Social Focus on Urban Rural Scotland. A Scottish Executive National Statistics Publication SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE

Transcription

1 Social Focus on Urban Rural Scotland 2003 A Scottish Executive National Statistics Publication SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE

2 Social Focus on Urban Rural Scotland 2003 A Scottish Executive National Statistics Publication Scottish Executive Edinburgh, 2003

3 Published by the Scottish Executive St Andrew s House Regent Road Edinburgh Crown copyright 2003 ISBN X Astron B

4 Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Urban Rural Classifications 3 Core and SHS urban rural classifications 3 Urban rural classification for council areas 7 References 9 Contacts 9 Chapter 2: Population and Housing 11 Population age and sex 12 Ethnicity 15 Households 16 Household type 17 Housing 18 References 20 Contacts 20 Chapter 3: Primary and Secondary Education 21 Teachers, schools and pupils 22 Attainment at primary school 24 Attainment at secondary school 26 Absence 27 Free school meals entitlement 28 Internet and 29 Destinations of school leavers 30 References 31 Contacts 31 Chapter 4: Health and Care 33 Self assessed health 34 Disability 36 Care provision 37 Smoking 38 Consultations with GP 39 Reason for visiting hospital 40 Births 41 Deaths 44 Dental health in children 44 References 47 Contacts 47 Chapter 5: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation 49 Perception of their neighbourhood 50 What people like and dislike about their neighbourhoods 51 Anti-social behaviour 52 Perception of crime 53 Neighbourhood involvement 53 Neighbourhood support 54 Volunteering activities 55 People and their local councils 55 Views on council services 56 Recycling 57 References 58 Contacts 58 Page iii

5 Chapter 6: Transport 59 Possession of full drivers licence 60 Access to cars 61 Household expenditure on fuel for motor vehicles in the previous month 61 Adults travelling to work 62 Distance between home and work 63 Time taken to get work 64 Commuters who do not use public transport 65 Travel to school 66 Distance between home and school 67 Public transport and school children that travel to school by car or van 68 Time taken to walk to nearest bus stop 68 Frequency of bus service 69 Public transport and perception of neighbourhood 70 Accessing various services 70 Road traffic accident deaths 72 References 73 Contacts 73 Chapter 7: Labour Market 75 The working age population 76 Economic activity 78 Employment 80 References 83 Contacts 83 Chapter 8: Income and Financial Services 85 Ownership of a bank account 86 Managing financially 87 Savings and investments 87 Net annual household income 89 Receipt of benefits or tax credits 90 Benefit take-up 91 References 92 Contacts 92 Appendix 1: Definitions and Terms 94 Appendix 2: Tables and Charts 98 Page iv

6 Introduction This Social Focus publication is the third in a series of social statistics publications and explores the relationships between people living in urban, rural and remote areas of Scotland. The publication highlights, where data is available, the similarities and differences between people living in these areas across a number of social issues including demographic, education, health, transport, and the labour market. It is not exhaustive and does not attempt to provide commentary and analysis of the causes and solutions to the differences illustrated. It is hoped that this publication will add to the growing evidential base and research on urban, rural, and remote Scotland. Over recent years there has been an increased interest in monitoring the effect of policies on urban and rural Scotland. Rural affairs is a cross cutting issue and policy areas across the Scottish Executive have policies targeted at rural areas and communities. For example, it is recognised that poverty and social exclusion are issues for both urban and rural communities. The Rural Poverty and Inclusion Working Group (RPIWG), established by Ministers in the summer of 2000, published its report, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Scotland in October This report made recommendations aimed at improving understanding of rural social exclusion in Scotland, including ensuring that existing indicators are appropriately developed for and measurable in rural areas, as well as recommending ways of promoting social inclusion in rural areas. Urban rural definitions Arriving at a definition of urban and rural to meet everyone s needs is not easy. The Scottish Executive core definition of rurality classifies settlements of 3,000 or less people to be rural. The General Register Office for Scotland creates settlements. In essence, settlements are created by amalgamating densely populated neighbouring postcode units. Accessibility and remoteness to other settlements and services is also an important factor to take into account and the Scottish Household Survey classification expands on the core classification by considering the drivetimes between smaller settlements and rural areas and larger settlements. These two definitions are adopted within the publication. Advancements in statistics for urban and rural areas The Executive is making a number of advancements in the development of better urban and rural statistics, these include: The Neighbourhood Statistics initiative will increase significantly the range of social statistics available for small areas throughout Scotland. During 2003, Neighbourhood Statistics will provide statistics at the ward and postcode sector level across a number of policy areas including income, health, education, labour market and accessibility. By spring 2004, it is planned that statistics will be further disaggregated to areas of between 500 and 1,000 people. Education data will be prominent in the new information becoming available through the Neighbourhood Statistics initiative. Detailed data collected via ScotXED will be an important contributor to this. Where the data allows, the Social Justice Annual Report includes urban, rural and remote analysis on progress on Scottish Executive milestones. Social Justice is the equal and fair distribution of social values such as freedom, income and wealth and the opportunity to take part in society. It is about closing the opportunity gap and ensuring that support reaches those who 1

7 need it most. The outcome indicators for A Smart Successful Scotland, the strategy framework for the Enterprise Networks, are also being disaggregated on an ruralurban basis. The Scottish Household Survey provides information on urban, rural and remote Scotland. A special bulletin in June 2001 provided a number of tables and charts setting out some of the differences and similarities between adults and households living in different geographical areas and area types Results from the 2001 Census will provide a wide range of information about Scotland s people for small areas called Output Areas. Output Areas contain on average some 50 to 55 households. In addition, the Multi Source Topic Reports that are being taken forward by the Office for National Statistics may include a rural analysis based on the Census. This publication is intended as an introduction and some users may want to access more detailed data. Contact details for the chapter authors and key data providers have been provided at the end of each chapter, along with a reference section containing useful websites and publications. We hope that you find this an informative, useful and interesting publication. Douglas Greig Head of Land Use and Rural Policy Andrew Moxey Senior Rural Economist Rob Wishart Chief Statistician 2

8 chapter one: Urban Rural Classifications

9 chapter one: Urban Rural Classifications There are a number of ways of classifying areas as urban and rural. The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) classification is the chief classification used in this publication. One of the attractions of SHS classification is that it allows Scotland s households and people to be viewed on both an urban-rural and accessible-remote basis. Core and SHS urban rural classifications The SHS classification builds on one of the most widely used urban classifications in Scotland, the Scottish Executive core classification, that classifies settlements with a population of greater than 3,000 to be urban. The General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) is responsible for the definition of settlements. A simplified methodology is as follows: A postcode is classed as urban if it has more than 2.1 residential addresses per hectare or it has more than 0.1 non-residential addresses per hectare. Once all the urban postcodes have been identified GROS combine neighbouring urban postcodes of more than 210 residential addresses (broadly equivalent to a population of 500) to create a settlement. The SHS classification is based on the size of these settlements and also how close the settlements are to larger settlements in terms of drivetimes. The full classification is described in Table 1.1.The full classification can be collapsed into the urban rural classification or the accessible remote classification (as set out in Table 1.2). Most analysis within this publication is based on the six fold classification. However, in some instances due to small sample sizes or small numbers of events, the collapsed SHS classifications are used. There are many other sources of information available but they are not readily available using the SHS classification. Throughout the publication only data which can be presented using the SHS classification are included. The information available by the SHS classification is gradually increasing. Table 1.1: SHS Urban Rural Classification Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Settlements of over 125,000 people. Settlements of 10,000 to 125,000 people. Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people and within 30 minutes drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more. Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people and with a drive time of over 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more. Settlements of less than 3,000 people and within 30 minutes drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more Settlements of less than 3,000 people and with a drive time of over 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more. 4

10 1 Table 1.2: Collapsed SHS Urban Rural Classifications Urban Rural Classification Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Accessible Remote Classification Accessible Areas Remote Areas Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Small Towns Remote Rural Chart 1.3 maps the results of the classification. The four large urban areas comprising Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow and surrounding built up areas (which constitute the four settlements) are clearly visible. The majority of other urban areas and accessible small towns are situated in the central belt. Most remote small towns and remote rural areas are outwith the Aberdeen, Glasgow and Edinburgh triangle. Some of the other urban areas (with a population of 10,000 to 125,000) outwith the central belt include Stranraer, Peterhead, Hawick and Fort William. Remote small towns (between 3,000 and 10,000 people and with a drive time of over 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more) include Kelso, Kirkwall, Lerwick, North Berwick and Thurso. Some of the settlements (between 500 and 3000 people) in the Remote Rural areas include Aberfeldy, Aviemore, Portree, Tobermory and Ullapool although the boundaries of these settlements are not shown. The SHS classification can be further expanded to an eight-fold classification by taking account of both a 30 and 60-minute drivetime to settlements of 10,000 people or more. This classification provides enhanced information on accessibility. However, some of the resulting areas contain relatively small populations and this has an impact on data availability (particularly from sample surveys). This publication does not include analysis by the eight-fold classification. 5

11 chapter one: Urban Rural Classifications Table 1.3: SHS Classification Scottish Household Survey: 6 Fold Urban Rural Classification Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible* Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible* Rural Remote Rural Accessible is defined as within a 30 minute drivetime of a town with a population of 10,000 or more Sources: 6 Fold Urban Rural Classification Drivetimes - SEGIS 2002 Settlements - GROS 2001 Scottish Executive Geographic Information Service 8 January 2003 Job2269sn 6

12 1 Table 1.4: Number of Settlements, 2001 Area Number of Settlements Large Urban Areas 4 Other Urban Areas 51 Accessible Small Towns 93 Remote Small Towns 24 Accessible Rural 248 Remote Rural 72 Source: Scottish Executive Geographic Information Service It should be noted that the GROS definition of a settlement is based on the threshold of 500 people. Accessible Rural and Remote Rural areas include settlements of between 500 and 3000 people, as well as the people and households living outwith settlements. GROS also produce localities that are subdivisions of settlements that are based on 1991 locality boundaries. The localities are subdivisions of settlements that identify towns and villages that can make up the individual settlements. For example, the Glasgow settlement includes Motherwell. This publication does not include analysis by locality. The council areas with proportionally the largest urban population are Glasgow City, the City of Edinburgh, and Dundee City with over 99 per cent of the population in settlements. Others with at least 98 per cent of the population in settlements are Aberdeen City, East Renfrewshire, Renfrewshire and West Dunbartonshire. Council areas with proportionally the least population in settlements are the three island areas of Eilean Siar, Orkney and Shetland. Mainland council areas with the least population in settlements are Aberdeenshire, Argyll & Bute, Dumfries & Galloway and Highland. Urban rural classification for council areas Another widely used definition of rural Scotland is defined on the basis of the population density of council areas. Under this definition, council areas with a population density of less than 1 person per hectare are defined as rural. This definition has the advantage of being clearly understood and one for which there is a substantial amount of data available. A limitation of the definition is that an urban pocket, such as Inverness in the Highlands, is counted as rural. As might be expected, generally, the higher the proportion of the population in settlements in a council area, the more densely populated the council area. This publication does not include any further analysis by council areas. 7

13 chapter one: Urban Rural Classifications Table 1.5: Population density by Council Area, 2001 Census 2001 Census Area 2001 Density Population (hectares) (number of people per hectare) Aberdeen City 212,125 18, Aberdeenshire 226, , Angus 108, , Argyll & Bute 91, , Clackmannanshire 48,077 15, Dumfries & Galloway 147, , Dundee City 145,663 5, East Ayrshire 120, , East Dunbartonshire 108,243 17, East Lothian 90,088 67, East Renfrewshire 89,311 17, Edinburgh, City of 448,624 26, Eilean Siar 26, , Falkirk 145,191 29, Fife 349, , Glasgow City 577,869 17, Highland 208,914 2,565, Inverclyde 84,203 16, Midlothian 80,941 35, Moray 86, , North Ayrshire 135,817 88, North Lanarkshire 321,067 46, Orkney Islands 19,245 98, Perth & Kinross 134, , Renfrewshire 172,867 26, Scottish Borders 106, , Shetland Islands 21, , South Ayrshire 112, , South Lanarkshire 302, , Stirling 86, , West Dunbartonshire 93,378 15, West Lothian 158,714 42, Scotland 5,062,011 7,792, Source: General Register Office for Scotland

14 1 References Key Statistics for Council areas and Health Board areas Scotland, General Register Office for Scotland Scottish Settlements Urban and Rural Areas in Scotland, General Register Office for Scotland Scottish Household Survey - Bulletin 6, NFO System Three and MORI Scotland, Scottish Economic Statistics 2000, Scottish Executive, ISBN Contacts Contact point for further information relating to Chapter on Urban Rural Classifications: Scottish Executive Chapter Author Scottish Household Survey Robert Williams robert.williams@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Katherine Hudson shs@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Scottish Executive Shona Nicol Geographic Information Service shona.nicol@scotland.gsi.gov.uk 9

