February 23, Dear Board Member:

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Winfred Miller
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1 February 23, 2018 Dear Board Member: As one of the world s largest investment managers, we are pleased to see the strong performance US companies have been delivering to shareholders, as steady capex growth and contained inflation have provided a supportive backdrop for corporate earnings. At the same time, as long-term investors we also recognize the importance of good governance for driving sustainable returns over the long run. That is why we take our asset stewardship responsibility so seriously. Contrary to the argument that the rise of flows into index-based strategies results in weakened governance standards, our active stewardship program is aimed at helping companies strengthen their approach to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues that can impact the long-term returns our clients need to achieve their goals. Constructive, persistent and transparent engagement is the hallmark of our stewardship approach. We regularly publish our views on important shareholder issues, and measure and monitor the impact we are having. In 2016 we focused on governance issues around board independence and effectiveness, and in 2017 we called on companies to incorporate environmental and social sustainability into their long-term strategies. We have already seen significant impact from these two initiatives, with companies strengthening board quality to align with our guidance as well as improving their disclosure on sustainability practices. Last year s campaign on gender diversity at the board level was a direct result of our emphasis on board quality and the evidence showing that diverse boards make better decisions. We were gratified to see so many boards take action as a result of our efforts. Indeed, as we have stepped up our engagement in the last few years, we have noted a growing number of companies that actively seek a dialogue with us on best practices around governance and sustainability issues. Last year State Street Global Advisors, along with other asset managers and asset owners, launched the Investor Stewardship Group (ISG) in order to codify the first-ever investor-led Stewardship and Governance Principles for the US market. The ISG establishes standards of governance and is backed by 50 US and international institutional investors, representing more than $22 trillion in US equity market investments. These principles (see the attached guidance) capture the core governance standards we expect from the companies we invest in, as they relate to shareholder rights, board governance and management incentive structures. This year we are calling on companies to evaluate their compliance with the ISG principles. We appreciate that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to corporate governance issues and we consider companies on a case-by-case basis. We encourage companies to disclose proactively how they are satisfying the governance principles. However, in cases where companies are unable to explain adequately why they are not compliant, we will take voting action. We believe that by

2 establishing these standards and holding our portfolio companies accountable to them, we can help improve the overall governance quality of listed companies in the US. While the ISG principles are broadly expressed, we have provided more detailed guidance over the last few years. For example, we have made our views explicit on the central importance of strong, effective and independent board leadership, publishing a framework for assessing whether boards independent leaders have the right skills and backgrounds, and whether the membership is refreshed at appropriate intervals. Similarly we shared ways for boards to consider the materiality of environmental and social factors for their business models and to report these issues to shareholders. We have also expressed our concern about the erosion of shareholder rights as a growing number of companies issue shares with multiple voting structures or no voting rights at all, as we saw in the Snap IPO. With the rise of shareholder activism, we have called on boards to protect the interest of long-term shareholders. As we have seen more companies reach settlement agreements with activists in record time, we have asked companies to resist the pressure of activists to engage in balance-sheet engineering or other actions that subvert long-term shareholder interests in favor of short-term financial gain. The final ISG principle addresses the need for boards to develop incentive structures for management that are aligned with the company s long-term strategy. We continue to be concerned about rising executive pay levels. In order to be more effective in how we communicate our views on compensation structures, this year we have expanded our voting options to include an abstain vote, in addition to yes or no, when voting on management pay resolutions. The abstain option will be used to signal that we have concerns over pay issues and cannot give unqualified support. As with all of our engagement issues, we will continue to be focused, deliberate and foundational. The governance principles are another way for companies to demonstrate that they are acting in the interests of their shareholders. By identifying outlier companies not adhering to the principles, we will be able to target our efforts and demonstrate our impact. At a time when more investors are turning to index-based strategies, we believe our stewardship efforts are more important than ever in persuading companies to strengthen their corporate governance and focus on sustainable, long-term value. This is good for our investors; it is good for the long-term quality of the indexes on which many portfolios are based; and it is good for the future of our economy and society. Respectfully yours, Richard Lacaille Chief Investment Officer

