% : 69.0% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand 7 Special Feature: Labour Market Participation- North and South. Quarterly Labour Market Report, May

22 Employment rate higher amongst in the South Island Differences in employment across regions continue from 2011 to The employment rates for in the South Island were higher than in most regions in the North Island for the year to September Compared with other regions, in the Te Waipounamu (67.2 per cent) and Te Whanganui a Tara (65.4 per cent) regions had the highest employment rates for the year to September Te Tai Tokerau (52.7 per cent) and Tairāwhiti/Takitimu (53.1 percent) regions had the lowest employment rates. This pattern is also seen for all ethnic groups. Overall, the national rate for was 58.7 per cent for September 2014, 6.3 percentage points below the national average (65.0 percent) for September Figure 12. Employment rate by TPK region, September 2014 Te Taitokerau 52.7% Tāmaki Makaurau 58.6% Waikato 54.7% Te Tai Hauāuru 57.8% Te Moana ā To/ Te Arawa 57.3% Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu 53.1% Employment rate (%) Te Whanganui ā Tara 65.4% Te Waipounamu 67.2% : 58.7% Total all ethnic groups: 65.0% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand Over the last year, the employment rates grew in most regions. However, the employment rate fell for Te Tai Hauāuru (down 0.3 percentage points). The Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu region had the largest fall in employment rates over the past three years (down by 3.2 per cent). Nationally, employment rates rose for and total all ethnic groups between September 2011 and September 2014 (up 1.6 and 1.2 percentage points respectively). 22

23 Table 12. Regional employment rates, (September 2011, September 2013, September 2014), annual average TPK region (Regional Council) Employment rate Sep-11 Sep-13 Sep-14 Annual (percentage points) Threeyear Te Taitokerau (Northland) 50.3% 45.2% 52.7% Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) 56.2% 54.6% 58.6% Waikato (Waikato/Bay of Plenty) 53.0% 54.5% 54.7% Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa (Waikato/Bay of Plenty) 58.0% 55.4% 57.3% Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu (Gisborne/Hawke s Bay/Wairarapa) 56.1% 52.2% 53.0% Te Tai Hauāuru (Taranaki/Manawatu-Wanganui 58.2% 58.2% 57.8% Te Whanganui ā Tara (Wellington/ Nelson/Tasman/Malborough) 60.1% 62.9% 65.3% Te Waipounamu (Canterbury/Otago/Southland/West Coast 62.9% 67.0% 67.3% Aotearoa (New Zealand) 57.1% 56.4% 58.7%

24 Te Tai Tokerau Te Tai Tokerau covers the Northland region. As at September 2014, there were 33,300, aged 15 years and over in the region, representing 7.4 per cent of the total working age population. Size of the labour force 20,000 were in the labour force in September There was an even split between males and females. Over the last three years, the participation rate for in the region increased by 1.6 percentage points to 62.6 per cent, compared to 62.0 per cent for all ethnic groups in the region. Qualifications of the labour force in Te Tai Tokerau region had comparatively low levels of qualification in September Figure 13 shows that there were fewer with qualifications compared with the total population in September There were relatively more (23.4 per cent) with no qualification than all ethnic groups. This region also had the highest proportion of with no qualifications compared with other regions. Figure 13. Educational attainment rate, Te Tai Tokerau, September % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment In September 2014, one in five people working in the region s agriculture, forestry and fishing industry were. Figure 15 shows that there were proportionally more workers (21 per cent) than the total population of workers (17 per cent) in the region s primary sector 8. 8 Primary consists of agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining. Services-producing consist of wholesale trade; retail trade, transportation and warehousing, information; finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing; professional and business services; educational services, health care, and social assistance; arts, entertainment, recreational, accommodation, and food services, and other services (except public administration). The goods-producing sector includes 24

25 Figure 14. Employment by sector, Te Tai Tokerau, September 2014 n= 17,500 Primary 3,400 19% n= 68,600 Primary 12,000 17% Service 11,600 66% Goodsproducing 2,500 14% Service 46,100 67% Goodsproducing 10,900 16% Of those employed in the service sector, 19.8 per cent were in the health care and social assistance industry. Overall, employment pattern largely reflected the structure of the Te Tai Tokerau economy. Occupation The two most common occupations for employed were labourers (3,300 or 19 per cent), service workers (3,200 or 18 per cent) and professionals (2,600 or 15 per cent). Over the year to September 2014, employment in skilled occupations grew by 5 per cent to 6,300 people. Figure 15. Employment by skill level, Te Tai Tokerau, September 2014 Low-skilled 18.9% 12.8% Semi-skilled 45.1% 38.8% Skilled 36.0% 48.5% manufacturing, and utilities and construction. The were based on the Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification

