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1 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0! x z 30!"#$%&''()*+,-. /01!"!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,-./0!"#$%!"2009!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'(!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!"#$%!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'()*+,-!"!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-./& :;3<!"#$%!"#$%!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*!!"#$%&'()*+,-./ "789 x z!!"#$%&!"#$%& x z 1942!!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'!"#$ B.! 1943!"#!$%&!"#$! "#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()* +,!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+&,-./!"#$%& '()*+,-./0123!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#!"# $%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$!" #$#%&'()*+,-!"!"#$%&'()!"!"#$%& 1979!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+30 4!"#$!" ( ).!"#$%&'()*+!"#$ Retrieved from: com.cn/jk/kong/news/2009/03-04/ shtml

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3 27 320!" 4!"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&$'() 106.5!"# 80% 2009!!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!!"#!"!"#$! 40!"#$%&'()! !" 13 55!!"300!"#$ 10%!"!"#$%&'(&)* !"#$% 11!" !!"!"#$%!"#$%&'( 20!"#!$%&' !"#$%& 149!" 74!"#$%&'()*!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'! 60!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#$!!"#$%&&''("%)*+,-.!"#!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-. 12!"#$%&'()*+,-./0 HelpAge International!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'( 13!"#$!%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,%-!!!"#$%&'()#*+,!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-./0!"#$%!"#$%&'()*#+!"#$!"#!"#$%!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-. "/ !" #$%&'()*+,- 280! 55!"#$%& 14!"#$%& '()*+,-./0 1!"!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#!"#$%&'()!"#$%& 3!"#$%&'(!"!"!"#$%&'()*+,-./ 16!"#$%&'() 100!"#$%&' 2010!"#$%&'( Retrieved from: 23/content_ htm?show=t! !"#$%&$'() 106.5!"#$ 80% Retrieved from: content.caixun.com/ne/01/12/ne0112ng.shtm. 10!" !"#$%&'()* +,-Retrieved from: roll/ / shtml 11 China Daily (Shandong Bureau 2009) Three Million Farmers to Benefit from New Rural Insurance 22 September Retrieved from: 12!"# !"!"#$%&'(Retrieved from: / html 13 Zhang W. and Tang D. (2008) The New Rural Social Pension Insurance Programme of Baoji City. Thailand HelpAge International-Asia/Pacific. 14!"#$ !"#$%&'()*+,-./

4 !"##$ ! 15!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'(") 15!"#$%&'!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&!"#$%&'( 60!!"!"#$%&'(!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&' ()*+,-$./012!"#$%&'()*+$,-'./!"#$%&'(!"#$%!"!"#$%&'#()!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,-%./ !"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'(!" 60!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'(!"#$%& 60!"#$!"#$%&'(!"#$%!"!"#$%&'()*+ 17!"#$%&'()*+,(-./!"!!" #$%!"#$%&'()*+,+-./!!"#!"#$%!"##$!!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !!"#$%!" #$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345!" 2050! 12!"#$%&'()*+ 18!"#$%&! 10 15!"#$%&!"#$%&'()#*+,-./0 19!"!"#$%&'()*!!"#$%&'()*+,-.!!"#$!"#$%&'()!" !!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'(!"# 15!"#$%& !"! Help Age International (August ). New Pension Insurance in Rural China Benefits Older People. Retrieved from: 17 China Daily (Shandong Bureau 2009) Three Million Farmers to Benefit from New Rural Insurance 22 September Retrieved from: 18 United Nations (2007a) World Economic and Social Survey New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: un.org/esa/policy/wess. 19 Gillion C. Turner J. Bailey C. & Latulipe D. (2000). Social Security Pensions: Development and Reform (ILO Geneva 2000). 20 Kakwani N. & Kalanidhi S. (2005). Ageing and Poverty in Africa and the Role of Social Pensions. Working Paper No. 8 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Brazil: International Poverty Center. 21 Overbye E. (2005). Extending Social Security in Developing Countries: A Review of Three Main Strategies. International Journal of Social Welfare Keizi L. K. (2007). Can Universal Pension Help in Reducing Poverty in Old Age in Kenya? Retrieved from Retirement Benefits Authority Research Department Policy Working Paper (June 2007). Retrieved from: Universal%20pension%20for%20poverty%20reduction.pdf

