DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Performance Pillar. P1 Performance Operations. 21 May 2014 Wednesday Morning Session

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1 DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Performance Pillar P1 Performance Operations 21 May 2014 Wednesday Morning Session Instructions to candidates You are allowed three hours to answer this question paper. You are allowed 20 minutes reading time before the examination begins during which you should read the question paper and, if you wish, highlight and/or make notes on the question paper. However, you will not be allowed, under any circumstances, to open the answer book and start writing or use your calculator during this reading time. You are strongly advised to carefully read ALL the question requirements before attempting the question concerned (that is all parts and/or subquestions). ALL answers must be written in the answer book. Answers written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. You should show all workings as marks are available for the method you use. ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. Section A comprises 8 sub-questions and is on pages 2 to 5. Section B comprises 6 sub-questions and is on pages 6 to 8. Section C comprises 2 questions and is on pages 10 to 13. Maths tables and formulae are provided on pages 15 to 18. The list of verbs as published in the syllabus is given for reference on page 19. Write your candidate number, the paper number and examination subject title in the spaces provided on the front of the answer book. Also write your contact ID and name in the space provided in the right hand margin and seal to close. Tick the appropriate boxes on the front of the answer book to indicate which questions you have answered. P1 Performance Operations TURN OVER The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 2014

2 SECTION A 20 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 36 minutes on this question.] ANSWER ALL EIGHT SUB-QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION Instructions for answering Section A: The answers to the eight sub-questions in Section A should ALL be written in your answer book. Your answers should be clearly numbered with the sub-question number then ruled off, so that the markers know which sub-question you are answering. For multiple choice questions, you need only write the sub-question number and the letter of the answer option you have chosen. You do not need to start a new page for each subquestion. For sub-questions 1.6 to 1.8 you should show your workings as marks are available for the method you use to answer these sub-questions. Question One 1.1 In finance, a bond is described as: A B C D A negotiable instrument offering a fixed rate of interest over a fixed period of time and with a fixed redemption value. A negotiable instrument which provides evidence of a fixed term deposit with a bank. Maturity is normally within 90 days but can be longer. A document which sets out a commitment to pay a sum of money at a specified point in time. An unsecured short term loan note issued by companies and generally maturing within a period of up to one year. (2 marks) 1.2 A Treasury bill with a face value of $1,000 and 91 days to maturity has an issue price of $ A 1.50% B 6.09% C 6.00% The discount yield for the Treasury bill, assuming there are 365 days in the year, is: D 1.52% (2 marks) Performance Operations 2 May 2014

3 The following information is given for sub-questions 1.3 and 1.4 below A company manufactures Product Y using a single raw material which is used exclusively in the manufacture of Product Y. It operates a JIT purchasing system and there is no inventory of raw materials. The following data relate to the production of Product Y for April. Budgeted production Standard material cost per unit Actual production Material purchased and used 11,000 units 3kg per $4 per kg 10,000 units 32,000 $4.80 per kg It has now been decided that the standard price for the raw material should have been $5 per kg. 1.3 The material price planning variance for April is: A B C D $6,000 Adverse $30,000 Adverse $32,000 Adverse $33,000 Adverse (2 marks) 1.4 The material price operational variance for April is: A B C D $6,000 Favourable $30,000 Adverse $6,400 Favourable $32,000 Adverse (2 marks) Section A continues on the next page TURN OVER May Performance Operations

4 1.5 The table below shows the output, total costs and the cost inflation index for a business in two periods. Cost behaviour patterns were the same in both periods. A $1.56 B $1.45 C $1.50 D $1.62 Output level Total cost Inflation index 12,000 units $21, ,000 units $26, The variable cost per unit at an inflation index of 1.08 will be: (2 marks) 1.6 A company is considering the launch of a new product which it estimates has a 75% chance of success if no marketing is undertaken. The company believes that if it undertakes a marketing campaign costing $50,000 the probability of success of the product will increase to 90%. If successful, the product will make a profit of $300,000, before marketing costs. However, if it is unsuccessful, the product will make a loss of $80,000 before marketing costs. Required: Calculate whether it is worthwhile for the company to undertake the marketing campaign. (3 marks) 1.7 A company is planning to launch a new product. The price at which it will sell the product will be determined by the level of competition in the market which is currently uncertain. The possible selling prices and variable costs and their respective associated probabilities are as follows: Required: Selling price per unit Variable cost per unit $ Probability $ Probability Selling price and variable cost per unit are independent of each other. Calculate the probability of the contribution per unit being equal to or greater than $40. (3 marks) Performance Operations 4 May 2014