26 Figure 15 shows that there were more in low skilled occupation compared with the total population (18.9 per cent vs per cent) and more in semi-skilled occupations (45.1 per cent vs per cent). Nearly half of the all the workers in the region were in skilled occupations (managers, professionals and technicians and trade). Table 13. Key labour market indicators, Te Tai Tokerau, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 17, % 2.6% 69, % 0.9% Working-age population 33, % 2.1% 121, % 0.1% Employment rate 52.7% 7.5pp 2.4pp 56.9% 2.4pp 0.6pp Labour force participation rate 62.6% 6.6pp 1.6pp 62.2% 2.1pp 0.7pp Tāmaki Makaurau Tāmaki Makaurau covers the Auckland region. As at September 2014, there were 113,000 aged 15 years and over, representing 9.5 per cent of the total working age population in the region. Size of the labour force There were 73,500 in the labour force in September This was a 4.1 per cent increase from a year ago. The participation rate amongst in the region increased from 64.8 per cent in September 2011 to 67.1 per cent in September This compares with 68.9 per cent for all people in the region. Qualifications of the labour force Figure 16 shows that 28.4 per cent of all had school qualifications and 10.0 per cent had Level 4 qualifications in September The proportion of achieving postschool qualifications was lower than that for the total all ethnic groups. The proportion of with a bachelor s degree or higher qualifications was about half that for all ethnic groups. 26

27 Figure 16. Educational attainment rates, Tāmaki Makaurau, September % 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of in the Tāmaki Makaurau region were the construction (8,500 workers), manufacturing (6,900 workers) and transport and postal and warehousing (6,400 workers) in September Employment in these has increased by over 25 per cent over the year. Compared to all ethnic groups, there were proportionally more working in goods-producing and fewer in the service (see Figure 17). Figure 17. Employment by sector, Tāmaki Makaurau, September 2014 n= 65,200 Service 48,600 74% Primary <1,000 Goods- 1% producing 16,100 25% n=760,200 Service 606,600 79% Goodsproducing 145,500 19% Primary 12,500 2% make up 8.0 per cent of the total number of people employed in the region s service sector in September Of the total employment in this sector, 13.1 per cent was in the education and training industry and 12 per cent was in the health care and social assistance industry. 27

28 Occupation The most common occupations for workers were professionals (13,500 workers or 21 per cent), clerks (10,400 workers or 16 per cent) and managers (7,800 workers or 12 per cent). Over the past year, the number of who were employed in skilled occupations increased by 9.9 percent to 27,800 people. There were more employed in skilled occupations in this region compared to other regions. Figure 18. Employment by skill-level, Tāmaki Makaurau, September 2014 Low-skilled Semi-skilled 10.7% 7.5% 47.2% 38.0% Skilled 42.3% 54.5% Figure 18 shows that compared to all ethnic groups, there were proportionately more in low-skilled occupations (10.7 per cent vs. 7.5 per cent) and semi-skilled occupations (47.2 per cent vs per cent). More than half of the all workers (54.5 per cent) in the region were in skilled occupations, compared to only 42.3 per cent for. Table 14. Key labour market indicators, Tāmaki Makaurau, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 66, % 18.8% 767, % 10.7% Working-age population 113, % 14.0% 1,190, % 8.2% Employment rate 58.6% 4.0pp 2.4pp 64.5% 1.6pp 1.5pp Labour force participation rate 67.1% 3.8pp 2.3pp 68.9% 1.4pp 0.8pp 28

29 Waikato The Waikato region has boundaries that extend to areas of the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regional council areas. As at September 2014, there were 48,600 aged 15 years and over in the region, representing 19.6 per cent of the total working age population in the region. Size of the labour force There were 30,800 in the labour force in September This represents a 12.8 per cent increase in the in the labour force over the year. The participation rate for in the region increased 0.2 percentage points over the last three years to 63.2 per cent. This compares with 67.7 per cent for all people in the region. Qualifications of the labour force Of the total labour force, 26.1 per cent (or 10,900 people) have school qualifications, while 19.2 per cent (or 9,900 people) have no qualifications. Overall, 12.7 per cent of have a bachelor s degree or higher qualification. Figure 19 shows that in the Waikato region, there were proportionately more (19.2 per cent) with no qualification than for all ethnic groups (13.7 per cent). Figure 19. Education attainment rates, September % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of in the region were the manufacturing (4,300 workers), health care and social assistance (4,000 workers) and agriculture, forestry and fishing (2,900 workers). Figure 20 shows that there were proportionally more workers in goods-producing and fewer in service. 29

