What is a Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF)?
|
|
- Della Greer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 What is a Sovereign Wealth (SWF)? A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund that invests globally in order to achieve objectives generally relating to intergenerational wealth, industrial policy, the management of state assets and/or monetary policy. Depending on the extent to which it also invests in especially infrastructure bonds in developing nations, it can also called a sovereign development fund, Motivation for a SWF According to Sovereign Wealth s: A Critical Analysis (Balin, 2008): Sovereign wealth funds are established for four principal reasons. Firstly, most funds held by natural resource exporters act as intergenerational transfer mechanisms, where future government pensions, asset liquidity, and fiscal revenues are guaranteed by today s export earnings. When the country s natural resources are exhausted, therefore, future generations can continue to live prosperously using the earnings of their forefathers. Next, most sovereign wealth funds of all country types are created to diversify a country s income so that it can respond to shocks to the country s comparative advantages. When a country is faced with a competitiveness crisis, it can call on its sovereign wealth fund assets to reinvest in new sectors of the economy that can revive the country s competitive advantages. Thirdly, countries establish sovereign wealth funds to increase the return on assets held in their central bank reserves. By investing in securities other than U.S. or European sovereign bonds, they can raise returns above the 3-5% annual returns garnered by most foreign exchange reserve holdings. With rapidly expanding foreign exchange stocks in many emerging markets and the decline of the U.S. dollar and thus lower returns on dollar-denominated debt this desire has become increasingly prevalent in recent times. Some sovereign wealth funds, whether in word or practice, also seek to promote investment from multinational corporations and technological transfer to domestic industries. To accomplish this goal, a fund would have to acquire a majority stake in a company or form a coalition with other shareholders. Mandates and asset allocation The same paper notes that: There is much variation in the types of equity, bond, and other investments held by sovereign wealth funds. To meet the objective of smoothing out pension fund obligations and government revenues, for example, countries tend to invest counter-cyclically, taking stakes in industries and countries that perform best when the SWF holding country s economy is performing poorly. Examples of this strategy include the holdings of Norway and Saudi Arabia, where investments are primarily made in banking, technology, and industrial companies, and natural resource investments are discouraged. On the other side of the countercyclical strategy is Singapore and Malaysia: they tend to invest strongly in natural resource plays. Also, smaller stabilization funds oftentimes seek higher allocations of lowerrisk equities and bonds because it is likely that they will be called upon during times of worldwide economic slumps because only low-risk securities hold their value during global slumps, investments in high-risk assets are of little use to these funds. Additionally, countries such as Singapore and South Korea that are seeking to develop specific industries and encourage the transfer of technology to native firms target the equity of companies that can carry out their goals. On average their asset allocation is split between fixed income securities (35-49%), equity securities in listed corporations (50-55%) and the remaining (8-10%) in alternative investments such as hedge funds, private equity companies or other products (Fernández and Eschweiler, 2008).
2 This is an average estimation and obviously strategies diverge importantly between institutions. In the case of Norway, equities accounted in 2007 for 40% of the fund s strategic benchmark portfolio and consisted mainly in Europe-listed equities (50%), Americas and Africa (35% and Asia/Oceania (15%). Fixed income accounted for the remaining 60%, denominated mostly in currencies from Europe (60%), Americas and/africa (35%) and Asia/Oceania (5%) (Kjaer, 2008). In the case of the National Oil of Kazakhstan, inspired by Norway s experience, assets were split into stabilisation and savings portfolios. The stabilisation portfolio has been mainly invested in high liquid money market instruments while the savings portfolio has been invested mostly in fixed income instruments (75%) but also equities (25%) (Sartbayev, Izabasarov, 2008). ing a SWF SWFs have been funded in various ways: from central bank reserves (China, Singapore); the export of state-owned resources (Botswana, Chile, Abu Dhabi, or Kuwait); taxation of exports (Russia, Alaska); fiscal surpluses (Korea, New Zealand); or from privatization receipts (Malaysia, Australia). Growth of SWFs globally SWFs have proliferated in the first decade of the 21 st century. Value $bn Sovereign Wealth s Inception year. Balin estimates that 35% of all SWFs were established over the five years leading up to However, some are far older, investing since the 1960s and 1970s and by now extremely diversified (see González Cid, 2008). The Kuwait Investment Authority, for example, the oldest, was created in 1953, Singapore s Temasek Holdings in 1970, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) in Singapore, with a powerful export base but a relatively small economy, was one of the very first in Asia to create a fund, establishing Temasek in 1974 and then the Government Investment Corporation of Singapore (GIC) in 1981, with the aim of increasing the return on investment of its external surpluses by targeting international portfolio investments since the very inception. It was the commodity boom of the 2000s and the rise of emerging markets economies which boosted the new wave of SWF creation, with China, Russia and Dubai creating their own sovereign wealth management institutions.
