DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Performance Pillar. P1 Performance Operations. Wednesday 27 August 2014

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1 DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Performance Pillar P1 Performance Operations Instructions to candidates Wednesday 27 August 2014 You are allowed three hours to answer this question paper. You are allowed 20 minutes reading time before the examination begins during which you should read the question paper and, if you wish, highlight and/or make notes on the question paper. However, you will not be allowed, under any circumstances, to open the answer book and start writing or use your calculator during this reading time. You are strongly advised to carefully read ALL the question requirements before attempting the question concerned (that is all parts and/or subquestions). ALL answers must be written in the answer book. Answers written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. You should show all workings as marks are available for the method you use. ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. Section A comprises 8 sub-questions and is on pages 2 to 5. Section B comprises 6 sub-questions and is on pages 6 to 8. Section C comprises 2 questions and is on pages 10 to 13. Maths tables and formulae are provided on pages 15 to 18. The list of verbs as published in the syllabus is given for reference on page 19. Write your candidate number, the paper number and examination subject title in the spaces provided on the front of the answer book. Also write your contact ID and name in the space provided in the right hand margin and seal to close. Tick the appropriate boxes on the front of the answer book to indicate which questions you have answered. P1 Performance Operations TURN OVER The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 2014

2 SECTION A 20 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 36 minutes on this question.] ANSWER ALL EIGHT SUB-QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION Instructions for answering Section A: The answers to the eight sub-questions in Section A should ALL be written in your answer book. Your answers should be clearly numbered with the sub-question number then ruled off, so that the markers know which sub-question you are answering. For multiple choice questions, you need only write the sub-question number and the letter of the answer option you have chosen. You do not need to start a new page for each subquestion. For sub-questions 1.6 to 1.8 you should show your workings as marks are available for the method you use to answer these sub-questions. Question One 1.1 A certificate of deposit is best described as: A B C A debt instrument which offers a fixed rate of interest over a fixed period of time and with a fixed redemption value. A negotiable instrument which provides evidence of a fixed term deposit with a bank. A document which sets out a commitment to deposit a sum of money at a specified point in time. D A certificate which shows ownership of part of the share capital of a company. (2 marks) 1.2 A company is considering offering its customers an early settlement discount. The company currently receives payments from customers on average 65 days after the invoice date. The company is considering offering a 2% early settlement discount for payment within 30 days of the invoice date. The effective annual interest rate of the early settlement discount using compound interest methodology and assuming a 365 day year is: A 22.94% B 20.86% C 23.45% D 27.85% (2 marks) Performance Operations 2 September 2014

3 The following information is given for sub-questions 1.3 and 1.4 below A company produces a product that requires two materials, Material A and Material B. Details of the material quantities and costs for August are given in the table below. Material A Material B Budget Actual Budget Actual Quantity (kg) 24,000 23,000 36,000 38,000 Cost per kg $2.40 $2.30 $1.30 $1.38 Budgeted and actual output of the product for August was 12,000 units. 1.3 The material mix variance for August is: A B C D $1,540 Favourable $1,540 Adverse $1,288 Favourable $1,288 Adverse (2 marks) 1.4 The material yield variance for August is: A B C D $200 Adverse $1,740 Adverse $200 Favourable $1,740 Favourable (2 marks) Section A continues on the next page TURN OVER September Performance Operations

4 1.5 A purchasing manager is deciding how many units of a product to purchase for the winter season. The demand for the product is uncertain. The purchasing manager has prepared a regret matrix showing the regret based on the contribution that each of the possible outcomes would earn. Regret Matrix Quantity purchased (units) Demand 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 10,000 $0 $35,000 $70,000 $105,000 15,000 $21,000 $0 $32,000 $62,000 20,000 $120,000 $26,000 $0 $33,000 25,000 $180,000 $120,000 $22,000 $0 If the manager applies the minimax regret criterion to make decisions, which quantity would be purchased? A B C D 10,000 units 15,000 units 20,000 units 25,000 units (2 marks) 1.6 A company budgets maintenance costs by analysing past data and then adjusting for inflation. Required: The relationship between the monthly maintenance costs and activity levels, before adjusting for inflation, was determined to be: y = 22, x 2 where y = total monthly maintenance costs ($) and x = machine hours An inflation rate of 4% was then applied to the above formula to determine the budgeted costs for August. In August the actual machine hours were 1,820 and the actual maintenance cost incurred was $106,500. Calculate the maintenance cost variance for August. (3 marks) Performance Operations 4 September 2014

