Version 1.0. Published December Health Intelligence Unit, NHS Dumfries & Galloway. For more information please visit

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2 Version 1.0 Published December 2016 Health Intelligence Unit, NHS Dumfries & Galloway For more information please visit

3 Contents Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 6 2. How SIMD is calculated 7 3. Distribution of the most deprived areas Additional Interesting Analysis 17 List of Figures Figure 1: Map Depicting the Population Distribution (mid-2014) across Dumfries & Galloway by Datazone (2011)... 8 Figure 2: Domains Weightings Used in SIMD Figure 3: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway National Quintiles Figure 4: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway National Quintile Q Figure 5: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway Local Quintiles Figure 6: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway Local Quintile Figure 7: Population Pyramids for Quintile 1 and Quintile List of Tables Table 1: Datazones and Populations by Locality... 7 Table 2: Appropriate Uses for the SIMD Table 3: SIMD16 Ranks expressed as National Quintiles and the Corresponding Distribution of Datazones across Dumfries & Galloway Table 4: Number of datazones and number of residents within 20% most deprived (Q1) across Dumfries & Galloway by national and local SIMD 2016 quintiles Table 5: All Datazones Identified as Local Quintile 1 by SIMD Table 7: Population 2014 (uncorrected) by Local SIMD Quintile Table 8: Change in Estimates of Income and Employment Deprived People over Time iii

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5 Executive Summary This document is an overview of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation published on 31 August 2016 (SIMD16) and the specific detail for Dumfries & Galloway. The SIMD16 is an area measure of deprivation, rather than one which identifies individuals. It is designed to identify the neighbourhoods that have the most challenging lack of resources and opportunities across Scotland. The following are key results for Dumfries & Galloway from the recent publication of SIMD16: Dumfries & Galloway has 201 datazones, of which 17 (8%) are in quintile 1, the 20% most deprived category. 79.6% of income deprived and 78.7% of employment deprived people live in areas of Dumfries & Galloway considered to be less deprived than quintile 1. SIMD is a tool for identifying deprived areas, not deprived individuals. It has been advised for many years that when implementing local initiatives, local SIMD quintiles are used. Using the SIMD16 local quintiles to identify individuals who would be considered income derived would identify: - 54% of income deprived individuals in Nithsdale, - 44% of income deprived individuals in Wigtownshire, - 25% of income deprived individuals in Annandale & Eskdale and - No income deprived individuals in the Stewartry. Therefore it is very important that SIMD is not the only method used for engaging with individuals who are at risk of deprivation. The 20% of areas (40 out of 201 datazones) identified as having challenges include: - Annandale & Eskdale: Annan (5 datazones), Eastriggs, Gretna - Nithsdale: North-West Dumfries (9 datazones), Central Dumfries (7), Locharbriggs, Upper Nithsdale (4) - Wigtownshire: Stranraer (7 datazones), Newton Stewart (2), Rural Rhins (2), Whithorn 5

6 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective 1. Introduction This document is an overview of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation published on 31 August 2016 (SIMD16) and the specific detail for Dumfries & Galloway. The SIMD16 is an area measure of deprivation, rather than one which identifies individuals. It is designed to identify the neighbourhoods that have the most challenging lack of resources and opportunities across Scotland. For a broader look at inequalities, please see chapter 4 of the Health and Social Care Strategic Needs Assessment here: In theory, identifying the most deprived neighbourhoods should help organisations know where their work can have the biggest impact; however it is recognised in rural areas, where deprivation is less concentrated, that there are severe limitations to using this method. This is discussed in Section 2. This document includes maps and tables of the area deprivation figures for Dumfries & Galloway and the four localities, Annandale & Eskdale, Nithsdale, Stewartry and Wigtownshire. 6