15 10 chapter one: Urban Rural Classifications

16 chapter two: Population and Housing

17 chapter two: Population and Housing The Registrar General s findings from the 2001 Census, which was held on 29 April 2001, indicate that Scotland s population is declining. The results also show that the distribution of population within Scotland is changing. In general, the larger urban areas (except Edinburgh) are declining in population, and many areas around the bigger cities and some rural areas are increasing in population. The Scottish Executive have stressed the importance of reversing Scotland s declining population and encouraging skilled and talented people to make Scotland their home. This chapter gives a breakdown of key results from the 2001 Census by urban, remote and rural areas of Scotland. The chapter covers Scotland s population and households, the age structure and the minority ethnic make up of the population within urban, remote and rural areas. The Census results were commissioned from the General Register Office for Scotland, and were produced by mapping Census output areas on to the Scottish Household Survey urban rural classification. These results have been supplemented with information on Scotland s housing and tenure from the Scottish Household Survey (SHS). The analysis reveals differences in the age structure between the different area types. In particular, it shows an older population in the remote areas of Scotland, and a higher proportion of younger people in large urban areas. It is hoped that this demographic information will help to set the scene for the following chapters. Population age and sex Of Scotland s Census Day population of 5,062,011, close to 2 million people live in large urban areas, and over 4.1 million people (81.3 per cent) live in large urban areas, other urban areas, accessible small towns, and remote small towns combined. In terms of accessible and remote areas, 4,646,858 people (91.8 per cent) live within a 30 minute drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more. 12

18 Table 2.1: Population by sex, 2001 Census Numbers, Percentages, Sex Ratio Area All People All People Male Female Sex Ratio (Number of males for every 100 females) Number Percentage Number Number 2 Large Urban Areas 1,972, ,841 1,034, Other Urban Areas 1,483, , , Accessible Small Towns 527, , , Remote Small Towns 133, ,609 70, Accessible Rural 663, , , Remote Rural 281, , , Urban 4,117, ,964,295 2,153, Rural 944, , , Accessible Areas 4,646, ,229,502 2,417, Remote Areas 415, , , Scotland 5,062, ,432,494 2,629, Source: General Register Office for Scotland The 2001 Census shows that Scotland s population is ageing (and is projected to continue ageing) with higher proportions in the older age groups and smaller proportions in the younger age groups. In 2001, some 36 per cent of people were aged under 30. The corresponding figure from the previous Census in 1991 was 41 per cent. Conversely, the older age groups all increased as a proportion of the whole population (with the exception of the small age group, who comprised 5 per cent of the population in both Censuses). In Scotland, almost 950,000 people (19 per cent) are of pensionable age. There are differences between urban, rural and remote areas, with older populations in remote areas. In remote small towns and remote rural areas some 22 per cent of people are of pensionable age compared to some 18 to 19 per cent in other areas. Chart 2.3 expands on the information provided in Table 2.2 and gives the percentage of the population within 5-year age groups for each area type. The older population in remote areas can clearly be seen. It can also be seen that younger people (20-29 age group) make up a larger proportion of the population in large urban areas compared to any other area type. The proportion of students in Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow goes some way towards explaining this difference. 13

19 chapter two: Population and Housing Table 2.2: Working age, pensionable age and children, 2001 Census Numbers, Percentages Area People of People of Children Working Age Pensionable aged 15 Age and Under Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Large Urban Areas 1,251, , , Other Urban Areas 918, , , Accessible Small Towns 321, , , Remote Small Towns 77, , , Accessible Rural 412, , , Remote Rural 166, , , Scotland 3,147, , , Source: General Register Office for Scotland Note: Pensionable age refers to men aged 65 and over and to women aged 60 and over Chart 2.3: Age distribution, 2001 Census Percentages Large Urban Areas 8.00 Other Urban Areas Percentage Percentage and over Age and over Age Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Percentage Percentage and over Age and over Age 9.00 Accessible Rural 9.00 Remote Rural Percentage Percentage and over Age Source: General Register Office for Scotland and over Age

20 To analyse the gender make-up of urban and rural Scotland it is helpful to make use of the sex ratio - an indicator that shows the number of males per 100 females. Overall in Scotland there are 93 males for every 100 females, this is not surprising since female life expectancy is higher than that for males. However, there are differences between the sex ratios for urban and rural Scotland. The number of males per 100 females rises from 91 in large urban areas to 98 in rural areas. In the main this difference results from higher proportions of males in the over sixties age groups in rural areas (no table). Ethnicity The 2001 Census also shows that there are just over 100,000 people from minority ethnic backgrounds living in Scotland. This equates to some 2 per cent of the population, and compares with 1.3 per cent in The proportion of people from minority ethnic backgrounds is largest in the large urban areas (3.7 per cent) and smallest in remote rural areas (0.5 per cent). Over 70 per cent of people from minority ethnic backgrounds live in large urban areas. 2 Table 2.4: Minority ethnic backgrounds, 2001 Census Numbers, Percentages Large Other Accessible Remote Accesible Remote Scotland Urban Urban Small Small Rural Rural Areas Areas Towns Towns All People Number 1,972,466 1,483, , , , ,538 5,062,011 Percentage White Number 1,900,140 1,466, , , , ,056 4,960,334 Percentage Indian Number 11,178 2, ,037 Percentage Pakistani Number 31,672 5,263 1, , ,970 and other South Asian Percentage Chinese Number 11,011 3, ,310 Percentage Other Number 18,465 6,035 1, , ,360 Percentage Source: General Register Office for Scotland 15

21 chapter two: Population and Housing Households Results from the 2001 Census show almost 2.2 million households living within Scotland. Over 1.8 million of these households (82.5 per cent) live in urban areas. Of these urban households, half live within the large urban areas. In terms of accessibility, some 70 per cent of Scotland s households live within settlements with a population of 10,000 or more, and a further 22 per cent live within a 30-minute drive time of these settlements. This gives over 2 million households either living in, or within or a 30-minute drive time of these settlements. As expected, the distribution of population by area closely follows the distribution of households. The largest deviation between the population and household distributions is in accessible rural areas, which make up 12.1 per cent of households and 13.1 per cent of the population. Table 2.5: Households in Scotland, 2001 Census Numbers, Percentages Area Number Percentage Large Urban Areas 891, Other Urban Areas 636, Accessible Small Towns 221, Remote Small Towns 59, Accessible Rural 264, Remote Rural 119, Urban 1,807, Rural 384, Accessible Areas 2,013, Remote Areas 178, Scotland 2,192, Source: General Register Office for Scotland 16

22 Household type The Census employs a household type classification based on the size of household, the age of people within the households and relationships between members of the household. Based on this classification, 33 per cent of Scotland s households contain one person living alone. Some 15 per cent of these are single pensioner households, and a further 18 per cent of are single non-pensioner household. Table 2.6: Household type, 2001 Census There is a higher proportion of people living alone in large urban areas (37 per cent) compared to the other area types, and in the main, this difference is explained by the proportion of non-pensioner single adult households in large urban areas. The Census shows that 22 per cent of households in large urban areas are non-pensioner single adult, compared to between 12 and 17 per cent of households in other areas. Percentages 2 Large Other Accessible Remote Accesible Remote Scotland Urban Urban Small Small Rural Rural Areas Areas Towns Towns One person households 1 adult of pensionable age and no children 1 adult of non-pensionable age and no children Other households 1 adult of any age and 1 or more children 1 adult of non-pensionable age and 1 of pensionable age and no children or 2 adults of pensionable age and no children 2 adults and 1 or 2 children adults of non-pensionable age and no children 2 adults and 3 or more children or 3 or more adults and 1 or more children 3 or more adults and no children All households Source: General Register Office for Scotland 17

23 chapter two: Population and Housing Housing Some 64 per cent of Scottish households live in a house or bungalow compared to 36 per cent who live in a flat or maisonette. Obviously there are significant differences between urban, rural and remote areas, with the proportion of households living in a house or bungalow increasing, as the area becomes more remote and rural. Over 55 per cent of the households in the large urban areas live in a flat or maisonette, this drops to around 25 per cent of households in other Table 2.7: Types of housing, 2000 and 2001 urban areas and small towns, and to around 10 per cent in rural areas. The bedroom standard takes into account the number of people, their ages and their relationships and determines the standard number of bedrooms each household requires. This is then compared with the actual number of bedrooms in the home. Some 75 per cent of rural households have one or more bedrooms than the standard would suggest were needed. The comparable figure for large urban areas is 58 per cent. Percentages Area A house or A flat/maisonette Base bungalow (including four-in-a-block) Large Urban Areas ,348 Other Urban Areas ,760 Accessible Small Towns ,346 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,714 Scotland ,031 Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Throughout this publication the results from the Scottish Household Survey provide a base. The base is unweighted and gives the number of respondents in each area type. The base figures should not be used to calculate percentages across area types. The percentages provided are weighted to take account of the inherent over-sampling in certain area types. 18

24 Table 2.8: Bedroom standard, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area 3+ above 2 above 1 above Equal to Below Base standard standard standard standard standard 2 Large Urban Areas ,348 Other Urban Areas ,760 Accessible Small Towns ,346 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,714 Scotland ,031 Source: Scottish Household Survey Overall 62 per cent of Scottish households either own their properties outright or are buying them with a mortgage or loan this figure varies from some 70 per cent of households in accessible rural areas to 58 per cent in large urban areas. Householders in remote rural areas are more likely to own their house outright. Some 40 per cent of households in remote rural areas Table 2.9: Tenure, 2000 and 2001 own their properties outright, this compares with some 30 per cent in remote small towns and accessible rural areas, and to the low 20 per cent in accessible small towns and urban areas. Renting is more common in large urban areas, with some 40 per cent of households renting. This compares to some 26 per cent of households in rural areas. Percentages Area Own Buying it Rent Live here Other Base Outright with the rent free help of a mortgage or loan Large Urban Areas ,348 Other Urban Areas ,760 Accessible Small Towns ,346 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,714 Scotland ,031 Source: Scottish Household Survey 19

25 chapter two: Population and Housing In both urban and rural areas, of those households that rent, the largest proportion do so from Local Authorities. However, there are significant differences in the make up of the rental sector between area types. Most notably, in remote rural areas, where the Table 2.10: Renting tenure, 2000 and 2001 private sector makes up some 30 per cent of the market. Housing Associations and Co-operatives make up some 20 per cent of the market in large urban areas, compared to around 10 per cent in small towns and rural areas. Percentages Area Local Housing Private Other Base Authority Association/ Landlord Housing co-operative or charitable trust Large Urban Areas ,670 Other Urban Areas ,129 Accessible Small Towns ,093 Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Scotland ,997 Source: Scottish Household Survey References Scotland s Population The Registrar General s Annual Review of Demographic Trends Census Results Contacts Contact points for further information relating to Population and Housing Chapter: Scottish Executive Chapter Author Robert Williams robert.williams@scotland.gsi.gov.uk General Register Office for Scotland Population Statistics Garnett Compton garnett.compton@gro-scotland.gsi.gov.uk 20

26 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education

27 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education The provision of a school system that enables all children and young people from all areas of Scotland to maximise their educational potential is a key priority for the Scottish Executive. The need to ensure appropriate learning opportunities across the country is vital to the development of a skilled and flexible workforce, a reduction in the inequality of opportunity through an individual s lifetime and the enhancement of a person s ability to seize opportunities as they arise. Attempting to meet this objective is a significant and costly undertaking. Educational expenditure by the Scottish Executive over 2001/02 was just over 3 billion and this is expected to increase to 3.3 billion over 2002/03. The education system across Scotland includes both private and public provision and covers educational establishments from pre-school through to Universities and higher education. This chapter concentrates on the period of compulsory education in the public sector and provides an interesting insight into the differences and similarities between schools across the many varied parts of Scotland. Across Scotland, schools vary significantly in size and number. As one might expect primary schools in urban areas are considerably larger than those in remote and accessible rural areas. In secondary schools the variation is less pronounced except for those in the remote rural areas, where the average school size is less than a quarter of the size of the average Scottish secondary school. Attainment across Scotland schools varies between and within the various urban and rural areas. The broad conclusion is that attainment in remote and accessible rural primary schools is slightly higher than in other schools and that any urban/rural link is most noticeable in writing. For pupils in secondary schools, attainment during S4 appears highest in remote rural schools and lowest in schools in large urban areas. Another key difference between pupils across Scotland is leaver destinations. Pupils in the most rural areas of Scotland are considerably more likely to go into employment or higher education than pupils from other areas. It however clear that on average across Scotland over 50 per cent of leavers go onto higher or further education. The information presented in this chapter by area is based on the location of the school and therefore it is possible that some pupils included in the analyses actually live in areas different to that of the school. The work of the ScotXED project which will make available data based on the location of a pupil s home address will overcome this problem in the future. Teachers, schools and pupils Everybody between the ages of 5 and 16 years of age has the right to an education provided by the state, and there is also a commitment to provide pre-school places for 3 and 4 year olds. This is clearly a substantial and significant obligation and in order to meet this commitment across the whole of Scotland over 2,650 schools are attended by just under 737,000 pupils who are taught by just under 53,000 full and part time teachers. These schools are spread out across the country, with obvious clustering in areas of high population. Chart 3.1 shows that whilst over 150,000 pupils attended primary schools in the large urban areas, only 12,000 pupils attend primary schools in remote small towns. The pattern is similar for secondary school pupils with over 112,000 pupils attending schools in the large urban areas and less than 10,500 attending schools in remote rural areas. 22

