TABLE OF CONTENTS. Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4

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2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4 1. Methodology and Sampling Framework Selection of Villages Selection of Households Design of Data Collection Tool Database Design and Management 7 2. Effects of Earthquake Muzaffarabad and Neelum Bagh Poonch Abbottabad Battagram Mansehra Kohistan Shangla Social Impacts of Direct Outreach Interventions Rural Housing Social Protection Livelihood Social Impacts of Social Services Interventions Education Health Water and Sanitation Social Impacts of Public Infrastructure Interventions Transport Power Telecommunications Recommendations Conclusions and Way Forward 37 Annexes 38 Annex I: Lists of District-wise Sampled Villages Annex II: Impact Assessment Household Survey Questionnaire Annex III: ERRA M&E Evaluation Group

3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB AIT AJ&K BHU CBO CIF CLRP CMT DNA DRAC DRU EMEF ERRA EQ GoP IEC IGA IP JICA Km LAC LHV LHW LSCG LSS LVU m M&E NGO MB NRC NWFP PCRWR PERRA PKR PO PPAF PPS PTCL PWD RHC RHRP RLL Asian Development Bank Assistance and Inspection Teams Azad Jammu and Kashmir Basic Health Unit Community Based Organisation Community Investment Fund Community Livelihood Rehabilitation Plan Construction Monitoring Team Damage Need Assessment District Reconstruction Advisory Committee District Reconstruction Unit Earthquake Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority Earthquake Government of Pakistan Information Education and Communication Income Generation Activity Implementing Partner Japan International Cooperation Agency Kilometre Legal Aid Centre Lady Health Visitor Lady Health Worker Livelihood Support Cash Grant Linear Systematic Sampling Land Verification Unit Metre Monitoring and Evaluation Non-Governmental Organisation Measurement Book Norwegian Refugee Council North-West Frontier Province Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources Provincial Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency Pakistani Rupee Partner Organisation Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Probability Proportional to Size Pakistan Telecommunication Limited Peoples With Disabilities Rural Health Centre Rural Housing Reconstruction Programme Rural Landless

4 RSS SCO SERRA SST UC UNICEF USAID WatSan WB WHO WLL WSS Random Systematic Sampling Special Communication Organisation State Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency Social Survey Team Union Council United Nations Children's Fund United States Agency for International Development Water and Sanitation World Bank World Health Organisation Wireless Local Loop Water Supply Scheme

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Social Impact Assessment Report 2008 is a comprehensive document covering the social impacts of Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) specific interventions in all the major sectoral clusters (Direct Outreach, Social Services and Public Infrastructure) 1. The document highlights the key progress made by ERRA in the process of reconstruction and rehabilitation, and their timely assessment in order to evaluate the outcomes and impacts at all the levels. The efforts of ERRA Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Wing in identifying assessing and interpreting the dormant areas are an indicator that is realistically amalgamated through this Social Impact Assessment Report During the social impact survey, all the nine earthquake affected districts were covered in a way that four districts were surveyed in the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) and five in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) during April - September Five beneficiaries from each of the 30 villages (out of a total of 270 villages) were selected in every district, resulting to a total of 1,350 beneficiaries in the nine predominant districts. A rigorous survey and sampling methodology was practiced for statistically robust results, with the help of integrated data collection tool formulated by ERRA M&E Wing. Social Impacts of Direct Outreach Interventions ERRA introduced an owner-driven approach in the housing reconstruction in order to build the capacity for which the affected community was provided a series of tranches (PKR 75,000 for partially damaged and PKR 175,000 for completely damaged) according to the extent of damages. It was observed during the survey that a vast majority (seventy-two percent) of the sampled population were in compliance with ERRA standards, while in districts of Kohistan and Shangla, a focused attention is required to facilitate the communities to follow ERRA standards. The respondents felt a sense of security and quoted their new houses as comfortable as compared to pre-earthquake situation. A small percentage of the sampled beneficiaries received technical training to practice them to make a living. Livelihood Support Cash Grant Programme (LSCG) has provided the essential cash flow to the affected communities, which provided them an opportunity to focus their attention on housing reconstruction. The programme has been effective in addressing the need for immediate food and non food items. The formulation of 506 Community Based Organisations (CBOs) was consequential in a raised social capital of the communities. Another deduction from the survey indicates an expected increase in the physical capital of the region because of the Community Livelihood Rehabilitation Plans (CLRPs) interventions. The survey confirmed that female headed households were given preference by the government in disbursing the livelihood cash. Establishment of Legal Aid Centres (LACs) helped the vulnerable in understanding their rights. ERRA interventions have restored the confidence of the Persons with Disabilities (PWD) through the provision of livelihoods. 1 Direct Outreach: Rural Housing, Social Protection, Livelihood Social Services: Education, Health, Water and Sanitation Public Infrastructure: Transport, Power, Telecommunication, Governance 1

6 Social Impacts of Social Sectors Interventions One of the major achievements of ERRA after the earthquake was the immediate recovery of the educational institutions in the affected areas. The students were shifted to either the permanent or temporary shelters, which saved their academic year. The seismic construction of the schools has raised the confidence of the parents, consequently uplifting the percentage of the school going children. Student enrolment has increased in the order of eighteen percent for male and thirty percent for female students of school going age as compared to pre earthquake. ERRA interventions provided them an opportunity to benefit from the quality education as a result of teacher training programmes. In the Water and Sanitation (WatSan) sector, it was observed that the population had a better access to safe drinking water, as the beneficiaries were saving about an hour during each trip that they had to make earlier to fetch the water from remote locations. Before the earthquake, the households relied on gravity flow or water springs, but with the implementation of ERRA interventions, the usage of tap water through the improved water supply schemes has increased. Open defecation has decreased in the order of fifty percent in the affected areas. Practices of safe disposal of waste and excreta is improving, thus minimizing the factors generating infections and diseases. Social Results of Public Infrastructure Interventions During the survey, an improvement in the accessibility to the health facilities, markets, and schools has been reported by the respondents. Most of the road construction is in progress, and 52 contracts have been awarded to the local contractors; this would result in economic regeneration, increased employment opportunities, and improved road access for the communities. The training of local engineers and sub-engineers at various stages has built the capacity of the local workforce in the field of road construction. Electricity is being provided to the remotely located affected areas under the ERRA interventions in the Power sector. Reduction in workload due to the automation of multiple work appliances and their application in daily use have improved the living standards and conditions of the communities. The students can study at night in a better environment due to the provision of electricity; hence they may achieve their career goals more enthusiastically and efficiently. The coverage of the earthquake affected areas has improved with the introduction of an enhanced telecommunication system in the region. This intervention has improved the socioeconomic condition, as people are involved in small businesses such as telephone repairs, franchise operation, and a number of businesses requiring telephonic communication. The State of AJ&K has issued permission to the telecommunication companies to operate in the region. Within three years, mobile phone subscribers have crossed a figure of one million, which confirms the importance and usability of the telecommunication services. Conclusions and Way Forward The social impact assessment survey and its analyses provide a statistically robust picture of the reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts by ERRA and it s Partner Organisations (POs). 2

7 The results exhibit ERRA s efforts as a key factor in bringing a positive change in the lives of the people, and in fostering an enabling environment in the earthquake affected areas. However, the report also highlights certain challenges and actions regarding institutionalisation; introduction of a follow-up mechanism across ERRA, Provincial Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency (PERRA), State Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency (SERRA), and District Reconstruction Units (DRUs); and promotion of continuous process of documentation, and organisation of learning round-tables are critical for a sustainable reconstruction and rehabilitation programme. In addition, a number of specific sectoral recommendations emerged to address the shortcomings are also identified in the report that may be referred to in the respective sectoral sections. 3

8 INTRODUCTION History depicts earthquakes as one of the most catastrophic naturally occurring incident, which have always been devastating, especially when it is of an enormous magnitude. Considering the fact that the earthquake strikes a region lying in the seismic belt, and that the epicentre lies across a mountain range, the consequences would surely be disastrous, beyond expectation. Such an incident occurred on the 8 th of October, 2005 in the northern part of Pakistan. The tremors exceeding the reading of 7.6 on the Richter scale clearly indicate the destruction accompanying this earthquake. The reciprocating factor in the earthquakes is the intensity, through which the total loss may be approximated, as it is directly proportional to the eruption created. The span of the earthquake lasted a few months as around 1,900 aftershocks were recorded (till 31 st May, 2006) and a total of 30,000 square kilometres of area was disrupted as an aftermath of this natural disaster. A rapid assessment of damages, occurring to the physical and social capital, estimated a loss of about 73,338 human lives, injuring 128,304 people across the four affected districts of AJ&K and five of NWFP. Over 600,000 houses were destroyed, almost all the educational and governance infrastructure was damaged or wiped out, hospitals were demolished and the public infrastructure, particularly the roads, power facilities and telecommunication infrastructure were severely affected. ERRA was established by the Government of Pakistan (GoP), within days of the earthquake (24 th October, 2005), with the purpose to Build Back Better. The aim of this autonomous government authority was to coordinate the reconstruction and rehabilitation activities in the earthquake affected areas. The focus of ERRA at the time of its establishment has evolved from the immediate rescue and relief operations to long-term reconstruction and rehabilitation, for a sustainable environment in order to facilitate the affected population of AJ&K and NWFP. While progress on reconstruction and rehabilitation is in line with expected targets, ERRA is also striving to enhance its institutional strengthens through formulation of work plans and implementation mechanisms; development of standard procedures; capacity building interventions encompassing ERRA and its affiliates; consolidation of partnerships with national and international donors to materialise their pledges of assistance. The M&E Wing of ERRA designs and implements the central M&E system, through the devised Earthquake Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (EMEF). Following the programme logic model, monitoring is conducted for inputs, outputs, outcomes and impacts of ERRA specific interventions. The regular monitoring is applied in quantifying the quality of the programmes, assessment of the progress, identification of goals and achievements along with the challenges being faced. Technical monitoring (input and output) is conducted by the field based Construction Monitoring Teams (CMTs) and the field based Social Survey Teams (SSTs) carry out the social monitoring (outcome and impact). While technical monitoring provides for the appropriateness, relevance, quality, and compliance related elements, the social monitoring reports inform the management 4

9 regarding extension of services as a result of completed facilities, and changes in peoples lives. To maintain the authenticity, the social surveys follow an empirically robust survey methodology and sampling framework. Regular data collection is carried-out according to statistically sturdy approved scale of monitoring and information gathering. The social impact assessment report is a measuring document, produced by ERRA M&E Wing, as a part of the aforementioned effort. It is purely based on the social impact assessment survey conducted at the household level. Following the devised sampling and survey framework, 1,350 households were selected from 270 villages across the nine ERRA-served districts of AJ&K (Bagh, Muzaffarabad, Neelum, and Poonch) and NWFP (Abbottabad, Battagram, Kohistan, Mansehra and Shangla,). The key sectors have been clustered into three groups: Direct Outreach covering rural housing, social protection, livelihoods; Social Services constituting education, health, WatSan; Public Infrastructure comprising transport, power and telecommunication. The cross-cutting themes of gender, disaster risk reduction and environmental safeguards are covered within individual sectors, as applicable. The social impacts of ERRA-specific interventions are reported and analysed for the above mentioned social clusters followed by conclusions and recommendations. Learning and experiences emerging from social impact assessment report are to form knowledge base for ERRA management and its stakeholders to gauge the trends and changes in peoples lives and outline mid-course corrections. The report is intended to be shared with ERRA s national and international partners in the effort of reconstruction and rehabilitation. This report is expected to improve the decisionmaking, allowing a rectification of the short-comings in any programmes and enhancing their effectiveness. 5