5 1.8 A project requires an initial investment of $150,000 and has an expected life of five years. The required rate of return on the project is 12% per annum. The project s estimated cash flows each year are as follows: $000 Sales revenue 101 Variable costs 30 Incremental fixed costs 5 The selling price, costs and activity levels are expected to remain the same for each year of the project. Ignore taxation and inflation. Required: Calculate the percentage change in the selling price that would result in the project being rejected. (4 marks) (Total for Section A = 20 marks) Reminder All answers to Section A must be written in your answer book. Answers to Section A written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. End of Section A Section B begins on page 6 TURN OVER May Performance Operations

6 SECTION B 30 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 9 minutes on each sub-question in this section.] ANSWER ALL SIX SUB-QUESTIONS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Two (a) A company uses a top-down approach to budgeting. Budgets are imposed by senior management and budget holders are not given the opportunity to participate in the budget setting process. Required: Explain ONE advantage and TWO disadvantages to the company of using this top-down budgeting approach. (5 marks) (b) XY has developed two new products, Product X and Product Y, but has insufficient resources to launch both products. The success of the products will depend on the extent of competitor reaction. There is a 20% chance that competitors will take no action, a 50% chance that they will launch a similar product and a 30% chance that they will launch a better product. Required: The profit/loss that will be earned by each of the products depending on the extent of competitor reaction is as follows: Competitor reaction Product X Product Y No action $540,000 $620,000 Launch a similar product $320,000 $380,000 Launch a better product ($150,000) ($200,000) Another option for XY would be to launch neither product. If it chooses this course of action there is a 60% chance that competitors will take no action and there will be no effect on the company s profit. There is a 40% chance that competitors will launch a new product and company profits will reduce by $100,000. Demonstrate, using a decision tree and based on expected value, the best course of action for the company. (5 marks) (c) Discuss the potential benefits for a company from using a just-in-time (JIT) purchasing system. (5 marks) Performance Operations 6 May 2014

7 (d) JS has decided to purchase t-shirts and print them with a logo to commemorate a major international sporting event. Sales The commemorative t-shirts will be sold for $10 each and predicted sales are as follows: July August September 9,000 t-shirts 18,000 t-shirts 22,500 t-shirts One third of sales will be for cash. The remainder will be on credit with the customer paying the month after sale. Purchases The t-shirts will cost $6 each and will be purchased in the month prior to sale. It is expected that 10% of the t-shirts purchased will be damaged during the printing process and will not be suitable for sale. The supplier has offered two months credit. Capital investment To print the t-shirts with the logo of the sporting event will require the purchase of a machine costing $30,000. The machine will be bought at the start of the project and paid for in August. The machine will have a five-year useful life but no expected residual value. The machine will be used elsewhere in the business at the end of this project. Expenses Expenses, excluding advertising, of $20,000 per month will be incurred each month and paid in the month incurred. Advertising costs of $5,000 per month will be incurred in each of the months July, August and September and will be paid one month in arrears. Required: Produce a cash budget for the project for each of the three months July, August and September. (5 marks) (e) (i) Explain why it is important for a business to prepare a cash budget. (2 marks) (ii) State THREE ways, other than borrowing, of improving the cash flow position of a business. (3 marks) (Total for sub-question (e) = 5 marks) Section B continues on the next page TURN OVER May Performance Operations

8 (f) A company has a highly seasonal business with the result that its borrowing requirement fluctuates significantly throughout the year. There are two alternative ways of funding its short-term borrowing requirement as follows: Required: 1) The company s bank has offered a $400,000 overdraft facility at an annual interest rate of 12% per annum. 2) The company can take a $400,000 one year loan at an interest rate of 10% per annum. The loan would be taken out on 1 st January. Any surplus funds can be deposited to earn 4% per annum. The monthly borrowing requirements for the forthcoming year are as follows: Month Jan Feb March Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec $ The borrowing requirement will apply for the whole of each month. (i) Calculate the net cost of each alternative for the forthcoming year. You should assume that each month is of equal length and that there are no fees payable. (3 marks) (ii) State TWO advantages of using an overdraft to fund short-term cash deficits. (2 marks) (Total for sub-question (f) = 5 marks) (Total for Section B = 30 marks) End of Section B Section C begins on page 10 Performance Operations 8 May 2014

