DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Performance Pillar. P1 Performance Operations. Tuesday 28 February 2012

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1 DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO Performance Pillar P1 Performance Operations Instructions to candidates Tuesday 28 February 2012 You are allowed three hours to answer this question paper. You are allowed 20 minutes reading time before the examination begins during which you should read the question paper and, if you wish, highlight and/or make notes on the question paper. However, you will not be allowed, under any circumstances, to open the answer book and start writing or use your calculator during this reading time. You are strongly advised to carefully read ALL the question requirements before attempting the question concerned (that is all parts and/or subquestions). ALL answers must be written in the answer book. Answers written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. You should show all workings as marks are available for the method you use. ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. Section A comprises 8 sub-questions and is on pages 2 to 5. Section B comprises 6 sub-questions and is on pages 6 to 9. Section C comprises 2 questions and is on pages 10 to 13. Maths tables and formulae are provided on pages 15 to 18. The list of verbs as published in the syllabus is given for reference on page 19. Write your candidate number, the paper number and examination subject title in the spaces provided on the front of the answer book. Also write your contact ID and name in the space provided in the right hand margin and seal to close. Tick the appropriate boxes on the front of the answer book to indicate which questions you have answered. P1 Performance Operations TURN OVER The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 2012

2 SECTION A 20 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 36 minutes on this question.] ANSWER ALL EIGHT SUB-QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION Instructions for answering Section A: The answers to the eight sub-questions in Section A should ALL be written in your answer book. Your answers should be clearly numbered with the sub-question number then ruled off, so that the markers know which sub-question you are answering. For multiple choice questions, you need only write the sub-question number and the letter of the answer option you have chosen. You do not need to start a new page for each sub-question. For sub-questions 1.6 to 1.8 you should show your workings as marks are available for the method you use to answer these sub-questions. Question One 1.1 A decision maker who makes decisions using the expected value criterion would be classified as: A B C D Risk averse Risk seeking Risk neutral Risk spreading (2 marks) 1.2 A company s management is considering investing in a project with an expected life of 4 years. It has a positive net present value of $180,000 when cash flows are discounted at 8% per annum. The project s cash flows include a cash outflow of $100,000 for each of the four years. No tax is payable on projects of this type. The percentage increase in the annual cash outflow that would cause the company s management to reject the project from a financial perspective is, to the nearest 0.1%: A 54.3% B 45.0% C 55.6% D 184.0% (2 marks) Performance Operations 2 March 2012

3 1.3 PT provides expert quality assurance services on a consultancy basis. The management of the company is unsure whether to price the services it offers at the Deluxe, High, Standard or Low fee level. There is uncertainty regarding the mix of staff that would be available to provide each of the services. As the staff are on different pay scales the mix of staff would affect the variable costs of each service. The table below details the annual contribution earned from each of the possible outcomes. Staffing mix Fee level Deluxe High Standard Low X $135,000 $140,000 $137,500 $120,000 Y $150,000 $160,000 $165,000 $160,000 Z $165,000 $180,000 $192,500 $200,000 If PT applies the minimax regret criterion, the fee level it will choose is: A B C D Deluxe High Standard Low (2 marks) Section A continues on the next page TURN OVER March Performance Operations

4 The following data are given for sub-questions 1.4 and 1.5 below FP is a retailer of office products. For one particular model of calculator there is an annual demand of 26,000 units. Demand is predictable and spread evenly throughout the year. Supplies are received 2 weeks after placing the order and no buffer inventory is required. The calculators cost $14 each. Ordering costs are $160 per order. The annual cost of holding one calculator in inventory is estimated to be 10% of the purchase cost. 1.4 The economic order quantity (EOQ) for this model of calculator will be: A B C D 2,438 units 771 units 67 units 2,060 units (2 marks) 1.5 FP has decided not to use the EOQ and has decided to order 2,600 calculators each time an order is placed. The total ordering and holding costs per annum will be: A $5,240 B $19,800 C $208,014 D $3,420 (2 marks) 1.6 State THREE ways that an accepted bill of exchange can be used by the holder. (3 marks) 1.7 A company is considering investing $50,000 in a project which will yield $5,670 per annum in perpetuity. The company s cost of capital is 9% per annum. Required: Calculate the net present value of the project. (3 marks) Performance Operations 4 March 2012