5 1.7 A company is considering an investment project for which the possible cash inflows and their respective probabilities are given in the table below: Required: Year 1 Year 2 Cash inflow Probability Cash inflow Probability $000 $ The cash flows for Year 1 and Year 2 are independent. The initial cash outflow for the project is $300,000. The company s cost of capital is 10% per annum. Ignore tax and inflation. Calculate the expected value of the net present value of the project. (3 marks) 1.8 A Treasury bill with 91 days to maturity and a face value of $1,000 is issued at a discount yield of 7% per annum. Required: (i) Calculate the issue price of the Treasury bill, to the nearest $0.01, assuming there are 365 days in the year. (ii) State FOUR features of a Treasury bill. (2 marks) (2 marks) (Total for sub-question 1.8 = 4 marks) (Total for Section A = 20 marks) Reminder All answers to Section A must be written in your answer book. Answers to Section A written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. End of Section A. Section B begins on page 6 TURN OVER September Performance Operations

6 SECTION B 30 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 9 minutes on each sub-question in this section.] ANSWER ALL SIX SUB-QUESTIONS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Two (a) Budgeting has a number of different purposes including: Required: Planning; Control; Performance evaluation; Motivation. Explain TWO of the above purposes of budgeting and how the two purposes that you have explained could conflict with each other. (5 marks) (b) A company manufactures a single product. Budget and standard cost details for next year include: Selling price per unit $24.00 Variable production cost per unit $8.60 Fixed production costs $650,000 Fixed selling and distribution costs $230,400 Sales commission 5% of selling price Sales 90,000 units Required: (i) (ii) Calculate the break-even point in units. Calculate the percentage by which the budgeted sales can fall before the company begins to make a loss. The marketing manager has suggested that the selling price per unit can be increased to $25.00 if the sales commission is increased to 8% of selling price and a further $10,000 is spent on advertising. (iii) Calculate the revised break-even point based on the marketing manager s suggestion. (5 marks) (c) Discuss the effectiveness of the economic order quantity (EOQ) model for inventory management purposes. (5 marks) Performance Operations 6 September 2014

7 (d) A company has to decide which of three machines to purchase to manufacture a product. Each machine has the same purchase price but the operating costs of the machines differ. Machine A has low fixed costs and high variable costs; Machine B has average fixed costs and average variable costs whilst Machine C has high fixed costs and low variable costs. Machine A would consequently be preferable if demand was low and Machine C would be preferable if demand was high. There is a 35% chance that demand will be high, a 40% chance that demand will be medium and a 25% chance that demand will be low. The company uses expected value to make this type of decision. The estimated net present values for each of the possible outcomes are as follows: Demand Machine A Machine B Machine C $ $ $ High 100, , ,000 Medium 150, , ,000 Low 200, ,000 80,000 A market research company believes it can provide perfect information on product demand. Required: Calculate the maximum amount that should be paid for the information from the market research company. (5 marks) (e) When deciding how much cash to hold for operating purposes, a company needs to strike a balance between the cost of holding too little cash and the cost of holding too much cash. Required: Explain the costs involved in the cash trade-off described above. (5 marks) Section B continues on the next page TURN OVER September Performance Operations

