Environmental subsidies and similar transfers

Transcription

1 Environmental subsidies and similar transfers European Statistical Training Programme (ESTP) Anda Georgescu Sogeti Luxembourg Luxembourg, April 2017 THE CONTRACTOR IS ACTING UNDER A FRAMEWORK CONTRACT CONCLUDED WITH THE COMMISSION

2 Overview of the course Point 1 - Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Point 2 - Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Exercise Point 3 - Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Point 4 - Framework for data collection and reporting Point 5 - Filling the questionnaire Exercise Point 6 Possible uses of environmental subsidies and similar transfers 2

3 Point 1 of the Agenda Environmental subsidies and similar transfers context, policy initiatives and groups of support measures 3

4 Environmental subsidies and similar transfers - Context environmental problems caused by current production and consumption patterns profound changes required -> economic and social impact environmental policy tries inducing such changes with economic instruments -> subsidies and similar transfers, taxes, fees and charges, etc. Context Policy initiatives Groups of support 4

5 Environmental subsidies and similar transfers - Supporting policy initiatives EU 7th Environment Action Program -EAP Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy EU 2020 Strategy JanezPotočnik: "We need to better measure our natural capital, its eco-system services, in physical terms and in monetary terms (European Commissioner for Environment, in speech during the Conference on "Statistics for policy making: Europe 2020" on 10 March 2011 in Brussels) Context Policy initiatives Groups of support 5

6 Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Two groups of support measures relevant for the environment 1.Environmental support measures Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Environmental tax abatements Other environmental support measures 2. Potentially environmentally damaging subsidies (PEDs) e. g. reductions and exemptions related to environmental taxes, transfers going to certain activities or industries which are considered particularly polluting (energy, transport or agriculture) Context Policy initiatives Groups of support 6

7 Point 2 of the Agenda Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA 7

8 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Definitionof environmental subsidies and similar transfers current or capital transfer that is intended to support activities which protect the environment or reduce the use and extraction of natural resources Source: SEEA 2012, and Environmental subsidies and similar transfers - Guidelines,, 2015 Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 8

9 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Current or capital transfers? Current transfers from the ESA subsidies (D3) - social contributions and benefits (D6) - other current transfers (D7) Capital transfers from the ESA investment grants (D92) - other capital transfers (D99) Focus - flows from general government to other sectors and transfers from (and to) the rest of the world Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 9

10 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA ESA 2010 definitions Subsidies (D3), cnf. ESA ( 4.30) - current unrequited payments which general government or the institutions of the European Union make to resident producers Social contributions and benefits (D6), cnf. ESA ( 4.83) - transfers to households, in cash or in kind, intended to relieve them from the financial burden of a number of risks or needs, made through collectively organised schemes, or outside such schemes by government units and NPISHs. Capital transfers (D9), cnf. ESA ( and 4.146) - consists of the transfer of cash that the first party has raised by disposing of an asset, or assets (other than inventories), or that the second party is expected, or required, to use for the acquisition of an asset, or assets (other than inventories). See Environmental subsidies and similar transfers- Guidelines - section Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 10

11 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Support activities which protect the environment? Environmental protection activities and actions which have as primary purpose prevention, reduction and elimination of pollution as well as any other degradation of the environment In practice -> CEPA, Classification of Environmental protection activities Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 11

12 Definitions and main categories Support activities which reduce the use and extraction of natural resources? Resource management - activities and actions which have as primary purpose preservation, maintenance and enhancement of the stock of natural resources In practice > CReMA, Classification of resource management activities Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 12

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14 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Intended(primary purpose)? Several criteria - to determine whether or not a specific activity or action is in scope: legislation, technical nature, presumed effect, etc. In practice > 2 ways* to operationalise the primary purpose: 1. legislator s motive behind the subsidy as given by the title or description in the legislation 2. technical nature of the activity supported by the subsidyd *Both should be used to base the decision as to whether a particular subsidy or similar transfer is environmental Boundary cases `````````````````````````` Links to the EPEA Definitions and main categories Boundary cases 14

15 Definitions and main categories Practical compilation -> Operationalise the primary purpose 1 st usecepaandcremaguidelines*,otherwise 2 nd makeadecisionbasedonthemethodbelow Source: Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Guidelines ( CEPA and CReMA to be discussed in point 3 - Classifications Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 15

16 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Examples in CEPA and CReMA Boundary cases Click on Further files and information to download CEPA! RAMON - Reference And Management Of Nomenclatures =EN&IntPcKey=&StrLayoutCode=HIERARCHIC Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 16

17 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Examples in CEPA and CReMA CReMA > Environmental goods and services sector accounts * Check out section 2.4 and Annex 5! Operational rules for the treatment of borderline cases between CEPA/CReMA Check out Annex 6! *Handbook Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 17

18 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Other examples of Boundary cases Source: Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Guidelines, pg. 40 Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 18

