This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research

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1 This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Historical Trends in Mortality and Health, Employment, and Disability Insurance Participation and Reforms Volume Author/Editor: David A. Wise, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: ; Volume URL: Conference Date: Publication Date: September 2012 Chapter Title: Indexes Chapter Author(s): David A. Wise Chapter URL: Chapter pages in book: (p )

2 Contributors Michael Baker University of Toronto 150 St. George Street Toronto, ON M5S 3G7, Canada James Banks School of Social Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL, England Luc Behaghel Paris School of Economics, INRA and CREST 48, Bd Jourdan Paris, France Paul Bingley SFI- The Danish National Center for Social Research Hwerluf Trolles Gade Copenhagen, K., Denmark Didier Blanchet CREST and INSEE Timbre H Bd A. Pinard Paris Cedex 14, France Richard Blundell University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, England Axel Börsch- Supan Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging University of Mannheim L13, Mannheim, Germany Antoine Bozio Institute for Fiscal Studies 7 Ridgmount Street London WC1E 7AE, England Agar Brugiavini Università Ca Foscari, Venice Cannaregio, Fondamenta S. Giobbe, Venice, Italy Thierry Debrand IRDES, Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics 10 Rue Vauvenargues Paris, France 449

3 450 Contributors Klaas de Vos CentERdata P.O. Box LE Tilburg, The Netherlands Carl Emmerson The Institute for Fiscal Studies 7 Ridgmount Street London WC1E 7AE, England Pilar García- Gómez Department of Applied Economics Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam P.O. Box DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Nabanita Datta Gupta and Business Aarhus University Frichshuset, Hermodsvej Aabyhoej, Denmark Sergi Jiménez- Martín Universitat Pompeu Fabra Ramon Trias Fargas Barcelona, Spain Lisa Jönsson Stockholm University SE Stockholm, Sweden Alain Jousten University of Liège 7, Bd Rectorat (B31) Liège 4000, Belgium Hendrik Jürges Schumpeter School of Economics and Business University of Wuppertal Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21 (FN.01) D Wuppertal, Germany Adriaan Kalwij School of Economics Utrecht University P.O. Box TC Utrecht, The Netherlands Arie Kapteyn RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138 Santa Monica, CA Mathieu Lefebvre CREPP University of Liège 7, Bd Rectorat (B31) Liège 4000, Belgium Kevin Milligan University of British Columbia # East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada Takashi Oshio Institute of Economic Research Hitotsubashi University 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi City Tokyo , Japan Mårten Palme Stockholm University SE Stockholm, Sweden Peder J. Pedersen and Business Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus, C., Denmark Franco Peracchi Faculty of Economics University of Rome Tor Vergata via Columbia Rome, Italy Sergio Perelman University of Liège 7, Bd Rectorat (B31) Liège 4000, Belgium Muriel Roger Paris School of Economics 48, Bd Jourdan Paris, France

4 Contributors 451 Satoshi Shimizutani Institute for International Policy Studies Toranomon 30 Mori Bldg., 6F Toranomon, Minato- ku Tokyo , Japan Ingemar Svensson Swedish Pensions Agency Box Stockholm, Sweden Judit Vall Castelló Research Centre for Economy and Health (CRES) Universitat Pompeu Fabra Plaça de la Mercè, Barcelona, Spain David A. Wise Kennedy School of Government Harvard University 79 John F. Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138