7 2. How SIMD is calculated There have been some changes in the way the SIMD is calculated since the version released in One of the most important changes is that the small geographical area tiles called datazones that are used to calculate SIMD, have undergone boundary changes. All regions had an opportunity to revise the boundaries and Dumfries & Galloway took the occasion to ensure that, where possible, the datazones matched the settlement boundaries and were split from the rural land surrounding them to give a better model of how housing is spaced. Datazones are geographical areas which have on average 750 people although, because of how our population is distributed, the number of people can be as low as 391 (Kirkconnel) and as high as 1,150 people (Stranraer South). The datazone which has had the greatest population change since the 2011 Census is S in the Summerpark area of Dumfries, growing by 80% from 547 residents in 2011 to an estimated 983 residents in Please note: The National Records for Scotland have since published the 2015 population estimates for datazones and have revised the previous estimates quoted here as part of the SIMD16 release. The differences are small. Across NHS Dumfries & Galloway there are currently 201 datazones (prior to boundaries changes there were 193 datazones), which are distributed as follows: Table 1: Datazones and Populations by Locality Number of datazones (2011) Locality total population 2014* Locality working age population 2014 Annandale & Eskdale Nithsdale Stewartry Wigtownshire Dumfries & Galloway ,293 59,028 23,950 28, ,940 22,647 36,386 13,574 16,622 89,229 *NRS has since issued revised population estimates for Datazones 7

8 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective The map below shows where the datazones with the highest and lowest populations are located. Figure 1: Map Depicting the Population Distribution (mid-2014) across Dumfries & Galloway by Datazone (2011) For each datazone, information about the population that live there is used to give an indication of different types of disadvantage the people in that area are experiencing. These are brought together in 7 domains: Employment, Income, Crime, Housing, Health, Education and Access. 8

9 This includes information about topics like benefit claims, crime rates, central heating, hospital stays for drugs and alcohol, educational attainment and how far away core services are from where people live. For further detail, see the SIMD methodology summary here: The domains are weighted in a way that employment and income have the greatest influence, as shown below. Figure 2: Domains Weightings Used in SIMD16 Domain Weight Employment 12 Income 12 Crime 2 Housing 1 Health 6 Education 6 Access 4 It is important to understand that area measures of deprivation are designed to highlight neighbourhoods where there are multiple challenges, not just poverty. The SIMD is not designed to be used as a way of identifying individuals, although it is commonly misused in that way. The national literature for using the SIMD16 1 advises the appropriate uses of area based deprivation measures: 1 Scottish Government; Introducing the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2016; (last accessed 20th December 2016) 9

10 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective Table 2: Appropriate Uses for the SIMD Use SIMD for Comparing overall deprivation of small areas Comparing the seven domains of deprivation Do Not Use SIMD for Saying how much more deprived one area is from another the difference between two ranks can be tiny or large Comparing ranks over time changes are relative and may not reflect actual changes in the neighbourhood Comparing with other UK countries Comparing the proportion of small areas in a council that are very deprived each country measures deprivation slightly differently Finding areas where many people experience multiple deprivation Finding areas of greater need for support and intervention Identifying all people who are deprived in Scotland not everyone who is deprived lives in a deprived area Finding affluent areas lack of deprivation is not the same as being rich Across Scotland there are 6,976 datazones (prior to boundary changes there were 6,505 datazones) that are ranked in order of deprivation from 1 as the most deprived to 6,976 as the least deprived. Datazones are then grouped into fifths (quintiles), tenths (deciles) or twentieths (vigintiles) and given a SIMD score where 1 is the most deprived and 5/10/20 are the least deprived 2. In the case of fifths these are referred to these as the national quintiles. Table 3: SIMD16 Ranks expressed as National Quintiles and the Corresponding Distribution of Datazones across Dumfries & Galloway Quintile (20%) SIMD Rank Dumfries & Galloway From To Count Percentage 1 - most deprived % % % % 5 - least deprived % All % Dumfries & Galloway has 201 datazones, of which 17 (8%) are in quintile 1, the 20% most deprived category. Equally, only 18 (9%) datazones are assigned to the least deprived 2 Scottish Government; (last accessed 20th December 2016) 10