3 For a complete list of SWFs globally, their value, their inception year and their main funding source, see Appendix A. Governance of SWFs One of the reasons SWFs are controversial is the potential for opaque governance of significant amounts of public money. s differ markedly in the extent to which investment mandates, investments and returns are open to public scrutiny. Another reason is the degree to which SWFs that are funded by excess reserves diverge from traditionally conservative central bank management through higher-risk approaches. State Street Global Advisors made the following observation in 2005: In December 2003 the South Korean government announced plans to use around $20 billion-worth of central bank reserves to launch a separate government investment arm called Korea Investment Corporation ( KIC ). The plan initially met with criticism and open resistance from the Bank of Korea, as it was no doubt concerned with this being seen as government interference with monetary and reserve policy, and central bank independence in general. However, the government managed to persuade the central bank of the benefits of its proposal. It also helped that an agreement was reached that the Bank of Korea would retain the option to recall these assets in case of an emergency, meaning that the funds would effectively be retained by the central bank as international reserves while being entrusted to the KIC for management. Retention of reserve status also meant diversification of assets would be limited to liquid public instruments, ruling out investment in real estate or private equities. On the other hand, there are some potential pitfalls to keeping everything in the central bank. For example, liquidity management and wealth management are two very different disciplines. Even if both can be separated at the operational level, to the extent that both are managed within one organisation, the reporting lines will feed into the same group of senior managers and board members. Whatever the actual shape or form, the general trend is unmistakable: a major part of official reserves is gradually moving from classic risk-averse liquid assets to more broadly diversified and risk-tolerant sovereign wealth. This gives investment specialists in government a larger risk budget and a much wider choice of asset classes, instruments and tools to construct more efficient portfolios and extract better risk-adjusted returns. But it can do more than that: it can provide new and sophisticated tools to economic and monetary policymakers as well. Wealth fund or development fund? In a 2008 report titled Sovereign Development s: Key financial actors of the shifting wealth of nations, Javier Santiso of the OECD highlights the potential role of SWFs in achieving developmental outcomes beyond their traditional roles. The report recommends that SWFs could act as Sovereign Development s by allocating part of their investment to developing nations. If only 10% of SWF holdings were directed in this way, it would amount to $1 400 billion more than the official development assistance of all OECD countries combined.
4 The New Growth Path Framework contemplates an African development fund which can promote investment in the region (by buying regional infrastructure bonds at a higher yield than developedcountry bonds) and, at the same time, function as a sovereign wealth fund. A Development of this nature has also been considered as an alternative means for dealing with revenues from the SACU revenue-sharing agreement (i.e. by employing shared revenues towards supporting infrastructure development in member countries rather than providing direct transfers). Hedging against South Africa s carbon intensity and oil dependence SA currently provides a safe haven for carbon-intensive companies, with historically low electricity prices based on large-scale, cheap coal. In fact, only 60% of SA s production-based emissions are attributable to the consumption of South Africans. In many ways, not taxing something is equivalent to subsidising it. In the absence of a price on greenhouse gas emissions (and conversely, carbon in its non-combusted form), carbon intensive production and exports receive a de facto subsidy. A tax on carbon would be a way to tax a form of rent (or excess profit) that currently goes to carbon intensive users. A carbon tax would also represent an additional source of revenue, not previously budgeted for. The extent of carbon tax revenues could be significant. If a tax covers 400MtCO 2 of the country s overall annual emissions at a rate of R75/tCO 2, annual revenues would amount to R30 billion. Initial modelling suggests a low, but negative (static) impact on GDP from a carbon tax recycled into reductions in VAT, company income tax (CIT) or personal income tax (PIT), or into direct transfers (like social grants). On the other hand, investment of the revenues could yield a significant, positive impact on GDP.
5 Specific proposal for SA A South African SWF could build on two areas where South Africa is rated as a world leader: governance in the financial sector and openness of its budgeting process. A decision to pursue a Sovereign Wealth for South Africa should be based on a prioritization of real and lasting wealth across all of the nation s capitals or factors of production economic, social and natural. It should also contribute to the control of inflation, which erodes economic wealth. Such a fund would have to compliment other key elements in a package of measures directed at preserving and growing the country s wealth and sustainability. Such a package could include complimentary measures that support: A) The roll-out of green infrastructure (particularly low-carbon infrastructure and including infrastructure for the Knowledge Economy) which decouples the economy from the volatility and inflation attributable to rising global commodity and/or carbon prices. B) A social wage which protects and builds social capital (people and skills), underpinned by universal access to basic services, including not just housing, water, sanitation and electricity, but also mobility (transport and communication), health and education. This is achieved through: 1. A set of policy instruments that internalize social costs associated with minerals extraction and pollution (just as a social wage internalizes the social benefit of equitable access to basic services), as well as instruments that reduce the finance costs for essential infrastructure. 2. A sovereign wealth fund, which uses revenues from these taxes to hedge the country s income from mineral- and carbon-intensive industries. It does this by capitalizing on global growth in the Green and Knowledge Economy sectors, while also supporting local Green Economy and Knowledge Economy-related projects and infrastructure. The following diagram provides a depiction of an interconnected set of solutions deriving from and contributing to a real wealth approach. Economic elements are shown in blue, social in red and environmental in green (or a combination of these where appropriate) to demonstrate the extent to which these instruments are based on a triple bottom-line of public good(s).