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10 SECTION C 50 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 45 minutes on each question in this section.] ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION. EACH QUESTION IS WORTH 25 MARKS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Three MS manufactures three types of skincare product for sale to retailers. MS currently operates a standard absorption costing system. Budgeted information for next year is given below: Products Anti-ageing Facial Collagen Total Cream Masks Fillers $000 $000 $000 $000 Sales 60,000 38,000 22, ,000 Direct material 11,800 6,200 4,000 22,000 Direct labour 3,700 2,400 1,900 8,000 Fixed production overheads 15,400 Gross profit 74,600 Anti-ageing Facial Collagen Cream Masks Fillers Production and sales (units) 1,000,000 1,200, ,000 Fixed production overheads are absorbed using a direct material cost percentage rate. The management accountant of MS is proposing changing to an activity based costing system. The main activities and their associated cost drivers and overhead cost have been identified as follows: Activity Cost Driver Production overhead cost $000 Machine set up Number of set ups 3,600 Quality inspection Number of quality inspections 1,200 Processing Processing time 6,500 Purchasing Number of purchase orders 1,800 Packaging Number of units of product 2,300 15,400 Further details have been ascertained as follows: Anti-ageing Cream Facial Masks Collagen Fillers Batch size (units) 1,000 2,000 1,500 Machine set-ups per batch Purchase orders per batch Processing time per unit (minutes) Quality inspections per batch Performance Operations 10 May 2014

11 Required: (a) Calculate for each product: (i) (ii) the total fixed production overhead costs using the current absorption costing system; (2 marks) the total gross profit using the proposed activity based costing system. (13 marks) The management accountant is reviewing the company s performance for the last quarter of this year. The budgeted standard costs for this year differ from those given in the scenario above for next year. Budget and actual data for the last quarter of this year include: Anti-ageing Cream Facial Masks Collagen Fillers Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Sales (units) 240, , , , , ,000 Gross profit per unit $34.00 $33.20 $20.00 $20.60 $22.00 $20.20 (b) Calculate the following variances for the last quarter: (i) Sales mix gross profit variance (ii) Sales quantity gross profit variance (3 marks) (2 marks) (c) Explain the meaning of the sales mix gross profit variance and why its calculation provides useful information for the company. You should use the figures calculated in part (b) to illustrate your answer. (5 marks) (Total for Question Three = 25 marks) Section C continues on the next page TURN OVER May Performance Operations

12 Question Four QR, a major international cosmetics company, is considering investing in the production and sale of facial masks. The market for facial masks is growing rapidly and is expected to continue to grow over the next five years. Market intelligence suggests that the total market size in Year 1 will be 50 million units. The company expects the market size to grow at a rate of 10% per annum. The investment is to be evaluated over a five year life at which point it is expected that product innovations will result in a replacement product. QR s estimated market share for each of the next five years after the investment is as follows: Year 1 20% Year 2 25% Year 3 30% Year 4 30% Year 5 35% QR has spent $25 million developing the product. Investment of $500 million in a new manufacturing facility will be required at the beginning of Year 1. The manufacturing facility will have an estimated residual value of $120 million at the end of five years. The manufacturing facility will be depreciated using the straight line method. The project will also require an investment in working capital of $30 million at the beginning of the project. The selling price of the facial mask will be $30 per unit and the variable cost per unit will be $10. The selling price and the variable cost per unit are expected to remain the same throughout the life of the product. The new manufacturing facility will be used exclusively for the manufacture of facial masks. The total fixed manufacturing costs will be $200 million per year including depreciation. It is anticipated that $50 million per year will be spent in years 1 and 2 and $80 million per year in years 3, 4 and 5 on technical improvements and marketing the new product. Taxation QR s Financial Director has provided the following taxation information: Tax depreciation: 25% per annum of the reducing balance, with a balancing adjustment in the year of disposal. Taxation rate: 30% of taxable profits. Half of the tax is payable in the year in which it arises, the balance is paid in the following year. QR has sufficient taxable profits from other parts of its business to enable the offset of any pre-tax losses. Other information A cost of capital of 12% per annum is used to evaluate projects of this type. Ignore inflation. Performance Operations 12 May 2014