30 Figure 20. Employment by sector, Waikato, September 2014 n= 25,600 Service 17,200 65% Primary 3,000 11% Goodsproducing 6,300 24% n= 153,400 Service 99,700 64% Primary 21,900 14% Goodsproducing 34,500 22% Of the total employment in the service sector, 23.2 per cent was in the health care and social assistance industry. Occupation The most common occupation groups were labourers (5,600 workers or 21 per cent), professionals (4,900 workers or 18 per cent), technicians and trades workers (3,300 workers or 12%) and service workers (3,100 workers or 12 per cent). Over the past year, the number of who were employed in skilled occupations increased by 20.2 per cent to 11,300 people. There were proportionately more in semi-skilled and low-skilled occupations than for all ethnic groups. This region also had the highest proportion of workers in skilled occupations in the year to September Figure 21. Employment by skill-level, Waikato, September 2014 Low-skilled Semi-skilled 21.1% 36.2% 12.3% 35.0% Skilled 42.6% 52.7% 30

31 Table 15. Key labour market indicators, Waikato, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 26, % 5.4% 156, % 0.9% Working-age population 48, % 2.1% 248, % n/c Employment rate 54.7% 0.3pp 1.7pp 62.9% 0.2pp 0.6pp Labour force participation rate 63.2% 0.8pp 0.3pp 67.7% 0.9pp 0.7pp Note: n/c = no change Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa includes areas in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regional council areas. As at September 2014, there were 57,400 age 15 years and over in the region, representing 24.0 per cent of the total working age population in the region. Size of the labour force There were 38,200 in the labour force in September This was up 10.4 per cent over the year. The participation rate amongst in the region decreased from 67.3 per cent in September 2011 to 66.4 per cent in September This compares with 66.7 per cent for all people in the region. Qualifications of the labour force Of the total labour force, 26.2 per cent (or 13,500 people) have school qualifications while 18.6 per cent (or 11,800 people) have no qualifications. Overall, 10.3 per cent of the labour force has a bachelor s degree qualification or higher. Figure 22 shows that there were proportionately more (18.6 per cent) than all ethnic groups (13.7 per cent) with no qualification in this region. 31

32 Figure 22. Education attainment rates, September % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of in the Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa region were manufacturing (4,000 workers), retail trade (3,500 workers) and health care and social assistance (3,400 workers). Figure 23 shows that proportionally more were working in goods-producing compared to the total population, and fewer in the service. Figure 23. Employment by sector, Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa, September 2014 n= 32,700 Primary 3,100 9% n=147,700 Primary 15,900 11% Service 22,200 68% Goodsproducing 7,400 23% Service 105,700 71% Goodsproducing 26,500 18% Within the service sector, about 16.0 per cent of all workers were in the retail trade industry. 32

33 Occupation The most common occupation groups for employed were labourers (8,100 workers or 25 per cent), professionals (4,300 workers or 13 per cent), and technicians and trade (4,100 workers or 12 per cent). Over the past year, the number of who were employed in skilled occupations increased by 7.0 percent to 12,200 people. Figure 24. Employment by skill-level, Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa, September 2014 Low-skilled Semi-skilled 24.7% 38.1% 14.0% 36.5% Skilled 37.2% 49.5% Figure 24 shows that three in ten workers in the region were in skilled occupation. There were proportionately more in semi-skilled occupations than for all ethnic groups. Table 16. Key labour market indicators, Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 32, % 3.7% 148, % 1.0% Working-age population 57, % 2.4% 239, % 0.4% Employment rate 57.3% 1.9pp 0.7pp 62.1% 2.3pp 0.3pp Labour force participation rate 66.4% 2.4pp 0.9pp 66.7% 2.4pp 0.2pp 33