6 Based on this framework, some specific design features could be considered for a South African SWF: Source of funding Investment goal(s) Carbon and resource rent tax revenues (rather than foreign reserves) The primary goals would be developmental and inter-generational: Hedging carbon- and resource-based export revenues (carbonintensive and raw mineral exports) and import (especially oil) costs; Exposure to global growth in strategic industries; and/or Providing support for local infrastructure development through infrastructure bond investments and for local industrial development through equity investment. A complimentary set of goals focus on economic stabilization and include: Annuity income for co-funding social spending (the social wage); Currency stabilization (possible if the fund is held off-shore); A source of funding for emergency stabilization; and/or Support for the state/public sector balance sheet. Note: The investment strategies for an intergenerational/development fund and a stabilization fund would differ significantly and the mandate would have to select from these or be split between high liquidity/low risk and low liquidity/high risk assets, biased towards higher liquidity and lower risk investments. Investment mandate 70% high liquidity/low risk: International listed equity in strategic industries (Green and education) infrastructure bonds in developing nations (including SA) 30% low liquidity/high risk: Subordinate equity in strategic local industries Private equity in strategic global industries Accelerated technology diffusion through acquisition or majority share-holding of foreign companies in strategic industries Non-controlling shares (partial nationalization) in mineral deposits strategic to the Green and Knowledge economies (e.g. rare earths, lithium and copper). Strategic industries include industries in: the Green Economy (renewable energy, energy efficiency, alternative transport, biotech); and the Knowledge Economy (ICT, electronics, pharmaceuticals) Governance Independent entity, with joint oversight from government (Treasury) and the central bank (each with half of the voting rights each) Conclusion Sovereign wealth funds are an example of financial innovation which provides a vehicle to direct revenues from (Pigovian) taxes on carbon and/or resource rents into developmental investments. Such a fund, located in and connected to a wider set of complimentary measures, including the building of Green infrastructure and the provision of a adequate and sustainable social wage can be a powerful tool for South Africa in pursuit of a New Growth Path.
7 Appendix A: Sovereign wealth funds in 2010 (Source: Wikipedia) Country Abu Dhabi Assets $Billion Abbreviation Inception ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Oil Norway GPF Government Pension - Global Oil Saudi Arabia SAMA SAMA Foreign Holdings n/a Oil Origin China SAFE SAFE Investment Company 347.1** 1997 Non-commodity China CIC China Investment Corporation Non-commodity South Korea NPS National Pension Service Non-commodity China Hong Kong HKMA Hong Kong Monetary Authority Investment Portfolio Singapore GIC Government of Singapore Investment Corporation Non-commodity Non-commodity Kuwait KIA Kuwait Investment Authority Oil China NSSF National Social Security Non-commodity Singapore TH Temasek Holdings Non-commodity Russia RNWF National Welfare 142.5* 2008 Oil Qatar QIA Qatar Investment Authority Oil Australia AFF Future Non-commodity Libya LIA Libyan Investment Authority Oil Algeria RRF Revenue Regulation Oil Abu Dhabi IPIC International Petroleum Investment Company Oil Kazakhstan KNF Kazakrhstan National Oil South Korea KIC Korea Investment Corporation Non-commodity United States of America Alaska APF Alaska Permanent Oil Malaysia KN Khazanah Nasional Non-commodity Ireland NPRF Natironal Pensions Reserve Non-commodity Brunei BIA Brunei Investment Agency Oil France SIF Strategic Investment Non-commodity Iran OSF Oil Stabilisation Oil Chile SESF Social and Economic Stabilization Copper Azerbaijan SOF State Oil Oil Dubai ICD Investment Corporation of Dubai Oil
8 Canada Alberta United States of America New Mexico Abu Dhabi AHF Alberta's Heritage Oil NMSIOT MDC New Mexico State Investment Office Trust Mubadala Developmrent Company New Zealand NZSF New Zealand Superannuation Non-commodity Oil Non-commodity Bahrain MHC Mumtalakat Holdring Company Oil Australia BAF Building Australia Non-commodity Brazil SFB Sovereign of Brazil Non-commodity Oman SGRF State General Reserve Oil & Gas Botswana PF Pula Diamonds & Minerals Template:Country data ETMTimor Leste TLPF Timor-Leste Petroleum Oil & Gas Australia EIF Education Investment Non-commodity Saudi Arabia PIF Public Investment Oil China CADF China-Africa Development Non-commodity Australia HHF Health and Hospitals Non-commodity United States of America Wyoming PWMTF Permanent Wyoming Mineral Trust Minerals Trinidad & Tobago HSF Heritage and Stabilization Oil Ra's al Khaymah RIA RAK Investment Authority Oil Venezuela FEM FEM Oil Vietnam SCIC State Capital Investment Corporation Non-commodity Nigeria ECA Excess Crude Account Oil Kiribati RERF Revenue Equalization Reserve Phosphates Indonesia GIU Government Investment Unit Non-commodity Mauritania NFHR National for Hydrocarbon Reserves (Federal) Oman Abu Dhabi Oil & Gas EIA Emirates Investment Authority X 2007 Oil OIF SGRF * This includes the oil stabilization fund of Russia. ** This number is a best guess estimation. Oman Investment State General Reserve X ADIC Abu Dhabi Investment Council X 2007 Oil Oil
swfinstitute.org SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND INSTITUTE SWF ASSET ALLOCATION REPORT SOVEREIGN WEALTH ASSET ALLOCATION
SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND INSTITUTE swfinstitute.org SWF ASSET ALLOCATION REPORT 2012 2010 SOVEREIGN WEALTH ASSET ALLOCATION A Commitment to Providing Un-Biased Reasearch on Sovereign Wealth Funds and other
More informationSovereign Wealth Funds
Sovereign Wealth Funds Global Financial Forces Gerson Lehrman Group Presentation Eliot Kalter President, E M Strategies Senior Fellow, The Fletcher School EKalter@EMStrategies.com April 2008 Sovereign
More informationSovereign Wealth Funds Asset Allocation in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis
Sovereign Wealth Funds Asset Allocation in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis Eliot Kalter President, E M Strategies Senior Fellow, The Fletcher School EKalter@EMStrategies.com June 2009 Sovereign
More informationSWFs: Inward vs. Outward Investment Mandates Conditions for Success
SWFs: Inward vs. Outward Investment Mandates Conditions for Success Eliot Kalter President of EM Strategies Co-Head, SovereigNET: Fletcher Network for Sovereign Wealth and Global Capital ekalter@emstrategies.com
More informationPresented at the Conference on China's Exchange Rate Policy, October 19, 2007, at the Peterson Institute, Washington, DC.