13 Required: (a) (b) Evaluate whether QR should go ahead with the investment. You should use net present value as the basis of your evaluation. Your workings should be rounded to the nearest $ million. (13 marks) Explain why discounted cash flow techniques should be used when evaluating a long-term investment project. (6 marks) (c) Explain the benefits of carrying out a post completion audit of a long-term investment project. (6 marks) (Total for Question Four = 25 marks) (Total for Section C = 50 marks) End of question paper Maths tables and formulae are on pages 15 to 18 May Performance Operations

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15 PRESENT VALUE TABLE Present value of $1, that is ( 1+ r ) n where r = interest rate; n = number of periods until payment or receipt. Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% May Performance Operations

16 Cumulative present value of $1 per annum, Receivable or Payable at the end of each year for n years n 1 (1+ r ) r Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% Performance Operations 16 May 2014

17 FORMULAE PROBABILITY A B = A or B. A B = A and B (overlap). P(B A) = probability of B, given A. Rules of Addition If A and B are mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are not mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) Rules of Multiplication If A and B are independent:: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B) If A and B are not independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B A) E(X) = (probability * payoff) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Arithmetic Mean x = x n fx x = (frequency distribution) f Standard Deviation SD = INDEX NUMBERS ( x x) n SD = fx x (frequency distribution) f Price relative = 100 * P 1/P 0 Quantity relative = 100 * Q 1/Q 0 P1 w P o Price: x 100 w Q1 w Q o Quantity: x 100 w TIME SERIES Additive Model Multiplicative Model Series = Trend + Seasonal + Random Series = Trend * Seasonal * Random May Performance Operations

18 FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS Compound Interest (Values and Sums) Future Value S, of a sum of X, invested for n periods, compounded at r% interest S = X[1 + r] n Annuity Present value of an annuity of $1 per annum receivable or payable for n years, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r [1 + r ] n Perpetuity Present value of $1 per annum, payable or receivable in perpetuity, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r 1 LEARNING CURVE Y x = ax b where: Y x = the cumulative average time per unit to produce X units; a = the time required to produce the first unit of output; X = the cumulative number of units; b = the index of learning. The exponent b is defined as the log of the learning curve improvement rate divided by log 2. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Economic Order Quantity EOQ = 2C D where: C o = cost of placing an order C h = cost of holding one unit in inventory for one year D = annual demand C o h Performance Operations 18 May 2014

19 LIST OF VERBS USED IN THE QUESTION REQUIREMENTS A list of the learning objectives and verbs that appear in the syllabus and in the question requirements for each question in this paper. It is important that you answer the question according to the definition of the verb. LEARNING OBJECTIVE VERBS USED DEFINITION Level 1 - KNOWLEDGE What you are expected to know. List Make a list of State Express, fully or clearly, the details/facts of Define Give the exact meaning of Level 2 - COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand. Describe Communicate the key features Distinguish Highlight the differences between Explain Make clear or intelligible/state the meaning or purpose of Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration Illustrate Use an example to describe or explain something Level 3 - APPLICATION How you are expected to apply your knowledge. Level 4 - ANALYSIS How are you expected to analyse the detail of what you have learned. Level 5 - EVALUATION How are you expected to use your learning to evaluate, make decisions or recommendations. Apply Calculate Demonstrate Prepare Reconcile Solve Tabulate Analyse Categorise Compare and contrast Construct Discuss Interpret Prioritise Produce Advise Evaluate Recommend Put to practical use Ascertain or reckon mathematically Prove with certainty or to exhibit by practical means Make or get ready for use Make or prove consistent/compatible Find an answer to Arrange in a table Examine in detail the structure of Place into a defined class or division Show the similarities and/or differences between Build up or compile Examine in detail by argument Translate into intelligible or familiar terms Place in order of priority or sequence for action Create or bring into existence Counsel, inform or notify Appraise or assess the value of Advise on a course of action May Performance Operations

20 Performance Pillar Operational Level Paper P1 Performance Operations May 2014 Wednesday Morning Session Performance Operations 20 May 2014