5 29% 23!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'( 2!"#$%&'()* 3!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#!"#$%&'()*+,(-!"#$%&'()*!"#$!""#$%&'(!"#!"#$%&'( 24!"#$%&'()*!"#$!"#$%&'"()*+,-./ !"#$%&' 26 27!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'()*+,-./0!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&!"!"#$%&'()*+, 28!!"#$%&'()*+,-./012!"#$%&'()*+!,-!"#$%&'()*++ Help Age International!"#$"%&'$(%&)!"#$%&'()*+,"#-./ 29 1.!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*! "#$%&'()*+,-./012!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01!"#!"#!"#$%&'()*+,- 94!"#$%&'()!"#$ 224!"#$ 5% 30 2.!"#$%&'() *+,-./!"#$%&'(")*+,-./0!"#$%&'!"()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,-.!&/ !"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,-.%/ !!"#$%&'()*+ 5%!"# $%&'()* 1! 23 Gorman M. (2004). Age and Security: How Social Pensions Can Deliver Effective Aid to Poor Older People and Their Families. London: Help Age 24 Schwarzer H & Querino AC (2002). Non-contributory Pensions in Brazil: the Impact on Poverty Reduction. ESS Papers No.11 Geneva ILO. 25 Willmore L (2007). Universal Pensions for Developing Countries. World Development 35 (1): Kakwani N. & Kalanidhi S. (2005). Ageing and Poverty in Africa and the Role of Social Pensions. Working Paper No. 8 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Brazil: International Poverty Center. 27 Willmore L. and Kidd S. (2008) Tackling Poverty in Old Age: A Universal Pension for Sri Lanka. London: HelpAge 28 Kakwani N. & Kalanidhi S. (2005). Ageing and Poverty in Africa and the Role of Social Pensions. Working Paper No. 8 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Brazil: International Poverty Center. 29 Help Age International (May ). Social Protection: Facts and Figures. Retrieved from: org/pension/world/social/socialpensions.htm. 30 Eagle W. (2007 February 19). Activists for the Aged Press for Greater Care Pensions in Africa. Retrieved from:

6 !"##$ !"#$%&'( 5%!"# $%&'()* 50% 31 3.!"#$%&'()!*+,+-.!"#$!"!"#$ 32 4.!"#$%&'()!*+,-./!"#$%&$'()*+,-*./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#!"#$%&'!" 12 14!"#$%!!"#$!"#$%&$'()!"#$%"&'()*+,-. -/ !"#$%&'()*+,-./! "#$%&'()*+,-./*0!1"#)*234!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'()*+,"&-./01 35!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$!"#$%#&'()*+,-./ /8 36!"!"#$ Help Age International!"#$%& Tavengwa Nhongo!"!!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+', 70!"#$%&'()*+ 30!"#$!!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+,,-.(//00(12!"!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'!"#$!"!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123%45$%&6!"#$%&' (!"#)!"#$100!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*(+ 225!"!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#!"!"#$%&'()!"#$!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$!"#$%&'(#)*+,-.!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%& '()!*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123+4!"#$%&'! "#$%&'!"#$%&'($)%*+,-).! 31 Willmore L. and Kidd S. (2008) Tackling Poverty in Old Age: A Universal Pension for Sri Lanka. London: HelpAge 32 Willmore L. and Kidd S. (2008) Tackling Poverty in Old Age: A Universal Pension for Sri Lanka. London: HelpAge 33 Willmore L. and Kidd S. (2008) Tackling Poverty in Old Age: A Universal Pension for Sri Lanka. London: HelpAge 34 Willmore L. and Kidd S. (2008) Tackling Poverty in Old Age: A Universal Pension for Sri Lanka. London: HelpAge 35 Help Age International (May ). Social Protection: Facts and Figures. Retrieved from: org/pension/world/social/socialpensions.htm. 36 Barrientos A. & Lloyd-Sherlock P. (2002). Older and Poorer? Aging and Poverty in the South Journal of International Development 14 (8) pp Help Age International (May ). Social Protection: Facts and Figures. Retrieved from: org/pension/world/social/socialpensions.htm