3 Monitoring Compliance with Investor Stewardship Group Principles Executive Summary State Street Global Advisors (SSGA) led the creation of the Investor Stewardship Group (ISG), which debuted a set of Stewardship Principles and Corporate Governance Principles for the US market in January 2017 With the ISG principles taking effect as of January 2018, SSGA will now be holding companies accountable for meeting the comply or explain expectations established by the principles SSGA has created an ISG compliance screen that identifies 13 voting guidelines that are encompassed in the six principles; in the pilot year, SSGA will apply its ISG compliance screen to the S&P 500 companies We encourage companies to proactively evaluate and disclose/explain their level of compliance with the principles and have provided a framework to help directors assess their positions on the principles In instances of non-compliance, when companies cannot explain the nuances of their governance structure effectively, either publicly or through engagement, SSGA will vote against the independent board leader for non-compliance with the principles Overview In January 2017, SSGA, as part of the Investors Stewardship Group (ISG), published the first ever investorled Stewardship and Governance Principles for the US market using a comply-or-explain approach. The six corporate governance principles, which are based on the commonalities of the public proxy voting guidelines of the founding ISG members, went into effect in January The principles establish minimum investor expectations regarding the corporate governance structures and practices of companies publicly listed in the US. Starting in March 2018, SSGA will review governance practices at S&P 500 companies for their adherence to the principles and seek to proactively engage with companies to better understand the reasons for non-compliance. In the event that non-compliant companies fail to adequately explain their governance approaches, SSGA may hold the board accountable by voting against select independent directors. ISG Corporate Governance Principles Principle 1 Boards are accountable to shareholders. Principle 2 Shareholders should be entitled to voting rights in proportion to their economic interest. Principle 3 Boards should be responsive to shareholders and be proactive in order to understand their perspectives. Principle 4 Boards should have a strong, independent leadership structure. Principle 5 Boards should adopt structures and practices that enhance their effectiveness. Principle 6 Boards should develop management incentive structures that are aligned with the longterm strategy of the company. Visit isgframework.org Screening Methodology The six principles (see Box above) are not intended to be prescriptive or comprehensive. There are many ways to apply a principle. However, as guidance, the ISG has provided the rationale and expectations that underpin each principle on its website, 1 which reflect the proxy voting guidelines of the different signatories. In order to identify companies for engagement, SSGA has created an ISG compliance screen that identifies 13 voting guidelines encompassed in the six principles. Companies that do not meet at least three of the 13 voting guidelines will be targeted for further review and engagement. In the pilot year, SSGA will apply its ISG compliance screen to the S&P 500 companies. Based on the 2017 proxy filings of companies, SSGA found that: 2

4 Monitoring Compliance with Investor Stewardship Group Principles 66 companies or 13% of the S&P 500 fail to adhere to three or more of the guidelines and will be targeted for review and engagement 199 companies or 40% of the S&P 500 fully comply with SSGA s ISG compliance screen Lack of proxy access is the most common reason for non-compliance with the principles 81 of the 150+ companies with one non-compliant governance structure would be in full compliance if they provided shareholders with access to the proxy Other common non-compliance governance structures include: Figure 1: SSGA ISG Compliance Screen of S&P 500 Companies 200 Lack of annual director elections Inadequate board refreshment practices Insufficient board independence Figure 1 below, shows the distributions of companies that screen out against SSGA s ISG compliance screen. Count of Companies (%) of Companies 100 We encourage companies to proactively evaluate and disclose their level of compliance with the principles and have provided a framework to help directors assess their position on the principles. In instances of non-compliance, when companies cannot explain the nuances of their governance structure effectively, either publicly or through engagement, SSGA will vote against the independent board leader 3 for non-compliance with the principles. Framework for Disclosing ISG Compliance How does the company s governance framework compare with the rationale and expectations that underpin each of the six principles? NOT ALIGNED Has the entire board deliberated on the reason for not complying with minimum market expectations? NO YES FULLY ALIGNED Company is fully compliant with ISG principles and should publish compliance statement with ISG Does the board agree with the six principles identified by the Investor Stewardship Group? Company should disclose and explain the board s position on its preferred governance structure to its shareholders NO YES # of Non-Compliant Governance Structures Potential Proxy Vote Implications for Screened Out Companies Since SSGA s ISG compliance screen is based on our existing proxy votes and engagement guidelines, there are no new governance-related expectations. However, the screen allows SSGA to proactively monitor corporate governance practices at portfolio companies and assess if they are aligned with our long-term interests and market expectations. 0 Board should deliberate its position and disclose reasons for not adhering to the principles by explaining the board s position on its preferred governance structure to its shareholders. Board should deliberate its position and understand how its adheres to the principles that it believes in. The board should consider changes to the governance structure to align with its beliefs. Company should disclose and explain the board s position on its preferred governance structure to its shareholders. At SSGA, we do not believe in a one-size-fits-all approach to corporate governance, and therefore, our preference is to engage with companies to better understand their perspectives for why their internal governance structure does not meet minimum investor expectations. State Street Global Advisors 2