34 Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu includes Gisborne, Hawke s Bay and Wairarapa regions. As at September 2014, there were 50,700 aged 15 years and over in the region, representing 11.2 per cent of the total working age population. Size of the labour force There were 30,600 in the labour force in September This was 4,000 (or 11.6 per cent) fewer over the year. Over the last three years, the participation rate for in the region decreased by 3.8 percentage points to 62.3 per cent in September This compares with 65.6 per cent for all people in the region. Qualifications of the labour force Of the total in the labour force, 26.0 per cent (or 51,500 people) have school qualifications while 20.9 per cent (or 32,100 people) have no qualifications. Overall, 10.8 per cent of the labour force had a bachelor s degree or higher qualification. Figure 25 shows that there were also proportionately more (20.9 per cent) than all ethnic groups (14.3 per cent) with no qualification in this region. Figure 25. Education attainment rates, September % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of in the Tairāwhiti/Takitimu region were the agriculture, forestry and fishing (5,000 workers), manufacturing (3,900 workers) and education and training (3,700 workers). Figure 26 shows that there were proportionally more than all ethnic groups working in primary and goods producing, and fewer in the service. 34

35 Figure 26. Employment by sector, Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu, September 2014 n= 25,600 Primary 5,400 20% n= 153,400 Primary 23,100 18% Service 15,700 59% Goodsproducing 5,700 21% Service 81,900 63% Goodsproducing 25,500 19% Of all total employment in the services sector about 23.0 per cent was in the education and training industry. Occupation The most common occupation groups for employed were labourers (8,500 workers or 31 per cent), managers (3,500 workers or 13 per cent) and professionals (3,600 workers or 13 per cent). Over the past year, the number of who were employed in skilled occupations decreased by 7.9 percent to 9,300 people. Figure 27. Employment by skill-level, Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu, September 2014 Low-skilled 31.8% 18.8% Semi-skilled 33.7% 33.0% Skilled 34.8% 48.2% In the Tairāwhiti/Takitimu region, there were more in low-skilled occupations. 35

36 Table 17. Key labour market indicators, Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 26, % 6.8% 130, % 2.3% Working-age population 50, % 1.2% 214, % 3.3% Employment rate 53.0% 0.7pp 3.2pp 60.9% 0.3pp 0.6pp Labour force participation rate 62.3% 0.3pp 3.8pp 65.6% 0.6pp 1.1pp Te Tai Hauāuru Te Tai Hauāuru includes thetaranaki and Manwatu-Wanganui regional council areas. As at September 2014, there were 40,100 aged 15 years and over in the Te Tai Hauāuru region, representing 8.8 per cent of total working age population. Size of the labour force There were 25,900 in the labour force in September 2014, down 2.3 per cent from September The participation rate for in the region decreased from 67.7 per cent in September 2011 to 66.9 per cent in September This compares with 67.2 per cent for all people in the region. Qualifications of the labour force Of the total in the labour force, 28.3 per cent (or 10,600 people) have school qualifications while 18.7 per cent (or 8,600 people) have no qualifications. Overall, 9.0 per cent of the labour force have a bachelor s degree or higher qualification. Figure 28 shows that there were proportionately more (18.7 per cent) than all ethnic groups (13.5 per cent) with no qualification in this region. 36

37 Figure 28. Education attainment rates, September % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of in the Te Tai Hauāuru region were in manufacturing (5,300 workers) and health care and social assistance (2,800 workers). Employment in health care and social assistance has increased by over 25 per cent over the year. Figure 29 shows that there were proportionally more than all ethnic groups working in goodsproducing and fewer in the service. Figure 29. Employment by sector, Te Tai Hauāuru, September 2014 n= 23,400 Primary 1,600 7% n= 142,400 Primary 16,700 12% Service 14,600 63% Goodsproducing 7,100 31% Service 91,700 64% Goodsproducing 34,200 24% Of the total employment in the service sector, about 17.7 per cent was in the health care and social assistance industry. 37

38 Occupation The most common occupation groups for workers were labourers (6,500 workers or 28 per cent), professionals (3,700 workers or 16 per cent) and service workers (2,800 workers or 12 per cent). Over the past year, the number of who were employed in skilled occupations decreased by 11.8 percent to 7,500 people. Figure 30. Employment by skill-level, Te Tai Hauāuru, Sep 2014 Low-skilled Semi-skilled 28.1% 39.8% 14.4% 35.6% Skilled 32.5% 50.1% Compared to the total population of employed in the Te Tai Hauāuru region, there were more in low-skilled occupations, see Figure 30. Table 18. Key labour market indicator, Te Tai Hauāuru, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 23, % 9.6% 142, % 1.1% Working-age population 40, % 10.3% 227, % 3.0% Employment rate 57.8% 0.3pp 0.4pp 62.7% 0.9pp 1.2pp Labour force participation rate 66.9% 0.5pp 0.7pp 67.2% 1.4pp 1.0pp 38