A Scoreboard for Sovereign Wealth Funds Edwin M. Truman Senior Fellow Peterson Institute for International Economics Presented at the Conference on China's Exchange Rate Policy, October 19, 2007, at the
More informationTrends and challenges in sovereign investment: the SWF discount. Bernardo Bortolotti Sovereign Investment Lab, Università Bocconi
Trends and challenges in sovereign investment: the SWF discount Bernardo Bortolotti Sovereign Investment Lab, Università Bocconi Paris Nanterre Workshop on Sovereign Investment, October 24, 2014 SWF macroeconomic
More informationSession #22: Sovereign Wealth Funds
Session #22: Sovereign Wealth Funds Vidar Ovesen IMF Consultant SPC (SOPAC Division) Pacific ACP States 5 th Regional Training Workshop on Deep Sea Minerals: Financial Aspects 13 th -16 th May The Rarotongan
More informationEdwin M. Truman, Senior Fellow Peterson Institute for International Economics
Sovereign Wealth Fund Acquisitions and Other Foreign Government Investments in the United States: Assessing the Economic and National Security Implications Edwin M. Truman, Senior Fellow Peterson Institute
More informationSovereign Development Funds and the Shifting Wealth of Nations
Sovereign Development Funds and the Shifting Wealth of Nations Salzburg Global Seminar Javier Santiso Director and Chief Economist 27 September Salzburg, Austria A fundamental shift Emerging economies
More informationCommodity Savings Funds: Asset allocation and spending rules. Washington DC March 10-11, 2008
Commodity Savings Funds: Asset allocation and spending rules Arjan Berkelaar Principal Investment Officer Asset Allocation & Quant Strategies Jennifer Johnson-Calari Director Sovereign Investment Partnerships
More informationManaging Nonrenewable Natural Resources
International Monetary Fund Managing Nonrenewable Natural Resources Vitor Gaspar Fiscal Affairs Department Third IMF Statistical Forum: Official Statistics to Support Evidence-Based Policy-Making Frankfurt,
More informationThe Santiago Compliance Index 2013
Benchmarking Series January 2014 The Santiago Compliance Index 2013 Rating governance standards of sovereign wealth funds Santiago Compliance Assessments covering sovereign wealth funds rated in this report
More informationSovereign Wealth Funds and Long-Term Development Finance: Risks and Opportunities
Sovereign Wealth Funds and Long-Term Development Finance: Risks and Opportunities Alan Gelb, Silvana Tordo and Håvard Halland World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6776 Natural Resource Charter Annual
More informationCHAPTER EIGHTEEN SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS HIGHLIGHT THE CHANGING WORLD AND THE NEED FOR MORE. November 2007
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS HIGHLIGHT THE CHANGING WORLD AND THE NEED FOR MORE November 2007 SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS HIGHLIGHT THE CHANGING WORLD AND THE NEED FOR MORE Recent months have seen
More informationThe Sovereign Wealth Fund Initiative March 2012
The Sovereign Wealth Fund Initiative March 2012 Drivers of Strategic Asset Allocation Decisions for Sovereign Wealth Funds Introduction By Shuvam Dutta, CEME Research Assistant Sovereign wealth funds emerged
More informationThe One Planet Sovereign Wealth Fund Working Group
The One Planet Sovereign Wealth Fund Working Group PRESS RELEASE DRAFT: 28 JUNE, 2018 One Planet SWF Working Group Publish Framework on Climate Change Friday 6 July 2018, Paris, France President Emmanuel
More informationPatterns and Trends in Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments: A Post-Crisis Descriptive Analysis
Iran. Econ. Rev. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017. pp. 725-763 Patterns and Trends in Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments: A Post-Crisis Descriptive Analysis Amin Mohseni Cheraghlou* 1 Received: February 8, 2017 Accepted:
More informationSovereign Wealth Funds
Sovereign Wealth Funds David Backus and Whitney Chamberlain Business & Politics Group NYU Stern School of Business March 5, 2008 NYU Stern School of Business Citigroup From the Wall Street Journal, Nov
More informationThe Geoeconomics of. Sovereign Wealth Funds and Renewable Energy
The Geoeconomics of Sovereign Wealth Funds and Renewable Energy Towards a New Energy Paradigm in the Euro-Mediterranean region By Simone Tagliapietra Researcher, FEEM, Italy The world will go through a
More informationInternational Foreign Reserves
International Foreign Reserves 29 International Foreign Reserves Solving the Global Reserve Problem The Asian financial crisis in 1997 marks an end to an era of unrestricted capital flows and unprecedented
More informationDoing Business 2011 Paying Taxes
Doing Business 011 Paying Taxes Marcin Piątkowski Senior Economist Warsaw, Poland November, 010 1 Paying Taxes as part of a broader project The Doing Business project measures business regulations taking
More information2. Mining equipment exports
Raw Materials Scoreboard Mining equipment exports 2. Mining equipment exports Key points: The EU-28, China, Japan and the United States were net exporters of mining equipment over the 2011-2015 period.