10 AJ&K NWFP 1. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING FRAMEWORK Based on M&E sampling tools and techniques followed by international development agencies, an empirically robust survey framework was followed. A ninety percent confidence level was maintained to ensure precision and accuracy during the survey. Managed by the M&E Wing SSTs, the survey was conducted at the household level. It captures the changes in the lives of the people and the socio-economic as a result of the overall reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts with specific reference to ERRA. It highlights effects on the identifiable population groups through various interventions, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. To achieve ninety percent confidence interval, a survey of 1,350 households, spread over nine affected districts was implied. While the unit of survey was household, the unit of analyses was district. Zone District Area (sq. Km) No. of Tehsils No. of Union Councils No. of Villages Abbottabad 1, Battagram 1, Kohistan 7, ,404 Mansehra 4, Shangla 1, Sub-Total ,457 Muzaffarabad 6, Neelum 3, Bagh 1, Poonch Sub-Total Total ,356 Table 1: Main Features of Survey Districts A two-stage cluster sampling methodology was used to select the survey households. i. In the first stage, 30 villages were chosen in each district using Linear Systematic Sampling (LSS); ii. In the second stage, a cluster of five households was chosen in each village using Random Systematic Sampling (RSS). 1.1 Selection of Villages Thirty villages were selected using LSS with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), i.e. the probability of selecting any given village was proportional to the size of the village. Use of PPS ensured that larger villages had greater significance in the survey than smaller ones, and thereby simplified calculations made in the analysis stage. The procedure followed was: i. The villages were sorted by altitude, from low to high; 6

11 ii. iii. The cumulative population was calculated using population data from each village and listed in a separate column; LSS methodology was used to select the villages. The stepping interval was calculated by dividing the total population with the sample size (30). A random number village was chosen in the first stepping interval. This became the first village in the sample, with the remaining 29 chosen by adding stepping intervals. 1.2 Selection of Households Five households were chosen from each sampled village. According to the original guidelines for the impact survey, a strictly randomised household sample was to be used, based on a complete list of households in each village. However, due to the resource constraints, the ERRA management adopted a simplified procedure to minimise time requirements while preserving the principle of random selection. This was achieved by selecting households randomly from within each mohalla (neighbourhood), a sub-division of the village. Random selection was strictly applied for these mohalla, thereby validating the calculation of confidence levels for the final results. 1.3 Design of Data Collection Tool An integrated survey questionnaire was designed to cover all ERRA priority sectors, i.e. rural housing, livelihood, social protection, education, health, water and sanitation, transport, power and telecommunication. It was reviewed from the cross-cutting lens and field-tested for additional comprehensiveness. 1.4 Database Design and Management Data entry screens were developed prior to data collection using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. This facilitated data entry and averted the risk of errors because of delayed/non-entry. It is a critical aspect of ensuring the quality of data. Standard principles of data entry (ensuring data entry screens matched the questionnaire format); data validation and cleaning (compilation sheets, permissible value tests, etc.) and data storage (for raw data, cleaned data, processed data, etc) were applied. 7

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13 2. EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE 2005 This section details the effects of the October 2005 earthquake on each of the nine surveyed districts. In each case, general figures for damaged houses, schools and other infrastructure are presented (where available). These statistics are drawn from the previous surveys and reports, e.g. the Asian Development Bank (ADB)/World Bank (WB) damage assessment report. 2 They are followed by the effects of the earthquake particularly on the households included in the survey. Besides the reported damage, respondents were asked about the damage to their houses, sources of livelihood and access to facilities, markets, etc. Studying the effects of the earthquake 2005 is crucial, both to understand the threats posed by such disasters (thereby facilitating disaster prevention and management), and to provide a baseline against which to measure the impact of ERRA interventions. 2.1 Muzaffarabad and Neelum The earthquake damaged 1,706 educational institutes and 228 health facilities in the area. Most of the water facilities and water sources were destroyed. Both the districts also suffered significant loss to livelihood, due to the damage to land, crops, livestock and infrastructure. Close proximity of the epicentre of the earthquake to the city of Muzaffarabad resulted in an extensive damage to private housing. During the social survey carried out in the two districts (300 households), the statistics revealed the following effects to human lives: 60 lost their lives, 40 with major injuries and 65 with minor injuries. Findings for physical damage and loss of livelihoods are given in Table 2. Category Complete / Severe Damage Moderate / Partial Damage Minor / No Damage No. % No. % No. % Muzaffarabad Housing Livelihood Accessibility Neelum Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 2: Damage Suffered by Households Surveyed in Districts of Muzaffarabad and Neelum 2.2 Bagh District Bagh also suffered extensive damage to its physical infrastructure as well as losing physical sources of livelihood and social assets including land, schools and health facilities. Table 3 summarises physical damage and loss to livelihoods. Pakistan 2005 Earthquake Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment Report. (ADB and World Bank, Islamabad, November 2005). 9

14 Category Complete / Severe Moderate / Partial Minor / No Damage Damage Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 3: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Bagh 2.3 Poonch The total loss to the human life in District Poonch was 1,120, while another 1,883 people were injured. The damage to the housing was extensive: according to ERRA reports, eighty percent of housing structures were totally destroyed and fifteen percent were partially damaged. According to the WB/ADB preliminary damage assessment report, a total of 923 schools and 213 health institutions in both the public and private sector were either fully or partially damaged. The earthquake affected some 242 Water Supply Schemes (WSS) in District Poonch. Among the 150 households surveyed, there were 46 causalities, 30 people received major injuries and 27 minor injuries. Table 4 summarises physical damage and loss to livelihoods. Category Complete / Severe Moderate / Partial Minor / No Damage Damage Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 4: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Poonch 2.4 Abbottabad Nine Union Councils (UCs) in District Abbottabad i.e. Dalola, Boi, Bakote, Pattan Kalan, Namal, Berote, Kukmong, Pluck and Beerangali located across the River Jehlum and the River Kunhar were severely affected by the 2005 earthquake. A total of 872 government educational institutions, 25 health institutions, 145 government buildings and 280 WSS were partially or completely damaged. The WB/ADB report indicated extensive damage to 264 Kilometres (Kms) of roads and 23 bridges/culverts in District Abbottabad. Category Complete / Severe Moderate / Partial Minor / No Damage Damage Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 5: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Abbottabad No casualties were reported among the 150 households surveyed in the sampled villages of Abbottabad, showing that they suffered less than the other affected districts. However, damage was reported to physical assets as indicated in table 5. 10

15 2.5 Battagram Out of a total 525 educational institutions, 410 were completely damaged and the remaining 115 were partially damaged including one degree college. A total of 42 health facilities, 364 WSS and 238 kms of roads were affected in the district. The administrative infrastructure in District Battagram was severely disrupted by the destruction of government buildings: 73 buildings were completely destroyed. Table 6 gives a summary of damage suffered by the 150 households surveyed. Category Complete / Severe Moderate / Partial Minor / No Damage Damage Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 6: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Battagram 2.6 Mansehra There was widespread damage to the private housing in District Mansehra. According to figures provided by the district government as many as 108,283 (seventy-one percent) houses were completely damaged or destroyed and 34,001 (twenty-two percent) were partially damaged 3. A total of 1,559 educational institutions in both rural and urban areas were either destroyed or partially damaged while 43 health facilities were completely destroyed and 11 were partially damaged. Damage to physical assets and livelihoods was more extensive, as seen in table 7. Category Complete / Severe Moderate / Partial Minor / No Damage Damage Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 7: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Mansehra 2.7 Kohistan The death toll in District Kohistan was 596 and 1,160 people were injured. 210 educational and 45 health facilities were either destroyed or partially damaged. Table 8 summarises damage in District Kohistan. Category Complete / Severe Moderate / Partial Minor / No Damage Damage Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 8: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Kohistan 3 District Profile, District Mansehra, ERRA, June

16 2.8 Shangla According to the initial estimates, 444 people lost their lives while 1,925 were injured in Shangla, and a total of 26,531 houses were reported damaged. 30 health units were either completely or partially damaged; 414 WSS and 65 sanitation schemes were damaged; 85 kms of roads and 44 bridges were partially damaged. 39 government buildings were affected, out of which 18 were completely damaged and 21 partially damaged. Table 9 summarises damage to the physical assets and livelihoods among the 150 households surveyed. Category Complete / Severe Damage Moderate / Partial Damage Minor / No Damage No. % No. % No. % Housing Livelihood Accessibility Table 9: Damage to Households Surveyed in District Shangla Figure 1: Map of Earthquake Affected Area 12

17 3. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF DIRECT OUTREACH INTERVENTIONS ERRA direct outreach interventions encompass three sectors: rural housing, livelihood generation, and social protection. Rural housing interventions fulfil the basic need among the population; assistance provided through cash grants enables people to engage in house reconstruction and support their families; social protection provides a safety net for the most vulnerable families. Impact of the rural housing program has prompt visibility whereas interventions taken under the livelihood and social protection have also achieved significant outcome level changes. 3.1 Rural Housing Rural Housing Reconstruction Programme (RHRP) is aimed to reconstruct the damaged or destroyed houses by applying the techniques devised by ERRA, with a focus on earthquake resistant, owner-driven approach. According to the survey carried out by the Pakistan Army in collaboration with the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) in September 2008, a total of 610,893 houses were either damaged or destroyed. The provision of financial assistance packages in the form of tranche release in four instalments, technical and social training of the POs and the communities, and capacity building of the local community to enhance their capability in order to expedite the process of owner-driven reconstruction, are a few components of ERRA rural housing sector. These interventions have demonstrated progressive results, as 463,077 houses have been completed by September Only 663 out of the total houses (1,350) sampled for the social impact assessment survey were found to be either damaged or destroyed; rest of the buildings received negligible damages. ERRA policies in the RHRP have facilitated the earthquake affected communities through its interventions, at a long-term and sustainable level, through retrofitting and reconstruction of houses, which has introduced a culture of seismically safe construction. Social impact assessment survey underscores observations pertaining to the positive changes brought in peoples lives through ERRA rural housing interventions. The elements, including a sense of security, comfort level of the new houses, development of skilled labour, a culture of responsibility, selfsufficiency of the community, are a few highlights of the following detailed social results Improved Safety Measures and Standards ERRA rural housing programme is mandated to ensure seismic safety in the reconstruction of rural houses. The compliance action teams, Assistance and Inspection Teams (AITs) and CMTs are set-up at various stages to certify the houses upon reaching particular levels (plinth and lintel). This is being achieved through the development and dissemination of Information Education and Communication (IEC) Figure 2: IEC Material 13