8 (f) A company produces two products, A1 and A2 that are sold to retailers. The budgeted sales volumes for the next quarter are as follows: Product Units A1 32,000 A2 56,000 The inventory of finished goods is budgeted to increase by 1,000 units of A1 and decrease by 2,000 units of A2 by the end of the quarter. Materials B3 and B4 are used in the production of both products. The quantities required of each material to produce one unit of the finished product and the purchase prices are shown in the table below: B3 B4 A1 8 kg 4 kg A2 4 kg 3 kg Purchase price per kg $1.25 $1.80 Budgeted opening inventory 30,000 kg 20,000 kg The company plans to hold inventory of raw materials, at the end of the quarter, of 5% of the quarter s material usage budget. Required: Prepare the following budgets for the quarter: (i) The production budget (in units) (ii) The material usage budget (in kg) (iii) The material purchases budget (in kg and $) (5 marks) (Total for Section B = 30 marks) End of Section B Section C starts on page 10 Performance Operations 8 September 2014

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10 SECTION C 50 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 45 minutes on each question in this section.] ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION. EACH QUESTION IS WORTH 25 MARKS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Three FG specialises in the manufacture of tablets, laptops and desktop PCs. FG currently operates a standard absorption costing system. Budgeted information for next year is given below: Products Tablets Laptops Desktop Total PCs $000 $000 $000 $000 Sales revenue 3,640 12,480 9,880 26,000 Direct material 800 2,800 2,200 5,800 Direct labour 300 1, ,300 Fixed production overheads 1,456 4,992 3,952 10,400 Gross profit 1,084 3,488 2,928 7,500 Fixed production overheads are currently absorbed based on a percentage of sales revenue. FG is considering changing to an activity based costing system. The main activities and their associated cost drivers and overhead cost have been identified as follows: Activity Cost Driver Production overhead cost $000 Manufacturing scheduling Number of orders 162 Parts handling Number of parts 2,464 Assembly Assembly time 4,472 Software installation & testing Number of software applications 2,000 Packaging Number of units 1,302 10,400 Further details have also been ascertained as follows: Tablets Laptops Desktop PCs Budgeted production for next year (units) 10,000 12,000 6,000 Average number of units per order Number of parts per unit Assembly time per unit (minutes) Number of software applications per unit Performance Operations 10 September 2014

11 Required: (a) (b) (c) Calculate the total gross profit for each product using the proposed activity based costing system. (13 marks) Discuss the differences between the gross profit figures calculated in Part (a) compared with those calculated under the current absorption costing system. (8 marks) Explain how the information obtained from the activity based costing system could be used for cost management purposes. (4 marks) (Total for Question Three = 25 marks) Section C continues on the next page TURN OVER September Performance Operations

12 Question Four PT is a major international computer manufacturing company. It is considering investing in the production of micro-computers. These computers will be targeted at the education market with the specific aim of encouraging children to learn computer science at an early age. Sales of the micro-computers are expected to be 100,000 units in Year 1 and then to increase at the rate of 20% per annum for the remainder of the project life. The project has a life of five years. The company s research and development division has already spent $250,000 in developing the product. A further investment of $10 million in a new manufacturing facility will be required at the beginning of Year 1. It is expected that the new manufacturing facility could be sold for cash of $1.5 million, at Year 5 prices, at the end of the life of the project. The manufacturing facility will be depreciated over 5 years using the straight line method. The project will also require an investment of $3 million in working capital at the beginning of the project. The amount of the investment in working capital is expected to increase by the rate of inflation each year. The selling price of the new product in Year 1 will be $45 and the variable cost per unit will be $25. The selling price and the variable cost per unit are expected to increase by the rate of inflation each year. The micro-computers will be exclusively produced in the new manufacturing facility. The total fixed costs in Year 1 will be $2.5 million including depreciation. The fixed costs are expected to increase thereafter by the rate of inflation each year. Taxation PT s Financial Director has provided the following taxation information: Tax depreciation: 25% per annum of the reducing balance, with a balancing adjustment in the year of disposal. Taxation rate: 30% of taxable profits. Half of the tax is payable in the year in which it arises, the balance is paid in the following year. PT has sufficient taxable profits from other parts of its business to enable the offset of any pre-tax losses. Other information A cost of capital of 12% per annum is used to evaluate projects of this type. Inflation is expected to be 4% per annum throughout the life of the project. Performance Operations 12 September 2014