11 quintile 5. The lowest rank is for datazone S in Stranraer, which ranked 135. The highest rank was datazone S in the Troqueer area of Dumfries, which ranked 6,844. Analysis has shows that, within the 17 datazones in the 20% most deprived nationally, only 20.4% of the region s income deprived and 21.3% of the region s employment deprived people are included. This means that 79.6% of income deprived and 78.7% of employment deprived people live in areas of Dumfries & Galloway considered to be less deprived according to SIMD The recommended approach for using SIMD with local areas is to produce local quintiles whereby all 201 datazones within Dumfries & Galloway are ranked according to the results for SIMD 2016 and then split into 5 equal groups (quintiles) where quintile 1 comprises the 20% most deprived within Dumfries & Galloway and quintile 5 the 20% least deprived within Dumfries & Galloway. It has been advised for many years that when implementing local initiatives, local quintiles are used. 11

12 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective 3. Distribution of the most deprived areas Similar to previous releases of the SIMD measure, the distribution of areas considered to be the most deprived are not evenly spread through the localities. There are no datazones at all in Stewartry identified as being in the most deprived either through national or local quintiles. That does not mean there are no people with challenges in Stewartry, just that they are outnumbered by less deprived neighbours. The table below summarises the number of datazones and the estimated number of residents in local and national quintile 1. The table also includes the best estimate of the number of income and employment deprived people in each locality and how many of them live in areas the SIMD indicate is the most deprived. Table 4: Number of datazones and number of residents within 20% most deprived (Q1) across Dumfries & Galloway by national and local SIMD 2016 quintiles Datazones Annandale & Eskdale Nithsdale Stewartry Wigtownshire Dumfries & Galloway All % most deprived across Scotland (National quintile1) 20% most deprived across Dumfries & Galloway (Local quintile1) Residents All residents (2014) 38,293 59,028 23,950 28, ,940 20% most deprived across Scotland (National quintile1) 20% most deprived across Dumfries & Galloway (Local quintile1) 1,410 8, ,560 12,530 5,274 15, ,399 29,028 All Income deprived 3,795 6,930 2,300 4,340 17,365 In local quintile 1 area; (%age) All Employment deprived In local quintile 1 area; (%age) 950 (25%) 3,730 (54%) 0 (0%) 1,920 (44%) 6,600 (38%) 1,970 3,825 1,160 2,010 8, (26%) Source: SIMD 2016; Scottish Government 2,000 (52%) 0 (0%) 880 (44%) 3,390 (38%) 12

13 There are particularly striking differences between localities in the proportion of income and employment deprived people effectively identified by using SIMD. At best, using the SIMD16 local quintiles to identify people who would be considered income derived, would only identify 54% of income deprived people in Nithsdale, 44% in Wigtownshire, 25% in Annandale & Eskdale and none in the Stewartry. Therefore it is very important that SIMD is not the only method used for engaging with people who are at risk of deprivation. The maps in below illustrate the difference between using national and local quintiles. Figure 3: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway National Quintiles 13

14 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective Figure 4: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway National Quintile Q1 Figure 5: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway Local Quintiles 14

15 Figure 6: SIMD 2016 Deprivation Map of Dumfries & Galloway Local Quintile 1 Table 5 lists the datazones that have been identified as local quintile 1 and therefore, amongst the 20% most deprived in Dumfries & Galloway. Some of these datazones are also the 20% most deprived quintile nationally. 15