18 AJ&K NWFP material to the communities, including construction guidelines, training curriculum, standard designs, improved local technologies (Dhajji, Bhattar), and quality control measures to test the material. Utilisation of the information provided by ERRA has improved the safety standards in the affected areas, as eighty-eight percent of the surveyed community registered their new houses safe for living, without the fear of destruction in case of future earthquakes. Summary Figure 2: of An the Example feedback of IEC during material the survey has been highlighted in table 10. Zone District Safer than before Same as before Less safe than before Abbottabad 77% 23% 0% Battagram 96% 0% 4% Mansehra 92% 4% 4% Kohistan 93% 7% 0% Shangla 85% 15% 0% Average 89% 9% 2% Muzaffarabad 89% 11% 0% Neelum 71% 7% 22% Bagh 90% 1% 9% Poonch 94% 2% 4% Average 86% 5% 9% Average 88% 8% 4% Table 10: Safety due to ERRA interventions The contradiction occurring in the table, where four percent of the population is feeling less safe than before, is the reflection of the trauma and sufferings which will keep on haunting the people. Figure 3: Building Better 14

19 AJ&K NWFP Quality of Improved Housing The RHRP is expected to provide the communities with a better access to improved seismic resistant houses, with better designs. The comfort of the communities is one of the key indicators that the affected population is expecting as a by-product of ERRA interventions. The promotion of the enhanced designs introduced by ERRA has comforted the population as these are practiced more frequently by the communities. Zone District Better than Worse than Same as before before before Abbottabad 57% 43% 0% Battagram 96% 0% 4% Mansehra 82% 9% 9% Kohistan 93% 7% 0% Shangla 77% 15% 8% Average 81% 15% 4% Muzaffarabad 90% 3% 7% Neelum 91% 8% 1% Bagh 90% 0% 10% Poonch 91% 7% 2% Average 90% 5% 5% Average 86% 10% 4% Table 11: Comfort of the Community in the New Houses Eighty-Six percent of the affected respondents considered their new houses comfortable and better equipped. Only four percent of the sampled beneficiaries considered their new houses uncomfortable for living due to extreme weather. The usability of thin hollow blocks, which have a lower coefficient of insulation, is the prominent factor exposing the houses to climatic severities, and making them uncomfortable, i.e. hot in summer and cold in winter Development of Skilled Labour and Human Resource The awareness campaigns amalgamated with the development of human assets has emerged as a predominant element, contributing in the capacity building of the local community. Technical trainings conducted at all levels, including training for women, have expedited the pace of work, within the communities, creating an opportunity for the community participants to earn their livelihood. Survey results reported that 212 out of the affected beneficiaries (663) received the technical training. The skills learnt through the technical trainings may be positively utilised in incremental household earnings of the communities. The awareness campaigns through electronic and print media have equally enhanced the capacity of the communities, promoting safer house construction methods and implementation of new technologies Culture of Responsibility Owner-driven approach is one of the major aspects covered in the rural housing strategy. The freedom to construct houses as per owner s convenience in terms of pace of construction and house layouts, by utilising the skills developed through technical trainings provided by ERRA has expedited the pace of reconstruction in the affected areas. The 15

20 AJ&K NWFP compliance levels attained during the reconstruction of houses certify the awareness of the communities and the culture of responsibility, with regard to seismic-resistant education. People are more inclined towards the construction of newer houses on the lines defined by ERRA. The percentages of houses constructed as per ERRA design have been arranged in the order of districts in table 12. Zone District Figure 4: Owner driven approach yielded extra-ordinary results No. of Houses Wrecked No. of Houses Partially Damaged Total damaged Houses constructed as per ERRA design % Houses constructed as per ERRA Design Abbottabad % Battagram % Mansehra % Kohistan % Shangla % Sub-Total % Muzaffarabad % Neelum % Bagh % Poonch % Sub-Total % Total % Table 12: Compliance Level of the houses The social impact assessment survey reports that seventy-two percent of the sampled houses constructed in accordance with ERRA standards. The compliance rates registered in Kohistan and Shangla are lower than other districts. Difficult access, geographical spread and delayed implementation of alternate designs (Dhajji, Bhattar) are some of the perceived restraining challenges. Other contributing factors are related to lower levels of capacity 16

21 AJ&K NWFP building and implementation of training practices. To enhance the coverage, it is suggested to train the local communities, along with the POs, for dissemination of the IEC materials; promotion of the capacity building techniques; and organisation of trainings at local levels. 3.2 Social Protection Social protection can be broadly defined as public actions that enable people to deal more effectively with their vulnerability to crisis and changes in circumstances and help tackle extreme and chronic poverty. 4 The major ERRA social protection interventions covered under the survey are enlisted as under: Livelihood Support Cash Grants Programme (LSCG) Rural Landless Programme (RLL) Legal Aid Centres (LAC) Livelihood Support Cash Grants Programme The programme has been funded by the WB through a loan of PKR 5.2 billion. The programme was aimed to provide six instalments of PKR 3,000 per month for six months to vulnerable families. It was later extended for another six months to cater for approximately 22,000 most vulnerable households among the beneficiaries. The total numbers of applicants for this programme were 750,000, while the project assisted 267,402 vulnerable households. The utilisation of these cash grants facilitated the communities, as their basic necessities could be met through them. These grants have been used not only to meet the necessary daily requirements like food and water, but they also provided families the opportunity to pay their bills, buy medicine and even construct their houses. This intervention brought a state of satisfaction to the people, at a crucial time, when the affected population was recovering from the trauma of the earthquake. Zone District Building Houses Food Items Non- Food Items Medical Abbottabad 32% 53% 0% 15% Battagram 11% 76% 0% 13% Mansehra 19% 57% 19% 5% Kohistan 25% 75% 0% 0% Shangla 29% 57% 0% 14% Average 23% 64% 4% 9% Muzaffarabad 26% 59% 5% 10% Neelum 14% 77% 0% 9% Bagh 26% 60% 9% 5% Poonch 19% 50% 8% 23% Average 21% 62% 6% 12% Average 22% 62% 6% 10% Table 13: Utilisation of Cash Grants 4 Social Protection Interventions in the Earthquake Affected Areas January

22 The utilisation of cash grants for various purposes is provided in table 13. The table narrates the utilisation of cash grants, which have been subdivided into categories including house construction, food items, non-food items and medical purposes. It has been observed that sixty-two percent of the sampled population utilised these cash grants for the purchasing the food items. This may be correlated with the food as a necessity over all other components. Seventy-six percent of the sampled population in District Battagram and seventy-seven percent beneficiaries in District Neelum used the cash grants for food purpose. The reason for this prominent percentage in the two districts is a result of the unavailability of general food items in the specified areas, because of which the beneficiaries have to travel to the nearest locations. This amount includes their travel expenses, as well as the increased cost of a few edible items available in these districts but at a higher price due to inaccessibility in the initial earthquake period. This also relates to the financial condition of the community, which prioritised food for survival over all other activities, due to financial constraints. In District Kohistan, none of the sampled population spent money on medicine, because of the low income and poor financial condition of the community. In fact, the population has spent more money on their daily food items than on health services, non-food items and house construction Rural Landless Programme The programme was targeted to provide a grant worth PKR 250,000 to each landless family in the earthquake affected areas. The break-up of the grant is such that the family received PKR 75,000 for the purchase of land and PKR 175,000 for the construction of house. The programme costing PKR 3.0 billion was funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID). As of September 2008, over 8,050 people have been interviewed, 4,960 claims have been registered and 540 cases have been verified. The Certificate of Entitlement has been issued to the verified beneficiaries. 5 Figure 5: Facilitating the Landless 5 Booklet on Social Protection Interventions ERRA 18

23 The Land Verification Units (LVUs) have been established in seven most affected tehsils (Mansehra, Balakot, Muzaffarabad, Hattian, Neelum, Bagh, and Haveli). These units provide information on the financial assistance, register the landless, verify their claims, and maintain the database of the landless persons. The verified lists of applicants are sent to the ERRA headquarters and the funds are disbursed by the LVUs, through a one-window operation. A grievance redressal committee has been established to register any complaints. By using these grants, a number of landless have been rendered the amount they deserved, which has been utilised in house construction, as well as the purchase of land. With the application of ERRA standards, the prices of the houses have increased, thus the target group is benefited by fixed assets that have provided them a longer term financial security. In Bani Hafiz village in District Muzaffarabad, many people lost their land and houses in landslides. A total of 34 people were declared landless by the LVU Hattian through ERRA RLL policy. LVU Hattian was able to help more than 18 people through its one-window service, and most of these people have since, constructed their new houses Legal Aid Centres The LACs are targeted to be implemented over a period of two years, in collaboration with Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), funded by ADB, costing PKR million. The aim of LAC is to provide free legal assistance to the vulnerable groups, including widows, orphans, disabled and elderly people, in the earthquake affected areas. The legal issues related to entitlements, succession, disputes, protection and enforcement of other legal rights relevant to sustainability of the vulnerable, are addressed by LACs. Figure 6: Providing Legal Awareness through Legal Aid Centres LAC is a component of social protection that has been a key element in restoring the morale of the vulnerable population. All the legal issues pertaining to land possession, rightful ownership and law, are being looked into, at a satisfactory level. LACs are located in the district courts of 18 districts, making it easier for the beneficiaries to obtain legal aid. 19

24 The beneficiaries interviewed showed their satisfaction, as most of their legal problems are resolved, under the supervision of LACs. Overall, this intervention has led to increased awareness of legal rights among vulnerable groups, thereby empowering them and helping them fight various forms of social exploitation. 3.3 Livelihood ERRA livelihood strategy aims to support immediate and mid-term livelihood recovery of the vulnerable populations in the earthquake affected areas in NWFP and AJ&K. This is envisaged to be achieved through reviving implementation of the CLRPs, collaborative watershed management, reviving the capacity of the concerned line departments (agriculture, forestry, industries), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and CBOs, by improving agricultural production, rehabilitating critical minor infrastructure, micro-enterprise development, vocational skill training, labour markets and preventing environmental degradation Community Livelihood Rehabilitation Plans The CLRPs are devised to emphasise on the recognition of the community s need, prioritisation of needs as per the available resources and translating these needs into appropriate action jointly with the communities. Since CLRPs are directly linked to the communities, their knowledge and understanding of the process is of foremost importance. The discussion, planning and decision making associated with CLRPs, involves the participation of the community. The awareness campaigns conducted by the IPs were massive, resulting in ninety-two percent of the sampled population based in AJ&K, educated about the process. On the contrary, only seventy-six percent of the population interviewed had knowledge about the CLRP formulation in NWFP. The lower percentage in NWFP reflects the cultural sensitivity in the region. CBOs are responsible for need identification to liaise with technical staff for preparation of feasibilities, designs and cost estimates and mobilisation of labour and other community contributions. However, many villages were identified with no formal CBO. Various NGO have formed CBO, which were facing difficulties in adapting many projects. CLRP formulation and implementation by the CBO was recorded in only forty-five percent of the sampled villages, while the remaining villages consisted of CBO formed by the IPs. Women participation in the process of CLRP formulation is an encouraging aspect from gender perspective. Women were involved in the need assessment process, and eighty-four percent of the CLRPs formulated in AJ&K registered their participation. However, due to religious and cultural barriers, only forty-five percent of the CLRPs formulation involved contribution from women in NWFP. After the approval from the District Reconstruction Advisory Committee (DRAC), IPs were mobilised to form user groups to ensure sustainability of the project. User groups were encouraged to remain closely involved in the design and cost estimation of the selected schemes. Sustainability of these user groups would determine the long term access to the 20

