3Chapter 3 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs

Transcription

1 3Chapter 3 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs Japan s ODA and JICA Outline of Japan s ODA A variety of organizations and groups, including governments as well as international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private companies, conduct economic cooperation to support social and economic development in developing countries (refer to Figure 1-6). The funds and technology that governments provide to developing countries is called Official Development Assistance (ODA). ODA is classified into three types: 1) bilateral grants, 2) bilateral loans, and 3) financial subscriptions and contributions to international organizations (multilateral aid * ). An outline of each is given below. Bilateral Grants Bilateral grants include that transfers technology to developing countries and Grant Aid that provides funds with no obligation for repayment. 1. transfers Japanese technology, skills and knowledge to developing countries in order to train the human resources that will play a leading role in their social and economic development. It also supports the development and improvement of technology appropriate to the circumstances of a particular country while raising its level of technology and establishing new organizations and institutions. More specifically, includes: a) the implementation of technical training that provides training opportunities for technicians and An expert assigned to disseminate technology to increase shellfish breeding in Tonga. administrators from developing countries, b) the dispatch of experts with specialist skills and knowledge and volunteers, c) development study to assist with the formulation of a variety of urban, rural and transport development plans and resource development, and d) relief for disaster victims and assistance with disaster reconstruction. 2. Grant Aid Grant Aid involves the provision of funds for the construction of buildings such as schools and hospitals; for the supply of materials and equipment for education, training and medical care; and for reconstruction after the occurrence of disasters. It can be divided into six categories according to its content. These are: 1) general grant aid, 2) grant aid for fisheries, 3) grant aid for cultural activities, 4) emergency grant aid, 5) food aid *, and 6) aid for increase of food production *. Of these forms of Grant Aid, JICA supervises basic design studies * that conduct the basic planning needed for building facilities and procuring equipment and materials in five categories. These are: 1) general grant aid, 2) grant aid for fisheries, 3) grant aid for cultural activities, 4) food aid, and 5) aid for increase of food production. JICA is also charged with implementing works that include surveys and intermediary and liaison work. Bilateral Loans Bilateral loans are loans that provide the funds needed for development under long-term, low interest conditions. They can be classified into: 1) ODA loans under which funds needed for development are 36

2 I provided directly to the government or a government agency in a developing country, and 2) private-sector financing and investment under which funds are provided to Japanese companies or local companies operating in developing countries. ODA loans are generally known as yen loans. Yen loans previously focused on project loans for economic infrastructure * and social infrastructure such as roads, dams, communication facilities and agricultural development, but in recent years the proportion of commodity loans aimed at improving the international balance of payments and loans for intellectual support, such as in education, has increased. Financial Subscriptions and Contributions to International Organizations (Multilateral Aid) Contributions for multilateral aid are an indirect method of extending aid by channeling funds through international organizations. Figure 1-6 Economic Cooperation and Official Development Assistance Official development assistance (ODA) Bilateral grants Bilateral government loans Subscriptions and contributions to international organizations The international organizations to which contributions are made include various United Nations-related bodies such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF). In addition, subscriptions are made to financial organizations involved in international development such as the World Bank, the International Development Association * (IDA, also known as the Second World Bank), and the Asia Development Bank (ADB). The ODA Budget and the System of Implementation Breakdown