39 Te Whanganui ā Tara Te Whanganui ā Tara includes Wellington, Nelson, Tasman and Marlborough. As at September 2014, there were 62,700 aged 15 years and over in the region, representing 13.8 per cent of the total working age population. Size of the labour force There were 45,700 people were in the labour force in September This is 2.0 per cent more in the labour force than in September Over the last three years, the participation rate for in the region increased by 3.7 percentage points to 72.8 per cent. This compares with 70.8 per cent for all people in the region. Qualifications of the labour force Of the total labour force, 30.4 per cent (or 20,000 people) have school qualifications while 14.3 per cent (or 11,000 people) have no qualifications in September Overall, 14.2 per cent of the labour force have bachelor s degree qualifications or higher. Figure 31 shows that there were proportionately more (14.3 per cent) than all ethnic groups (10.4 per cent) with no qualification in the region. Figure 31. Education attainment rates, September % 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of were public administration and safety (5,700 workers), construction (4,900 workers) and health care and social assistance (3,900 workers). Employment for public administration and safety and construction has increased in Te Whanganui ā Tara for by over 25 per cent over the year. Figure 32 shows that there were proportionally more than all ethnic groups working in goods-producing and fewer in the service. 39

40 Figure 32. Employment by sector, Te Whanganui ā Tara, September 2014 n= 41,000 Service 30,800 76% Primary 1,300 3% Goodsproducing 8,600 21% n= 363,600 Service 288,200 79% Primary 13,000 4% Goodsproducing 62,100 17% Of total employment in the service sector, 18.6 per cent was in the public administration and safety industry. Occupation The most common occupation groups of employed were professionals (7,900 workers or 19 per cent), clerks (6,800 workers or 17 per cent) and technicians and trades (5,600 workers or 14.0 per cent). Over the past year, the number of who were employed in skilled occupations decreased by 3.9 percent to 17,300 people. Figure 33. Employment by skill-level, Te Whanganui ā Tara, September 2014 Low-skilled Semi-skilled 11.5% 8.5% 46.3% 34.7% Skilled 42.4% 56.8% Compared to the total population of employed in the Te Whanganui ā Tara region, there were more in semi-skilled occupations and fewer in skilled occupations. 40

41 Table 19. Key labour market indicators, Te Whanganui ā Tara, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear* Threeyear Number of people employed 41, % 26.4% 364, % 4.8% Working-age population 62, % 16.4% 542, % 3.9% Employment rate 65.3% 2.4pp 5.2pp 67.1% 1.3pp 0.6pp Labour force participation rate 72.8% 0.6pp 3.8pp 70.8% 0.6pp 0.4pp Te Waipounamu Te Waipounamu includes the West Coast, Canterbury, Otago and Southland regions. As at September 2014, there were 47,500, aged 15 years and over in the region, representing 10.5 per cent of the total working age population. Size of the labour force There were 34,000 in the labour force in September This is a 3.3 per cent increase over the year. Over the last three years, the participation rate for in the region increased by 3.2 percentage points to 71.5 per cent in September This compares with a 2.3 percentage points increase to 71.5 per cent for all ethnic groups in the region. Qualification Of the total labour force, 27.4 per cent (or 12,800 people) have school qualifications while 19.0 per cent (or 11,000 people) have no qualifications. Overall, 10.6 per cent of the labour force had a bachelor s degree qualification or higher. Figure 34 shows that there were also proportionately more (19.0 per cent) than all ethnic groups (11.9 per cent) with no qualification in the region. 41

42 Figure 34. Education attainment rates of the labour force, September % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% No qualification School qualification Level 4+ Degree or higher Employment The biggest employers of in the Te Waipounamu region were manufacturing (5,700 workers), construction (4,900 workers) and retail trade (3,600 workers). Employment in the construction industry has increased by over 25 per cent over the year. This was in part due to strong growth in construction related activities in the region. Figure 35 shows that there were proportionally more than all ethnic groups were working in the goods-producing and fewer in the service. Figure 35. Employment by sector, Te Waipounamu, September 2014 n= 31,000 Primary 2,200 7% n= 531,200 Primary 37,600 7% Service 19,000 60% Goodsproducing 10,700 34% Service 373,900 69% Goodsproducing 129,600 24% Of the total employment in the service sector, 19.1 per cent was in the retail industry. 42