25 interventions carried out in CLRPs. These user groups may be strengthened by building their capacity and creating their strong linkages with the CBOs and IPs. The first tranche has been released for implementation to 72 CLRPs as of September 2008, and the second tranche to three CLRPs. The numbers of tranches thus far released are less against the 506 CLRPs formulated. One of the main factors behind this was less limit of Community Investment Fund (CIF) in the DRUs which was later increased. There are several other factors at DRU s level which are resulting delays in release of funds to the CBOs and IPs: Many IPs have not submitted CLRPs and project digests for approvals 6. Measurement Books (MB) for the release of second tranches have not been provided 7. Many IPs have not provided complete documents 8 for release of the first tranche. While some of the CLRPs were formulated almost seven to eight months ago, funds have still not been transferred. Due to inflation in the market, this could affect the cost of the projects in particularly the cost of CIF projects. Additionally, this unnecessary delay has also resulted in frustration among IPs as they face embarrassment for not fulfilling their commitments with the community. Figure 7: Achieving Sustainable Livelihood 6 Minutes of the LWCs meetings from DRU Bagh 7 Minutes of the LWCs meetings from DRUs 8 Starting points for link roads were mentioned in many of the cases as respective village s name, which did not suffice the needs of DRUs. DRUs required the exact location of starting and termination points within the village. Beneficiaries, and declaration affidavit to assure the donation of lands for the harvesting structures and water ponds was required by DRUs which was not provided by the IPs to avoid conflicts. 21

26 3.3.2 Financial Capital Cash grant programmes were found very effective in mitigating the immediate sufferings of disaster struck communities. Hurricane Rita, Katrina and Tsunami highlighted the importance of an immediate subsistence mean for affected population, which catered for their immediate needs before a comprehensive rehabilitation effort could start. ERRA developed a two-pronged approach to address the short term needs of livelihood and medium term economic sustainability in earthquake affected areas. To address short term needs a livelihood cash grants programme was launched to provide liquid cash for meeting the essential requirements of the vulnerable people. As already mentioned in the section of Social Protection sector, the LSCG was funded by the World Bank, through which PKR 5.2 billion have been disbursed to 267,402 vulnerable households 9. Figure 8: Achieving Food Security through Improved Access to Financial Capital The grants and loans, in addition, have helped affected households to rebuild their financial capital or at least prevented large-scale insolvency and indebtedness. The disbursement of cash grants on a large scale was completed as scheduled, and the programme extended to include a large number of vulnerable women without an increase in the total budget. Assistance given through cash grants also contributed, by allowing people to devote the required time for house reconstruction. The livelihood and cash grant programme provided some of the immediately needed relief and also has developed medium-term interventions for rehabilitation to promote sustainability. It started with an immediate injection of capital for helping affected people meet their daily subsistence needs. Refer to table 13 in social protection sector for the utilisation of cash grants. Based on the achievements reported, the cash grant program also proved to be highly effective in addressing many of the immediate needs of the affected population. The 9 Extension of programme to 22,807 extremely vulnerable families (women only). 22

27 provision of cash generated a semblance of employment and stability at a time of great disruption. It also injected critically required cash back into a devastated local economy, contributing to the revival of economic activity in earthquake-affected areas Social Capital Traditional systems of mutual help and social cohesions came under threat following the earthquake. Although the affected communities were used to sustaining hardship but this affected all segments of the society, particularly the poorest and most marginalised groups, with women and children bearing the brunt of devastation. CLRPs improved the social capital and community cohesion. Social cohesion varied between the settlements within AJ&K. CBOs are now involved in a variety of purposes and activities including environmental clean-up, house construction, savings and mutual support. A clear relationship between enhanced access to resources and membership was observed. CBOs are highly valued because of their informal nature and capacity to provide immediate help in times of need. CLRPs have a positive effect on linking social capital of the communities by bringing marginalised members of the community closer to the influential members of the community during the need assessment process Physical Capital CLRPs intervention is expected to have a major impact on the access to physical capital. Careful analyses on the CLRPs have revealed that seventy-eight percent of the projects are related to community physical infrastructures including link roads, irrigation channels, retaining walls, bridal paths and water reservoirs. Among the infrastructure projects, highest percentage of the CLRPs is concerning link roads. Access to roads, transport facilities, communications, reliable irrigation water supply, and various support facilities services is an important enabling condition for sustainable livelihood development. 23

28 4. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SOCIAL SERVICES INTERVENTIONS ERRA is committed to Build Back Better. This is particularly challenging in the context of the social services sectors because service provision depends not just on the quality of physical infrastructure and facilities but also, on the social aspects. ERRA has sought to ensure this by paying special attention to sectoral policies, implementation strategies and organisational capacities to deliver improved social services. ERRA s work in the social services focuses on education, health and WatSan. ERRA interventions have produced considerable improvements in all these sectors in the earthquake affected areas. 4.1 Education ERRA education strategy is aimed at the reconstruction of 5,344 schools, at all levels (damaged and destroyed). The restoration of equitable access to higher education is the prime objective stated in the strategy. The pragmatic steps taken by ERRA at this time of dilemma in order to provide the students continuous education were immaculate. A complete year of the students was saved with the advent of ERRA interventions in education sector. Immediate rehabilitation of schools through the installation of temporary shelters and pre-fabricated buildings enabled the students to continue their education, without any hindrance or delay. Figure 9: Build Back Better After the earthquake, ERRA collaborated with its POs to maintain the pace of education activities. In the process of reconstruction, the seismic safety of the constructed schools was the focal point. The prior devastation caused, due to the non-compliant construction of the schools, brought all the parents under a phase of trauma, which required a set of convincing measures ranging from seismic safety to better quality of education. While the GoP is 24

29 AJ&K NWFP primarily responsible for the reconstruction of educational institutions, a number of international and national donors, as well as development organisations have pledged to facilitate the reconstruction of institutions. As of September 2008, a total number of 203 educational institutions have been reconstructed, 1,553 are under construction, 1,222 are at tendering stage, and 1,813 are at planning stage. The schools reconstructed so far have followed the ERRA prescribed seismic resistant designs. The teachers have been trained by different POs, and teaching kits have been provided aiming that the teaching that the teaching methods can be improved and students interest in studies can be developed. Training Males trained Females trained Content/Subject 4,851 3,142 Methodology/Pedagogical 5,986 4,392 Psychosocial/Detraumatisation 4,415 2,824 Table 14: Teacher s Training Enrolment of Students in Schools One of the expected impacts of the education sector includes the increased enrolment of students in schools. The impact survey registers figures quoting the number of students, who were of school going age, but not enrolled. The attitudinal change was a necessity in the earthquake affected areas, so as to convince the parents to send their children to schools. The importance of education for a better upbringing of the children and for their prosperous future, were a few issues highlighted during the awareness campaigns. These efforts for sustainable awareness are time taking, as the significance of education among the parents requires immense concentration. Table 15 presents the percentage of students who are of school going age, but are not going to schools. Zone District Number of School Age Children Number of School Going Children Children who are not enrolled M F M F M F Abbottabad % 19% Battagram % 60% Mansehra % 10% Kohistan % 89% Shangla % 70% Average % 50% Muzaffarabad % 10% Neelum % 24% Bagh % 18% Poonch % 16% Average % 17% Average % 35% Table 15: Percentage of Children of School-Going Age but not enrolled Table 15 shows a formidable percentage of children belonging to NWFP, who are not going to schools. The percentage is relatively lower in AJ&K, because of the concentrated awareness campaigns being practiced in the region, because of the easy access to the 25

30 communities, compared to NWFP, where the religious and cultural barriers restrict the movement of the awareness campaign teams. This percentage is highest in District Kohistan due to the difficult terrain and resistance of the local population for outsiders to enter their vicinity Parents Confidence to Send their Children to Schools The parents have been reluctant to send their children to schools, ever since the earthquake demolished the educational institutions 5,344, taking lives of over 18,000 students, and 853 teachers and educational staff. The scathed structures lacked seismic resistivity, and this reputation of the construction quality has been an element holding back the parents from sending their children to schools. The percentage of confident parents has not been formally registered during the survey; however, the increase in the number of students going to school reflects the restored confidence of the parents to send their children to educational institutions. 4.2 Health Figure 10: Opening new horizons for learning The earthquake severely affected healthcare infrastructure in AJ&K and NWFP and completely disrupted the healthcare system. The Damage Need Assessment (DNA), conducted in November 2005 by the WB and ADB provided the baseline data that enabled ERRA to estimate the efforts and resources required for reconstruction. Out of 796 health facilities, only 211 remained unscathed; 388 were completely destroyed and 197 were partially damaged. 26

31 AJ&K NWFP ERRA has provided a unique opportunity to improve the infrastructure and performance of the healthcare system. New health facilities have been designed to provide integrated essential service delivery packages. The required health services are being provided either in 137 prefabricated structures, or in 46 permanent health facilities. All these measures are meant to provide the affected community in accessing the health facilities and benefiting from the health services. Health facilities reconstructed after the earthquake are better than before, due to the design, space as well as provision of facilities Utilisation of Health Facilities The survey illustrates an increase in utilisation of health facilities following the enhanced provision of health services under the reconstruction strategy. More than fifty percent of the respondents have visited the reconstructed health facilities, showing a high level of utilisation of health services. A higher level of utilisation of Rural Health Centre (RHC) / Basic Health Unit (BHU) could be attributed to provision of better health services as well as the increased awareness among the community a direct result of health awareness campaigns by various POs. Zone District BHU/ RHC Dispensary Hakeem/ Homeopath Private Doctors Hospital Abbottabad 31% 14% 1% 7% 47% Battagram 41% 30% 5% 24% 0% Mansehra 38% 19% 0% 2% 41% Kohistan 59% 26% 0% 8% 7% Shangla 43% 15% 0% 1% 41% Average 42% 21% 2% 8% 27% Muzaffarabad 33% 17% 0% 1% 49% Neelum 51% 21% 3% 4% 21% Bagh 35% 32% 2% 2% 29% Poonch 44% 14% 0% 6% 36% Average 41% 21% 1% 3% 34% Average 42% 21% 1% 6% 30% Table 16: Percentage of People Utilising Different Health Facilities Figure 11: First Dialysis Centre in AJ&K - Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences Muzaffarabad 27

32 AJ&K NWFP AJ&K NWFP Community Confidence in Health Service Provision The social impact assessment survey found that users confidence in health services has increased because of the availability of doctors, adequate medicines and post-earthquake specialised services in many of the facilities. With the exception of District Shangla, the surveyed population had access to proper medicine as prescribed/ required. Zone District Yes Quite Often No Abbottabad 38% 31% 31% Battagram 61% 25% 14% Mansehra 47% 17% 36% Kohistan 28% 55% 17% Shangla 20% 35% 45% Average 39% 33% 28% Muzaffarabad 27% 40% 33% Neelum 28% 49% 23% Bagh 33% 42% 25% Poonch 23% 50% 27% Average 28% 45% 27% Average 33% 39% 28% Table 17: Community Responses on the Availability of Essential Medicines Zone District Yes Quite Often No Abbottabad 43% 28% 29% Battagram 57% 12% 31% Mansehra 52% 42% 6% Kohistan 20% 63% 17% Shangla 37% 25% 38% Average 42% 34% 24% Muzaffarabad 56% 23% 21% Neelum 45% 46% 9% Bagh 42% 28% 30% Poonch 72% 26% 2% Average 54% 30% 16% Average 48% 32% 20% Table 18: Availability of Doctors on Regular Basis at BHUs/RHCs Around eighty percent of respondents have expressed their satisfaction with the regular availability of doctors at the BHU and RHC to communities. Respondents in Districts of Mansehra and Muzaffarabad were appreciative of the doctors performance. These figures indicate an overall improvement in the sense of responsibility and awareness among doctors to provide proper care to patients visiting their health facilities. Figure 12: Access to Health Care Services 28