28 Chart 3.1: Pupils in publicly funded schools, September 2001 Numbers Primary Number of pupils (000s) Secondary Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive The number of schools across the six areas of Scotland is linked to both the location and pupil numbers. In September 2001, over 1,100 primary schools were located in the large and other urban areas of Scotland. These schools were attended by almost 285,000 pupils. However only 22,200 pupils attend the 413 primary schools located in remote rural area, and just over 53,300 pupils attend 521 primary schools in accessible rural areas. Looking at secondary schools, in the large and other urban areas just under 220,000 pupils attend 232 schools, however the 51 Secondary schools in remote rural areas are only attended by 10,300 pupils. 23

29 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education Table 3.2: Pupils and teachers in publicly funded schools, September 2001 Numbers Area Primary Secondary Number of Number of Number of Number of teachers per pupils per teachers per pupils per school (FTE) school school (FTE) school Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Scotland Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Table 3.2 shows the relatively similar numbers of pupils per school across the urban and small accessible towns for both primary and secondary schools. It is clear as one might expect that schools in remote rural areas have considerably fewer numbers of pupils and teachers than other schools across Scotland. Considering Primary schools separately, it is clear that on average the number of teachers per school, and pupils per school are similar across urban areas and towns, whereas in rural areas schools are considerably smaller. In secondary schools a similar pattern occurs, although the schools in accessible rural areas are more similar in terms of pupil and teacher numbers to urban and small town than those schools in remote rural areas. In the large urban areas the average primary school teacher is aged 42 years 4 months. As schools become more rural, the average age of the teachers increases, so that for those teachers in the remote rural primary schools the average age is 1 year 8 months older. For teachers in secondary schools, the average age fluctuates by 6 months across the six locations, with the average age in secondary school in the large urban areas being the same as in the remote rural schools (43 years 6 months). Attainment at primary school Scotland s publicly funded primary schools present a wide curriculum including mathematics, English, foreign languages, environmental studies, religious and moral education, health, personal and social development, expressive arts (physical education and music) and information and communications technology. In Scotland s primary schools the development of pupils is supported by national tests that are used to confirm that a pupil has reached a particular national attainment level A-F. These tests are selected by teachers from a catalogue and taken by pupils as and when they are considered by their teacher to be at the required level. National guidelines are provided as an indication of by when the various levels should have been attained, but this will vary between pupils depending on their personal circumstances. The National 5-14 guidelines suggest across Scotland almost all pupils (90 per cent) should have attained level A by the end of P3, most (75 per cent) should attain level B by end P4, most 24

30 (75 per cent) should attain level D by end P7 and most (75 per cent) should attain level E by the end of S2. A useful assessment of attainment can be made by considering the percentage of pupils across the school who have attained the national levels in reading, writing and maths by the recommended stages. A broad expectation is that on average around 80 per cent of a school s pupils should be attaining the national levels by the suggested stages. The level of attainment differs by subject, stage and school. For example by the end of P3, over 95 per cent of pupils across Scotland have attained at least level A in maths, compared to only 85 per cent and 87 per cent in writing and reading respectively. However, by the end of P7, less than 69 per cent of P7 pupils attain at least level D in maths, less than 60 per cent reach the required level in writing, but 72 per cent attain at least level D in reading. It is clear that on average, attainment in writing is lower than in reading and maths and there is also evidence to support the claim that on average attainment in accessible and remote rural primary schools is higher than in schools across other parts of Scotland. There would also appear to a gradient running through the attainment in writing from urban - lowest attainment - through to remote rural - highest attainment. However in reading and maths, the distinction is less clear. 3 Chart 3.3: Attainment in Primary Schools, 2001/02: Pupils attaining or exceeding relevant 5-14 Levels in publicly funded schools Percentages Percentage of pupils Reading Writing Maths Subject Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Note: Y-axis does not start at zero The percentages are based on numbers in P3, P4, P6 and P7 25

31 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education Attainment at secondary school Secondary schools across Scotland provide a varied curriculum based around a common core. Pupils in S1 and S2 continue to build on their learning from primary schools by following the National 5-14 system and then they move onto the National Qualifications framework which provides for the range of abilities across S3, S4, S5 and S6. Chart 3.4: Attainment of Level E by end S2, 2001/02: Pupils attaining or exceeding 5-14 Level E in publicly funded schools by the end of S2 Percentages Percentage of S2 pupils Reading Writing Mathematics Subject Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Attainment of Level E by the end of S2 across reading, writing and maths is significantly below the proportion expected with the attainment levels in large and other urban areas being lower on average than schools in other areas of the country. As with primary schools attainment in reading is higher than in the other two disciplines. However unlike primary schools there is negligible difference between writing and maths. Attainment in maths also shows a marked gradient between urban - lowest attainment - through to remote rural - highest attainment. Secondary pupils can now also take a range of national qualifications covering Standard Grade and Access, Intermediate 1, Intermediate 2, Higher and Advanced Higher levels. Courses can be mixed and matched according to ability and attainment can be measured by use of a tariff score that enables average scores to be calculated across the range of examinations taken by a pupil. Chart 3.5 shows how the average attainment during S4 varies across different parts of the country. This includes attainment in both Standard Grades and new National Qualifications. It is clear that attainment in large and other urban 26

32 areas is lower on average than attainment in the more rural parts of Scotland. Pupils attending those schools in the remote rural parts of Scotland achieve, on average 35 more tariff points than those pupils attending schools in the large urban areas. This is the difference between attaining 7 Grade 4 Standard Grades (SCQF level 4) and 7 Grade 5 Standard Grades (SCQF level 3). Chart 3.5: Secondary attainment during S4, 2001/ Average tariff score Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Absence A significant factor in the level of attainment of a pupil can be the extent to which they miss school. The link between authorised and unauthorised absence and attainment at all levels of schooling is marked, although it is not necessarily a simple linear relationship. Large levels of absenteeism can have a strong influence on and be influenced by the ethos, attainment and functioning of a school and the local community. The latest information shows as one might expect, absence form school increases with age. There is also evidence that levels of absence vary across different areas of the country. Across all Scotland s primary schools just over 5 per cent of all possible half day attendance is lost to absence. In schools located in large and other urban area the comparable figure is 5.4 per cent and just over 4.3 per cent in schools in the other parts of Scotland. In secondary schools, the average figure for Scotland is that just under 11.1 per cent of all possible half day attendance is lost to absence. In schools located in the large and other urban areas this figures rises to 11.8 per cent, in schools in accessible areas (accessible small towns and accessible remote) the equivalent figure is 9.9 per cent. Those secondary schools located in the small remote towns and remote rural areas lose 8.6 per cent of all possible half day attendance to absence. 27

33 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education Table 3.6 shows how the level of absence varies across Scotland. Considering authorised absence, there is evidence to show that for both primary and secondary schools this type of absence is more significant in the large and other urban areas than across the schools in other parts of the country. Temporary exclusions in primary schools account for relatively small amounts of absenteeism, but the indication is that the more urban a school s location is, the higher the level of temporary exclusions. The figures for secondary schools are more significant and show that the more remote the location of the school the lower the level of temporary exclusion. The third type of absence measured covers truancy and other forms of unauthorised absence. In primary schools the figures show three clear groupings. The highest levels are in large and other urban areas, followed by towns, with accessible and remote rural areas showing significantly lower levels of this type of unauthorised absence. In secondary schools, this type of absence is relatively more common in urban and accessible areas than in those school located in remote small towns and remote rural areas. Table 3.6: Absence in Primary and Secondary schools, Percentages of half days Area Authorised Temporary Unauthorised absence absence Exclusion due to truancy or other Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Scotland Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Free school meals entitlement The levels of free school meal entitlement (FME) has been used for a wide range of purposes ranging from funding, informing the setting of attainment targets and as a measure of deprivation. Pupils are entitled to free school meals if they or their parents are in receipt of Income Support or Income based Job Seekers Allowance as are children of asylum seekers in receipt of support under Part VI of the Immigration and Asylum Act The suggested under-recording of FME figures has been a live issue with schools and Local Authorities for a number of years with issues such as take-up and availability. The latest figures attempt to account for under-recording by allowing the inclusion of estimates to cover those pupils who would be eligible, but who do not take up FME for some reason. Across Scotland just over 20 per cent of primary school pupils are eligible for free school meals compared with just under 16 per cent of secondary school pupils. 28

34 Chart 3.7 shows how the levels of free meal entitlement are higher in the large and other urban areas than across the rest of Scotland, with over 28 per cent of pupils at primary schools in Large urban areas having FME, compared to only 11 per cent of pupils at primary schools in accessible rural areas. Chart 3.7: Free School Meals, January 2002: Pupils in Education Authority schools recorded as entitled to free school meals Percentages Primary Secondary 3 20 Percentage of pupils Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Internet and The use and availability of Internet and technologies is widespread across Scotland s schools. The spread of technology has opened up educational opportunities for pupils across Scotland. In some schools web-sites promoting the school and providing links to inspection reports, attainment, school activities are available, whilst others use to assist in improving communications between staff, pupils and parents. The latest available figures from the 2001 School census show that all of Scotland s publicly funded secondary schools have access to the Internet with 84 per cent of publicly funded primary schools also having Internet access. Related to this are the figures on addresses. Whilst all secondary schools in remote small towns have addresses, over the whole of Scotland the equivalent figure is 91 percent, with over 10 per cent of secondary schools in the large urban areas not having an address. In primary schools, some 63 per cent of primary schools in remote small towns have an address compared to an average figure of 75 per cent and a figure of 81 per cent for schools in accessible rural areas. 29

35 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education Destinations of school leavers Another area of significant interest when comparing schools and pupils across the Chart 3.8: Leaver destinations, 2001/02 country is what happens to pupils when they leave secondary school. Chart 3.8 shows how pupils leaving schools in various parts of the country take different paths. Percentages Percentage of pupils Full Time Higher Education Full Time Further Education Training Employment other known not known Subject Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Source: Education Department of the Scottish Executive Across Scotland the most common destination for school leavers is to go into full time Higher Education. Of those leavers from schools in remote rural areas, almost 38 per cent go onto HE, compared to just under 30 per cent of leavers from schools in the large urban areas. If leavers are not going into HE, the next preferred option is to enter into the employment market, followed by full time Further Education. Whilst the type of choices made by school leavers are broadly similar across all areas in Scotland, there are some noticeable differences in certain regions. For leavers from remote rural schools, 7 out of every 10 go onto HE or employment compared to only just over 1 in every 2 leavers from schools in large and other urban areas. The percentage of leavers going onto FE is broadly similar across Scotland at around 1 in every 5 leavers, except for leavers from remote rural areas where the figure is nearer 3 in every 20 leavers. The other significant difference in destinations is picked up by the Other Known category. This covers unemployment, gap-year, unpaid caring and sickness and it is clear that leavers from school in large and other urban areas and accessible rural areas are more likely to be in this category than leavers from schools in other parts of Scotland. 30

36 References Information, Analysis and Communication Division of the Education Department of the Scottish Executive. Contacts Contact points for further information relating to Education Chapter: Scottish Executive Chapter author Pete Whitehouse School Census Gary Sutton and primary school qualifications Secondary school Emma Waddington qualifications Absence Mal Cooke