of the ODA Budget The breakdown of the Japanese ODA budget (general account) calculated on the basis of the classifications described previously is as shown in Table 1-7. Acceptance of Technical Training Participants Dispatch of Technical Cooperation Experts Provision of Equipment Project-type Technical Cooperation Chapter 3 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs/1 Japan s ODA and JICA Economic cooperation Flow of other official funds (OOF) Export credit Direct investment financing, etc. Development Study Dispatch of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers Financing to international organizations, etc. Disaster Relief Flow of private funds (PF) Bank loans Private export credit Direct investment Grant Aid Others Economic development aid, etc. (General grant aid, grant aid for fisheries, emergency grant aid, grant aid for cultural activities) NGO grants Purchase of securities and bonds of developing countries and international organizations Aid for Increase of food production, etc. (Food aid, aid for increase of food production) 37

3 38 Table 1-7 Table 1-8 Total Government ODA Budget (General Account) (Units: 100 million yen, %) Type I. Grants 1. Bilateral Grants (1) Economic Development Aid, etc. (2) Food Aid, etc. (3) (JICA Allocation) 2. Subscriptions and Contributions to International Agencies (1) Organizations of the United Nations, etc. (2) International Development Financial Institutions II. Loans (1) Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) Changes in the ODA Budget in Government Ministries and Agencies (General Account) (Units: 1 million yen, %) Ministry or Agency Cabinet Office National Police Agency Financial Services Agency Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications Ministry of Justice Ministry of Foreign Affairs (JICA Allocation) Ministry of Finance Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Ministry of the Environment FY 2000 FY 2001 Rate of Budget Budget Increase 7,403 6,066 2, ,555 (1,792) 1, ,063 3,063 FY 2000 FY 2001 Budget 1, , ,260 (179,201) 362,687 48,979 12,640 8,183 48,727 1, ,307 5,985 2, ,516 (1,790) 1, ,845 2,845 Budget 1, , ,503 (179,040) 337,611 49,324 12,431 6,963 47,305 1, Rate of Increase Total 1,046,595 1,0, Total 10,466 10,2 3.0 Note: The overall total and the totals for each category do not match exactly since fractions have been rounded to the nearest whole number. Note: The overall total and the totals for each category do not match exactly since fractions have been rounded to the nearest whole number. The budget was previously allocated within the budget of 17 government ministries and agencies, but will be allocated to 13 government ministries and agencies as shown in Table 1-8 from fiscal This change is due to central government reform that took place in January The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is Japan s largest ODA implementation institution, takes the largest allocation of the ODA budget. In addition to the budget supervised by JICA, the budget for Grant Aid and contributions to United Nations-related organizations such as the UNDP are included in this portion. The expenses for the Acceptance of Technical Training Participants and for various studies conducted overseas (carried out through related organizations) are included in the allocation of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). JICA receives and implements part of the study costs contained in the METI budget allocation. The Ministry of Finance allocates the budget for the financing of bilateral government loans overseen by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation * (JBIC) and subscriptions to international development financial institutions such as the World Bank. Agencies Other than JICA Providing ODA () Apart from JICA, the organizations implementing projects in relation to the government s Technical Cooperation budget include the Japan Foundation, the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), the Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship (AOTS), and the Japan Overseas Development Corporation (JODC). The Japan Foundation is a special governmental corporation founded in 1972 to enhance understanding between nations and to promote international friendship. It receives a part of its project budget from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs budget. The Foundation implements projects for both developed and developing countries. Of these, the ODA budget is primarily used for projects involving personal exchanges with developing countries, dissemination of Japanese language education, and presentation of Japanese culture.