33 AJ&K NWFP Zone District Yes Quite Often No Abbottabad 43% 50% 7% Battagram 44% 28% 28% Mansehra 73% 21% 6% Kohistan 48% 37% 15% Shangla 50% 18% 32% Average 52% 30% 18% Muzaffarabad 73% 2% 25% Neelum 63% 25% 12% Bagh 43% 30% 27% Poonch 67% 27% 6% Average 62% 20% 18% Average 57% 25% 18% Table 19: Doctors Paid Attention to the Patients Enhanced Capacity of Medical and Paramedical Staff Quality of health service delivery has also improved through training and capacity-building of Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) and Lady Health Workers (LHWs). The latter played a vital role in bringing behavioural changes among the communities in the earthquake-affected areas. They increased awareness among females in particular about the basic health and hygiene practices Access to Healthcare Services It is always desirable to have a medical facility within easy access, particularly for emergency situations. Regarding the accessibility of health facilities, only a few BHUs and dispensaries were reported to be within one Km of households surveyed: most were located at distances of over three Km, restricting accessibility, especially at night or in bad weather. 4.3 Water and Sanitation The earthquake severely disrupted the existing water supply and sanitation mechanism in the affected districts of AJ&K and NWFP. The intake structures, water treatment plants, storage reservoirs, supply mains and distribution networks, were either damaged or destroyed. The water yield through wells and springs, and water sources in many localities dried up, due to the landslides. Damage was noticed in household and public latrines, slaughter houses, sewerage networks, as well as solid waste management infrastructure. A total of 4,080 WSS were damaged or destroyed in the earthquake affected areas. These schemes were required to be rehabilitated at least to the pre-earthquake level, and where possible, with improve access and coverage. Drains, street pavements, and public toilets, were damaged in 25 sites and solid waste management systems were affected in 23 towns of AJ&K and NWFP. 29

34 AJ&K NWFP Improved Accessibility and Quality of Water Prior to the earthquake, the WSS were at a distance farther than the current schemes. The implementation of ERRA s interventions has reduced the distance in the order of 35 metres (m) in AJ&K and 80m in NWFP, compared to 332m and 162m, in the respective areas. As a result, the total distance to reach the facilities has reduced from 291m to 45m. This is primarily, a result of ERRA s directive to design and install WSS within the proximity of a radius of 75m from the houses. In addition, the rehabilitated WSS are providing a higher coverage serving more beneficiaries compared to pre-earthquake situation. The coverage of WSS has increased due to the installation of new stand posts, provision of household connections, and extension of supply lines, as per requirement. It was found that, on average, a household gaining access to improved water supply saved 57 minutes per day (range: 0 to 180 minutes).these findings give 29 hours saved per individual per month, for improved access to water, implying 343 hours per year. Considering a normal working day in Pakistan which is 8 hours per day this makes a saving of 43 working days per year for one person. Zone District Saved Time (Minutes) Abbottabad Battagram Mansehra Shangla Kohistan Average Bagh Muzaffarabad Neelum Poonch Average Average Table 20: Pre-EQ / Post-EQ time utilisation comparison This time may be utilised in other household activities, especially for women who fetch water from the WSS and reservoirs. Another aspect that may be highlighted through the instalment of WSS in the nearby locations is safety. Prior to the earthquake, the women had to travel great distances to fetch water, which was considered culturally unacceptable and ethically wrong. ERRA interventions have helped overcome this important element as well. The water quality, particularly in the mountainous region is of a high-level importance, for health and protection against water borne diseases. According to the survey, forty-nine percent of the beneficiaries graded the water they used excellent while forty-one percent were satisfied with the water quality they consumed. However, there is not a lot of difference recorded between the pre-earthquake and post-earthquake percentages. The perceived unchanged quality of water is attributed to decolourisation which persisted even after the introduction of rehabilitated WSS. This status-quo does not necessarily mean poor quality but could be water colourisation at source. 30

35 AJ&K NWFP Pre - EQ Post - EQ Zone District Excellent Satisfactory Not Acceptable Excellent Satisfactory Not Acceptable Abbottabad 34% 57% 9% 31% 60% 9% Battagram 55% 37% 8% 55% 39% 6% Mansehra 54% 33% 13% 58% 35% 7% Kohistan 72% 28% 0% 72% 28% 0% Shangla 37% 54% 9% 36% 53% 11% Average 50% 42% 8% 50% 43% 7% Muzaffarabad 26% 57% 17% 21% 55% 24% Neelum 64% 27% 9% 67% 23% 10% Bagh 37% 53% 9% 47% 46% 8% Poonch 59% 33% 9% 57% 33% 9% Average 47% 43% 11% 48% 39% 13% Average 49% 42% 9% 49% 42% 9% Table 21: Improved Quality of Water As per ERRA specifications, all the water sources are to be protected properly and tested for physical, chemical and biological parameters. However, in AJ&K, eighty-three percent schemes, and sixty-seven percent schemes in NWFP have been observed to be protected. Water testing after the earthquake by the implementation agencies has not been reported. According to a recent report by Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), forty percent of the 500 WSS constructed by United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) were found to be unfit for human consumption, as per World Health Organisation (WHO) standards. These findings suggest an improvement in water quality and its proper testing before it is released for the affected population for drinking. The installation of water filters and improvement in water storage and facilities is advisable Improved Service Delivery Improved access to WSS has helped to bring the behavioural changes in the community. Trainings and massive campaigns were carried out on hygiene and sanitation. Trainings on health and improved hygiene took place mostly after the community had access to WSS. Such trainings generally involved promoting the use of safe water to maximise the health benefits and hygiene awareness. Water availability, along with the latrine availability in their homes increased the privacy for defecation and personal hygiene for females of the communities. As a result of these hygiene promotion sessions, use of soap for washing hands before eating and after defecation are the key results of the hygiene education. Proper disposal of faeces is a primary barrier and would help to prevent the disease causing pathogens from reaching the environment. Similarly, hand washing is yet another safeguard, which would help to prevent the transmission of pathogen to a new host. Eighty-two percent of the beneficiaries have latrine in their houses and ninety percent of the Figure 13: Safe and Hygiene Practice 31

36 community has raised their awareness about the importance of hand washing. There is a need to educate the women to ensure the appropriate children s stool disposal as only fiftyfive percent of the women dispose their children s stool in the latrine despite having the latrine in their houses. Rest of the women dispose off their children s stool either in the field or around their houses thus exposing the pathogen to the environment. Low participation of the women in the hygiene promotion sessions was mainly due to the use of male facilitators for trainings/awareness campaigns. Considering cultural sensitivity, particularly in NWFP, use of male facilitators instead of female facilitators was the hampering factor in increasing the women participation. Another factor, which led to less women participation of women in the hygiene campaigns, was the inconvenient timing and location of the trainings and due to biasness in the selection of candidates Socio-Economic Benefits and Human Capital Social impact assessment survey observations reveal that the communities are involved in different Income Generating Activities (IGAs) because of the improved access to sufficient water. One of the most important productive activity which resumed after the rehabilitation of the WSS, is kitchen gardening. Kitchen gardening is primarily taken up by the women at household level and it was encouraging to note that women are taking more interest in the kitchen gardening as compared to the pre-earthquake situation. Although it is too early to measure and clearly draw upon the health impacts, it was interesting to find a relationship between the fully functional schemes and the prevalence of sickness among the beneficiaries. Low prevalence of sickness was observed among the beneficiaries where WSS were able to meet the daily needs. The prevalence of diseases like diarrhoea and skin irritations was up to eleven percent where water supply schemes were able to meet the needs of the community as compared to seventeen percent occurrence, where water supply schemes were not able to meet the needs of the beneficiaries and consequently community was relying on the surface water or unimproved water sources. 32

37 5. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE INTERVENTIONS The three sectors in this section focus on reconstruction and rehabilitation interventions for the roads and bridges, power facilities, and telecommunication networks. ERRA strategic approach towards these domains is to put an efficient, seismically-safe infrastructure in place. While it may take a little more time towards full realisation of the impacts of projects in the public infrastructure, the midterm impacts are clearly visible. Some of these impacts could be observed in terms of increased employment opportunities for the communities thus facilitating earning of livelihoods, better reconstruction skills, increased consumption of local products, and improved business options. 5.1 Transport The road network is being reconstructed for most of the affected areas and its full impact will only be visible after the projects completion. Most of the interventions are related to the construction of all weather roads, clearance of roads in case of landslides and stabilising slopes following disaster preparedness approach Improved Accessibility In general, interventions in the road sector have enhanced accessibility and mobility of the affected areas by bridging gaps between communities. One of the good example of such schemes is the construction of Chinar road in Mansehra city which is a bypass road connecting Balakot road to the main Mansehra city. This has considerably reduced the traffic congestion problem in Mansehra city. Survey results revealed that before the construction of this road, average time to pass through Mansehra city during morning peak hours was minutes which has now been reduced to half (15 20 minutes). JICA sponsored structures in Jehlum valley -District Muzaffarabad are amongst the relevant activities in the area which helped in restoring life to normalcy. Beneficiary level survey of these structures revealed improved access in health facilities (thirty-six percent), markets (thirty-one percent) and schools (thirty-four percent). Figure 14: Improved geometry for safe and smooth traffic flow 33

38 5.1.2 Beneficiary Satisfaction Beneficiary satisfaction was observed during the survey as an important and intermediate result of the completed interventions under the transport sector. Results of the beneficiary level survey conducted in Districts of Mansehra, Battagram and Muzaffarabad revealed that community felt a positive change as up to ninety-eight percent of the beneficiaries were feeling comfortable due to the existing improved conditions. Increased level of comfort District Total Beneficiaries* Yes %age No %age Muzaffarabad % 3 6% Battagram % 2 4% Mansehra % 1 2% Average 97% 3% Table 22: Comfort Level with respect to Roads Improved Disaster Preparedness Landslides and slips occurred on most of the reaches damaged road network in earthquake affected area. Making road network earthquake resistant by stabilising the slopes and by retrofitting and reconstructing the structures to new standards is one of the objectives of the sector. In District Muzaffarabad, bridges of Subri and Tandali were re-aligned to avoid curves which are related to improved geometry of structures for smooth flow of traffic and to enhance sustainability of respective bridges. Gabion stone masonry breast wall constructed along the length of a Dhani Sehri culvert is related to the slope stabilisation measures especially in the areas of active slides in Jehlum Valley and are stable so far. 5.2 Power The electricity was temporarily restored in the affected area within days after the earthquake. The restoration of the damaged power infrastructure is the primary objective of ERRA in the Power sector. The recurring changes in the requirements of the community with the advent of industrial boom in the region of AJ&K and NWFP suggest a substantial power capacity to cater to the economic developments (cottage industry initiatives, various community-based livelihood related enterprise). The impact survey reported that the electricity provision in all of the sampled areas. Power facilities have contributed to the socio-economic development of the communities. It is analysed that the electrification has reduced the women s housework burden, because of use of various electrically operated home appliances. Among the social changes, it was found that ordinary peoples awareness of events has increased through access to radio and television, and students are able to continue their educational activities for longer duration due to electricity availability at their houses. 5.3 Telecommunication Since Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL) is responsibility for rehabilitation of the telecommunication infrastructure in NWFP, ERRA coordinates the rehabilitation of the 34