5 1.8 PL currently earns an annual contribution of $2,880,000 from the sale of 90,000 units of product B. Fixed costs are $800,000 per annum. The management of PL is considering reducing the selling price per unit to $48. The estimated levels of demand at the revised selling price and the probabilities of them occurring are as follows: Demand Selling price of $48 Probability 100,000 units ,000 units 0 60 The estimated variable costs per unit at either of the higher levels of demand and the probabilities of them occurring are as follows: Variable cost (per unit) Probability $ $ The level of demand and the variable cost per unit are independent of each other. Required: Calculate the probability that the profit will increase from its current level if the selling price is reduced to $48. (4 marks) (Total for Section A = 20 marks) Reminder All answers to Section A must be written in your answer book. Answers to Section A written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. End of Section A. Section B begins on page 6 TURN OVER March Performance Operations

6 SECTION B 30 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 9 minutes on each sub-question in this section.] ANSWER ALL SIX SUB-QUESTIONS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Two (a) JL is preparing its cash budget for the next three quarters. The following data have been extracted from the operational budgets: Sales revenue Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Direct material purchases Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 $500,000 $450,000 $480,000 $138,000 $151,200 $115,600 Required: Additional information is available as follows: JL sells 20% of its goods for cash. Of the remaining sales value, 70% is received within the same quarter as sale and 30% is received in the following quarter. It is estimated that trade receivables will be $125,000 at the beginning of Quarter 1. No bad debts are anticipated. 50% of payments for direct material purchases are made in the quarter of purchase, with the remaining 50% in the quarter following purchase. It is estimated that the amount owing for direct material purchases will be $60,000 at the beginning of Quarter 1. JL pays labour and overhead costs when they are incurred. It has been estimated that labour and overhead costs in total will be $303,600 per quarter. This figure includes depreciation of $19,600. JL expects to repay a loan of $100,000 in Quarter 3. The cash balance at the beginning of Quarter 1 is estimated to be $49,400 positive. Prepare a cash budget for each of the THREE quarters. (5 marks) Performance Operations 6 March 2012

7 (b) Explain why sensitivity analysis is useful when dealing with uncertainty in project appraisal. (5 marks) (c) TJ allows credit to customers provided that they have satisfactory trade references. Customers however are exceeding credit terms and taking on average 55 days to pay. In an effort to reduce the level of trade receivables, TJ is considering offering a 2% discount to customers paying within 20 days. Required: (i) (ii) Calculate, to the nearest 0 1%, the effective annual interest rate to TJ of offering this discount. You should assume a 365 day year and use compound interest methodology. (3 marks) State TWO methods, other than asking for trade references, that TJ could use to assess the credit worthiness of new customers. (2 marks) (Total for sub-question (c) = 5 marks) (d) Environmental costs can be categorised as environmental internal failure costs and environmental external failure costs. Required: Explain what is meant by both of these categories giving TWO examples of each type of environmental cost. (5 marks) Section B continues on the next page TURN OVER March Performance Operations

8 (e) The following details have been extracted from KL s budget: Required: Selling price per unit $140 Variable production costs per unit $45 Fixed production costs per unit $32 The budgeted fixed production cost per unit was based on a normal capacity of 11,000 units per month. Actual details for the months of January and February are given below: January February Production volume (units) 10,000 11,500 Sales volume (units) 9,800 11,200 Selling price per unit $135 $140 Variable production cost per unit $45 $45 Total fixed production costs $350,000 $340,000 There was no closing inventory at the end of December. (i) (ii) Calculate the actual profit for January and February using absorption costing. You should assume that any under / over absorption of fixed overheads is debited / credited to the Income Statement each month. (3 marks) The actual profit figure for the month of January using marginal costing was $532,000. Explain, using appropriate calculations, why there is a difference between the actual profit figures for January using marginal costing and using absorption costing. (2 marks) (Total for sub-question (e) = 5 marks) Performance Operations 8 March 2012