4 I JETRO is a special governmental corporation founded in 1958 to implement Japan s trade promotion projects. Since the late 1960s it has worked especially toward encouraging imports from developing countries. It has brought officials responsible for trade policy and executives of private companies (that export to Japan) in developing countries to Japan, has given its support to the promotion of economic reform, has encouraged developing countries to export to Japan, and has sent its own experts to developing countries to help in the dissemination of technology appropriate to these countries. JETRO merged with the Institute of Developing Economics (IDE) in July 1998 and is now engaged also in basic and comprehensive studies and research on economic and other conditions in developing countries. AOTS is a corporation under the jurisdiction of METI that was established in 1959 specifically to accept trainees from foreign private companies. JODC, which is also a corporation under the wing of METI, was established in 1970 to encourage industrial development in developing countries and regions and to promote trade between Japan and these countries and regions. It conducts projects that include dispatching Japanese engineers, managerial experts and other specialists. The Roles of JICA in ODA JICA plays a key role in implemented by the Japanese government. Japan s budget for in fiscal 2001 amounted to billion yen as shown in Table 1-9, a figure which accounts for 34.6% of the total ODA budget. Of this, JICA is responsible for billion yen, or 50.9% of the budget. One of the features of JICA s operations is that aid with a clearly visible profile is positioned through the activities of JICA experts and Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), at the center of its programs. JICA programs thus focus strongly on the human elements of contribution to the international community that are keenly expected of Japan today. As of the end of March 2001, JICA had sent as many as 240,000 technical cooperation experts, study team members, JOCV, and Senior Volunteers to developing Elementary school students receiving lessons outdoors because of a lack of classrooms (Nepal). Chapter 3 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs/1 Japan s ODA and JICA Table 1-9 Japan s ODA Budget and JICA s (DAC Base) Project Budget for FY 2001 (General Account) Expenses Technical Training Participants 2000 Calendar Year Experts and Study Teams Persons Involved Cooperation Volunteers Overseas Students Japan s ODA as a Whole 10.2 billion yen $12,990 million ( billion yen) Japan s Technical Cooperation billion yen $3,534 million (381.0 billion yen) 37,200 people 20,389 people 4,673 people 74,799 people JICA s Technical Cooperation billion yen $1,454 million (6.7 billion yen) 17,088 people 14,535 people 4,587 people 0 people Proportion of as a Whole Implemented by JICA 50.9% 41.1% 45.7% 71.3% 98.2% 0.0% Notes: 1. Including figures for Central and Eastern Europe. 2. JICA s includes results based on trust funds from METI. 39

5 countries. In addition, JICA has assisted with the development of human resources, with as many as 220,000 administrators and technicians from those countries coming to Japan for training or receiving third-country training *. JICA projects are also closely connected with the yen loans implemented by the JBIC. JICA carries out studies to support the range of public development planning which provides the foundations for nationbuilding in developing countries, and it submits the results to the recipient country in the form of a development study report. The construction of public infrastructure, such as roads and hospitals, and some of the other suggestions proposed in the reports are realized by means of yen loans. In addition, while the implemented by JICA has previously been primarily composed of human resources development cooperation, in recent years it has also been focusing its efforts on policy-making and institution-building to strengthen the foundations of developing countries. JICA is implementing projects in these areas that place emphasis on each developing country s development program and on compliance with Japan s country-specific policies. Therefore, while promoting country-studies to determine the kinds of aid needed by recipient countries, JICA is deepening dialog with government officials in these countries through various opportunities in an effort to ensure that cooperation is provided