39 telecommunication sites only in AJ&K with Special Communication Organisation (SCO) as the implementation agency. The SCO is providing fixed lines, SCO mobile connections and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) to users which are working very efficiently in the area. The rapid expansion in telecommunication services has brought direct and indirect benefits to the people for years to come e.g. mobile service/repair, installation of antennas etc. There has been a substantial increase in mobile telephone connections which are now over one million as compared to only 5,000 before earthquake. Timely provision of permits/licenses to cellular telecommunication companies to establish and operate their services has enhanced interface of the affected areas with the rest of the country, as well as the world. This enhanced communication is likely to reduce the impacts in case of future disasters. Figure 15: Connecting People 35

40 6. RECOMMENDATIONS i. Efforts should be made to promote community understanding of the benefits of ERRA designs for rural housing, particularly in districts of Kohistan and Shangla. The remote location and lower literacy rates in these areas require focused awareness-raising campaigns and training sessions. ii. iii. iv. Government cash grants are being used by recipients to meet their essential daily needs and for activities of a temporary nature and in some cases dependency on government grants had resulted in a slow return to normal livelihood and people were still waiting for any kind of additional grant. There is a need to promote incomegeneration activities through community-based programmes. This will reduce dependency on government departments and promote the economic revival of the area. The survey found that attendance at school was poor among school going-age children in Kohistan. It is recommended that there should be programmes aimed primarily at creating awareness among the general public about the importance of education. Adequate steps need to be taken to enhance enrolment in districts of Shangla and Kohistan, including construction of easily accessible educational institutions providing quality education. v. According to the survey, the majority of doctors in the earthquake-affected regions are performing their duties well, especially in Abbottabad and Mansehra. However a number of respondents in Shangla were not satisfied with the availability of doctors. It is recommended to devise accountability mechanism and management systems to ensure availability and good performance of doctors at public health facilities. This can be further substantiated through capacity building of the relevant departments. vi. vii. The survey results show that that the overall quality of water can be further improved in the affected areas. Cost-effective technologies and practices like installation of water filters, use of disinfectants, etc., should be promoted to improve water quality wherever feasible. The survey found that most projects in the public infrastructure group are still in various stages of construction and their expected impacts or results have yet to be materialised. It is recommended that implementation of these projects should be expedited on priority-basis. Various impediments need to be settled immediately with the respective IPs and DRUs in order to achieve the proposed work plan targets. 36

41 7. CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD The ERRA social impact assessment survey and analyses provide a statistically robust picture of the reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts made by it and its partners. The findings are in accordance with the expected results articulated in the ERRA sectoral strategies, as well as those presented in different reviews by donors and international partners. The results demonstrate that ERRA efforts are fostering an enabling environment in the earthquake-affected areas, which is gradually bringing about positive changes in peoples lives. However, the report also highlights certain challenges. Timely attention to the identified issues will help ERRA and its partners adhere to prescribed quality standards, thereby ensuring optimal utilisation of resources. For a sustainable reconstruction and rehabilitation programme, it is essential to make good efforts in the following areas: Institutionalise ERRA standards as part of local codes and practices to be followed by all on-going development programmes; Introduce a follow-up mechanism with clearly articulated administrative authority for compliance with the M&E Wing s recommendations, and mid-course correction. Promote a continuous process of documentation, education of communities and practitioners, random monitoring, and organisation of learning round-tables for promotion of applicable practices. 37

42 ANNEXES 38

43 List of Sampled Villages in District Muzaffarabad Annex 1a Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Arliyan Panjgran Balgran Balgran Bandi Miran Talgran Bandi Syedan Chinari Basira Therian Chandira Charakpura Ducha Danna Garang Sena Daman Gharthama Chakhamma Gunchatir Muzaffarabad Hassanabad Gojra Jheng Sarli Sacha Kamar Bandi Charakpura Khai Gran Chinari Khalana Kalan Khilana Kot Kachheli Lubgrann Bana Mula Lwasi Hattian Dopatta Nagni Kaser Kot Chikar Narat Jhandgran Nokot Leepa Numbal Panjkot Pajgran Gojra Potha Salah Gali Jhandgran Purak Lanegarpura Shah Kanjah Khilana Shoran Gojra Tali Kote Gujar bandi Tamber Muzaffarabad Urnian and Suran Kaimanja

44 Annex 1b List of Sampled Villages in District Neelum Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Ashkot Ashkot Bandi Ashkot Bata Shah Kot Bugnia Shah Kot Cholai Barian Chunjath Kundal Shahi Danger Shah Kot Dular Kundal Shahi Flakan Barian Ghil Ashkot Islam Pura Ashkot Jabber Barrian Barian Jageer Barian Jergi Barian Jura Ashkot Katha Chugalli Barian Katha Parian Shah Kot Kundal Shahi Kundal Shahi Lary Maigal Shah Kot Lasswah Kathian Ashkot Lasswah Khas Ashkot Mirpura Barian Palehri Bessian Ashkot Payalian Barian Pur Nahi Barian Rawatta Shah Kot Salkhala Shah Kot Sandok Ashkot Seaid Pura Barian Ter Ban Barian

45 Annex 1c List of Sampled Villages in District Bagh Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Awari Bani pasari Banni Pisari Bani pasari Bathara Chamyati Birpani Birpani Chanat Mallot Cheri Kote Sangal Choor Mallot Daighwar South Degwar Terwan Dhara Dhara Halen Jonubi Kala Mula Jaglari Jaglari Kala Mula Jonubi Kala Mula Karni Chanjal Kharal Maldialan Bhont Bhaiyan Khuntal Renialla Makhyala Khurshid Abad Kehlar Makhiala Makhyala Mera Rawali Nar Sher Ali Khan Nar Sher Ali Khan Narr Pula/ Naryula Rawali Padar Badhal Sharif Rairbun Thub Rankeri Khas Degwar Terwan Samni Dhara Seri Mong Nar Sher Ali Khan Sheikh Soli Kala Mula Soli Khas Kala Mula Suddan Gali Bir Pani Surrall Bir Pani Thub Thub

46 Annex 1d List of Sampled Villages in District Poonch Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Abbaspur/Batole Abbaspur Aziz Abad Thorar Bhangoin Bhangoin Bhantini Bhantini Chaffar Shamali Chaffar Chota Galla Dothan Dara Shair Khan Sehrah Dhrake Dhamni Ghambir Ghambir Ghambir khas Ghambir Hurna Mera Gharbi Hurna Mera Kakutta Sehr Kakuta Kalpor Bhantini Keeri Kot Phagwari Khali Daraman Khali Daraman Mangora Khali Daraman Mudar Pur Sehr Kakuta Nala Nakar Bhangoin Namjar Khali Daraman Namnota Pakhar Pachhiot Pachiot Peer kot Sirari Sarachha Pachiot Sarari Sirari Sehra Sehrah Sharqi Ali Sojal Ali sojal Sountha Bhangoin Tain Tain Thorar Khas Thorar Wasti Singola Singola

47 Annex 1e List of Sampled Villages in District Abbottabad Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Banda Baz Dad Dahamtore Banda Sohib Khan Langra Bandi Pahar Boi Bhoraj Chamhad Birot Khurd Birot Kalan Dahaki Khaitar Namli Mera Dalola Dalola Dewal Manal Dewal Manal Gandah Pind Kargoo Khan Havelian (rural) Jhangran Jhangi Jhangi Kakol Kakol Khokhar Salhad Kothiala Kothiala Langrial Langrial Majohan Majohan Mari Nara Mirpur Mirpur Namli Mera Namli Mera Noor Mang Namli Mera Pattan Kalan Pattan Kalan Pattan Khurd Kokmang Pawa Pawa Pind Kargoo Khan Pind Kargoo Khan Rani Phala Salhad Salhad Seri Lora Sher Bai Pawa Tarnawai Banda Pir Khan Ukhreela Dahamtore

48 Annex 1f List of Sampled Villages in District Battagram Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Bab Batkul Barri Bana , 4 Batagram Batagram Biari Biari Biland Kot Kuza Banda Bojri Batila Chanjal Thakot Dagai Banian Ganjbori Ganjbori Gantar Rashang Jambera Jambera Karag Biari Koshgram Bana Kot Gallah Pashora Mera Kuza Banda Nili Shang Gharbi Raj Dahari Nili Shang Sharqi Raj Dahari Nowshera Ajmeerah Pakha Behk Pashto Pashora Pashora Phagora Raj Dahari Pir Hari Tarand Raj Dahari Shumali Raj Dahari Shah Murad Paimal Sharif Shingli Bala Ganjbori Surgai Batkul Tamai Ajmeerah Tandol Pain Sakkar Gah Tarand Tarand

49 Annex 1g List of Sampled Villages in District Mansehra Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Andrasi Bhogarmang Baffa Lughmani Baffa Town Baj Mohri Shohal Mazullah Banda Gisacha Jabori Barar Kot Garhi Habibullah Basti Shahdad Mansehra City-i Chansair Sher Garh Chehr Pairan Dhara Oghi Dheri Haleem Hilkot Faridabad Darband Garwal Phulra Ghanool Ghanool Hair Ichrian Hassa Garlat Jandar Banda Mansehra City-ii Kalwal Phulra Karmang Tarla Battal Khaliala Sawan Mera Kund Utla Hilkot Mansehra (Rural) Mansehra Mungan Sanda Sar Nokot Trangri Sabir Shah Paras Kawai Sachan Khurd Sachan Kalan Saphaida Mansehra (Rural) Shamdhara Shamdhara Shanaya Dara Shanaya Timri Sum Elahimang Ukhreela Shinkiari

50 Annex 1h List of Sampled Villages in District Kohistan Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Baneel Qallah Dubair Khas Bankhad Bankhad Chuchong Dassu Dano Bankhad Dhar Mada Khel Gaider Bar Sherial Gat Dobair Payan Gaya Dobair Bala Jai Chawadara Jajal Kuzparo Jamra Batera Pain Janchal Sagayun Khel Beach Bela Kolai Kolai Koop Barjalkot Loreen Batera Pain Mujgali Dobair Bala , 19 Nairri Dobair Bala Richao Gabral Sanagai Dobair Payan Shah Murad Mada Khel Shair Dubair Khas , 25 Shalkey Dubair Khas Shungial Dobair Payan , 28 Sumar Nala Sazeen Thapan Ranalia Zailly Komila

51 Annex 1i List of Sampled Villages in District Shangla Sr. No. Village Union Council Population 1 Alami Banda Behlool Khail Amnay Malak Khel Banr Deri Basi Alpuri Bina Choga Chagum Banglai Chakisar Chakisar Choraq Baba Khel Behlool Khail Danakol Opel Dawoot Sarkul Donai Ranyal Ganshal Pir Khana Hasham Khel Dab Hasham Khel Dab Kadona Aluch Karshut Damorai Khadang Chakisar Kotkar Bunerwal Kozkana Kozkana Lilowani Lilowani Maira Maira Malak Khel Kotkay Malak Khel Nimkalai Aluch Pirabad Pirabad Ranial Ranyal Sangrai Ranyal Sarkul Sarkul Shahpur Shahpur Shang Shang Taloon Sarkul Wahab Khel Kotkay Alpuri