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6 Author Index Page numbers followed by the letter f refer to figures. Aarts, L. J. M., 277, 419 Adam, S., 48, 72, 73 A Hearn, B., 210 Alessie, R. J. M., 424 Andreyeva, T., 148 Anyadike- Danes, M., 47f Attanasio, O. P., 200 Autor, D., 128, 218, 361n7, 362n8, 363, 364, 374 Avendano, M., 278 Baker, R. M., 443 Banks, J., 42 Bardot, F., 302 Barnay, T., 302 Benítez- Silva, H., 42, 128 Ben Salem, M., 301, 304 Berkowitz, E. D., 361n7 Beveridge, Sir W., 44 Bhattacharya, J., 145 Black, D., 218 Blanchet, D., 302 Boeri, T., 203 Boldrin, M., 138n5 Börsch- Supan, A., 277, 278, 280n1, 281, 282, 283n5, 290, 291, 299, 391 Bottazzi, R., 200 Bound, J., 42, 43n1, 71, 364, 443n8 Bozio, A., 48, 72, 73, 303, 311, 312 Bratsberg, B., 218, 219 Brugiavini, A., 177, 178n5, 191, 195, 200, 203, 208 Burchardt, T., 43 Burkhauser, R., 43n1, 128, 277 Cameron, A. C., 443 Campoliteti, M., 218, 328n1, 331 Caselli, G., 189 Choudhry, K., 145 Creedy, J., 43, 44n5, 46 Cremer, H., 258 Crimmins, E. M., 145 Cutler, D. M., 142n9 Daly, M., 128 Daniel, K., 218 Debrand, T., 302 De Gier, E., 419 De Jong, P. R., 277, 419 Dellis, A., 251n1, 252 Desmet, R., 251n1, 252 De Vos, K., 419, 423 Disney, R., 42, 43, 44n5, 46, 71, 128, 251n1 Doherty, N., 42 Duggan, M., 128, 218, 361n7, 362n8, 363, 364, 374, 377 Egidi, V., 189 Emmerson, C., 42, 48, 71, 72, 73, 251n1 453

7 454 Author Index Faniel, J., 257 Fenn, P., 42 Fevang, E., 219 Fries, J. F., 144, 144n10 Fuchs, V., 142n9 Galasso, V., 178n5 García- Gómez, P., 138n5 Gilbert, B., 44n5 Goldman, D. P., 145 Gruber, J., 2, 41, 79, 128, 218, 330, 363, 364 Hashimoto, H., 403 Hedström, P., 80 Henke, R., 419 Ichimura, H., 403 Imberman, S. A., 363, 364, 377 Jaeger, D. A., 443 Jagger, C., 320 Jappelli, T., 200 Jeger, F., 302 Jiménez- Martin, S., 42, 128, 138n5 Johnston, D. W., 148 Jousten, A., 252, 257 Kalwij, A., 251n1, 423, 424 Kapteyn, A., 42, 419, 423 Karlström, A., 80, 121, 122 Knoef, M., 424 Kruse, A., 80 Kubik, J. D., 363, 364 Kusnik- Joinville, O., 312 Labeaga, J. M., 128 Lakdawalla, D. N., 145 Larsen, M., 238 Lavis, J. N., 328n1 Lê, F., 312 Lindbeck, A., 81 Lozachmeur, J. M., 258 Mackenbach, J., 145, 278 McVicar, D., 47f, 128 Michaud, P. C., 148 Molinié, A.-F., 302 Momose, Y., 397n6, 399n10 Myers, R. J., 42 Nagi, S., 42 Oishi, A., 393, 395 Oshio, T., 393n1, 395 Padula, M., 200 Palme, M., 80, 81, 121, 122 Pedersen, P. J., 238 Peracchi, F., 177, 178n5, 191, 195, 208, 210 Persson, M., 81 Pestieau, P., 251n1, 258 Piachaud, D., 42 Prince, M. J., 328n1 Propper, C., 148 Reynaud, D., 312 Reynolds, S. L., 145 Røed, K., 219 Roth, H., 277, 278 Saito, Y., 145 Sanders, S., 218 Schirle, T., Sheiner, L., 142n9 Shields, M. A., 148 Shimizutani, S., 393, 395, 403 Shoven, J., 66, 142, 142n9, 158 Skogman Thoursie, P., 80 Smith, J., 42 Söderström, L., 80 Stijns, J. P., 251n1 Struillou, Y., 302 Svensson, I., 80, 121, 122 Torjman, S., 328n1 Trivedi, P. K., 443 Vall Castelló, J., 128 Van Soest, A., 42, 148 Vecchi, G., 210 Vermeulen, F., 251n1 Vijgen, J., 419 Vilaplana Prieto, C., 128 Volkoff, S., 302 Wadensjö, E., 80 Wakefield, M., 42, 71, 251n1 Walker, A., 44 Walker, L., 44 Webb, S., 42, 128 Wilke, C. B., 280n1, 283n5 Wise, D. A., 2, 41, 79, 128, 177