37 32 chapter three: Primary and Secondary Education

38 chapter four: Health and Care

39 chapter four: Health and Care Our health and that of our children is of great importance in all of our lives. This is reflected in the fact that overall spending on NHS in Scotland is nearly 7 billion in The recent publication Partnership for Care: Scotland s Health White Paper states, Scotland s health is improving but the scale of the challenge is still daunting. Scotland s death rates are among the highest in the world for cancer and coronary heart disease. Life expectancy is consistently lower than in other European Union countries. We have rising rates of suicide, particularly among young men, and rising numbers of young people, in particular girls in their early teens, being treated for self-harm. This reflects a complex interaction of different factors relating to life choices, life styles and life circumstances. Our objective is to improve Scotland s health and reduce the health inequalities within our society. Poor health is strongly linked to deprivation and inequality. Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Scotland suggested that there is perhaps a perception that rural residents are healthier than many of their urban counterparts. This chapter presents data, mainly from the Scottish Household Survey, on aspects on health and care in Scotland using the six fold urban and rural classification. It is by no means an exhaustive comparison of health issues in urban and rural areas. There are many other sources of health information available but they are not readily available using the six fold classification. In order to ensure consistency with other chapters, only data which can be presented using the six fold classification are included here. The results show that there are some significant health differences between people in urban and rural areas, for example: people in rural areas generally report better health than those in urban areas; they are less likely to be disabled or suffer from a long term limiting illness than those in urban areas and; they are less likely to smoke than those in urban areas. but for other aspects of health there appears to be little difference between the different areas: for those that smoke, the average number of cigarettes smoked is the same in urban and rural areas the number of times people visit their GP annually. Self assessed health The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) asks respondents to assess their state of health over the last twelve months and Table 4.1 shows the percentage of adults who stated that their health was good, fairly good or not good by the different area types. People in rural areas generally report that their health is better than those in urban areas. This feeling of well-being increases in a linear manner; people in smaller towns report that their health is better than people in urban areas and those in rural areas report better health than those in small towns. 34

40 Table 4.1: Adults self-assessed health, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Good/fairly good Not good Base Large Urban Areas ,706 Other Urban Areas ,280 Accessible Small Towns ,171 Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural ,539 Remote Rural ,642 Scotland ,135 Source: Scottish Household Survey Chapter 2 highlighted that remote areas of Scotland have an older age profile than the more urban areas. Age is known to have an affect on self perception of health - older people tend to report their health as less good. It is useful to spilt these data into under and over 65 year olds to see whether the differing age profile has any effect on the results. Chart 4.2 shows the percentage of under 65 year olds and over 65 year olds who view their health to be not good. For both of these age groups, the proportion of people who describe their health as not good is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. For all area types the proportion is higher for 65 years and older than for under 65 year olds. 4 Chart 4.2: Adults health rated as not good by age, 2000 and 2001 Percentages 30 Under and over 20 Percentage Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Source: Scottish Household Survey 35

41 chapter four: Health and Care In addition to age, exercise is an extremely important determinant of the well-being of an individual, yet 58 per cent of adults in Scotland do not walk for pleasure or to keep fit. In his foreward to the Strategy on Physical Activity, the Chairman of the Physical Activity Task Force states that Scottish people live in very inactive times and that there are three times as many inactive Scots as there are Scots who are smokers. The SHS does not ask any detailed questions on exercise habits, but respondents are asked how often they walk for pleasure or to keep fit. Table 4.3: Adults walking for pleasure or to keep fit, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Not at all 1-2 days 3-5 days 6-7 days Base per week per week per week Large Urban Areas ,502 Other Urban Areas ,170 Accessible Small Towns ,110 Remote Small Towns ,199 Accessible Rural ,351 Remote Rural ,551 Scotland ,883 Source: Scottish Household Survey There is a significantly higher proportion of people within rural areas who walk at least once a week for pleasure or to keep fit. The difference is most marked in the proportion who walk 6 or 7 days a week: only 10 per cent within large urban areas as opposed to 20 per cent in accessible rural areas and 18 per cent in remote rural areas. Disability Adults in urban areas are more likely to have a disability or long term limiting illness than those living in rural areas. Whilst there are small differences between the urban areas and small towns and between small towns and rural areas these differences are not significant. Table 4.4: Adults with a disability or long term limiting illness, 2001 Area Percentages Base Large Urban Areas 21 5,898 Other Urban Areas 20 4,169 Accessible Small Towns 19 1,614 Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural 16 1,766 Remote Rural Scotland 20 14, Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: These data refer to random adults who responded yes to having either a long standing health problem or a disability which limits their daily activity or the kind of work which they can do.

42 As with self assessed health, age has a large effect on the rates of disability and long term illness; older people are more likely to be disabled than younger ones. Chart 4.5 shows the proportion of adults aged under 65, and 65 and older who are disabled using the 3 fold classification. For both age groups the proportion of adults with a disability or long term limiting illness is highest in urban areas. Chart 4.5: Adults with a disability or long term limiting illness by age, 2001 Percentages 45 Under and over Percentage Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Area Source: Scottish Household Survey Care provision The SHS asks the head of the household whether there is any one in the home who needs regular help or care because of disability, illness or old age. There is a small but significantly higher proportion of adults receiving care in large urban areas than in rural areas which is consistent with there being a higher incidence of disability and longterm illness in these areas. 37

43 chapter four: Health and Care Table 4.6: Adults receiving care, 2000 and 2001 Area Percentages Base Large Urban Areas ,715 Other Urban Areas 6.6 8,285 Accessible Small Towns 6.3 3,171 Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural 5.4 3,539 Remote Rural 5.5 1,642 Scotland ,149 Source: Scottish Household Survey The head of household is also asked whether household members provide care to others either within or outside of the home. 13 per cent of adults in Scotland do provide help to others but there are no significant differences between the different areas. Table 4.7: Adults who smoke, 2000 and 2001 Area Smoking A significantly higher proportion of adults from urban areas smoke compared to rural areas however there is no difference in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day (15.9 cigarettes). Percentages Base Large Urban Areas 31 11,706 Other Urban Areas 29 8,280 Accessible Small Towns 29 3,171 Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural 24 3,539 Remote Rural 23 1,642 Scotland 29 29,135 Source: Scottish Household Survey Once again, the age structure of the population will have an effect on these results; results from the SHS show that younger people are more likely to smoke than older ones and the urban areas have a higher proportion of younger people than the rural areas. However, when the data are compared for both the under 65 year old age group and the over 65 year old group there is still a significantly higher proportion of adults smoking in urban areas than in rural areas. 38

44 Consultations with GP Analysis of the SHS shows that there is no difference in the proportion of adults registered with a GP between urban and rural areas; it is virtually 100 per cent in all parts of the country. Survey respondents are asked to rate how satisfied they were with their last visit to their GP and again, there were no significant differences between urban and rural areas with 92 per cent replying that they were either very satisfied or fairly satisfied. The number of times that an individual consults their GP over a 12 month period is also the same irrespective of whether they live in an urban area, a small town or a rural area (Chart 4.8). Chart 4.8: Adults number of visits to GP within last 12 months, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Urban Areas Small Towns Rural 4 25 Percentage None 1 or 2 3 to 5 6 to 10 More than 10 Source: Scottish Household Survey Number of visits The Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department carried out a study on the geographic Availability of Services in Rural Scotland during 2002 which involved calculating the drive times to 20 key services. One of these services was the nearest GP surgery. Over 95 per cent of households in urban areas or small towns in Scotland live within 5 minutes drive of a GP surgery however in rural areas this figure drops to 55 per cent. (Table 4.9). Looking at these drives times in conjunction with the results on number of visits to GP, it appears that the household drive time to the surgery does not affect how often an individual visits their GP. 39

45 chapter four: Health and Care Table 4.9: Households drive time to GP surgery, 2002 Percentages Area 0-5 mins 5-15 mins mins Over 30 mins Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Scotland Source: Availability of Services in Rural Scotland Reason for visiting hospital Data are collected from all Scottish hospitals by the Information and Statistics Division (ISD) on the diagnoses on inpatient and daycase discharges. To allow for the very different population sizes in the different areas, the number of cases in each of the diagnoses categories are expressed as a percentage of total discharges. Table 4.10 presents data, using the 3-fold classification, on 5 most common diagnoses at discharge. Table 4.10: Selected principal diagnosis inpatient and daycase discharges as a percentage of total Acute hospital (non psychiatric, non obstetric) inpatient and daycase discharges, Year ending March 2002 Percentages Urban Areas 3 Small Towns Rural Scotland Injuries and poisonings: Fracture Burns Poisoning and toxic effects Heart disease Respiratory disease Stroke/CVA PVD Source: ISD National Health Service in Scotland 1. CVA, Cerebrovascular Accident 2. PVD, Perpheral Vascular Disease is a disease of the blood vessels where the arteries become narrowed or clogged. 3. Urban/rural classification is assigned based on the postcode of the home address of the patient. 40 Care should be taken when comparing the proportions across areas as they represent the prevalence of particular diagnoses relative to all other diagnoses within that area, however some general trends can be identified. Injuries and poisoning is the most common reason for going to hospital in all areas of Scotland. Within this, poisoning and toxic effects represent 1.8 per cent of total discharges in urban areas compared with 1.1per cent in rural areas. Heart disease is the second most common reason for visiting hospital accounting for 7.7 per cent of total discharges in urban areas, 7.5 per cent in small towns and 7.2 per cent in rural areas. Similarly respiratory disease, the third most common category, accounts for a higher proportion of all discharges (6.5 per cent) in urban areas than in rural areas (5.9 per cent).

46 Births The number of births per 1,000 women aged years is lowest in large urban areas (46 live births per 1000 women aged years) and is virtually the same for all other areas (50 or 51 live births per 1000 women aged years). Considerable differences between the different areas are revealed when the data are examined by 5 year age groups. For year olds women, the birth rate is higher in urban areas than in rural ones but this pattern starts to change for year olds; whilst the birth rate for accessible rural areas is still the second lowest (large urban areas is the lowest), the rate for remote rural areas is very similar to the other three areas. The rates for year olds, year olds and year olds are highest in the rural areas and the highest birth rate for year olds is in the remote rural areas. Table 4.11: Number of live births per 1,000 women aged years, 2001 Area Large Other Accessible Remote Accessible Remote Scotland Urban Urban Small Small Rural Rural Areas Areas Towns Towns Age Total (15-44) Source: General Register Ofice for Scotland The highest pregnancy rate for year olds of 8.4 pregnancies per 1, year olds is in the urban areas compared to a rate of 4.9 per cent in the rural areas (due to the small number involved, data can only be shown using the 3 fold classification). Table 4.12: Pregnancy rate for year olds: number per 1,000 women, 2001 Area Urban Areas 8.4 Small Towns 7.5 Rural 4.9 Scotland 7.6 Source: ISD National Health Service in Scotland Note: These data relate to cases based on maternities and pregnancies resulting in therapeutic abortion 41

47 chapter four: Health and Care The majority of women giving birth in rural areas are over 30 years of age (Chart 4.13) which is consistent with the older population profile in rural areas (Chart 2.6). Around 9 per cent of mothers in urban areas are under 20 years of age when they give birth, compared with 5 per cent in rural areas. Between 43 to 47 per cent of women giving birth in urban areas and small towns are aged years, compared with only 38 per cent in accessible rural areas and 40 per cent in remote rural areas. The relative positions reverse for the over 30 year old age group: 54 per cent of women giving birth in accessible rural areas and 50 per cent of those in remote rural areas are between 30 and 40 years old, compared with 41 to 45 per cent in the other areas. Chart 4.13: Age distribution of women giving birth during 2001 Percentages Source: General Register Office for Scotland There are significant differences between the percentage of total births to unmarried mothers in urban areas compared to rural areas with the lowest rate (33 per cent) occurring in remote rural areas. 42

48 Table 4.14: Births to unmarried mothers, 2001 Percentage of total births Area Large Urban Areas 47 Other Urban Areas 45 Accessible Small Towns 41 Remote Small Towns 46 Accessible Rural 37 Remote Rural 33 Scotland 43 Source: General Register Office for Scotland Singleton full term babies born to mothers from urban areas are more likely to be low birth weight (weighing less than 2,500 grams) Chart 4.15 : Low birth weight babies, 2000/01 than those born to mothers from rural and more remote areas. Percentage of all full term singleton births Percentage Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Area Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Source: ISD National Health Service in Scotland Notes: These are provisional figures for 2000/01 and exclude home and non-nhs hospitals. The figures also exclude births with less than 37 weeks gestation. Remote Rural 43

49 chapter four: Health and Care Deaths Chart 4.16 shows the death rate per 1,000 people for under 75 year olds for both men and women in all area types. For all areas of Scotland the death rate for men under 75 years is higher than for women and the highest rate for both men and women is in large urban areas. For men and women under 75 years of age in all areas, the highest cause of death was cancer followed by heart disease and strokes. Chart 4.16: Death rate per 1,000 people under 75 years of age by gender, Males Females Rate per 1, Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Source: General Register Office for Scotland Note: The number of deaths and the total population figures both relate to under 75 year olds Dental health in children Data collected by the University of Dundee show that 5 year olds from urban areas are more likely to have dental disease (filled, missing and decayed baby teeth) than 5 year olds from rural areas. 44