52 GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN Annex II Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) 1. REGISTRATION AND IDENTIFICATION DATA IMPACT ASSESSMENT HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 1.1 Name of Surveyor: 1.2 Name of Respondent: 1.3 Contact Number: 1.4 N.I.C No: Respondent s Relationship to Household Head: Codes: Head of the family =1, Spouse of Head = 2, Son/Daughter of head = 3, Other (specify) = 4 Identification of Location Province/ State District Tehsil Union Council Village Location of Selected HH in a village (if appropriate) Code 2. Summary of Immediate Earthquake Effects on This Household 2.1 Death of household member(s) (no. of persons) [ ] Male [ ] Female [ ] Children 2.2 Serious injury to household member(s) (no. of persons) [ ] Male [ ] Female [ ] Children 2.3 Minor injury to household member(s) (no. of persons) [ ] Male [ ] Female [ ] Children 2.4 House required complete rebuilding (tick one) Yes No N/A 2.5 House required partial rebuilding/repair (tick one) Yes No N/A 2.6 Adverse impact on livelihood (tick one) Severe Moderate Small 2.7 Adverse impact on access (tick one) Severe Moderate Small 3. Household Demography and Occupations Members of the Household Indicators Sex 3.2 Age 3.3 Marital Status 3.4 Education level 3.5 Vocational training 3.6 Primary Occupation Sex Code: 1=Male, 2=Female Marital Status: Married=1, Unmarried=2, Widow/widower=3, Divorced/separated=4 Educational level: Illiterate=1, Under School Going Age=2, Primary=3, Class VI-VIII=4, Matric and above=5, Vocational/technical training Yes=1, No=2, Occupation: Agriculture Own Farm=1, Agriculture Own-Cum-Others Farm=2, Tenant=3, Absentee farmer=4, Agri. Labor=5, Non-Agri. Labor=6, Govt.Job=7, Non-Govt.Job=8, Business=9, Transport=10, Other (specify)=11, Unemployed=12, Not Applicable=13, House Wife=14, Student=15 4. Income & Expenditure of Household 4.1 Average Monthly Income Before EQ(whole HH) PKR: 4.2 Average Monthly Expenditure Before EQ (whole HH) PKR: 4.3 Average Monthly Income After EQ(whole HH) PKR: 4.4 Average Monthly Expenditure After EQ (whole HH) PKR:

53 5. Social Services Group 5.1 Education Access to Educational Institutions Schools Primary Middle High Higher Secondary Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre- Post- EQ EQ EQ EQ EQ EQ EQ EQ Distance (km) Time (hr:min) Pre- EQ College Post- EQ University Pre- EQ Post- EQ What is the normal means of transport to school? 1 = Foot, 2 = Bus/car School-age children and school-going children in the Household No. of School/ College Age Children No of Children Going to School/ College Higher Primary Middle High College University Secondary M F M F M F M F M F M F How many children from your house were going to school before the earthquake? 5.2 Health Care Access to Health Care Institutions BHU/ RHCs Dispensary Hakeem/ Homeopath Doctor (P. Practice) Hospital Pre- EQ Post- EQ Distance (km) Time (hrs) Distance (km) Time (hrs) Have you used any health-care institution in the most recent 12 months? YES/NO If YES, go to Question If NO, go to Question If YES, which type/types of institution? (Tick all types used) BHU/ RHCs Dispensary Hakeem/ Homeopath (Private Practice) Doctor (MBBS) Hospital Other (specify) Are essential medicines available in BHU/ RHC? 1. Yes [ ], 2. Quite often [ ], 3. No [ ] 4. Not applicable [ ] 44

54 5.2.5 Is the doctor available regularly? 1. Yes mostly, [ ] 2. Quite often [ ] 3. No [ ] 4. Not applicable [ ] Do the doctors pay proper attention to patients? 1. Yes, always [ ] 2. Yes, sometimes [ ] 3. No [ ] 4. Not applicable [ ] Are you getting free medicine in case of emergency? 1. Yes, always [ ] 2. Quite often [ ] 3. No [ ] 4. Not applicable [ ] Are LHWs paying regular visits? 1. Yes [ ] 2. Quite often [ ] 3. No [ ] Do they give you health/ hygiene promotion tips? 1. Yes, always [ ] 2. Quite often [ ] 3. No [ ] If YES, What have you learnt from them? (a) (b) (c) (d) How do you rate the service provided by LHWs? 1. Excellent [ ] 2. Good [ ] 3. Acceptable [ ] 4. Poor [ ] If POOR, why? 5.3 Drinking Water Supply Type of Scheme (tick one) Gravity Flow Direct Pumping Pumping with Storage Hand Pump Dug Well Spring Quantity of Water (tick one for Pre-EQ and one for Now) Pre-EQ Now Sufficient In-sufficient Sufficient In-sufficient Quality of Water (tick one for Pre-EQ and one for Now) Pre-EQ Now Excellent Satisfactory Not acceptable Excellent Satisfactory Not acceptable In the last XX months, did anyone in your family suffer from: Vomiting Diarrhoea Condition Yes No If ANY OF IS=YES, go to Otherwise go to

55 5.3.5 What measures do you take to get safe water? (tick one) 1. Boil water 2. Fetch water from distance where good source is available 3. Other (specify) 4. No measure Total time required for fetching of water: Pre-EQ hrs/day Now hrs/day 5.4 Sanitation What type of latrine did you use pre-earthquake and now? Type of latrine Pre-earthquake Now Sanitary latrine Pit Latrines Open fields Has any member of your household received training or advice in hygienic practices? 1. Yes [ ], 2. No [ ] 6. Direct Outreach Group 6.1 Housing Reconstruction/Rehabilitation Did your house damaged in 2005 Earthquake? (Tick one) Yes, [ ] No [ ] and what type of this house was? 1. Kacha [ ] or Pakka [ ] If YES go to Q otherwise go to Type of damage to your home: Complete [ ] Partial [ ] Negligible [ ] Type of construction used in reconstruction: RCC [ ] Dhajji [ ] Bhattar [ ] CITU [ ] Mixed Construction or Any Other [ ] Have you reconstructed your house as per ERRA design? (tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No [ ] Do you feel that your newly constructed house is comparatively better than pre-earthquake house. e.g: a) Comfortable (Tick one) Much better [ ] Somewhat better [ ] Slightly better [ ] Same [ ] Worse [ ] Due to? Covered Area [ ] No. of rooms [ ] Size of rooms [ ] Accessibility [ ] other [ ] If other, Please specify: b) Facilitated (Tick one) Much better [ ] Somewhat better [ ] Slightly better [ ] Same [ ] Worse [ ] Due to? Kitchen [ ] Veranda [ ] Bath [ ] Latrine [ ] Boundary wall [ ] Any other [ ] If other, Please specify: c) Better Environment/Hygiene (Tick one) 46

56 Much better [ ] Somewhat better [ ] Slightly better [ ] Same [ ] Worse [ ] Due to? Solid waste Management [ ] Sewerage [ ] Septic tanks Any other [ ] If other, Please specify: d) Feel Secure (Tick one) Much better [ ] Somewhat better [ ] Slightly better [ ] Same [ ] Worse [ ] Due to? ERRA Standards [ ] Improved Local Technologies (Dhaji, Bhatar, Situ etc.) [ ] If other, Please specify: e) Compatibility with climatic conditions: (Tick one) Much better [ ] Somewhat better [ ] Slightly better [ ] Same [ ] Worse [ ] Did you get construction material from: a) Open market Yes, [ ] No [ ] b) ERRA Established material hubs Yes, [ ] No [ ] If (b), go to Q 6.1.7, otherwise go to Q Did you feel any difference in quality: Yes, [ ] No [ ] and Prices Yes, [ ] No [ ] Do you think these hubs should continue for future construction Yes, [ ] No [ ] Is the household member of Village Reconstruction Committee (VRC)? (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2 No [ ] Have any member of your household received training in EQ-proof construction? (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, Construction training received? Training Types 1. Artisans 2. Masons 3. Carpenters 4. Steel Fixers 5. Other ( specify) No. of Household Members Trained Female Male Total Income Increased due to Training (Y/N) Have you used wood in your construction? (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No [ ] If Yes, what type of wood was used in the construction? a) New Wood: 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No [ ] b) Re-used wood: 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No [ ] If New Wood, then: a) Was this self wood? (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No, [ ] b) Was this forest wood cut from forest? (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No, [ ] c) Was purchased from market? 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No, [ ] How do you dispose Human/Animal excreta? a) Direct into drain (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No, [ ] b) Disposal in open air (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No, [ ] c) Disposal into streams (Tick one) 1. Yes, [ ] 2. No, [ ] 6.2 Micro-Credit and Cash Grants Do you and your household members have easy access to micro-credit/grant? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 47

57 6.2.2 Have you taken any loan since the earthquake (tick one)? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If Yes, details of loan/loans taken (include all loans) Source K. Bank NGOs Others Amount (Rs) Purpose Rate of Interest (% per year) Collateral Required (Y/N) If Yes, How Much?) Purpose codes: 1=Agriculture related activity, 2=Related to livestock or poultry, 3=Small business, 4=Debt repayment, 5=Children s education, 6=Household consumption, 7=Dowry/Social ceremony, 8=Others (Specify) IF PURPOSE = 1 OR 2 OR 3 FOR ANY LOAN, GO TO Q OTHERWISE GO TO Q Do you think that your household income has been increased because of business which has started with micro-finance? 1. Greatly increased [ ] 2. Increased [ ] 3. No increase [ ] 4. Decreased [ ] Did you or any family member receive any Cash Grant from ERRA/ NGOs since the earthquake? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, for what purpose did you use the cash grant? (tick applicable boxes) Building/Rebuilding Houses Food Items Non-Food Items Medical Purpose Income Generating Activity Male Female Male Female Male Female If cash grant was used on income generation, was it for: 1. Temporary Activity [ ] 2. Permanent Nature of Activity [ ] Do you think that your household income has been increased because of business which has started with cash grant? 1. Greatly increased [ ] 2. Increased [ ] 3. No increase [ ] 4. Decreased [ ] Do the women of the household have any regular savings? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If yes, what is the main use of the saving? (tick one): 1. Dowry [ ] 2. Livestock purchase [ ] 3. Agriculture [ ] 4. Family enterprise [ ] 5. Education of the children 6. Any other (specify): _ 48

58 6.3 Rehabilitation of Agricultural & Livestock Livelihoods Did you or your household members cultivate any land, before or after the earthquake? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, go to Q If NO, go to Area of land available to household members before earthquake and this year (kanal) Land Use Type Cropped Land Fallow Land Orchards Total Land Available 2 Area Rain-Fed 3 Area Irrigated Pre-EQ This Year Pre-EQ This Year Tenure of land cropped by household members, before earthquake and this year Pre-Earthquake This Year Land Tenure (kanal) Owned Land Tenant/Share Tenant/Rented Total Cropped Land (kanal) Note: Total cropped land must be the same as for Question Area, Yield and Production of Major Annual Crops Name of Crop Wheat Maize Barley Pulses *Potato *Onion *Tomato Chillies Cabbage/cauliflower Other: Area Sown (kanal) Pre-Earthquake Yield Total (maund/kanal) Production (md.) Most Recent Completed Season Area Yield Total Sown (maund per Production (kanal) kanal) (md.) Note: Post-earthquake data should refer to most recent season for which yields are known Have you received any seed or fertilizer or pesticide from ERRA or ERRA POs? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, what types did you receive? (tick all relevant boxes) 49