in line with the actual on-site conditions. The ODA Charter and JICA The Cabinet approved Japan s ODA Charter on 30 June The aims of this Charter are to clarify the ideals and principles of ODA in order to create the conditions under which ODA can be implemented more efficiently and effectively with the understanding and support of people in Japan and abroad. The basic ideals underlying the provision of aid specified in the Charter are as follows: (1) Humanitarian considerations: As a member of the developed world, Japan can ill afford to disregard the famine and poverty which occur in developing countries. (2) Recognition of interdependence: Political stability and economic development in developing countries are indispensable for maintaining peace and prosperity in Japan and throughout the world. (3) Conservation of the environment: A topic facing mankind as a whole which must be tackled jointly by both developed and developing countries. On the basis of this approach, Japan provides aid that helps developing countries to become self-reliant. The Charter proposed the following basic principles in connection with the implementation of aid: (1) pursuit of environmental conservation and development in tandem, (2) avoidance of the use of ODA for military purposes or for the aggravation of international conflicts, (3) due consideration to trends in military expenditure by recipient countries, their development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction and missiles, and their import and export of arms, and (4) full attention to progress being made with the introduction of democratic institutions and a market-oriented economy, and to the securing of basic human rights and freedoms in the recipient country. Other priorities relating to aid include approaches to global issues *, assistance focused on basic human needs (BHN) * and emergency aid, human resources development as well as research and other cooperation * for the improvement and dissemination of technologies, improvement of infrastructure, economic structural adjustment and solution of accumulated debt problems. Japan s ODA: Achievements and Tasks Japan s ODA Achievements As shown in Table 1-10, the total value of Japanese ODA in 2000 was US$ billion (excluding aid to Eastern and Central Europe), making Japan the world s largest donor nation. This represents 24.6% of the total value of ODA provided by the 22 Development Assistance Committee * (DAC) member states in 2000, which amounted to US$ billion as shown in Table Meanwhile, Japan s ODA accounted for % of its gross national product (GNP), placing it in twelfth position among the DAC countries. 40

6 I The grant element * and the grant ratio are considered to be among the main indices of the quality of aid. The figures for Japan remain low among the DAC nations as a whole and must be improved. An expansion of bilateral grants that mainly involve, which JICA plays the leading role in implementing, is essential to improving the quality of Japan s ODA in the future. Future Tasks Within Japan, a restructuring of government ministries and agencies was implemented in January 2001, and a review of special governmental corporations, including JICA, has been advanced. In addition, conditions surrounding ODA have become more severe than ever as a result of administrative and fiscal reforms, including reductions in government Table 1-10 ODA Type of Aid Bilateral ODA Grants Japan s ODA in 2000 (According to Aid Type) Value of Aid Grant Aid (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe and Graduate Nations) (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe and Graduate Nations) Total (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe and Graduate Nations) Government Loans, etc. (Implemented Loans) (Loan Recovery) (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe and Graduate Nations) 2, , , , , (6,893.85) (3,067.07) 4, expenditures. Under these circumstances, even the basic principles of ODA and its system of implementation are under review. The government compiled its Medium-Term ODA Policy in August 1998 to determine the essential direction of Japanese ODA for the coming five years. This policy document was formulated to substitute the Medium-Term ODA Objectives produced five times since Its main feature is that it does not stipulate targets for overall ODA performance as in the case of medium-term objectives it is concerned with tackling global issues with emphasis on