50 Table 4.17: Percentage of 5 year olds free from dental disease, 1998/99 Percentages Area Large Urban Areas 42.1 Other Urban Areas 43.8 Accessible Small Towns 45.7 Remote Small Towns 50.2 Accessible Rural 54.7 Remote Rural 48.1 Scotland 45.3 Source: Dental Health Services Research Unit: University of Dundee The data were also analysed using the 3 fold area classification and 3 deprivation categories (using the Carstairs Deprivation categories) (Chart 4.18). For 5 year olds who come from households within the least deprived areas (categories 1 to 3), there are no area differences in the proportion who are free from dental disease. Significant area differences appear for 5 year olds who come from households in deprivation categories 4 to 7; children from deprived rural areas are more likely to be free from dental disease than those who come from deprived urban areas or small towns. 4 Chart 4.18 : Percentage of 5 year olds free from dental disease by area type and deprivation category 1998/ Percentage , 2, 3 4 Deprivation category 5, 6, 7 Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Source: Dental Health Services Research Unit: University of Dundee 45

51 chapter four: Health and Care Data are collected on the average number of permanent teeth affected by decay in 14 year olds. Table 4.19 shows the average number of teeth affected by decay broken down by deprivation category and the 2 fold accessible/remote classification. Table 4.19: Average number of permanent teeth affected by decay for 14 year olds by deprivation category and area type, 1998/99 Deprivation category Area Average number of teeth affected by decay 1,2,3 Accessible Areas 2.17 Remote Areas 1.69 Total Accessible Areas 2.73 Remote Areas 3.24 Total ,6,7 Accessible Areas 3.52 Remote Areas 4.46 Total 3.55 Source: Dental Health Services Research Unit: University of Dundee As with the 5 year olds, the average number of teeth affected by decay increases as the level of deprivation increases, but the relationship between accessible and remote areas changes with the level of deprivation. For the least deprived areas (Carstairs categories 1 to 3) 14 year olds from remote areas have an average of 1.69 teeth affected as opposed to 2.17 for those from more accessible areas. For more deprived areas (Carstairs categories 4 to 7) the relationship reverses and 14 year olds from remoter areas have a higher average number of teeth affected than those from more accessible areas. 46

52 References Partnership for Care: Scotland s Health White Paper Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Scotland Let s make Scotland more active: A strategy for Physical Activity Availability of Services in Rural Scotland Scottish Health Boards Dental Epidemiological Programme Contacts 4 Contact points for further information relating to Health Chapter: Scottish Executive Chapter Author Health Statistics Care Statistics Amy Wilson amy.wilson@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Julie Wilson julie.wilson@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Julie Rintoul julie.rintoul@scotland.gsi.gov.uk General Register Office for Scotland Vital Events Graham Jackson graham.jackson@gro-scotland.gsi.gov.uk 47

53 48 chapter four: Health and Care

54 chapter five: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation

55 chapter five: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation Recent research provides evidence that peoples perceptions of their community and its structures and characteristics; and their social interaction, social networks and social support may contribute to economic and social benefits. This concept is commonly known as social capital. Potential benefits include better local and national economic performance, more efficient local labour markets, and higher levels of educational attainment, lower crime rates and improved health. While there is no agreed definition of social capital, there is a general consensus towards a definition, which emphasises the strengthening of social networks. For example, the OECD defines social capital as networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Measuring social capital is not straightforward. It is usually measured in social surveys, by asking about attitudes and interactions. The question set is potentially long and complicated, and its analysis does not easily convert into a single measure of high or low social capital. The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) includes a number of questions on social capital, and this chapter uses this information to compare indicators of social capital by urban and rural areas. The results show that people living in rural and remote areas tended to be at the higher end of the range for the positive indicators. For example, people in rural areas are: more likely to do voluntary work; more likely to feel involved in their local community; more likely to feel safe when walking in their neighbourhoods in the evening; and less likely to experience anti-social behaviour. Perception of their neighbourhood The SHS defines a neighbourhood as the street the people live in and the street nearby in an urban area, while in rural areas a neighbourhood is defined as the local area. People are asked to give their opinions on their neighbourhood and how they rate it. More than 9 out of 10 people in Scotland rate their neighbourhood as a very or fairly good place to live. Almost 90 per cent of people in large urban areas rate their neighbourhoods as very or fairly good, and this percentage rises to 96 per cent in remote rural areas. Table 5.1: How adults rate their neighbourhood, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Very/Fairly good Very/Fairly poor Base Large Urban Areas ,617 Other Urban Areas ,228 Accessible Small Towns ,138 Remote Small Towns ,207 Accessible Rural ,372 Remote Rural ,559 Scotland ,146 Source: Scottish Household Survey 50

56 What people like and dislike about their neighbourhoods Overall people in Scotland are more likely to have aspects of their neighbourhoods they particularly like than they particularly dislike. Only 5 per cent of people said that there was nothing they particularly liked about their neighbourhood, whereas, 46 per cent of adults said there was nothing they particularly disliked. Throughout Scotland the quiet and peaceful aspect of their neighbourhood was the one aspect people particularly liked. Almost 50 per cent of people in large urban areas cited this aspect, rising to some 75 per cent in rural areas. The friendly people aspect of the neighbourhood was another which people across Scotland (some 30 per cent) recognised as something they particularly liked. There are other aspects that people like about their neighbourhoods depending on whether they live in urban or rural areas. In rural areas the nice landscapes/ open spaces and good outlook / view are aspects which rank highly. Whereas in urban areas convenient shop/ other amenities and good public transport are aspects people particularly like. In urban areas the aspects of their neighbourhood which people particularly dislike which are cited most often are young people hanging about and vandalism (16 and 13 per cent of people citing these aspects respectively). Whereas in rural areas poor public transport is the most commonly quoted aspect (13 per cent) that people dislike about their neighbourhoods. Table 5.2: Aspects of neighbourhood adults particularly like, 2000 and 2001 Percentages 5 Area Area well maintained Good public transport Nice landscape/ open spaces Safe area/ low crime Good outlook/ view Quiet/ peaceful Friendly people Convenient shop/ other amenities Good local shops Good local leisure facilities Good local schools Good facilities for children Other Nothing Base Large Urban Areas ,616 Other Urban Areas ,228 Accessible Small Towns ,138 Remote Small Towns ,207 Accessible Rural ,372 Remote Rural ,559 Scotland ,120 Source: Scottish Household Survey 51

57 chapter five: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation Table 5.3: Aspects of neighbourhood adults particularly dislike, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Area poorly maintained Poor public transport Poor outlook/ view Problem with neighbours Problems with dogs Unsafe area/crime Poor local shops Vandalism Poor local leisure facilities Drug abuse Poor local schools Alcohol abuse Noise Young people hanging about Parking problems Nothing Other Base Large Urban Areas ,617 Other Urban Areas ,228 Accessible Small Towns ,138 Remote Small Towns ,207 Accessible Rural ,372 Remote Rural ,559 Scotland ,121 Source: Scottish Household Survey Anti-social behaviour People living in urban areas are significantly more likely to encounter anti-social behaviour than people living in rural areas. In all areas, groups of young people hanging about and rubbish or litter are quoted as the most commonly encountered anti-social behaviour. Some 35 per cent of people in large urban areas report these anti-social behaviours as very or fairly common - the comparable figure in remote rural areas is some 10 per cent. Table 5.4: Proportion of adults who find some anti-social behaviour very or fairly common in the neighbourhood they live in, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Noisy Vandalism/ Groups of People Rubbish or Base neighbours/ graffiti/ young drinking or litter loud parties damage to people using hanging property hanging drugs around about Large Urban Areas ,616 Other Urban Areas ,228 Accessible Small Towns ,138 Remote Small Towns ,207 Accessible Rural ,372 Remote Rural ,559 Scotland ,120 Source: Scottish Household Survey 52

58 Other results from the survey show that in 2001, some 10 per cent of Scottish households had property damaged by vandalism in the previous year. Some 12 per cent of households within urban areas have had property damaged by vandalism, compared to 5 per cent of households in rural areas. Perception of crime People s perception of their neighbourhood is also governed by how safe they feel there. In 2001, some 20 per cent of people felt not particularly safe or not at all safe when walking in their local neighbourhood in the evening. People in rural areas and small towns are more likely to feel safe when walking in their local neighbourhood in the evening. Results from the Scottish Crime Survey (SCS) show the proportion of people feeling unsafe walking alone in their area after dark falling from 39 per cent in 1993 and 35 per cent in 1996 to 28 per cent in Table 5.5: To what extent adults feel they are, or would be, safe from crime when walking in their neighbourhood in the evening, 2001 Percentages Area Very/Fairly safe Not particularly/ Don t know Base Not at all safe Urban Areas ,436 Small Towns ,241 Rural ,932 Accessible Areas ,716 Remote Areas ,893 5 Scotland ,609 Source: Scottish Household Survey Neighbourhood involvement Information on social networks and social support are usually gathered through, amongst other indicators, people s own perception of their involvement in the local community or how they feel about and interact with other people in their neighbourhood. The more rural or remote the location, the more likely people are to feel involved in their local community. While 22 per cent of adults in large urban areas feel greatly or fairly involved, these same proportions rise to 35 and 46 per cent of adults in accessible rural areas and remote rural areas respectively. 53

59 chapter five: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation Table 5.6: How adults feel involved in their local community (neighbourhood), 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area A great deal, Not very much Not at all Base a fair amount Large Urban Areas ,576 Other Urban Areas ,209 Accessible Small Towns ,133 Remote Small Towns ,201 Accessible Rural ,366 Remote Rural ,555 Scotland ,065 Source: Scottish Household Survey Neighbourhood support The SHS provides information on the level of help and support people can turn to within their neighbourhoods. People are asked whether or not they agree with the statements below Statement 1: If I was alone and needed help, I could rely on one of my friends/ relatives in the neighbourhood to help me Statement 2: If my home was empty, I could count on one of my friends/relatives to keep an eye on my home Statement 3: I feel I could turn to friends/relatives in this neighbourhood for advice and support Table 5.7 presents the proportion of adults who strongly agree or tend to agree with the statements above. Overall, some 90 per cent of people said that they could turn to friends or relatives in their neighbourhood for help and support. Table 5.7: Proportion of adults who strongly agree or tend to agree with the three quoted statements on neighbourhood support, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Base Urban Areas ,844 Small Towns ,345 Rural ,931 Accessible Areas ,354 Remote Areas ,766 Scotland ,120 Source: Scottish Household Survey 54

60 Volunteering activities The Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations estimated that in 2001, the International Year of Volunteers, there were over 44,000 voluntary organisations in Scotland. The voluntary sector relies on both paid employees and volunteers this section concentrates on volunteers. Volunteering is recognised as a way of participating in the life of the community while at the same time encouraging social inclusion of those volunteering and those targeted by the organisations. Some 25 per cent of people have given up time to help clubs, charities, campaigns and organisations in an unpaid capacity over the previous 12 months. The proportion of volunteers increases, as the area type becomes more rural and remote. People living in large urban areas are the least likely to volunteer (22 per cent) while those in remote rural areas are the most likely (38 per cent). In all areas, the two most common voluntary activities are working with young people and church/religious activities. Other types of volunteering vary by geographic area. For example, a significantly higher proportion of people give up time to work in support of the environment in rural areas than in urban areas. In urban areas there is a significantly higher proportion of people working with vulnerable people than in rural areas. The two most common types of voluntary work people do are providing some kind of services and fundraising (some 55 and 45 per cent respectively). Table 5.8: Adults who have given up time to help clubs, charities, campaigns or organisations over the past 12 months, 2000 and 2001 Percentages 5 Area Base Large Urban Areas 22 10,566 Other Urban Areas 24 8,213 Accessible Small Towns 30 3,136 Remote Small Towns 30 1,205 Accessible Rural Areas 33 3,369 Remote Rural Areas 38 2,956 Scotland 26 29,445 Source: Scottish Household Survey People and their local councils The SHS asks people whether or not they know who their local councillor is. In Scotland, almost 60 per cent of people do not know who their local councillor is. Proportionately, almost twice as many people living in remote rural areas than in large urban areas know who their local councillor is. Some 10 per cent of people have contacted their local councillor over the past 12 months, and of these, over 60 per cent were very or fairly satisfied with the way their councillor dealt with the matter. (No table) 55

61 chapter five: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation Table 5.9: Adults and whether or not they know who their local councillor is, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Yes Base Large Urban Areas 34 10,611 Other Urban Areas 38 8,224 Accessible Small Towns 51 3,138 Remote Small Towns 56 1,208 Accessible Rural 51 3,371 Remote Rural 66 2,559 Scotland 42 29,111 Source: Scottish Household Survey Views on council services The SHS also looks at what people think about council services and the way their council spends its money. People are asked whether they agree, disagree or whether they have no opinion on the statements below: My local council provides high quality services My local council does the best it can with the money available Overall some 40 per cent of people agree that their council provides high quality services and also some 40 per cent agree that the council does the best it can with the money available. There are no significant differences between geographic areas. (No table) Some 32 per cent of people in Scotland have contacted their local council in the past year. There are no significant differences between the areas of Scotland. In both urban and rural areas, people are most likely to contact their council about the Council Tax and Refuse/Bin collection. Chart 5.10: Reasons for contacting the council, 2000 and 2001 Percentages 40 Urban Areas Small Towns Rural percentage Bin collection Council Tax Source: Scottish Household Survey Environmental health Planning Building control Street/Road lighting Street cleaning/dog fouling Road repairs Pavements Winter maintenance Trading standards