More informationPRESS POINTS FOR CHAPTER 3: IS IT TIME FOR AN INFRASTRUCTURE PUSH? THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT World Economic Outlook, October 2014
PRESS POINTS FOR CHAPTER 3: IS IT TIME FOR AN INFRASTRUCTURE PUSH? THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT World Economic Outlook, October 14 Prepared by Abdul Abiad (team leader), Aseel Almansour,
More informationOIL-EXPORTING COUNTRIES: KEY STRUCTURAL FEATURES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND OIL REVENUE RECYCLING
OIL-EXPORTING COUNTRIES: KEY STRUCTURAL FEATURES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND OIL REVENUE RECYCLING This article reviews key structural features and recent economic developments in ten major oilexporting
More informationWHAT EXPLAINS THE SIZE OF SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS?
WHAT EXPLAINS THE SIZE OF SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS? Antonia FICOVA Juraj SIPKO Abstract Reasons for the rapid appearance and growth of SWFs is contributed by increase in oil prices and the accumulation of
More informationActuarial Supply & Demand. By i.e. muhanna. i.e. muhanna Page 1 of
By i.e. muhanna i.e. muhanna Page 1 of 8 040506 Additional Perspectives Measuring actuarial supply and demand in terms of GDP is indeed a valid basis for setting the actuarial density of a country and
More informationENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES and NATURAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES and NATURAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION Natural Resource Taxation Issues for Environment Policy? Alan Carter Senior Tax Economist International Tax Dialogue Berlin, 23 March 2012 ISSUES COVERED
More informationWhere did the Wealth go? - After twenty years of WTO: only 26 countries are beneficiaries of globalization
Where did the Wealth go? - After twenty years of WTO: only 26 countries are beneficiaries of globalization Basel, Switzerland April 2015 www.commons.ch 1 Only 26 out of 173 countries benefit 173 Countries
More informationTransitions to Sustainable Investment. Dr Robert Howell December 2010
1 Transitions to Sustainable Investment Dr Robert Howell December 2010 2 Introduction Investors seek financial system that adequately identifies risk and gives fair protection and return. During last few
More informationPolicy Options for Revenue Distribution. Andrew Bauer Senior Economic Analyst, NRGI Yangon, Myanmar June 30, 2015
Policy Options for Revenue Distribution Andrew Bauer Senior Economic Analyst, NRGI Yangon, Myanmar June 30, 2015 Revenue distribution options Government natural resource revenues Sub-national entities
More informationSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Who will pay for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? SNSPA, Bucharest 17 March 2016 08/04/2016 Thierry Schwarz 1 Who should pay according to the audience? Additional national
More informationH S B C H O L D I N G S P L C HSBC HOLDINGS PLC THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS. (Country-by-Country Reporting) REGULATION 2013
HSBC HOLDINGS PLC THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS (Country-by-Country Reporting) REGULATION 2013 31 December 2015 This report has been prepared for HSBC Holdings plc and its subsidiaries (the HSBC Group ) to
More informationMONTHLY FINANCE REVIEW
ISSN 0388-0605 MONTHLY FINANCE REVIEW ch 2018 No. 536 Policy Research Institute MINISTRY OF FINANCE JAPAN MONTHLY FINANCE REVIEW ch. 2018 (No.536) CONTENTS STATISTICS(Released by Ministry of Finance) A.
More informationSeptember 10, Given such growth, further diversification and focus on returns, liquidity inflows. these funds is set to increase.