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illmore L (2007). Universal Pensions for Developing Countries. World Development 35 (1): Arenas de Mesa A. and Mesa-Lago C. (2006) The Structural Pension Reform in Chile Oxford Review of Economic Policy Vol. 22 No. 1 pp Willmore L. and Kidd S. (2008) Tackling Poverty in Old Age: A Universal Pension for Sri Lanka. London: HelpAge 41 Rajan S.I (2003) Old Age Allowance in Nepal (Paper presented at Institute for Development Policy and Management International Conference Staying Poor: Chronic Poverty and Development Policy Manchester 7-9 April) Manchester IDPM. 42 HelpAge International (2007). Social Pensions in Low and Middle Income Countries. Retrieved from: org/researchandpolicy/pensionwatch/feasibility. 43 Willmore L (2007). Universal Pensions for Developing Countries. World Development 35 (1):

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elpAge International (2007). Social Pensions in Low and Middle Income Countries. Retrieved from: helpage.org/researchandpolicy/pensionwatch/feasibility. 47!!"#$%&'()*+&'(, !""#$!"# $% OECD. (2004). OECD Employment Outlook Pairs: Organisation for Economic Co-0operation and Development

9 60!"# 21% 49!"#$%&'()!"#$ 2050!"#$ 31% 50 55%!"#$%&' !"# 1 5 3!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,!$-./01-234$5!"#$%&'()*+,-.%/0!"#$%&'()*+,-./0-12 r!"#$%&'()*+,-./y!"#$%&p!"#$%&'(")!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,- r p y!"#$%!"#$%&' t y t!"#$%&'()*+,-./'012!"#$%!"#$%&' t y!"#$%&'()*+,-. r p y t y r p y t r p!"#$%&'()*+,-)./01234,56789:;<$%&'(),=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./ 0!"#$%&'()*+,-./ 5!"#$%&'(!)*+,"-./' 10!"#$%&'()*+#,-./0!"#$%& 0.5!"#$%&'()"*+,-.!"#$%&'(&!)*+, -. 16!"#$%&'()*+ 51 NS!"#$%&'()*+,- G 49 United Nations (2007b). World Population Aging. Retrieved from: WPA2007/wpp2007.htm. 50 United Nations (2006). World Population Prospects: the 2006 Revision Population Database. Retrieved from: org/unpp/p2k0data.asp. 51 Yang, Y., Williamson, J. B. & Shen C. (2010). Social Security for China s Rural Aged: A Proposal Based on a Universal Non-contributory Pension. International Journal of Social Welfare 23 (2)

10 !"##$ a b!"#$%& ) c!"#$%&'()*+'(,) d!"#$%& 60 89!"#90 99!"#$%&'( US$ !"#$%&! US$262 e!"#$%&'()$*+,-. *! HelpAge International (2007). Social Pensions in Low and Middle Income Countries. Retrieved from: Willmore L (2007). Universal pensions for developing countries. World Development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eizi L. K. (2007). Can Universal Pension Help in Reducing Poverty in Old Age in Kenya? Retrieved from Retirement Benefits Authority Research Department Policy Working Paper (June 2007). Retrieved from: Universal%20pension%20for%20poverty%20reduction.pdf. 53 Keizi L. K. (2007). Can Universal Pension Help in Reducing Poverty in Old Age in Kenya? Retrieved from Retirement Benefits Authority Research Department Policy Working Paper (June 2007). Retrieved from: Universal%20pension%20for%20poverty%20reduction.pdf. 54 Willmore L (2007). Universal Pensions for Developing Countries. World Development 35(1): Help Age International (May ). The Universal Social Pension in Nepal: An Assessment of its Impact on Older People in Tanahun District. Retrieved from:

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