8 Subject Index Page numbers followed by the letter f or t refer to figures or tables, respectively. Age groups: Dutch employment rates by, , 432f; Dutch labor force data by, , f Aging, population, 1 2 Attendance Allowance (AA) (UK), 48 Belgium: conventional early retirement (CER) in, ; conventional early retirement (CER) participation in, ; disability insurance (DI) participation in, , , 274f, 275f; disability insurance (DI) system in, ; distribution of exit paths in, 270, 271f; historical health trends in, ; Intergenerational Solidarity Pact, 256; labor market indicators, ; natural experiments in DI reform and DI participation in, 32 33; old- age unemployment (OAU) participation in, ; old- age unemployment (OAU) system in, ; participation in different systems in, , 272f; pension system in, ; unemployment insurance participation in, 268; unemployment insurance system in, Beveridge report (UK), 44 Body mass indexes (BMIs), in France, Britain. See United Kingdom (UK) British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), 49, Canada: development of disability insurance in, ; natural experiments in DI reform and DI participation in, 30; trends in mortality and DI participation in, 28f Canada Pension Plan (CPP), 328 Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Disability Insurance program, ; data, ; employment and mortality, ; employment/ unemployment and receipt of disability, ; growth of, 330, 331f; health and receipt of disability, ; labor markets and, ; mortality and health results, ; program participation results, ; reforms, ; research on, Demographic trends, pay- as-you- go social security systems and, 1 2 Denmark: aggregate trends in, ; employment rates in, ; Flex Job Program, ; labor force participation in, , 244, 246f, 247f, 248f; mortality rates vs. other health measures in, 23, 24f; mortality trends in, ; natural experiments in DI 455

9 456 Subject Index Denmark (continued) reform and DI participation in, 36 37; population health trends in, ; Post Employment Wage (PEW) program, ; Social Disability Pension (SDP) in, , ; Temporary Benefits Program (TBP), 234, ; unemployment rates for, Disability insurance (DI): departure of older persons from labor force and, 1; early retirement benefits and, 2; natural experiments in reform and participation, 28 37; participation vs. mortality, 26 28; phases of study of, 2 3. See also Reforms, disability insurance; and specific countries Disability insurance (DI) participation: in Belgium, , , 274f, 275f; in Canada, ; in Sweden, Disability insurance (DI) programs: in Belgium, ; in Canada, ; challenges of cross- country comparison of, 5; in Germany, ; in Italy, ; in Japan, 408, ; in the Netherlands, , 422t, , ; in Quebec, ; in Spain, , , 137t; in Sweden, 79, 81 83, 94 97, , ; in United Kingdom, 45t; in United States, Disability insurance (DI) systems. See Disability insurance (DI) programs Disability Living Allowance (DLA) (UK), 49 Disability pension programs, in Japan, , 394t Early childhood environment, and German very early retirement, case study of, Employment: in Denmark, ; mortality and, 7 9, 11 17; mortality in Canada and, ; mortality in France and, 14, 15f; mortality in United Kingdom and, 14 17, 16f; in the Netherlands, by age groups, , 432f; of older males in United Kingdom, 50 51, 50f, 51f; among older workers in Sweden, 79 80; receipt of disability in Canada and, ; receipt of disability in United States and, See also Labor force participation; Unemployment Employment Support Allowance (ESA), 48 England. See United Kingdom (UK) Family Expenditure Survey (FES), Flex Job Program (Denmark), France: body mass indexes, ; creation of social security system, 308 9; employment and mortality in, 14, 15f; general labor force participation trends, 304 6; impact of tighter control of sickness benefits, ; mortality rates and life expectancy, ; natural experiments in DI reform and DI participation in, 33 36; 1993 pension reform, ; pension d inaptitude, ; role of disability benefits and early retirement in, 301 2; self- reported health status, ; trends in role of disability benefits, Germany: case study of early childhood environment and very early retirement, ; disability insurance in, ; Hartz reforms, ; health measure trends, ; labor force participation trends, ; mortality and labor force participation, ; mortality trends, ; natural experiments in DI reform and DI participation in, 30 32; 1972 reform and effect on retirement age, ; 1978 reform and effect on retirement age, ; 1984 reform and effect on retirement age, 296; pathways to retirement in, ; pension systems in, ; regimes of retirement policies in, ; Riester reform, Great Britain. See United Kingdom (UK) Hartz reforms (Germany), Health measures: cross- country comparisons and, 5; mortality vs. other, 23 26; self-assessed, 5, 17 23; self-reported, 86 89, ; and UK labor force participation, Health trends: in Belgium, ; in Denmark, ; in Germany, ; in the Netherlands, , ; in Spain, Height: disability rates in Italy and, , 211f; early retirement rates in Italy and, 211