International topics Current Issues September 10, 2007 Sovereign wealth funds state investments on the rise State-owned investment funds are on the rise, already managing assets in excess of USD 3 tr,
More informationUnlocking long term investment capital for infrastructure assets. Stanford University and Oxford University June 23 rd, 2011
Unlocking long term investment capital for infrastructure assets Ashby H B Monk Ph D Ashby H. B. Monk, Ph.D Stanford University and Oxford University June 23 rd, 2011 There is endemic short termism, which
More informationCautious Change. Bernardo Bortolotti, SIL, Università Bocconi. Venice, Sovereign Investment Lab Workshop, June 28, 2013
Cautious Change HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SWF ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Bernardo Bortolotti, SIL, Università Bocconi Venice, Sovereign Investment Lab Workshop, June 28, 2013 Thesovereign investmentlandscape Official
More informationThe Capital Requirements (Country-by-Country Reporting) Regulations December 2017
HSBC Holdings plc The Capital Requirements (Country-by-Country Reporting) Regulations 2013 31 December 2017 This report has been prepared for HSBC Holdings plc and its subsidiaries (the HSBC Group ) to
More informationMarket Views on the Future Fund
See Appendix A-1 for the Analysts Certification and Other Disclosures Market Views on the Future Fund Stephen Halmarick Director, Co-Head Economic and Market Analysis Citigroup Australia/NZ 27 February
More informationMarine. Global Programmes. cunninghamlindsey.com. A Cunningham Lindsey service
Marine Global Programmes A Cunningham Lindsey service Marine global presence Marine Global Programmes Cunningham Lindsey approach Managing your needs With 160 marine surveyors and claims managers in 36
More informationFORUM ÉCONOMIQUE SUR LE CONSEIL DE COOPÉRATION DU GOLFE ET LE MAGHREB
FORUM ÉCONOMIQUE SUR LE CONSEIL DE COOPÉRATION DU GOLFE ET LE MAGHREB LES PERSPECTIVES D INVESTISSEMENT DANS LA RÉGION DU GOLFE ET LES ASPECTS LÉGAUX En collaboration avec: Investment Outlook in the GCC
More informationResource Dependence and Budget Transparency By Antoine Heuty and Ruth Carlitz 1
By Antoine Heuty and Ruth Carlitz 1 Are natural resource abundance and opaque budgets inextricably linked? The Open Budget Survey 2008 a comprehensive evaluation of budget transparency in 85 countries
More informationThe Economic Transformation of the Caspian Region and the Falling Price of Oil
The Economic Transformation of the Caspian Region and the Falling Price of Oil Professor Yelena Kalyuzhnova Vice-Dean International, Henley Business School, Director of the Centre for Euro-Asian Studies
More informationTHE RISE OF SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES AHEAD
THE RISE OF SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES AHEAD Alexandru Cosmin BUTEICĂ *, Cătălin Emilian HUIDUMAC PETRESCU ** Abstract. This article reviews the latest research
More informationApril 2015 Fiscal Monitor
International Monetary Fund April 17, 2015 April 2015 Fiscal Monitor Now is the Time: Fiscal Policies for Sustainable Growth Xavier Debrun Deputy Chief, Fiscal Policy and Surveillance, Fiscal Affairs Department
More informationide: FRANCE Appendix A Countries with Double Taxation Agreement with France
Fiscal operational guide: FRANCE ide: FRANCE Appendix A Countries with Double Taxation Agreement with France Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia 2006 2006 From 1 March 1981 2002 1 1 1 All persons 1 Legal
More information15 Popular Q&A regarding Transfer Pricing Documentation (TPD) In brief. WTS strong presence in about 100 countries
15 Popular Q&A regarding Transfer Pricing Documentation (TPD) Contacts China Martin Ng Managing Partner Martin.ng@worldtaxservice.cn + 86 21 5047 8665 ext.202 Xiaojie Tang Manager Xiaojie.tang@worldtaxservice.cn
More informationThe Sky Did Not Fall HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SWF ANNUAL REPORT 2015
The Sky Did Not Fall HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SWF ANNUAL REPORT 2015 Bernardo Bortolotti, SIL, Bocconi University Sovereign Investment Workshop Borsa italiana, Palazzo Mezzanotte Milan, June 30, 2016 Sovereign
More informationGlobal solutions. Local expertise.
Global solutions. Local expertise. Count on Sedgwick around the world Sedgwick is a leading global provider of technology-enabled risk, benefits and integrated business solutions. Our 21,000 colleagues,
More informationTimor-Leste Petroleum Fund
Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund Discussion of sovereign wealth fund models Petroleum Fund Management Seminar Peter J Ryan-Kane CFA Head of Portfolio Advisory, Asia Pacific May 2010 2010 Towers Watson. All rights
More information2018 Global Medical Trends Survey Report
2018 Global Medical Trends Survey Report Executive summary The cost of medical care continues to rise across the globe. Insurers responding to the 2018 Willis Towers Watson Global Medical Trends Pulse
More informationMEDIA RELEASE. The road to Copenhagen. Ends Media Contact: Michael Hitchens September 2009
MEDIA RELEASE AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY GREENHOUSE NETWORK 23 September 2009 The road to Copenhagen The Australian Industry Greenhouse Network today called for more information to be released by the Government
More informationGuide to Treatment of Withholding Tax Rates. January 2018
Guide to Treatment of Withholding Tax Rates Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Aims of the Guide 1 1.2. Withholding Tax Definition 1 1.3. Double Taxation Treaties 1 1.4. Information Sources 1 1.5. Guide Upkeep
More informationTeaching Limited by Student Needs Scale, Eighth Grade
Teaching Limited by Student Needs Scale, Eighth Grade The Teaching Limited by Student Needs (LSN) scale was created based on teachers responses concerning six needs described below. Items in the TIMSS
More informationMEFMI COMBINED FORUM FOR MINISTERS OF FINANCE AND CENTRAL BANK GOVERNORS. Transforming Depleting Natural Resources into Income for Growth
MEFMI COMBINED FORUM FOR MINISTERS OF FINANCE AND CENTRAL BANK GOVERNORS Lima, Peru October 6 th, 2015 Transforming Depleting Natural Resources into Income for Growth Bernard Murira, CFA Lead Financial
More informationNatural Resource Taxation: Challenges in Africa
Philip Daniel Fiscal Affairs Department International Monetary Fund Natural Resource Taxation: Challenges in Africa Management of Natural Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa Kinshasa Conference, March 22,
More informationTHE EROSION OF THE REAL ESTATE HOME BIAS
THE EROSION OF THE REAL ESTATE HOME BIAS The integration of real estate with other asset classes and greater scrutiny from risk managers are set to increase, not reduce, the moves for international exposure.