62 Recycling Some 40 per cent of people recycled glass bottles, plastic, metal cans or newspapers in the last month. A higher proportion of people recycled in rural areas (50 per cent) compared to large urban areas (40 per cent). These differences in recycling between urban and rural areas are partly explained by the strong positive link between having access to vehicles (which is higher in rural areas) and level of recycling. The three most common reasons for not recycling are that facilities are not available, that people have not thought about recycling beforehand, and the facilities are too far away. Of those people who do recycle, the SHS asks whether they have recycled glass bottles, plastic, metal cans or newspapers in the past month. The general pattern is the same for all areas with glass bottles and newspapers being the most commonly recycled items out of the four quoted. Table 5.11: Items taken to recycle or collected from peoples homes, 2000 and 2001 Percentages, Adults who recycle one or more of the items listed Area Glass bottles Plastic Metal cans Newspapers etc Base Urban Areas ,346 Small Towns ,851 Rural ,807 Accessible Areas ,382 Remote Areas ,622 5 Scotland ,004 Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Line percentages do not add up to 100 per cent as adults can choose several answers. Table 5.12: Reasons for not recycling, 2000 and 2001 Percentages, Adults who do not recycle Area No facilities available Facilities too far away Don t know where facilities are Cannot transport materials to depot Don t use enough/not enough to be worth it Nowhere to store at home Too much mess/ bother Not interested /Waste of time Normally do Not taken it this month Other Don t know/ Never thought about it Base Urban Areas ,489 Small Towns ,494 Rural ,123 Accessible Areas ,962 Remote Areas ,144 Scotland ,106 Source: Scottish Household Survey 57

63 chapter five: Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation References SOCIAL CAPITAL, A DISCUSSION PAPER, Performance and Innovation Unit, APRIL Regional Trends, various dates, Office for National Statistics Social Trends 33, Office for National Statistics People s perceptions of their neighbourhood and community involvement Results from the Social Capital module of the General Household Survey 2000, 2002, Office for National Statistics The 2000 Scottish Crime Survey: First Results, and The 2000 Scottish Crime Survey: Overview Report, 2002, MVA, Scottish Executive Central Research Unit and The Voluntary Sector (update) SPICe Briefing The Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations Availability of Services in Rural Scotland, Scottish Executive, October Scottish Household Survey Bulletin 6, NFO System Three and MORI Scotland, Contacts Contact point for further information relating to Neighbourhoods: Perceptions and Participation: Scottish Executive Chapter Author Scottish Household Survey Scottish Crime Survey Office for National Statistics General Household Survey Robert Williams robert.williams@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Katherine Hudson shs@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Linda Hutton linda.hutton@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Alison Walker alison.walker@ons.gov.uk 58

64 chapter six: Transport

65 chapter six: Transport The Scottish Executive s Transport Delivery Report, Scotland s Transport: Delivering Improvements, sets out the Scottish Executive s transport vision for Scotland. The Scottish Executive s objectives include tackling urban and inter-urban congestion, delivering greater public transport integration and accessibility, and delivering vital missing links in the transport network. They also include improving rural transport networks and, in particular, maintaining lifeline air and sea links, vital to the economic and social wellbeing of island areas. Furthermore, transport safety is paramount. By , the Scottish Executive spending on transport will exceed 1 billion each year. This chapter provides information, primarily from the Scottish Household Survey (SHS), on people s use and perceptions of transport in urban, rural and remote areas. Results presented include the use of motor vehicles and expenditure on fuel, what and why people use particular modes of transport to travel to their place of work and education, access to public transport, and road accident deaths. The results in this chapter show differences between the level of use of cars in urban and rural areas and these differences are largest between large urban areas and rural areas. People in rural areas have a greater reliance on cars and are more likely to hold a full driving licence, to have access to a car, to drive every day, and also are more likely to drive to work. While people living in large urban areas have access to more frequent public transport services. Furthermore, compared to rural areas a higher proportion of people in urban areas who usually travel to work by car could use public transport. The main reasons these people who usually travel to work by car give for not using public transport are that it is perceived as being inconvenient and take too long. Possession of full drivers licence Results from the Scottish Household Survey show that almost two thirds of all people aged 17 and over in Scotland hold a full driving licence. There are significant variations between urban and rural areas, with people living in rural areas more likely to hold a full drivers licence. Over 75 per cent of people in rural areas have a full driving licence compared to 57 per cent of people in large urban areas. (Table 6.1). In Scotland, some 70 per cent of people with full driving licences actually drive every day. The percentage varies from 66 per cent of drivers in large urban areas to 75 per cent in accessible rural areas. 60

66 Table 6.1: Adults aged 17 and over holding a full driving licence, and frequency of driving, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Full driving licence Of whom: Base drive every day Large Urban Areas ,640 Other Urban Areas ,020 Accessible Small Towns ,260 Remote Small Towns ,192 Accessible Rural ,917 Remote Rural ,099 Scotland ,128 Source: Scottish Household Survey Access to cars As well as people in rural areas being more likely than those in urban areas to hold a driving licence, households in rural areas are more likely to have access to cars. Some 80 per cent of households in rural areas have access to at least one car; this compares to some 54 per cent in large urban areas. Table 6.2: Households access to cars, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area None One Two Three or more Base Large Urban Areas ,348 Other Urban Areas ,760 Accessible Small Towns ,346 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,714 Scotland ,031 6 Source: Scottish Household Survey Household expenditure on fuel for motor vehicles in the previous month The SHS also asks about how much money is spent on fuel for each vehicle the household has access to for private use. The results for 2001 show that the amount spent on fuel differed between urban, remote and rural areas with households in urban areas spending less on fuel. Some 16 per cent of households in remote rural areas spent 150 or more on fuel in the previous month in comparison to 8 per cent of households with large urban areas. It should be noted that people often responded with estimated and rounded values, and that results do not include those households that had not spent money on fuel or those who refused to answer the question. That said, the overall figures are comparable with other estimates on expenditure on motor fuel. 61

67 chapter six: Transport Table 6.3: Household expenditure on motor fuel in the previous month, 2001 Percentages Area over Base Large Urban Areas ,147 Other Urban Areas ,044 Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Scotland ,074 Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Figures exclude households which did not spend anything on fuel for motor vehicles, and those which did not know how much they had spent. Adults travelling to work With some 2.3 million people working in Scotland, journeys to and from work account for about a quarter of all journeys made by adults. Across all areas, driving a car or van is the most common method for travelling to work. Over 65 per cent of people living in rural areas travel to work by car. This compares to some 50 per cent of people in large urban areas. It is interesting to note, over 25 per cent of people living in remote small towns walk to work. This compares to less than 15 per cent in all other types of area. Compared to the other area types, travelling to work by bus is more common in large urban areas with almost 20 per cent of people using this method. 62

68 Chart 6.4: Usual method of travel to work, 2000 and 2001 Percentages percentages Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Area Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Walking Driver car/van Passenger car/van Other modes (eg lorry, m/cycle, taxi) Bicycle Bus Rail (inc Glasgow underground) Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Based on adults aged 16 and over selected at random from the household. People who work at home, and those who work from home, are excluded from the calculation of the percentages Distance between home and work The SHS asks people about where they work, and in particular, the postcode of their place of work. From this information, as the crow flies distances between home and work (and home and school in the case of schoolchildren and students) are calculated. There are instances when these as the crow flies distances underestimate the distance actually travelled (for example, someone commuting between Kirkcaldy and Edinburgh). It should also be noted that where incomplete postcode information is collected, the partial information collected is used to estimate the distance commuted (for example, between EH1 and G1). It should also be noted that people, who work at home, those who work from home, and those who do not have a normal place of work, are excluded from the calculation of the distances. The results show that within Scotland, some 50 per cent of people work within 5 km of where they live, and some 70 per cent work within 10 km of where they live. There are significant differences between geographic areas, with almost 60 per cent of people living within remote small towns travelling less than 2 km to work. It is also worth highlighting that the results show that people living within accessible small towns and accessible rural areas tend to commute longer distances. 6 63

69 chapter six: Transport Chart 6.5: Distance between home and work, 2000 and 2001 Percentages percentages Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Area Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Over 10km 5 to less than 10km 2 to less than 5 km Less than 2km Source: Scottish Household Survey Time taken to get work Most people in Scotland (92 per cent) are able to get to work within one hour, and over 50 per cent within 20 minutes. The results also show that compared to other areas, people living in remote small towns spend significantly less time travelling to work. Some 70 per cent of people in remote small towns are able to get from home to work within 20 minutes. This compares to some 45 per cent of people in large urban areas who are able to get to work within 20 minutes. The results on time taken to get to work exclude those who work at home, but will include some people who work from home, or who do not have a normal place of work, and gave details of a journey to or from work. 64

70 Chart 6.6: Commuting journeys by duration, 2000 and 2001 Percentages percentages Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Area Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Over 1 hour 31 to 60 min 21 to 30 min 11 to 20 min Less than 10 min Source: Scottish Household Survey Travel Diary, 2000 and 2001 Commuters who do not use public transport The survey also looks at whether or not those people who travel to work or place of study by car or van as drivers or passengers could instead use public transport. Results show that less than half of these adults (47 per cent) could use public transport to travel to work or place of study. There are differences between urban and rural areas. Within urban areas some 55 per cent of adults could use public transport. Whereas, in rural areas about a quarter of adults (26 per cent) could use public transport to travel to work. For those people who said they could use public transport to travel to work or place of study, the most common reasons why they do not use public transport are the inconvenience (over 50 per cent), that it takes too long (some 35 per cent), and use my own car (some 35 per cent). These are the most common reasons in both urban and rural areas. For those people who said they could not use public transport to travel to work or place of study, the most common reasons vary depending on the type of area. In rural areas the most common reason was a lack of service followed by no direct route. Whereas in urban areas the most common reasons were inconvenience and no direct route. 6 65

71 chapter six: Transport Chart 6.7: Car/van commuters who could not use public transport reasons why they cannot use public transport, 2000 and 2001 Percentages percentages Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Area Takes too long Inconvenient No direct route Use my own car Need car for/at work Cost Work unusual hours Lack of service Too infrequent Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Based on people aged 16 and over selected at random from the household Travel to school With almost 750,000 children attending schools in Scotland, journeys to and from schools each day also represent a significant proportion of all journeys during rush hour. Across Scotland, over 50 per cent of children walk to school. There are considerable differences between urban and rural areas compared to children living in rural areas children in urban areas are almost twice as likely to walk to school. Whereas, children in rural areas are much more likely to travel to school by school bus. It is also interesting to note that across urban and rural areas some 20 per cent of children travel to school by car. 66

72 Chart 6.8: Usual method of travel to school by child, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Percentages Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Walking Car or van Bicycle School bus Service bus All other models Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Based on school pupils aged 4-18 years selected at random from the household Distance between home and school As already stated, the SHS also asks both primary and secondary school pupils which school they attend, and from this information estimates of the as the crow flies distances are calculated. There are significant differences in the distance children travel to primary school between urban and rural areas, and there are even larger differences at the secondary school level. For example, in urban areas over 70 per cent of primary school age children live within 1 km of their school, this compares to just over 56 per cent of primary school age children in rural areas. As stated for secondary age school children, the differences between urban and rural areas are even greater. Over 70 per cent of secondary age school children live within 2 km of school, compared to some 15 per cent in rural areas. 6 67

73 chapter six: Transport Table 6.9a: Distance between home and school by age 4-11, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Less than 1 to less 2 to less 3 to less 5 to less Over Base 1 km than 2 km than 3 km than 5 km than 10 km 10 km Urban ,880 Rural Scotland ,689 Source: Scottish Household Survey Table 6.9b: Distance between home and school by age 12-18, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Less than 1 to less 2 to less 3 to less 5 to less Over Base 1 km than 2 km than 3 km than 5 km than 10 km 10 km Urban ,985 Rural Scotland ,532 Source: Scottish Household Survey Public transport and school children that travel to school by car or van The SHS explores whether school children that travel to school by car or van are able to use public transport. In urban areas 35 per cent of children would be able to use public transport. Within rural areas the figure differs significantly with 21 per cent of children saying it is possible for them to travel to school using public transport (No Chart). There is also a difference between the ages of school children and the possible use of public transport. During the period between July 1999 and December 2001, 27 per cent of Primary school children (aged 4-11 years) could use public transport. Among Secondary school children (aged years) 55 per cent could use public transport (Statistical Bulletin, Household Transport in 2001: some Scottish Household Survey Results, December 2001, Scottish Executive). Time taken to walk to nearest bus stop Within Scotland, some 85 per cent of households can walk to their nearest bus stop in less than six minutes. Compared to households living in urban areas, those households living in remote rural and rural areas take longer to walk to their nearest stops. Almost 90 per cent of households in urban areas can walk to their bus stop within 6 minutes; the comparable percentage for those living in remote rural areas is 58 per cent. Furthermore, 15 per cent of households in remote rural areas say it takes them 14 minutes or longer to walk to the nearest bus stop which compares to only 1 per cent of households in urban areas. Some 11 per cent of households living in remote rural areas do not know how long it takes to walk to the nearest stop, and a further 12 per cent say they have no bus service. 68