intellectual support including human resources development, policy-making and institution-building. The policy also stresses the importance of striving to gain the understanding and support of the Japanese people by making aid operations more efficient and by In Dollars (US$m) In Yen (100m yen) Constituent Ratios (%) Amount 5, ,4.91 Change from Previous Year (%) ( 13.7) (1.3) 18.2 Amount 2, , , , , , , (7,431.57) (3,306.30) 4, Change from Previous Year (%) ( 18.3) ( 4.2) 22.6 ODA Total (53.1) (23.6) 31.3 Bilateral (73.4) (32.6) 43.0 Chapter 3 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs/1 Japan s ODA and JICA Total (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe and Graduate Nations) 9, , , , Subscriptions and Contributions to International Organizations (Excluding Contributions to EBRD) 3, , , , Total (Including Central and Eastern Europe, Graduate Nations and the EBRD) (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, Graduate Nations and the EBRD) 12, , , , GNP (provisional) (US$1 billion, 1 billion yen) % of GNP (Including Central and Eastern Europe, Graduate Nations and the EBRD) (Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, Graduate Nations and the EBRD) 4, , Notes: 1. DAC rate for 2000: $1.00 = yen (Appreciation in the value of the yen by 6.10 yen compared with 1999) 2. The subtotals for each aid type do not match exactly with the overall total since fractions are rounded to the nearest whole number. 3. EBRD: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The EBRD provides assistance for the transition to a market economy in countries of the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe. 4. Countries and regions considered to be graduate * nations: Brunei, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao, Israel, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Bahamas, New Caledonia, Cyprus. 41

7 Members of social welfare groups from Latin America visiting Japan as part of a Youth Invitation Program with elementary school children. Table 1-11 ODA of DAC Countries in 1999 and 2000 disclosing more information. Amidst hectic changes occurring in the economy, public finances and the aid environment, there is a growing need for a review of Japanese ODA policy, which has hitherto centered on the quantitative aspect in the form of gradual increases in aid expenditure. However, we must move away from quantity to emphasize quality in ODA. JICA is more than ever aware of its responsibility as an aid agency to respond to the expectations of the Japanese people and to further improve the quality of its projects in order to provide effective aid. Position 1 Country Japan Total ($m), Share (%) 27.1 Growth Rate from Previous Year (%) % of GNP Position % Ranking Country Japan Total ($m) 13, Share (%) 24.6 Growth Rate from Previous Year (%) % of GNP % Ranking 12 2 USA 9, USA 9, France 5, Germany 5, Germany 5, UK 4, UK 3, France 4, Netherlands 3, Netherlands 3, Italy 1, Sweden 1, Denmark 1, Canada 1, Canada 1, Denmark 1, Sweden 1, Italy 1, Norway 1, Spain 1, Spain 1, Norway 1, Switzerland Australia Australia Switzerland Belgium Belgium Austria Austria Finland Finland Portugal Portugal Ireland Ireland Greece Greece New Zealand Luxembourg Luxembourg New Zealand DAC Total 56, DAC Total 53, Notes: 1. This table excludes aid to Central and Eastern Europe and to graduate nations. 2. The DAC total may not tally with the total of individual countries owing to rounding off of figures. 3. Provisional values for results in Greece joined DAC in December 1999.

8 An Overview of JICA Activities in FY 2000 Type Statistics on Japan s ODA and JICA Activities As previously mentioned, Japan s ODA in calendar year 2000 totaled US$ billion (including figures for Central and Eastern Europe, graduate * nations and financing of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development [EBRD]), of which accounted for US$ billion, or 27.2% of Japan s total ODA. Of this, JICA s activities amounted to US$1.453 billion, or 41.1% of Technical Cooperation as a whole. Compared with the previous year, these figures represent a 10.5% increase in as a whole and an increase of 5.9% for JICA Activities. A breakdown of Technical Cooperation expenditure is shown in Table JICA s initial budget for fiscal 2000 was billion yen, a 1.0% increase on the previous year, of which grants accounted for billion yen, Table 1-12 Japan s ODA and JICA Activities Official Development Assistance Calendar Year,385 