10 Subject Index 457 Holland. See Netherlands, the Housewife Non- Contributory Invalidity Pension (HNCIP) (UK), 48 Housing Benefit (HB) (UK), 49 Incapacity Benefit (IB) (UK), 46 Income Support (IS) (UK), 49 Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit (IIDB), 44, 44n2, 44n3 International Social Security Project, 1 Invalid Care Allowance (ICA) (UK), Invalidity Benefit (IVB), Italy: effects of pension reforms on labor force participation, ; height and disability rates in, , 211f; height and early retirement rates and, 211; historical mortality data, ; history of social security reforms in, ; labor force participation rates in, ; labor force status and health conditions in, ; mortality rates vs. other health measures in, 23, 24f; pathways to retirement in, 205 6; trends in labor force status, 207 8; trends in mortality and DI participation in, 28f; trends in recipiency of disability insurance benefits in, Japan: current scheme of disability pension program, ; development of disability pension program in, 394t; disability pension programs in, ; Employees Pension Insurance (EPI), , 393n3; health indicators for men in, 23, 26f; historical data on disability insurance participation vs. mortality and health, ; historical disability insurance data, 408; historical health data, ; historical labor force data, 403; historical overview of disability pension programs in, ; labor force participation vs. mortality, 403 7; mortality trends, 400, 401f, 402f, 403f; Mutual Aid Insurance (MAI), 393; National Pension Insurance (NPI), 393, ; other programs for disabled in, 399; self- rated health measures, Labor force participation: in Denmark, , 244, 246f, 247f, 248f; vs. mortality, in Japan, 403 7; in the Nether- lands, , , f; rates, in Italy, ; in Spain, , ; trends, in France, 304 6; trends, in Germany, ; in United Kingdom, See also Employment Labor markets. See Employment; Unemployment Labour Force Survey (LFS), Life expectancy. See Mortality Mobility Allowance (MA), 48 Mortality: by age, 9 11; in Canada, 28f, , ; decline in, 6 7; in Denmark, 23, 24f, ; disability insurance participation vs., 26 28; by employment, 11 17; employment and, 7 9; in France, 14, 15f, ; in Germany, , ; in Italy, 23, 24f, 28f, ; in Japan, 400, 401f, 402f, 403 7, 403f, ; long- run trends in, 5 6; in the Netherlands, , ; other health measures vs., 23 26; presenting data on, 7 8; self- assessed health (SAH) vs., 17 23; in Spain, 23, 25f, , , ; in Sweden, 23, 25f, 29f, 84 86; in United Kingdom, 14 17, 16f, 27f; UK data, 56 59; in United States, 29f, , , 383f, 384 National Insurance Act (1911) (UK), 44n5 Netherlands, the: benefit system, 423; disability insurance in, 420; disability insurance reforms, , ; disability insurance timeline, 422t; Dutch Unemployment Insurance system reforms, 424; empirical analysis and results for retirement pathway in, ; employment rates by age groups in, , 432f; historical data on disability insurance vs. health, mortality, ; historical mortality and health data, ; historical mortality data for, , f; labor force data by age groups for, , f; labor force participation and disability vs. mortality data for, ; natural experiments in DI reform and DI participation in, 36 37; pathways to retirement in, , Non- Contributory Invalidity Pension (NCIP) (UK), 48