9 (f) KY makes several products including Product W. KY is considering adopting an activitybased approach for setting its budget. The company s production activities, budgeted activity costs and cost drivers for next year are given below: Activity $ Cost driver Cost driver quantity Set-up costs 200,000 No. of set-ups 800 Inspection/quality control 120,000 No. of quality tests 400 Stores receiving 252,000 No. of purchase requisitions 1,800 Machines are reset after each batch. Quality tests are carried out after every second batch. The budgeted data for Product W for next year are: Direct materials $2 50 per unit Direct labour 0 03 hours per $18 per hour Batch size 150 units Number of purchase requisitions 80 Budgeted production 15,000 units Required: Calculate, using activity-based costing, the budgeted total production cost per unit for Product W. (5 marks) (Total for Section B = 30 marks) End of Section B. Section C begins on the next page TURN OVER March Performance Operations

10 SECTION C 50 MARKS [You are advised to spend no longer than 45 minutes on each question in this section.] ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION. EACH QUESTION IS WORTH 25 MARKS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Three HR is a paint manufacturer that produces a range of paints which it sells to trade and retail outlets. The standard material cost for 100 litres of white paint is given below: Raw Material Volume (litres) Standard cost per Standard cost litre $ $ A B C D During February, HR produced 7,800 litres of white paint using the following raw materials: Raw Material Volume Actual cost per litre (litres) $ A 2, B 2, C 1, D 1,900 8, There was no opening or closing inventory of raw materials. Required: (a) (b) Prepare a statement that reconciles the standard material cost to the actual material cost for February. Your statement should include the individual material price variances, the individual material mix variances and the total material yield variance. (10 marks) State THREE factors that a company would need to consider before deciding whether to investigate a variance. (3 marks) Performance Operations 10 March 2012

11 (c) HR uses skilled staff to operate the machinery that converts the raw materials for the paint into the finished product. The standard direct labour hours for each 100 litres of white paint produced are as follows: 8 direct labour hours at $24 per hour During February, 640 direct labour hours were worked at a total cost of $16,500. It has now been realised that a new wage rate of $26 per hour had been agreed with the workers. Required: (i) Calculate the labour rate planning variance for February. (2 marks) (ii) Calculate the operational labour rate variance and the operational labour efficiency variance for February. (4 marks) (d) Explain the importance of separating variances into their planning and operational components. You should use the figures calculated in part (c) to illustrate your answer. (6 marks) (Total for Question Three = 25 marks) Section C continues on the next page TURN OVER March Performance Operations

12 Question Four MGC is a private golf club that has seen a reduction in its membership over the past few years. In an attempt to attract new members and retain existing members, the golf club committee is considering building a golf driving range and an indoor swimming pool. The project would require an initial expenditure of $600,000. The club has agreed to sell the driving range and swimming pool for $30,000 at the end of 5 years. The expenditure will qualify for tax depreciation. The committee commissioned a market research survey at a cost of $40,000. The survey estimated the increase in members from current levels as a result of the project. The results were as follows: Increase in members Probability 1, It is believed that the number of members will remain the same for the life of the project. The contribution earned on membership fees received will be 55% of fee revenue in all years. The following operating costs and revenues are expected for each year of the project. Their values for Year 1 are: Membership fee income Project specific overheads $800 per member (payable at the end of each year) $120,000 (this figure does not include depreciation) An inflation rate of 4% per annum will apply to these revenues and costs from Year 2 and for the remainder of the project. The club s accountants have provided the following information: Tax depreciation: 25% reducing balance per annum with a balancing adjustment in the year of disposal. Taxation rate: 30% of taxable profits. Half of the tax is payable in the year in which it arises, the balance is paid in the following year. Any losses resulting from this investment can be set against profits made by the company s other business activities. The club uses a post-tax money cost of capital of 12% per annum to evaluate projects of this type. Performance Operations 12 March 2012