74 Table 6.10: Time taken to walk to the nearest bus stop, 2000 and 2001 Percentages, Households Area Up to 4-6 mins 7-13 mins 14 mins No bus Don t Base 3 mins or more service know Large Urban Areas ,348 Other Urban Areas ,760 Accessible Small Towns ,346 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,714 Scotland ,031 Source: Scottish Household Survey Frequency of bus service The survey also asks about the frequency of bus services. Bus services are less frequent or not available at all, in remote and rural areas. For example, over half the households (53 per cent) within remote small towns have to wait between half an hour and one hour between bus services. This compares to some 12 per cent of households from large urban areas that wait the same length of time. Moreover, over 40 per cent of households in remote rural areas wait over one hour between bus services compared to 1 per cent of households in other urban areas. As already stated, in remote rural areas, some 12 per cent of households reported that there was no bus service. Table 6.11: Frequency of bus service, 2000 and 2001 Percentages, Households Area No service Don t know 1-13 mins mins mins 64 mins Base or more 6 Large Urban Areas ,348 Other Urban Areas ,760 Accessible Small Towns ,346 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,714 Scotland ,031 Source: Scottish Household Survey 69

75 chapter six: Transport Public transport perception of neighbourhood The survey also asks people to identify what aspects of their neighbourhood they particularly like or dislike. As described in Chapter 5, it is interesting to note that some 13 per cent of people in rural areas identified poor public transport as an aspect they disliked about their neighbourhood compared to some 4 per cent in urban areas. Accessing various services The recent Scottish Executive report, Availability of Services in Rural Scotland, presents information about access to a wide range of services that are important to rural communities. While some people may be able to exercise choice in the services they access, for many, particularly the less mobile in our rural communities, such choices are not available. Using geographic information systems the report provides statistics on how people are currently affected by levels of service provision in rural areas and will be useful to service providers, local rural partnerships, and community planning partnerships amongst others. The SHS asks questions on people s views on how convenient they find it to make use of particular services including banks and post offices. The analysis presented here looks at the views of people in accessible and remote areas and by whether or not they have access to a car. The results show the percentage of people who stated that the services were either very or fairly convenient as a percentage of all people including those with no opinion. With the exception of public transport, people in both accessible and remote areas found using the particular services more convenient if they had access to a car. (Charts 6.12 and 6.13). For those people without access to a car people in remote areas found using bank and hospital out patients department services marginally more convenient than those in accessible areas. While people in accessible areas found the other services more convenient to use. (Chart 6.12). For those people with access to a car, generally, those in accessible areas found the services listed more convenient to use than people in remote areas. (Chart 6.13). 70

76 Chart 6.12: Level of convenience with service for adults without access to a car, within accessible and remote areas, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Percentages Post office Bank Doctor s surgery grocery/ food shop Chemist/ pharmacist Hospital outpatients dept. Public transport Area Accessible Areas Remote Areas Source: Scottish Household Survey Chart 6.13: Level of convenience with service for adults with access to a car, within accessible and remote areas, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Percentages Post office Bank Doctor s surgery grocery/ food shop Chemist/ pharmacist Hospital outpatients dept. Public transport Area Accessible Areas Remote Areas Source: Scottish Household Survey 71

77 chapter six: Transport Road traffic accident deaths A total of 369 deaths were registered in Scotland in 2001 as a result of injuries sustained in road accidents. Urban areas account for over 80 per cent of the population, and 66 per cent of deaths as a result of road traffic accidents are registered in urban areas. These results show that people living in rural areas account for a higher proportion of registered deaths as a result of road traffic accidents. The General Register Office for Scotland statistics differ from the Scottish Executive s road accident fatality statistics for 2001, which are the numbers of people (including non- Scots) who were fatally injured in, and died within 30 days of, an accident that occurred in Scotland in The Scottish Executive s road accident fatality statistics for 2001 show 347 fatalities. Table 6.14: Registered deaths as a result of road traffic accidents, by sex, 2001 Percentages Note: Urban/rural classification normally based on address of residence Source: General Register Office for Scotland Urban Rural Scotland Male Female Total

78 References Scotland s Transport: Delivering Improvements, March 2002, Scottish Executive Scotland s Transport: Delivering Improvements: Transport Indicators for Scotland, Scottish Executive, December Household Transport in 2001: some Scottish Household Survey results (annual, latest edition: December 2002) Scottish Household Survey Travel Diary results for 2001 (annual, latest edition: February 2003) Transport across Scotland: some Scottish Household Survey results for parts of Scotland (biennial, latest edition: December 2001) Contacts Contact points for further information relating to Transport Chapter: Scottish Executive Chapter Author Transport Statistics Robert Williams robert.williams@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Esta Clark esta.clark@scotland.gsi.gov.uk 6 General Register Office for Scotland NHS Central Graham Jackson Register Branch graham.jackson@gro-scotland.gsi.gov.uk 73

79 74 chapter six: Transport

80 chapter seven: Labour Market

81 chapter seven: Labour Market This chapter presents information on Scotland s labour market based on results from the Labour Force Survey. It should be noted that the Labour Force Survey (LFS) data used in this chapter is weighted using pre 2001 Census population estimates. The LFS will be adjusted to take account of the information from the 2001 Census in August 2003 at which time the data will be subject to revisions. A traditional view of employment would be of work in farming, forestry, fishing, crofting, and tourism in rural areas. In the cities and towns of Scotland, in manufacturing and the service sectors are the main employers. Scotland s capital city, Edinburgh, is one of the world s major financial centres, with many employed both directly in that sector and in the services which support it. In 2001, the Rural Development Committee of the Scottish Parliament published a Report on the Impact of Changing Employment Patterns in Rural Scotland. It noted: Employment in most rural sectors is in decline, the traditional industries which are the mainstay of rural life face a particular challenge. Rural areas are underrepresented in all the key growth areas in the Scottish economy: banking and finance, high technology manufacturing, ICT services, and research and development. Within rural areas, the most obvious manifestation of changing patterns of demand has been the growth of the service sector and the relative decline of more traditional manufacturing sectors and agriculture. The results within this chapter are based on where people live rather than where people work. It should also be noted that results from the Transport chapter show that people living in accessible small towns and accessible rural areas tend to commute longer distances. The working age population In the first half of 2002, results from the LFS show that there were just over 3.2 million people of working age in Scotland. As already stated, the data used in this chapter is weighted using pre 2001 Census population estimates. Of these, 1.2 million lived in large urban areas and a further million in other urban areas. Slightly more than half (52 per cent) of the population of working age was male. There was little variation by area type (no table). Nearly one in five of the working age population in the first half of 2002 had some kind of disability. Around two thirds of these had a disability as defined by the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (that is, a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities) which also limited their ability to work. The percentage of the working age population with a current disability varied from 20.7 per cent in urban areas to 14.5 per cent in rural areas (Table 7.1). Just over a quarter (26 per cent) of the Scottish population of working age had a health problem which had lasted more than a year. This proportion was slightly higher in urban areas (28 per cent) and slightly lower in rural areas (20 per cent) (no table). 76

82 Table 7.1: Population of working age, by disability status, spring & summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages Area Disabled Not Disabled Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Urban Areas , ,205.2 Small Towns Rural Scotland , ,201.2 Source: Office for national Statistics, Labour Force Survey The population of working age in large urban areas was the most highly qualified. One in five had a qualification at degree level or above and 3 in 5 had at least 3 or more Highers. However, one in six had no qualifications. The percentage of the working age population with no qualifications was lowest, at 13 per cent, in accessible rural areas, which also had a high percentage, at 19 per cent, with qualification at degree level or above. Fewer than one in ten of the working age population in remote small towns had a qualification at degree level or above, and just over half had at least 3 Highers (Chart 7.2). Chart 7.2: Population of working age, by highest qualification obtained, spring & summer 2002 Percentages percentages Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Area Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Degree level and above Other Higher Education 3+ Highers 5+ Standard Grades Fewer than 5 Standard Grades No qualifications Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey Note: excludes those whose qualifications were unknown 77

83 chapter seven: Labour Market Fifteen per cent of the population of working age was currently studying or working towards a qualification. There was little variation between areas (no table). One in ten of the working age population had taken part in leisure or education classes during the previous 4 weeks: again, there was little variation between areas (no table). Economic activity In Scotland as a whole, 21.2 per cent of the population of working age was economically inactive (those neither in employment nor unemployed). The main reasons for being economically inactive are long term sickness or disability and looking after family. The percentage economically inactive varied from 23.3 per cent in large urban areas to 16.7 per cent in remote rural areas. The employment rate gives the number of people who are in employment as a proportion of the total population of working age. The Scottish employment rate was 73.4 per cent, with the lowest rate, 70.9 per cent, in large urban areas, and the highest, 78.4 per cent, in remote rural areas. The unemployment rate gives the number of people who are unemployed as a proportion of the number of economically active. The unemployment rate was lowest, at 4.0 per cent, in remote small towns. Table 7.3: Economic activity of people of working age, spring & summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages All economically In employment ILO unemployed Inactive Total active Area Number Percentage Number Employment rate Number ILO Unemployment rate Number Percent Number Large Urban Areas ,200.2 Other Urban Areas ,005.0 Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Urban Areas 1, , ,205.2 Small Towns Rural Scotland 2, , ,201.2 Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey 78

84 Men were more likely than women to be economically active in Scotland, 82.3 per cent of men of working age were economically active, compared to 75.1 per cent of women. The difference in economic activity rates for men and women was greater in rural areas. The employment rate for men was also higher than that for women, and the difference between the rates was greater in rural areas. The unemployment rate for Scotland was lower for women (5.6 per cent) than for men (7.9 per cent). There was less difference between the rates for men and women in rural areas than in urban areas or small towns. Table 7.4: Economic activity of people of working age, by sex, spring & summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages Economically active Employment Unemployed Total Area Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Urban Areas , ,072.5 Small Towns Rural Scotland , ,544.7 Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey Over 660,000 people of working age who were economically inactive were not seeking work. A third of these would have liked to work. This proportion was lower in rural (28 per cent) than in urban areas (34 per cent) and small towns (36 per cent). The proportion of those who would have liked to work who gave long-term sickness or disability as their reason for not seeking work was lower in rural areas. Of the 440,000 people of working age who were economically inactive and would not have liked to work, 168,500 gave long-term sickness or disability as their reason. This was just over one in 5 of all those economically inactive and not seeking work. The proportion was lower in rural areas (18 per cent). A further 103,300 (16 per cent) said they would not have liked to work because they were looking after the family or home. This percentage was lower in urban areas (14 per cent) and higher in small towns (19 per cent) and rural areas (20 per cent). (Table 7.5). People of working age in rural areas who were unemployed tended to have been unemployed for longer 43 per cent had been unemployed for 6 months or more, compared to 39 per cent in urban areas (no table). 7 79

85 chapter seven: Labour Market Table 7.5: Economically inactive people of working age not seeking work, by reason, spring & summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages Would like work Would not like work Long-term sick/disabled Other reason Total Long-term sick/disabled Looking after family or home Other reason Total Total inactive not seeking work (=100%) Area Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Scotland Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey Employment In the first half of 2002, over 2.3 million people in Scotland were in employment. This included 215,000 (9.2 per cent) who were self employed. The remaining 2.1 million people included government trainees and family workers. The percentage of those in employment that was self-employed varied from 7.5 per cent in urban areas to 16.7 per cent in remote rural areas. Around 6 per cent of employees were in a job which was not permanent in some way. There was little variation by type of area (no table). Table7.6: People in employment, by mode of employment spring & summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages Self-employed Self-employed Employee Total Area Number Percentage Number Number Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Scotland ,134 2, Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey Note: Employee includes Government trainees and family workers