43 Occupation The most common occupation groups for workers were labourers (6,900 workers or 22 per cent), technicians or trades workers (5,000 workers or 16 per cent), professionals (4,000 workers or 13 per cent) and managers (4,300 workers or 13 per cent). Over the past year, who were employed in skilled occupations decreased by 3.6 percent to 13,200 people. Figure 36. Employment by skill level, Te Waipounamu, September 2014 Low-skilled Semi-skilled 21.6% 37.0% 12.0% 35.9% Skilled 41.4% 52.1% There were proportionately more in low-skilled occupations compared to the total population of workers in the Te Waipounamu region. Table 20. Key labour market indicators, Te Waipounamu, September 2014 Total Population Labour market indicators Sep-14 Annual Sep-14 Annual Threeyear Threeyear Number of people employed 32, % 8.3% 542, % 5.4% Working-age population 47, % 14.2% 785, % n/c Employment rate 67.3% 0.3pp 4.4pp 69.0% 2.2pp 3.5pp Labour force participation rate 71.5% 0.9pp 3.2pp 71.5% 1.5pp 2.3pp Note: n/c = no change 43

44 Appendices Table 21. Occupational distribution by region, September 2014 TPK Regions Managers Professionals Technicians and Trade Workers Service workers Clerks Sales workers Machine and Plant Operators Labourers and other workers Te Taitokerau (Northland) 13.7% 15.9% 6.6% 19.2% 9.3% 6.0% 8.2% 20.9% 100% Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) 9.7% 22.4% 10.6% 10.2% 15.3% 9.7% 10.2% 11.9% 100% Waikato (Waikato/Bay of Plenty) 10.7% 18.7% 10.7% 13.1% 7.6% 3.8% 11.1% 24.2% 100% Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa (Waikato/ Bay of Plenty) 10.6% 16.1% 14.5% 10.3% 9.0% 10.9% 7.4% 21.2% 100% Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu (Gisborne/Hawke s Bay/Wairarapa) 13.8% 15.3% 9.1% 8.7% 9.1% 4.7% 9.1% 30.2% 100% Te Tai Hauāuru (Taranaki/Manawatu-Wanganui) 9.2% 12.2% 12.6% 12.2% 8.4% 10.9% 10.9% 23.5% 100% Te Whanganui ā Tara (Wellington/ Nelson/Tasman/Malborough) 9.7% 18.7% 12.1% 13.1% 18.2% 10.0% 8.2% 10.0% 100% Te Waipounamu (Canterbury/Otago/Southland/West Coast) 11.2% 11.8% 16.4% 8.5% 8.8% 7.6% 12.1% 23.6% 100% Aotearoa (New Zealand) 11.0% 17.3% 13.0% 11.2% 11.2% 8.5% 9.6% 18.1% 100% Total (Stated) Table 22. Occupational representation amongst, September 2014 TPK Regions Managers Professionals Technicians and Trade Workers Service workers Clerks Sales workers Machine and Plant Operators Labourers and other workers Te Taitokerau (Northland) 8.5% 6.3% 3.5% 11.8% 5.7% 4.8% 5.9% 7.9% 6.9% Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) 21.2% 31.1% 19.8% 21.9% 32.9% 27.3% 25.4% 15.8% 24.1% Waikato (Waikato/Bay of Plenty) 10.6% 11.7% 9.0% 12.8% 7.4% 4.8% 12.5% 14.6% 10.9% Te Moana ā Toi/Te Arawa (Waikato/ Bay of Plenty) 11.3% 10.9% 13.1% 10.8% 9.4% 15.0% 9.0% 13.8% 11.7% Te Tairāwhiti/Takitimu (Gisborne/Hawke s Bay/Wairarapa) 13.0% 9.1% 7.3% 8.1% 8.4% 5.7% 9.8% 17.3% 10.4% Te Tai Hauāuru (Taranaki/Manawatu-Wanganui 7.5% 6.3% 8.7% 9.8% 6.7% 11.5% 10.2% 11.7% 9.0% Te Whanganui ā Tara (Wellington/ Nelson/Tasman/Malborough) 13.0% 15.9% 13.7% 17.2% 23.8% 17.2% 12.5% 8.1% 14.7% Te Waipounamu (Canterbury/Otago/Southland/West Coast 12.6% 8.5% 15.7% 9.4% 9.7% 11.0% 15.6% 16.3% 12.4% Aotearoa (New Zealand) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total (Stated) 44

45 45