13 Required: (a) (b) Evaluate whether PT should go ahead with the investment project. You should use net present value as the basis of your evaluation. Your workings should be rounded to the nearest $000. (14 marks) Explain TWO other factors that the company should consider before making a final decision about the investment project. (4 marks) (c) Calculate the following for the investment project: (i) The internal rate of return (IRR); (5 marks) (ii) The increase or decrease in the cost of capital, expressed as a percentage of the original cost of capital, which would change the decision about whether to accept or reject the project. (2 marks) (Total for Question Four = 25 marks) (Total for Section C = 50 marks) End of question paper Maths tables and formulae are on pages 15 to 18 September Performance Operations

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15 PRESENT VALUE TABLE Present value of $1, that is ( 1+ r ) n where r = interest rate; n = number of periods until payment or receipt. Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% September Performance Operations

16 Cumulative present value of $1 per annum, Receivable or Payable at the end of each year for n years n 1 (1+ r ) r Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% Performance Operations 16 September 2014

17 FORMULAE PROBABILITY A B = A or B. A B = A and B (overlap). P(B A) = probability of B, given A. Rules of Addition If A and B are mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are not mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) Rules of Multiplication If A and B are independent:: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B) If A and B are not independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B A) E(X) = (probability * payoff) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Arithmetic Mean x = x n fx x = (frequency distribution) f Standard Deviation SD = INDEX NUMBERS ( x x) n SD = fx x (frequency distribution) f Price relative = 100 * P 1/P 0 Quantity relative = 100 * Q 1/Q 0 P1 w P o Price: x 100 w Q1 w Q o Quantity: x 100 w TIME SERIES Additive Model Multiplicative Model Series = Trend + Seasonal + Random Series = Trend * Seasonal * Random September Performance Operations

18 FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS Compound Interest (Values and Sums) Future Value S, of a sum of X, invested for n periods, compounded at r% interest S = X[1 + r] n Annuity Present value of an annuity of $1 per annum receivable or payable for n years, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r [1 + r ] n Perpetuity Present value of $1 per annum, payable or receivable in perpetuity, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r 1 LEARNING CURVE Y x = ax b where: Y x = the cumulative average time per unit to produce X units; a = the time required to produce the first unit of output; X = the cumulative number of units; b = the index of learning. The exponent b is defined as the log of the learning curve improvement rate divided by log 2. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Economic Order Quantity EOQ = 2C D where: C o = cost of placing an order C h = cost of holding one unit in inventory for one year D = annual demand C o h Performance Operations 18 September 2014

19 LIST OF VERBS USED IN THE QUESTION REQUIREMENTS A list of the learning objectives and verbs that appear in the syllabus and in the question requirements for each question in this paper. It is important that you answer the question according to the definition of the verb. LEARNING OBJECTIVE VERBS USED DEFINITION Level 1 - KNOWLEDGE What you are expected to know. List Make a list of State Express, fully or clearly, the details/facts of Define Give the exact meaning of Level 2 - COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand. Describe Communicate the key features Distinguish Highlight the differences between Explain Make clear or intelligible/state the meaning or purpose of Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration Illustrate Use an example to describe or explain something Level 3 - APPLICATION How you are expected to apply your knowledge. Level 4 - ANALYSIS How are you expected to analyse the detail of what you have learned. Level 5 - EVALUATION How are you expected to use your learning to evaluate, make decisions or recommendations. Apply Calculate Demonstrate Prepare Reconcile Solve Tabulate Analyse Categorise Compare and contrast Construct Discuss Interpret Prioritise Produce Advise Evaluate Recommend Put to practical use Ascertain or reckon mathematically Prove with certainty or to exhibit by practical means Make or get ready for use Make or prove consistent/compatible Find an answer to Arrange in a table Examine in detail the structure of Place into a defined class or division Show the similarities and/or differences between Build up or compile Examine in detail by argument Translate into intelligible or familiar terms Place in order of priority or sequence for action Create or bring into existence Counsel, inform or notify Appraise or assess the value of Advise on a course of action September Performance Operations

20 Performance Pillar Operational Level Paper P1 Performance Operations September 2014 Wednesday Performance Operations 20 September 2014