86 More than four in ten women of working age in employment worked part-time, compared to fewer than one in ten men. The percentage of women working part-time was higher in remote small towns and remote rural areas, where more than half of women in employment worked part-time. The proportion of men working part-time ranged from 5.7 per cent in accessible rural areas to 10.1 per cent in remote small towns (Table 7.7). In Scotland some 12 per cent of people in employment work from home, and more people work from home in accessible rural (18 per cent) and remote rural (24 per cent) areas. Taking account of those people working in the Agriculture and Fishing Sector, there is still a higher proportion of those in accessible and remote rural areas who are home based workers compared to other areas. Work from home includes those working in their own home, in the same grounds or buildings as home or in a different place but using their home as a base (no table). Table 7.7 Persons of working age in employment, by sex and whether working full or part time, spring & summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages Male Female Full-time Number Part-time Number Percentage Total Number Full-time Number Part-time Number Percentage Total Number Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Scotland 1, , ,094.4 Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey The main job of just under 10 per cent of the population of working age who were in employment in rural areas was in the Agriculture & Fishing, or Energy & Water sectors (with 6 per cent in Agriculture and Fishing). This was nearly twice the proportion for small towns and nearly 4 times the proportion for urban areas. The percentage whose main job was in manufacturing was highest in small towns (15.1 per cent) and lowest in rural area (11.4 per cent). The percentage whose main job was in Banking, finance & insurance etc was higher in urban areas (16.3 per cent) and lowest in rural areas (11.0 per cent). There was little difference between areas for other sectors, such as Public administration, education and health (Table 7.8) Workers in rural areas tended to have been working longer for their current employer 52 per cent of those in rural areas had worked for their current employer for 5 years or more, compared to 48 per cent in urban areas (no table). 7 81

87 chapter seven: Labour Market Table 7.8 Persons of working age in employment, by industry of main job, spring and summer 2002 Numbers (thousands), Percentages Urban Small Rural Scotland Areas Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage A-B: Agriculture & fishing & C,E: Energy & water D: Manufacturing F: Construction G-H: Distribution, hotels & restaurants I: Transport & communication J-K: Banking, finance & insurance etc L-N: Public admin, education & health O-Q: Other services All industry sectors 1, , Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey Note: A-B: Agriculture & fishing & C,E: Energy & water have been combined due to small numbers. 82

88 References Scottish Economic Statistics 2002, Scottish Executive, Labour Market Statistics, January 2003: Scotland, Office for National Statistics, Disability Discrimination Act 1995, Report on the Impact of Changing Employment Patterns in Rural Scotland, January 2001, Rural Development Committee, Scottish Parliament Rural Development Lessons from the North, Scotland, How can rural communities use IT for their own development?, 2001, Kate Anderson, Arkleton Centre for Rural Development Research, University of Aberdeen Contacts Contact points for further information relating to Labour Market Chapter: Scottish Executive Chapter author Labour Market Statistics Catriona McKay Dette Cowden Office for National Statistics Labour market statistics Helpline

89 84 chapter seven: Labour Market

90 chapter eight: Income and Financial Services

91 chapter eight: Income and Financial Services Differences in earnings and the cost of living across the geographies of Scotland have been seen as one of the more obvious forms of exclusion of groups of people, or indeed whole communities. Urban and rural communities can experience poverty and exclusion in different ways. In rural areas some of the symptoms of poverty are less visible. This chapter contains analyses of financial information collected in the Scottish Household Survey (SHS), along with data from other sources, to determine similarities and differences in access to banks and building societies, how households are managing financially, levels of household savings, net annual household income, and receipt of certain benefits based on whether a household lives in an urban or rural community. In general, the results show that a higher proportion of households in rural areas tended to be at the higher ends of measures included within the chapter. For example, households in rural areas are: more likely to have access to a bank account; more likely to have savings; and less likely to be in receipt of benefits. Ownership of a bank account Some 86 per cent of households in Scotland have a bank account or building society account. This varies depending where in Scotland the household is located. Households in accessible and remote rural communities are significantly more likely to have a bank or building society account than those in large urban areas. Indeed, ownership of a bank or building society account increases as we move from large urban areas through to remote rural communities. Table 8.1: Household ownership of a bank account or building society account, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Yes No Base Large Urban Areas ,342 Other Urban Areas ,759 Accessible Small Towns ,345 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,712 Scotland ,021 Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Row percentages may not sum to 100. There is an option for respondents to refuse to supply the information 86

92 Although geographic location has an effect on the ownership of a bank or building account, we would not expect this to be the most important factor. Analysis has shown that there are more significant factors. These include economic activity of the highest income householder and net annual household income. Managing financially In 2001, Citizen s Advice Scotland dealt with 160,000 debt enquiries involving around 70 million of debt. During 2000 and 2001, some 13 per cent of all households were not managing very well or were having financial difficulties. The proportion of households not managing very well or having financial difficulties does vary by area, particularly between those households in large urban areas (16 per cent) and accessible rural areas (10 per cent). Analysis also shows a relationship between households having a bank account and households facing financial difficulties. As already stated some 13 per cent of all households were not managing very well or were having financial difficulties, this rises to some 30 per cent of households with no bank account (no table). Table 8.2: How households are managing financially, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Manage Manage Get by Don t Have Base very well quite well alright manage financial very well difficulties Large Urban Areas ,313 Other Urban Areas ,739 Accessible Small Towns ,338 Remote Small Towns ,251 Accessible Rural ,606 Remote Rural ,703 Scotland ,950 Source: Scottish Household Survey Savings and investments When asked if, at the moment you or your partner have any money saved or invested, 53 per cent of households responded that they did. Again, there are significant differences in whether a household has any savings based on location. Table 8.3 shows the percentage of households reporting to have savings or investments by geographic location of the household. 8 87

93 chapter eight: Income and Financial Services Table 8.3: Households with money saved or invested, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Area Yes No Base Large Urban Areas ,342 Other Urban Areas ,759 Accessible Small Towns ,345 Remote Small Towns ,252 Accessible Rural ,611 Remote Rural ,712 Scotland ,021 Source: Scottish Household Survey Note: Row percentages may not sum to 100. There is an option for respondents to refuse to supply the information or to respond that they do not know. Those in large urban areas and other urban areas are less likely to have any savings than households in small towns and rural communities. When the classification is aggregated to urban areas, small towns, and rural areas, the likelihood of having any savings or investments is significantly different between the three general types of location. Again, those in urban areas are less likely to have any savings, and households in rural areas are the most likely to have savings or investments. For those households with savings and investments, some 65 per cent of households that responded had investments of up to There were no significant differences by geographic area in the value of savings held. It should be noted that a significant proportion (some 30 per cent) of households declined to answer questions about the amount of savings held. The report Availability of Services in Rural Scotland investigated the current service provision in rural Scotland, providing information on the availability of 20 key services. This analysis only provides a picture of where services are based geographically, and so does not take account of the quality of service provision. In addition, it does not include any mobile, outreach or peripatetic services. Access to banks and building societies and access to cashpoints were two of the services looked at. With the closure of some banks and building societies in rural areas, the availability of cashpoints is becoming increasingly important for people to obtain cash and other banking services. Banks and building societies in rural areas are important for financial transactions that can not be conducted by an ATM. The report shows that 34 per cent of households in rural Scotland are within a 5 minute drive of a bank or building society, compared to 89 per cent in urban areas and 86 per cent in small towns. Turning to cashpoints, some 50 per cent of households in rural areas live within 5 minutes drive of a cashpoint, compared with nearly 100 per cent of people in urban areas and small towns. These figures do not take account of the growth in services such as Internet and telephone banking, which do not require the presence of a bank in your locality to provide a full range of services. 88

94 Net annual household income The SHS collects information on net annual household income. This refers to income from employment, benefits and other sources (after taxation and other deductions) which is brought into the household by the highest income householder and their spouse or partner. The SHS does not collect income information about other household members. It is important to note that this income data is self-reported, and is not checked against payslips or other documentary evidence. Therefore, the income data presented below is not a true measure of household income, and these estimates may be less reliable than other data collected in the SHS. For this reason, income data are presented in bands rather than as mean or median estimates. Chart 8.4: Net annual household income, 2000 and 2001 Percentages Percentage Below 6,000 6,000 to 10,000 10,000 to 15,000 15,000 to 20,000 20,000 and over Area Urban Areas Small Towns Rural Source: Scottish Household Survey The results indicate that there are more households in rural areas with net annual household income of 20,000 and over, than there are in urban areas or small towns. The UK Government and the Scottish Executive have adopted the Statistical Program Committee (SPC) of the European Union s 1998 recommendation that for international comparisons of low income the 60% median threshold should be used as a headline indicator. The official measure of income used in Department for Work and Pensions DWP s Households Below Average Income (HBAI) analysis, and the Scottish Executive s Social Justice Annual Report, is weekly net (disposable) household income, and includes the income of all members of the household, including dependants. Two measures of household income are used, before housing costs (BHC) and after housing costs (AHC). Within the HBAI data, to allow a fair comparison between households, incomes are adjusted to take account of household size and composition. 8 89

95 chapter eight: Income and Financial Services Analysis of the official HBAI analysis is not available below the Scotland level, and there is little evidence available on household income to confirm these results from the SHS. The Scottish rural life update: A revised socioeconomic profile of Scotland, reported that roughly 60 per cent of all rural households have incomes below the Low Pay Unit s poverty threshold of 200 per week, a slightly higher proportion than in urban Scotland. Again, this measure is not the officially accepted measure of low income. It should also be noted that rural Scotland, in the report mentioned above, is defined as parishes with a population density below 1 person per hectare. The SHS defines rural Scotland as settlements of less than 3,000 people. Receipt of benefits or tax credits For a specified number of benefits, the SHS gathers information on the number of households in receipt of a benefit or tax credit. This is defined as either the respondent and/or their spouse/partner being in receipt of a benefit or tax credit. The results for selected benefits or tax credits are presented in Chart 8.5. Chart 8.5: Households in receipt of selected benefits or tax credits, 2000 Percentages Percentages Large Urban Areas Other Urban Areas Accessible Small Towns Remote Small Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Area Council tax benefit Housing benefit Income support Working Families Tax Credit JSA Source: Scottish Household Survey 90

96 The SHS data for 2000 shows that a greater percentage of households in large urban areas (22 per cent) are in receipt of income support, with the lowest receipt of income support for households in remote rural areas (9 per cent). A similar pattern holds for households in receipt of housing benefit, with 34 per cent of households in large urban areas receiving housing benefit, compared with 12 per cent of households in remote rural areas. Households in receipt of council tax benefit record the same pattern, with the highest receipt in large urban areas (41 per cent of households) and the lowest receipt in remote rural areas (with 17 per cent of households). It should be noted that the level of nonresponse for this question was some 30 per cent, and this non-response was fairly uniform across urban, rural and remote areas. Taking this into account and comparisons with other sources of statistics on the receipt of benefits at the Scotland level, it is believed that the SHS over-estimates the level of receipt of some of these benefits, but the pattern of receipt across the areas should still hold. Benefit take-up Many of the problems surrounding access to benefits are encountered throughout Scotland. However, as with so many issues of rural poverty and exclusion, there is a perception that the particular characteristics of rural life exacerbate the problems in a way that does not happen in larger town and cities. In particular, the report Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Scotland found that low benefit take-up is linked to visibility and distances from services. There is a belief that the take-up of benefits in rural areas is lower than in towns and cities. This may be due to difficulties in accessing information and advice on benefits because of a lack of local service provision or affordable transport. Visibility and culture also play a role. For example there may be a stigma attached to claiming benefits. While this may also be true in urban communities, the higher visibility of accessing benefits services in a small rural community may heighten the stigma, with the result that some people may not claim. One of the services mapped for the Availability of Services in Rural Scotland report is Jobcentre Plus, which integrates the former Job Centres and Benefits Agency. This service provides help and advice to those seeking employment or seeking to claim a benefit and although advice is available through other media (telephone, internet) most customers are required to meet in person with an advisor. The report found that just under a quarter of all households in rural Scotland live outwith a 30 minutes drive time of a Jobcentre Plus. Almost all households in urban areas live within 30 minutes drivetime of a Jobcentre Plus. 8 91

97 chapter eight: Income and Financial Services References Availability of Services in Rural Scotland, Scottish Executive October and Scottish rural life update: A revised socio-economic profile of rural Scotland, Rural Affairs and Natural Heritage Research Findings No. 4, published by the Scottish Office, The Low Pay Unit (Registered Charity) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Scotland, Report by the Rural Poverty and Inclusion Working Group Households Below Average Income (HBAI) Analysis 2001/02 Scoping Study of Older People in Rural Scotland Benefits and Tax Credits in Scotland, Report for August Contacts Contact points for further information relating to Income and Financial services Chapter: Scottish Executive Chapter author Income Statistics Robert Williams robert.williams@scotland.gsi.gov.uk Deborah Pegg deborah.pegg@scotland.gsi.gov.uk 92

98 appendices