Signing the memorandum of a joint project formulation study between JICA and USAID (Health sector in Tanzania). investments for 2.6 billion yen, and funds in trust for 8.2 billion yen. Activities executed by JICA accounted for 5.3 billion yen (64.6%) of the Grant Aid budget of billion yen entrusted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. JICA budgets since 1974 are shown in Figure Composition of Activities by Region A look at costs per region in connection with implemented by JICA in fiscal 2000 shows the following distribution: Asia 43.4%, Middle East 9.7%, Africa.4%, Latin America 19.8%, Oceania 3.0%, and Europe 2.7%. Figure 1-14 shows composition by region including a year-on-year comparison. Activities by Sector Looking at costs by sector in connection with implemented by JICA in fiscal 2000, distribution was as follows: planning and ,990 (Unit: $1 million) Change from Previous Year (%).6 I Chapter 3 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs/2 An Overview of JICA Activities in FY 2000 Expenses (proportion of ODA) 3,199 (20.8%) 3,534 (27.2%) 10.5 JICA Proportion (proportion of expenses) 1,372 (42.9%) 1,453 (41.1%) 5.9 Breakdown of Expenses Technical Training Participants (JICA figures) Experts and Study Teams (JICA figures) Cooperation Volunteers (JICA figures) Overseas Students Provision of Equipment, Research Cooperation, etc. (JICA figures) 403 (252) 833 (723) (167.07) 410 1,372 (231) 395 (248) 890 (784) (183.03) 469 1,634 (239) 2.0 ( 1.6) 6.8 (8.4) 9.6 (9.5) (3.5) Note: Including Central and Eastern Europe, graduate nations and the EBRD. 43

9 administration 12.8%; public works and utilities 19.4%; agriculture, forestry and fisheries 19.9%; mining and industry 9.2%; energy 2.5%; business and tourism 2.2%; human resources 12.8%; health and medical care 11.1%; and welfare 1.6%. As to JICA s portion of Grant Aid, the figures were as follows: living conditions and the environment 18.4%; transport and communications 23.6%; agriculture, forestry and fisheries 31.0%; education and research 8.9%; and health and medical care 18.0%. Proportions by sector and comparisons with the previous year can be seen in Figure 1-. Personnel Numbers by Type of Cooperation Examining JICA s activities in fiscal 2000 in terms of the numbers of people involved, there were 17,513 new participants in training programs, while 3,381 experts, 9,428 members of study teams, 1,370 Japan Figure 1-13 Changes in JICA s Budget (100 million yen) 3500 Portion of Grant Aid budget used in activities expedited by JICA 3,197 3,343 3,420 3,486 3,680 3,526 3,472 3,427 3, JICA budget (grants + investments + funds in trust) 2, ,390 1,540 1,669 2,058 1,171 2,297 1,344 2,506 1,480 2,578 1,473 2,513 1,355 2,663 1,425 2,582 1,251 2,754 1,328 1,4 1,563 1,617 1,623 1,622 1,784 1,675 1,617 1,553 1, , ,026 1,105 1,8 1,238 1,331 1,426 1,529 1,634 1,726 1,797 1,864 1,896 1,851 1,855 1,874 1, Figure 1-14 Expenditure by Region (FY) (100m yen) FY 2000 Asia 43.4% (681.62) Africa.4% (241.58) Latin America 19.8% (311.73) Middle East Oceania 3.0% (46.90) 9.7% (1.73) Europe 2.7% (41.94) Middle East 9.7% (145.67) International organizations 0.6% (9.60) Unclassifiable 5.5% (86.71) Oceania 2.8% (42.03) FY 1999 Asia 42.6% (636.39) Africa.7% (234.55) Latin America 20.6% (308.19) 44 Europe 2.7% (40.81) International organizations 0.7% (10.71) Unclassifiable 5.1% (76.30)

10 I Figure 1- (100m yen) Expenditure by Sector FY 2000 Planning and administration 12.8% (201.05) Public works and utilities 19.4% (304.71) Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 19.9% (313.38) Energy 2.5% (40.03) Mining and industry 9.2% (141.82) Human resources 12.8% (201.53) Welfare 1.6% (25.10) Health and medical care 11.1% (174.88) Chapter 3 Grant Aid (100m yen) 1999 FY Planning and administration 12.5% (187.26) Health and medical care 18.0% (271.75) Health and medical care 14.5% (234.40) Public works and utilities 19.0% (283.33) Education and research 8.9% (134.69) Education and research 11.7% (188.83) Business and tourism 2.2% (34.3) Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 20.1% (300.59) Business and tourism 2.1% (31.02) Living conditions and the environment 18.4% (277.60) Living conditions and the environment 20.8% (334.71) Energy 2.6% (38.67) Mining and industry 9.6% (143.43) Human resources 12.2% (181.97) Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 31.0% (467.67) Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 31.4% (508.17) Others 