More information26 MAY Boustead Singapore Limited / Boustead Projects Limited Joint FY2015 Financial Results Presentation
26 MAY 2015 Boustead Singapore Limited / Boustead Projects Limited Joint FY2015 Financial Results Presentation Disclaimer This presentation contains certain statements that are not statements of historical
More informationa closer look GLOBAL TAX WEEKLY ISSUE 249 AUGUST 17, 2017
GLOBAL TAX WEEKLY a closer look ISSUE 249 AUGUST 17, 2017 SUBJECTS TRANSFER PRICING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY VAT, GST AND SALES TAX CORPORATE TAXATION INDIVIDUAL TAXATION REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY TAXES INTERNATIONAL
More informationVolatility and Macroeconomic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region
Volatility and Macroeconomic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region Kamiar Mohaddes University of Cambridge @KamiarMohaddes Symposium on the World Economic Outlook: Implications for and the
More informationSOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND ANNUAL REPORT
Follow the Money SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND ANNUAL REPORT 2011 2 FOLLOW THE MONEY The Sovereign Investment Lab is a group of researchers brought together in the Paolo Baffi Centre of Central Banking and Financial
More informationCREDIT INSURANCE. To ensure peace, you must be prepared for war. CREDIT INSURANCE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION IN CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT
FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION IN CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT I would like to extend my relations with that customer... I would like to enter a new market... We have high exposure for that customer... We have delayed
More informationOil price volatility: Focus on the fundamentals to navigate your way to long-term rewards
Oil price volatility: Focus on the fundamentals to navigate your way to long-term rewards December 2014 Oliver Bell, Portfolio Manager, Middle East & Africa; Global Frontier Markets Equities Strategy EXECUTIVE
More informationWhy Invest In Emerging Markets? Why Now?
Why Invest In Emerging Markets? Why Now? 2018 Over the long term, Emerging Markets (EM) have been a winning alternative compared to traditional Developed Markets (DM)... 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 1998
More informationArgentina Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile
Americas Argentina (Banking and finance; Capital markets: Debt; Capital markets: Equity; M&A; Project Bahamas (Financial and corporate) Barbados (Financial and corporate) Bermuda (Financial and corporate)
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Wednesday, December
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Wednesday, February
More informationTHE AFRICA OPPORTUNITY
PETER WELBORN THE AFRICA OPPORTUNITY API CONFERENCE 2016 Africa: the growth 1continent AFRICA S POPULATION GROWTH Africa has the fastest population growth of any global region. Africa s population has
More informationPortfolio Strategist Update from BlackRock Active Opportunity ETF Portfolios
Portfolio Strategist Update from BlackRock Active Opportunity ETF Portfolios As of Sept. 30, 2017 Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc., ("Ameriprise Financial") is the investment manager for Active Opportunity
More informationInvestment Analysis of Sovereign Wealth Funds in the world
Investment Analysis of Sovereign Wealth Funds in the world Jing Xiang, Susheng Wang, Zhaokun Kong & Wenhu Li Department of Economics and Management Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Thursday, July
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Friday, January
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Wednesday, April
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Friday, August
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Wednesday, November
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Friday, October
More informationSovereign Funds Are Helping Strike A New World Economic Balance
Sovereign Funds Are Helping Strike A New World Economic Balance ESADEgeo Position Paper 18 July 2011 Javier Santiso Professor of Economics, ESADE Business School Academic Director, ESADE Centre for Global
More informationSovereign Wealth Funds: A New Global Investment Power
Insight. Education. Analysis. O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 Sovereign Wealth Funds: A New Global Investment Power By Kevin Chambers In recent years, there has been an explosion of new investment organizations
More informationGLOBAL FDI OUTFLOWS CONTINUED TO RISE IN 2011 DESPITE ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTIES; HOWEVER PROSPECTS REMAIN GUARDED HIGHLIGHTS
GLOBAL FDI OUTFLOWS CONTINUED TO RISE IN 211 DESPITE ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTIES; HOWEVER PROSPECTS REMAIN GUARDED No. 9 12 April 212 ADVANCE UNEDITED COPY HIGHLIGHTS Global foreign direct investment (FDI)
More informationToday's CPI data: what you need to know
Trend Macrolytics, LLC Donald Luskin, Chief Investment Officer Thomas Demas, Managing Director Michael Warren, Energy Strategist Data Insights: Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index Thursday, October
More informationSHARE IN OUR FUTURE AN ADVENTURE IN EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP DEBBI MARCUS, UNILEVER
SHARE IN OUR FUTURE AN ADVENTURE IN EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP DEBBI MARCUS, UNILEVER DEBBI.MARCUS@UNILEVER.COM RUTGERS SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND LABOR RELATIONS NJ/NY CENTER FOR EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP AGENDA
More informationRobert Haddad Ashley Hughes AmirAli Motamedi Masoudieh
Robert Haddad Ashley Hughes AmirAli Motamedi Masoudieh Size and Composition Business and Economic Analysis Financial Analysis Valuation Analysis Recommendation Composed of companies involved in the production
More informationSANGAM GLOBAL PHARMACEUTICAL & REGULATORY CONSULTANCY
SANGAM GLOBAL PHARMACEUTICAL & REGULATORY CONSULTANCY Regulatory Affairs Worldwide An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company Welcome to Sangam Global Pharmaceutical & Regulatory Consultancy (SGPRC) established
More informationWealth Creation and Wealth Management in an Islamic Economy
Wealth Creation and Wealth Management in an Islamic Economy Professor Rodney Wilson IRTI Distance Learning Programme Islamic Development Bank, April 2011 Outline Material wealth, spiritual fulfilment and
More informationAn FSE Listings Inc Article FSE Listings Inc- Frankfurt Stock Exchange Listings
FSE Listings How To Prepare Yourself For Listing On The Frankfurt Stock Exchange Author: Mark Bragg An FSE Listings Inc Article FSE Listings Inc- Frankfurt Stock Exchange Listings List your firm fast with
More informationWhy Invest In Emerging Markets? Why Now?