59 Type of Input Type of Input Type of Input Wheat Seed Other Crop Seeds Pulse Seed Potato Seed Tree Seedlings Chillies Seed Maize Seed Fertilizer Vegetable Seed Barley Seed Pesticide Other: Number, Yield and Production of Fruit Trees Apple Apricot Other: Name of Crop No. of Trees Pre-Earthquake Yield Total per Tree Production (md.) (md.) Most Recent Completed Season Yield Total No. of per Tree Production Trees (md.) (md.) Do you have access to communal grazing or forest land (shamilat)? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, how much rangeland and forest did the village have before and after the earthquake? Type of Land Pre-Earthquake Post-Earthquake Range land (acres) Forest land (acres) Total Did you own any livestock before or after the earthquake? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, what type and how many? Species Buffalo Cow Cow Cross-Bred Sheep Goat Goat Cross-Bred Number and Type Pre-Earthquake Now Breed No. Breed No Have you received livestock from ERRA/POs? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, what type and how many? Species Buffalo Cow Cow Cross-bred Sheep Goat Goat Cross-bred Number and Type Received Breed No. 50

60 How has access to farming input sellers changed since the earthquake? (tick relevant boxes) Type of Inputs Serial Crop Seeds Tree Seedlings Fertilizers Pesticides Tools/Equipment Livestock Feeds Livestock Medicines Level of Access Much Better Better Same Worse Do you normally sell any crops, fruit or livestock? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If YES, How has access to markets changed since the earthquake? (tick relevant boxes) Grains/Pulses Vegetables Fruit Livestock Other: Type of Market Level of Access Much Better Better Same Worse What was your normal amount of crop and livestock sales per year before the earthquake, and what is the amount now? Crops Wheat Potatoes Maize Barley Pulses Chillies Vegetables Fruit Milk/Butter/Ghee Cows/Buffaloes Sheep/Goats Amount Sold Pre-Earthquake Price Gross Income Amount Sold Now Price Gross Income 7. Public Infrastructure 7.1 Roads Has any road linking this village been constructed/reconstructed since the earthquake? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] IF YES, GO TO QUESTION IF NO, GO TO QUESTION

61 Road Impacts on Livelihoods, Access and Commercial Activity If YES, have there been any positive impacts of the road construction/reconstruction on you or your household members? Job opportunities (compared with before earthquake) (tick one) 1. Substantially increased [ ] 2. Increased [ ] 3. Not increased [ ] Income (compared with before earthquake) (tick one) 1. Substantially increased [ ] 2. Increased [ ] 3. Not increased [ ] 4. Reduced [ ] Access to public facilities (compared with before earthquake) (tick one box for each facility) Facility Substantially Improved Improved Not Improved Worser than Before Medical Facility Market School/College/University Work Place Others Increase in shops and stores along the road (compared with before earthquake) (tick one) 1. Substantially more [ ] 2. More [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. Fewer than before [ ] Road Impacts on Travel Time What has been the effect of the road (construction/reconstruction) on your travel time? (tick one) 1. Much quicker than before [ ] 2. Quicker than before [ ] 3. Same as before 4. Longer than before [ ] If = 1 or 2, approximately how much travel time has been saved by using the new road/link road compared with pre-earthquake? (tick one) 1. Less than 10 minutes [ ] ~ 20 minutes [ ] ~ 30 minutes [ ] ~ 40 minutes [ ] 5. More than 40 minutes [ ] Road Impacts on Transport Costs, Congestion and Road Safety Are you a vehicle owner, or employed as a driver? (tick YES if either is true) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] IF = YES, GO TO QUESTION IF = NO, GO TO

62 7.1.6 Has your travel cost (monthly fuel expenses/ repair) been reduced by using the reconstructed road/link road as compared with the pre-earthquake times? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] What is the approximate saving per month from driving? Rupees per month How frequently do you face traffic jams when you drive on the new/reconstructed road? (tick one) 1. Quite often [ ] 2. Often [ ] 3. Sometimes [ ] 4. Occasionally [ ] 5. Never [ ] Do you think that frequency of traffic accidents has been reduced for the new/reconstructed road, compared with the situation of pre-earthquake? (tick one) 1. Yes, largely [ ] 2. Yes, somewhat [ ] 3. Yes, slightly [ ] 4. No [ ] Do you think in general that traffic/driving safety of the new/reconstructed road has become better or worse compared with pre-earthquake? 1. Much better [ ] 2. Somewhat better [ ] 3. No change [ ] 4. Somewhat worse [ ] 5. Much worse Road Impacts on Land and Agriculture Do you own any land? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If 7.11 = YES, do you think that the value of your land has been increased after the construction/reconstruction of the road? (tick one) 1. Substantially increased [ ] 2. Increased [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. Decreased [ ] 5. Substantially decreased [ ] Are you a tenant of any land? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] If = YES, do you think that your tenant fee has been increased after the construction/ reconstruction of the road? (tick one) 1. Substantially increased [ ] 2. Increased [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. Decreased [ ] 5. Substantially decreased [ ] Do you think that the land use pattern in your neighboring area has been changed after construction/reconstruction of the road? (tick one box per row) Pattern Greatly Increased Some-What Increased Same Some-What Decreased Greatly Decreased High Value Crops Low Value Crops Pasture/Grazing Land Forest Land used for Houses Land used for Business/Industry Since construction/reconstruction of the road, has it been easier to market your crops/livestock? (tick one) 1. Much easier [ ] 2. Somewhat easier [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. More difficult [ ] 5. Much more difficult [ ] Since construction/reconstruction of the road, has there been any change in your transport costs to the market? 1. Much cheaper [ ] 2. Somewhat cheaper [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. More costly [ ] 53

63 5. Much more costly [ ] Since construction/reconstruction of the road, has there been any change in the prices you get for your crops/livestock? 1. Much higher [ ] 2. Somewhat higher [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. Somewhat lower [ ] 5. Much lower [ ] Since construction/reconstruction of the road, has there been any change in the income you get from crops/livestock? 1. Much higher [ ] 2. Somewhat higher [ ] 3. Same as before [ ] 4. Somewhat lower [ ] 5. Much lower [ ] 7.2 Electricity and Other Energy Sources What sources of energy was your household using, before the earthquake and now? (tick boxes for all types used) Time period Pre-earthquake Now Type of Energy Used Dung Kerosene LPG Charcoal Electricity Cake Wood Crop Residues IF ELECTRICITY USED BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER EARTHQUAKE, GO TO QUESTION IF ELECTRICITY USED ONLY AFTER EARTHQUAKE, GO TO QUESTION IF ELECTRICITY NOT USED AT ALL, GO TO QUESTION Compared with pre-earthquake, does load-shedding happen more or less often? (tick one) 1. Much less often [ ] 2. Less often [ ] 3. About the same [ ] 4. More often [ ] 5. Much more often [ ] Compared with pre-earthquake, does low-voltage occur more or less often? (tick one) 1. Much less often [ ] 2. Less often [ ] 3. About the same [ ] 4. More often [ ] 5. Much more often [ ] What purposes does the household use electrical equipment for, compared with preearthquake? (tick all relevant boxes) Time period Pre-EQ Post-EQ Lighting Cooking Electrical Equipment Used For Room Domestic Heating Equipment Income-Earning Equipment Since the earthquake, has the household installed any new electrically-powered equipment or upgraded any of its electrical equipment? (get list of types and tick for new or upgraded) Types of Equipment Tick if New Tick if Upgraded Since the earthquake, has any household member established any enterprise or business that depends on electrically powered equipment? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 54

64 7.2.7 If = YES, what type of enterprise/business? (tick all relevant boxes) Trading/Retailing Food Processing Handicrafts Other (specify): Type of Business Tick if Business Depends on Electricity Has your electricity connection/restoration reduced workload for women/men (tick one box for women and one for men)? Women Workload Reduced Workload Not Reduced Men Workload Reduced Workload Not Reduced If = YES for either women or men, in what way was workload reduced? Women Men Has electricity connection/restoration prolonged the study hours for school-age household members? (tick one). 1. Yes [ ] 2. No. [ ] Has Electricity connection/restoration facilitated the study hours for school going-age household members? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 7.3 Telecommunication What is your access to telephone service, compared to pre-earthquake? (tick all relevant boxes) Time Period Pre-Earthquake Post-Earthquake Land Line House in Types of Telecommunication Access PCO PCO in Own Mobile at Village Phone UC HQ Mobile Phone Cash Service in Village Compared with pre-earthquake, do you think that telecom has brought your relatives/friends in more frequent contact with you? (tick one) 1. Yes, much more [ ] 2. Yes, somewhat more [ ] 3. Yes, slightly more [ ] 4. No change [ ] 8. Cross- Cutting Themes 8.1 Environment Is your house situated on a hilly slope? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] Did your family face any damage/loss of property or crop during road construction/reconstruction? (tick one) 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 55

65 8.1.3 Did your family face any damage/loss of property or crop or due to land slide? (tick one) Pre-Earthquake Post-Earthquake Yes No Did your family face any damage/loss of property or crop or due to soil erosion? (tick one) Pre-Earthquake Post-Earthquake Yes No Did your family face any damage/loss of property or crop or due to flooding? (tick one) Pre-Earthquake Post-Earthquake 8.2 Measures for Vulnerable People Yes No Have you or anyone in the household received entrepreneur training? Training Types Fruit nurseries Vegetable Nurseries Bee Keeping Grain Storage Pest Control Fruit & Vegetable Preservation Off Season Vegetable Production Compost Making Orchard Management Linkages with Markets Other (specify) No. of Persons Trained Female Male Total Did Your Training Help You to Earn Any Income? (Y/N) If YES, Approximate Income (Rs per year) Training for vulnerable groups Training Type Individual Counseling Family Counseling Counseling for Access to Compensation for Land & Property Psycho-Social Therapy How to Live an Independent Life (PWDs) Any Other No. of Persons Trained Female Male Total Have You Found your Counselling/ Training Useful for Your Life? Y/N 56

66 THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME TO SPEAK TO US TODAY. DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO ASK US? 57

67 Annex III ERRA M&E Evaluation Group Sr. No. Name Designation 1 Brig Umer Farooq DG (M&E) 2 Lt. Col Khalid Rashid Dir. Evaluation 3 Mr. Muhammad Rizwan Ul Haq Coordinator Impact, AJ&K 4 Ms. Zeb Un Nisa Coordinator Impact, NWFP 5 Mr. Gulzar Ahmed Zonal Coordinator, AJ&K 6 Mr. Micheal Ditta Zonal Coordinator, NWFP 7 Mr. Akhtar Nawaz Khattak Evaluator 8 Mr. Nazir Ahmed Evaluator 9 Ms. Bushra Saeed Evaluator 10 Ms. Fizza Sabir Evaluator 11 Dr. Awais Naser Evaluator 12 Mr. Temur Safdar Evaluator 13 Mr. Muhammad Baqir Evaluator 14 Mr. Ajmal Khan Evaluator 15 Mr. Ghazi Kamal Evaluator 16 Ms. Zahida Amin Evaluator 17 Mr. Zahid Shah Evaluator 58

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