16 Wigtownshire Nithsdale Annandale & Eskdale Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective Table 5: All Datazones Identified as Local Quintile 1 by SIMD16 Geographical Area National Quintile Datazone Total Pop' 2014 Work Age Pop' 2014 Income Deprived Employment Deprived # % # % Annan 1 S % 95 18% Annan 1 S % 75 19% Annan 2 S % 60 16% Annan 2 S , % 80 13% Annan 2 S % 65 16% Eastriggs 2 S % 65 14% Gretna 2 S % 70 15% Dfs Central 1 S % % Dfs Central 1 S , % % Dfs Central 2 S % % Dfs Lincluden 1 S % 80 20% Dfs Lincluden 1 S % 80 16% Dfs Lincluden 2 S % 50 16% Dfs Locharbriggs 2 S % 55 17% Dfs Lochside 1 S % % Dfs Lochside 1 S % % Dfs Lochside 1 S % % Dfs Lochside 1 S % % Dfs Nithside 1 S % % Dfs Nithside 2 S % 65 16% Dfs Noblehill 2 S % 75 16% Dfs Summerhill 2 S % 55 14% Dfs Summerhill 2 S % 75 15% Dfs Troqueer 2 S % 75 17% Kirkconnel 1 S % 90 18% Kirkconnel 1 S % 60 27% Kirkconnel 2 S % % Sanquhar 2 S % 35 13% Newton Stewart 2 S , % 80 12% Newton Stewart 2 S % 40 10% Stranraer 1 S % 95 27% Stranraer 1 S % 90 33% Stranraer 1 S % % Stranraer 1 S % % Stranraer 2 S % 45 20% Stranraer 2 S % 65 13% Stranraer 2 S % 65 16% Whithorn 2 S % 70 16% Rural Rhins 2 S % 50 11% Rural Rhins 2 S % 35 11% Source: SIMD 2016; Scottish Government Please note: The towns and villages are based on the best fit to the datazones, NRS settlement population estimates will be more accurate) 16

17 4. Additional Interesting Analysis There are a few additional interesting things to note with this release of the SIMD. Firstly, different areas have different neighbourhood characteristics and one of the interesting aspects is the distribution of different age groups. The population pyramids below demonstrate that the distribution for local quintile 1 areas looks different to the other quintiles most markedly in comparison to quintile 5. There is a larger proportion of children and smaller proportion of older adults in the most deprived areas. Figure 7: Population Pyramids for Quintile 1 and Quintile 5 Source: NRS 2014 population estimate for datazones (uncorrected); SIMD16 17

18 All People Females Males Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016: A Dumfries & Galloway Perspective Table 6: Population 2014 (uncorrected) by Local SIMD Quintile SIMD16 Local Quintiles ,325 3,098 3,372 3,243 2, ,808 8,802 9,330 8,818 9, ,559 2,330 2,286 2,139 2, ,737 3,346 3,682 3,452 3, ,426 9,464 9,692 9,048 9, ,498 2,179 2,163 2,019 1, ,062 6,444 7,054 6,695 6, ,234 18,266 19,022 17,866 18, ,057 4,509 4,449 4,158 4,149 Source: NRS 2014 population estimate for datazones (uncorrected); SIMD16 We cannot compare rankings between the current and previous SIMD release as these are only relative values. We can however look at the estimates used for defining the number of individuals who might be considered income or employment deprived from one period to the next. There have been small changes to the way income deprivation is calculated in response to changes to the eligibility criteria of certain benefits and the introduction of Universal Credit. The number of people claiming income related benefits and credits are now determined through the Universal Credit system. There has been no change to the way the employment domain is calculated and therefore comparisons from one period to the next should be relevant in this regard. The estimate of the number of people across Dumfries & Galloway who are income deprived has dropped since the SIMD 2012 was released by around 7% and the number of people across Dumfries & Galloway who are employment deprived has dropped by around 11%. All localities have seen decreases in the number of income and employment deprived people, but the largest reported change was for Annandale & Eskdale. During the same period, population estimates indicated very little change in the number of residents across Dumfries & Galloway. These results therefore, suggest a reduction in income and employment deprivation. 18

19 Difference SIMD 2016 SIMD 2012 Table 7: Change in Estimates of Income and Employment Deprived People over Time Annandale & Eskdale Nithsdale Stewartry Wigtownshire Dumfries & Galloway All Residents 38,305 59,217 23,973 28, ,270 All Income deprived All Employment deprived 4,210 7,270 2,535 4,500 18,515 2,290 4,185 1,275 2,230 9,980 All Residents 38,293 59,028 23,950 28, ,940 All Income deprived All Employment deprived 3,795 6,930 2,300 4,340 17,365 1,970 3,825 1,160 2,010 8,965 All Residents All Income deprived All Employment deprived -415 (-11%) -320 (-16%) -340 (-5%) -360 (-9%) -235 (-10%) -115 (-10%) -160 (-4%) -220 (-11%) -1,150 (-7%) -1,015 (-11%) Source: SIMD12 and SIMD16; Scottish Government 19