Why Invest In Emerging Markets? Why Now? 2017 Over the long term, Emerging Markets (EM) have been a winning alternative compared to traditional Developed Markets (DM)... 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 1997
More informationSTATISTICS Last update: 03/07/2017
STATISTICS 2012-2016 Last update: 03/07/2017 BU NEWS BUSINESS [USD, BILLIONS] New business by year, vs. total world exports 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 12,131 1,138 40 127 971 14,023 1,323 53 143
More informationPutting China s Capital to Work The Value of Financial System Reform
McKinsey Global Institute Putting China s Capital to Work The Value of Financial System Reform Susan Lund, Senior Fellow McKinsey Global Institute October 25, 2006 KEY MESSAGES China has made steady advances
More informationSovereign Wealth Funds and other Long-term Investors: Natural Match for Green Investing? November 29, 2010 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo
1 Sovereign Wealth Funds and other Long-term Investors: Natural Match for Green Investing? November 29, 2010 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo The Institut Louis Bachelier (ILB) and Paris Europlace 2 Regulatory working
More informationCOUNTRY COST INDEX JUNE 2013
COUNTRY COST INDEX JUNE 2013 June 2013 Kissell Research Group, LLC 1010 Northern Blvd., Suite 208 Great Neck, NY 11021 www.kissellresearch.com Kissell Research Group Country Cost Index - June 2013 2 Executive
More informationA STUDY OF TRADE SURPLUSES: ASSESSING ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR RESERVE MANAGEMENT
A STUDY OF TRADE SURPLUSES: ASSESSING ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR RESERVE MANAGEMENT Student Contributors: Shashank Shekhar, Supriya Shailesh Sehgal Abstract Some nations today have accumulated huge reserves
More informationUpdate on potential introduction of VAT in GCC countries
Update on potential introduction of VAT in GCC countries The United Arab Emirates (UAE) government s decision to eliminate long-standing fuel subsidies as from 1 August 2015 has highlighted the need for
More informationThe construction or provision of oil rigs, drilling. equipment, including seismic data collection.
The construction or provision of oil rigs, drilling equipment and other energy related service and equipment, including seismic data collection. Engaged in the exploration, production, marketing, refining
More informationTax Newsflash January 31, 2014
Tax Newsflash January 31, 2014 Luxembourg s New Double Tax Treaties As of 1 January 2014, Luxembourg further enlarged its double tax treaty network with the entry into force of the new double tax treaties
More informationTHE IMPORTANCE OF INVESTING RESOURCE RENTS: A HARTWICK RULE COUNTERFACTUAL
Chapter 4 THE IMPORTANCE OF INVESTING RESOURCE RENTS: A HARTWICK RULE COUNTERFACTUAL A substantial empirical literature documents the resource curse or paradox of plenty. 1 Resource-rich countries should
More informationINTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. October 2015 Fiscal Monitor. Background Notes. Prepared by the Fiscal Affairs Department
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND October 2015 Fiscal Monitor Background Notes Prepared by the Fiscal Affairs Department In consultation with the other departments Approved by Vitor Gaspar September 1, 2015
More informationThe taxonomy of Sovereign Investment Funds
www.pwc.com/sovereignwealthfunds The taxonomy of Sovereign Investment Funds May 2015 SWF s operating in an evolving political environment The increasing influence and relevance of Sovereign Investors (SIs)
More informationUBI Pramerica SGR. US Economic Environment. Richard K. Mastain, Senior Vice President Jennison Associates LLC. April 2008
UBI Pramerica SGR US Economic Environment Richard K. Mastain, Senior Vice President Jennison Associates LLC Subadvisor to Certain UBI Pramerica SGR Funds April 2008 Notice This presentation is for informational
More informationGLOBAL INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE ROLE OF OIL EXPORTERS
GLOBAL INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE: THE ROLE OF OIL EXPORTERS Shahrokh Fardoust, Ph.D. Research Professor, College of William and Mary President, International Economic Consultants, LLC SFardoust@InternationalEconConsult.com
More informationEconomic Development & Hydrocarbons: Old or New Challenges?
15.1.15 Economic Development & Hydrocarbons: Old or New Challenges? Macroeconomic Impacts of the Oil & Gas Industry Oil production and oil dependency Some of the top oil producers are also the most oil-dependent.
More informationCountries with Double Taxation Agreements with the UK rates of withholding tax for the year ended 5 April 2012
Countries with Double Taxation Agreements with the UK rates of withholding tax for the year ended 5 April 2012 This table shows the maximum rates of tax those countries with a Double Taxation Agreement
More information