5 Monitoring Compliance with Investor Stewardship Group Principles Global Perspective While the ISG introduces a set of minimum governance expectations for the US market, such standards have existed in other markets for many years. As a global investor we have developed principle compliance screens that align with the corporate governance codes in different markets (such as the UK, Australia, and the EU) and will proactively screen companies in these markets to better understand their preferred governance structures. Conclusion Until now, SSGA has applied its proxy voting guidelines to address specific board concerns such as excessive tenure and lack of diversity. With the introduction of SSGA s ISG compliance screen, we are now proactively monitoring companies for compliance with our voting guidelines on a comprehensive basis. This screen helps us engage and review company governance practices in a holistic manner against the expectations of a multitude of investors that support the ISG. In addition, it helps SSGA, as an institutional investor, meet and demonstrate our commitment to the ISG principles by holding portfolio companies accountable for compliance with them. We hope board members of our portfolio companies find this guidance useful. Any questions or comments may be directed to Matthew DiGuiseppe, Head of Americas, Asset Stewardship at Matthew_DiGuiseppe@ssga.com or Rakhi Kumar, Managing Director and Head of ESG Investing and Asset Stewardship, at Rakhi_Kumar@ssga.com 1 isgframework.org. 2 Source: ISS Analytics as of November The independent Chair, Lead Independent Director or most senior independent director up for election in that order. ssga.com State Street Global Advisors Worldwide Entities Australia: State Street Global Advisors, Australia, Limited (ABN ) is the holder of an Australian Financial Services Licence (AFSL Number ). Registered office: Level 17, 420 George Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. T: F: Belgium: State Street Global Advisors Belgium, Chaussée de La Hulpe 120, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. T: F: SSGA Belgium is a branch office of State Street Global Advisors Limited. State Street Global Advisors Limited is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom. Canada: State Street Global Advisors, Ltd., 770 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 1200 Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, T: and 30 Adelaide Street East Suite 500, Toronto, Ontario M5C 3G6. T: Dubai: State Street Bank and Trust Company (Representative Office), Boulevard Plaza 1, 17th Floor, Office 1703 Near Dubai Mall & Burj Khalifa, P.O Box 26838, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. T: +971 (0) F: +971 (0) France: State Street Global Advisors Ireland Limited, Paris branch is a branch of State Street Global Advisors Ireland Limited, registered in Ireland with company number , authorized and regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland, and whose registered office is at 78 Sir John Rogerson s Quay, Dublin 2. State Street Global Advisors Ireland Limited, Paris Branch, is registered in France with company number RCS Nanterre and whose office is at Immeuble Défense Plaza, rue Delarivière-Lefoullon, Paris La Défense Cedex, France. T: (+33) F: (+33) Germany: State Street Global Advisors GmbH, Brienner Strasse 59, D Munich. Authorized and regulated by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht ( BaFin ). Registered with the Register of Commerce Munich HRB T: +49 (0) F: +49 (0) Hong Kong: State Street Global Advisors Asia Limited, 68/F, Two International Finance Centre, 8 Finance Street, Central, Hong Kong. T: F: Ireland: State Street Global Advisors Ireland Limited is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. Registered office address 78 Sir John Rogerson s Quay, Dublin 2. Registered number T: +353 (0) F: +353 (0) Italy: State Street Global Advisors Limited, Milan Branch (Sede Secondaria di Milano) is a branch of State Street Global Advisors Limited, a company registered in the UK, authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA ), with a capital of GBP 62,350,000, and whose registered office is at 20 Churchill Place, London E14 5HJ. State Street Global Advisors Limited, Milan Branch (Sede Secondaria di Milano), is registered in Italy with company number R.E.A and VAT number and whose office is at Via dei Bossi, Milano, Italy. T: F: Japan: State Street Global Advisors (Japan) Co., Ltd., Toranomon Hills Mori Tower 25F Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan, T: Financial Instruments Business Operator, Kanto Local Financial Bureau (Kinsho #345), Membership: Japan Investment Advisers Association, The Investment Trust Association, Japan, Japan Securities Dealers Association. Netherlands: State Street Global Advisors Netherlands, Apollo Building, 7th floor Herikerbergweg CN Amsterdam, Netherlands. T: SSGA Netherlands is a branch office of State Street Global Advisors Limited. State Street Global Advisors Limited is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom. Singapore: State Street Global Advisors Singapore Limited, 168, Robinson Road, #33-01 Capital Tower, Singapore (Company Reg. No: D, regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore). T: F: Switzerland: State Street Global Advisors AG, Beethovenstr. 19, CH-8027 Zurich. Authorized and regulated by the Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht ( FINMA ). Registered with the Register of Commerce Zurich CHE T: +41 (0) F: +41 (0) United Kingdom: State Street Global Advisors Limited. Authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered in England. Registered No VAT No Registered office: 20 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HJ. T: F: United States: State Street Global Advisors, One Lincoln Street, Boston, MA T: State Street Global Advisors 2018 State Street Corporation. All Rights Reserved. ID GBL.RTL 0218 Exp. Date: 02/28/2019

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Check out Simon Sineck s. LEARN YOUR WHY e-course. (available at startwithwhy.com) for tips on uncovering the purpose underlying your work. STEWARDSHIP IN ACTION A roadmap for adopting a stewardship approach to retirement benefits management within your organization 1 GATHER With the detours in mind, plan how you re going to get from where