8.6% (135.02) Welfare 1.9% (28.18) Health and medical care 11.9% (177.21) Others 8.2% (122.99) Transport and communications 23.6% (355.61) Others 1.4% (21.98) Transport and communications 20.1% (324.40) Notes: 1. Results based on Cabinet decisions concerning JICA allocations (grant aid for general projects, grant aid for fisheries, food aid, and aid for increase of food production) for fiscal JICA was charged with basic design studies and implementing of Grant Aid within these results. Figure 1-16 Changes in Personnel Numbers by Type of Cooperation (persons) ,513 9,428 Japan s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs/2 An Overview of JICA Activities in FY Training participants (218,469) * Members of study teams (7,187) * Experts (61,890) *3 Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (21,848) *4 Emigrants (73,437) *5 Other volunteers (478) * ,381 1, (FY) Notes: *1. Cumulative total *2. Cumulative total *3. Cumulative total *4. Cumulative total *5. Cumulative total *6. Cumulative total (includes Senior Volunteers, Senior Cooperation Experts for Overseas Japanese Communities, UN Volunteers, and Japan Overseas Development Youth Volunteers. Until fiscal 1998, these numbers had been included in other totals.) 45

11 Overseas Cooperation Volunteers, and 276 other volunteers were newly sent overseas. Figure 1-16 shows the number of people involved by type of cooperation since Program Expenses and Ratios Figures for the expenses of JICA programs according to type in fiscal 2000 show that Project-type accounted for the major portion (35.2 billion yen). This was followed by the Development Study program and the Acceptance of Technical Training Participants scheme, as can be seen in Figure Cumulative total expenses from 1954 through 2000 are shown in Figure Figure 1-17 Program Expenses and Ratios (FY 2000) (Unit: 1,000 yen) Total expenses for FY % (7,181,392) Commissioning expenses 4.9% (7,669,014) Program expenses 95.1% (149,512,378) Expenses for Development Cooperation 0.5% (717,087) Expenses for studies on overseas development 3.4% (5,384,925) Expenses for Acceptance of Technical Training Participants 16.7% (26,195,195) Expenses for overseas technical cooperation 13.6% (21,371,522) Expenses for Project-type 22.4% (35,213,218) Expenses for Dispatch of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers 13.6% (21,305,843) Expenses for Development Study 17.5% (27,522,239) Figure 1-18 Total Program Expenses and Ratios Expenses related to the welfare of experts 1.0% (1,605,766) Expenses for recruitment and training of qualified persons 2.3% (3,544,947) Expenses for Grant Aid 4.5% (7,098,185) Expenses for Disaster Relief 0.5% (714,026) Expenses for promoting aid effectiveness and efficiency 2.3% (3,573,124) Expenses for Emigration Service Program 0.4% (651,226) Expenses for basic studies on resources development cooperation 1.5% (2,284,089) (Unit: 1,000 yen) Total expenses for FY % (2,502,943,008) Program expenses 93.2% (2,333,878,546) Commissioning expenses 6.7% (168,768,664) Expenses for Acceptance of Technical Training Participants 16.9% (423,882,298) Expenses for overseas technical cooperation 14.3% (356,701,870) Expenses for Development Cooperation 0.7% (17,934,465) Expenses for Project-type Technical Cooperation 25.0% (624,948,099) Expenses for Dispatch of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers 10.9% (271,782,258) Expenses for studies on overseas development 2.5% (62,505,231) Expenses for Development Study 17.1% (427,779,056) 46 Expenses related to the welfare of experts 0.6% (16,227,749) Expenses for recruitment and training of qualified persons 1.6% (40,268,278) Notes: 1.Expenses for Acceptance of Technical Training Participants include expenses for Youth Invitation Program. 2.Expenses for overseas technical cooperation include expenses for Dispatch of Technical Cooperation Experts, provision of technical cooperation equipment, follow-up activities, and (from 1999) overseas training. 3.Differences between total figures and the sum of program expenses and commissioning expenses are accounted for by overseas education expenses (science, education, etc.) (abolished in FY 1957). Expenses for Grant Aid 2.9% (73,427,412) Expenses for Disaster Relief 0.4% (11,204,019) Expenses for promoting aid effectiveness and efficiency 1.1% (27,101,264) Expenses for Emigration Service Program 1.7% (42,621,778) Expenses for basic studies on resources development cooperation 4.2% (106,263,433)