13 Required: (a) (i) Evaluate the proposed expansion from a financial perspective. You should use net present value as the basis of your evaluation and show your workings in $000. (12 marks) (ii) Explain TWO non-financial factors that the club should consider before making a final decision. (4 marks) (b) (c) (i) Calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) of the project. Calculate MGC s real cost of capital. (4 marks) (2 marks) (ii) Explain the way in which the real cost of capital may be used to calculate the net present value of a project when the cash flows are subject to inflation. Your answer should consider the potential difficulties in using this method when taxation is involved in the project appraisal. (3 marks) (Total for Question Four = 25 marks) (Total for Section C = 50 marks) End of question paper Maths tables and formulae are on pages 15 to 18 March Performance Operations

14 This page is blank Performance Operations 14 March 2012

15 PRESENT VALUE TABLE Present value of $1, that is ( 1+ r ) n where r = interest rate; n = number of periods until payment or receipt. Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% March Performance Operations

16 Cumulative present value of $1 per annum, Receivable or Payable at the end of each year for n years n 1 (1+ r ) r Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% Performance Operations 16 March 2012

17 FORMULAE PROBABILITY A B = A or B. A B = A and B (overlap). P(B A) = probability of B, given A. Rules of Addition If A and B are mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are not mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) Rules of Multiplication If A and B are independent:: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B) If A and B are not independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B A) E(X) = (probability * payoff) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Arithmetic Mean x = x n fx x = (frequency distribution) f Standard Deviation SD = INDEX NUMBERS ( x x) n SD = fx x (frequency distribution) f Price relative = 100 * P 1/P 0 Quantity relative = 100 * Q 1/Q 0 P1 w P o Price: x 100 w Q1 w Q o Quantity: x 100 w TIME SERIES Additive Model Multiplicative Model Series = Trend + Seasonal + Random Series = Trend * Seasonal * Random March Performance Operations

18 FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS Compound Interest (Values and Sums) Future Value S, of a sum of X, invested for n periods, compounded at r% interest S = X[1 + r] n Annuity Present value of an annuity of $1 per annum receivable or payable for n years, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r [1 + r ] n Perpetuity Present value of $1 per annum, payable or receivable in perpetuity, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r 1 LEARNING CURVE Y x = ax b where: Y x = the cumulative average time per unit to produce X units; a = the time required to produce the first unit of output; X = the cumulative number of units; b = the index of learning. The exponent b is defined as the log of the learning curve improvement rate divided by log 2. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Economic Order Quantity EOQ = 2C D where: C o = cost of placing an order C h = cost of holding one unit in inventory for one year D = annual demand C o h Performance Operations 18 March 2012

19 LIST OF VERBS USED IN THE QUESTION REQUIREMENTS A list of the learning objectives and verbs that appear in the syllabus and in the question requirements for each question in this paper. It is important that you answer the question according to the definition of the verb. LEARNING OBJECTIVE VERBS USED DEFINITION Level 1 - KNOWLEDGE What you are expected to know. List Make a list of State Express, fully or clearly, the details/facts of Define Give the exact meaning of Level 2 - COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand. Describe Communicate the key features Distinguish Highlight the differences between Explain Make clear or intelligible/state the meaning or purpose of Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration Illustrate Use an example to describe or explain something Level 3 - APPLICATION How you are expected to apply your knowledge. Level 4 - ANALYSIS How are you expected to analyse the detail of what you have learned. Level 5 - EVALUATION How are you expected to use your learning to evaluate, make decisions or recommendations. Apply Calculate Demonstrate Prepare Reconcile Solve Tabulate Analyse Categorise Compare and contrast Construct Discuss Interpret Prioritise Produce Advise Evaluate Recommend Put to practical use Ascertain or reckon mathematically Prove with certainty or to exhibit by practical means Make or get ready for use Make or prove consistent/compatible Find an answer to Arrange in a table Examine in detail the structure of Place into a defined class or division Show the similarities and/or differences between Build up or compile Examine in detail by argument Translate into intelligible or familiar terms Place in order of priority or sequence for action Create or bring into existence Counsel, inform or notify Appraise or assess the value of Advise on a course of action March Performance Operations

20 Performance Pillar Operational Level Paper P1 Performance Operations March 2012 Performance Operations 20 March 2012