11 458 Subject Index Pathways to retirement: in Germany, ; in Italy, 205 6; in the Netherlands, , ; in Spain, ; in Sweden, 105 7; in United Kingdom, See also Retirement Pathways- to-work program (UK), 48, 50, 70, Pay- as-you- go social security systems, pressure of demographic trends on, 1 2 Pensions. See Disability insurance (DI) programs; Retirement; and specific countries Personal Capability Assessment, Population aging, 1 2 Post Employment Wage (PEW) program (Denmark), Quebec Pension Plan (QPP), 328, 329n5. See also Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Quebec Pension Plan (QPP) Disability Insurance program, 329; research on, See also Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Disability Insurance program Reforms, disability insurance: in Belgium, 32 33; in Canada, 30, ; in Denmark, 36 37; in France, 33 36, ; in Germany, 30 32, , ; in Italy, , ; in the Netherlands, 36 37, , ; in Spain, , 137t; in Sweden, 33; in United Kingdom, 45t, See also Disability insurance (DI) Reforms, unemployment system: in the Netherlands, 424; in Spain, See also Unemployment Riester reform (Germany), Retirement: in Belgium, , ; early benefits and disability insurance, 2; in France, 301 2; in Germany, , ; in Italy, 205 6, 211; in the Netherlands, , , ; in Spain, ; in Sweden, 105 7; in United Kingdom, See also Pathways to retirement Self- assessed health (SAH) status, 5; mortality vs., See also Health measures Self- reported health: in France, ; in Sweden, See also Health measures Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA) (UK), 48 Sickness Benefit (UK), Social Disability Pension (SDP) (Denmark), , See also Denmark Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) (US): current rule benefits for, ; data sources of analysis of, ; employment/ unemployment rates and receipt of, ; health and, , f; historical development of, ; mortality rates and, , 383f, 384f; mortality trends and, 29f; participation, ; program findings, ; research on impact of, 364. See also United States (US) Social security systems, pay- as-you- go, pressures of demographic trends on, 1 2 Spain: disability, health, and mortality data, ; disability and labor force participation trends in, ; disability insurance system in, ; disability programs in, ; health, mortality, and labor force participation data, ; health trends in, ; mortality and health in, ; mortality rates in, ; mortality rates vs. other health measures in, 23, 25f; pathways to retirement in, ; reforms of disability system in, , 137t; reforms of old- age and unemployment systems in, , 139t; tentative analysis of quantitative effects of reforms in, SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) (US) Statutory Sick Pay (SSP) (UK), 46, 46n6 Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) (Sweden), Sweden: changes in disability insurance eligibility in, ; development of disability insurance recipiency in, 94 97; development of labor market outcomes in, ; development of population health in, 83 84, 91 94; disability insurance and labor market outcomes in, 107 8; disability insurance in, 79; disability insurance incidence and population health in, ; disability insurance prevalence and population health in, ; employment rate among

12 Subject Index 459 older workers in, 79 80; inpatient care in, 89 91; mortality rates in, 84 86; mortality rates vs. other health measures in, 23, 25f; natural experiments in DI reform and DI participation in, 33; overview of disability insurance in, 81 83; pathways to retirement in, 105 7; relative health of disability insurance recipients compared to nonrecipients in, ; self- reported health in, 86 89; trends in mortality and DI participation in, 29f Temporary Benefits Program (TBP) (Denmark), 234, Unemployment: in Denmark, ; insurance system in Belgium, , 268f 69; receipt of disability in Canada and, ; receipt of disability in United States and, ; systems in Spain, , 139t. See also Employment United Kingdom (UK): BHPS data on transitions in, 53 56; disability and sickness insurance in, 44 48; disability benefits as pathway to retirement in, 41 43; disability benefits reforms in, 70 74; earnings replacement benefits in, 44 48; employment and mortality in, 14 17, 16f; employment rate of older males in, 50 51, 50f, 51f; health measures and labor force participation in, 61 70; means-tested benefits in, 49; measures of self- reported disability, 59 61; mor- tality data, 56 59; 1995 disability benefits reform, 70 72; non- contributory benefits in, 48 49; one- year transitions from LFS, 51 53; reforms to disability insurance system of (1948 to present day), 45t; structure of benefits in, by duration of incapacity ( ), 45t; surveys on participation in labor market in, 49 51; trends in mortality and DI participation in, 27f; workrelated injury benefits in, United States (US): analysis of mortality, ; current benefit rules for Social Security Disability Insurance, ; data sources for analysis of Social Security Disability Insurance, ; employment/ unemployment rates and receipt of Social Security Disability Insurance, ; historical development of Social Security Disability Insurance, ; research on impact of Social Security Disability Insurance, 364; Social Security Disability Insurance and health, , f; Social Security Disability Insurance and mortality rates, , 383f, 384f; Social Security Disability Insurance participation, ; Social Security Disability Insurance program findings, ; trends in mortality and DI participation in, 29f Work Capacity Assessment (UK), 48 Working Tax Credit (WTC) (UK), 49