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20 Definitions, main categories, boundary cases and links to the EPEA Links to the EPEA Definitions and main categories Boundary cases Links to the EPEA 20

21 Point 3 of the Agenda Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers 21

22 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Main approaches to report data on environmental subsidies and similar transfers rely on: 22

23 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Environmental subsidies and similar transfers by ESA 2010* transfers (focus on reporting!): Source: Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Guidelines, pg.26 * 23

24 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Environmental subsidies and similar transfers by environmental domains using CEPA and CReMA CEPA - multi-purpose internationally agreed classification by environmental domains to classify activities, products and transactions for the protection of the environment. CEPA is available on RAMON* CReMA - multi-purpose, functional classification, developed by Task Forces, devoted to description of measures and activities carried out to preserve, maintain and enhance the stock of natural resources, safeguarding against depletion. CReMA was tested in the Environmental goods and services sector (EGSS) and is available in the EGSS Handbook 2016** CEPA & CReMA - included in the amended Regulation (EU) No. 691/2011 * Reference And Management Of Nomenclatures - N&IntPcKey=&StrLayoutCode=HIERARCHIC ** 24

25 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Environmental subsidies and similar transfers by environmental domains using CEPA and CReMA Source: EGSS Handbook 2016, pg

26 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Classification of environmental subsidies and similar transfers by payers and beneficiaries 1st priority 2 nd priority 26

27 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Classification of environmental subsidies and similar transfers by Institutional sectors S11 - Non-financial corporations sectors consists of institutional units which are independent legal entities and market producers, and whose principal activity is the production of goods and non-financial services. The nonfinancial corporations sector also includes non-financial quasi-corporations (ESA ) S12- Financial corporations sectors consists of institutional units which are independent legal entities and market producers, and whose principal activity is the production of financial services. Such institutional units comprise all corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in: financial intermediation and/or auxiliary financial activities (ESA ) 27

28 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Classification of environmental subsidies and similar transfers by Institutional sectors S13 General government sector consists of institutional units which are non-market producers whose output is intended for individual and collective consumption, and are financed by compulsory payments made by units belonging to other sectors, and institutional units principally engaged in the redistribution of national income and wealth (ESA ) S14- Non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs), consists of nonprofit institutions which are separate legal entities, which serve households and which are private non-market producers. Their principal resources are voluntary contributions in cash or in kind from households in their capacity as consumers, from payments made by general government and from property income.(esa ) 28

29 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Classification of environmental subsidies and similar transfers by Institutional sectors S15 - Households sector consists of individuals or groups of individuals as consumers and as entrepreneurs producing market goods and non-financial and financial services (market producers) provided that the production of goods and services is not by separate entities treated as quasi-corporations. It also includes individuals or groups of individuals as producers of goods and nonfinancial services for exclusively own final use (ESA ) S2 - Rest of the world sector is a grouping of units without any characteristic functions and resources; it consists of nonresident units insofar as they are engaged in transactions with resident institutional units, or have other economic links with resident units. Its accounts provide an overall view of the economic relationships linking the national economy with the rest of the world. The institutions of the EU and international organisations are included. 29

30 Classifications of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Classification of env. subsidies and similar transfers by NACE Source: Env. subsidies and similar transfers-questionnaire,

31 Summary Definitionof environmental subsidies and similar transfers ESA 2010 transfers Env. protection (CEPA) + Res. Management Primary purpose technical nature Examples of boundary cases Links to the EPEA Classifications 31

32 Congratulations! You know now the basic theory! 32

33 Point 4 of the agenda Framework for data collection and reporting 33

34 Framework for data collection and reporting Introduction COFOG (Classification of Functions of Government) data are important sources for compiling statistics on environmental subsidies and similar transfers Main principle - compiling environmental subsidies and similar transfers statistics from already existing sources Data collection - integrative approach, following a progression from a minimum set of estimates based on national accounts data to more detailed and exhaustive estimates to include data from a wider range of sources (state aid, agencies and producers associations) The basic approach is a step-wise process that can be adapted once the system is established or simplified for the purposes of developing routines Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 34

35 Framework for data collection and reporting Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG): COFOG can be used as data source for General Government activities. Zoom into 1.General public services 6. Housing and community amenities 2. Defence 7. Health 3. Public order and safety 8. Recreation, culture and religion 4. Economic affairs 9. Education 5. Environment protection 10. Social protection env. Protection! Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 35

36 Framework for data collection and reporting COFOG correspondence with CEPA2000 Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 36

37 Framework for data collection and reporting Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) Most of governmental env.subsidies are classified under COFOG 5 Some env. subsidies could be classified under a different COFOG division COFOG manual page 53: COFOG division 05 could not include the total amount of the EP expenditure due to the existence of possible multipurpose activities which may be classified, even though they relate also to environmental protection, under a category different than EP' e.g. international economic aid for environmental protection, agriculture, etc. Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 37

38 Framework for data collection and reporting Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) Contrarily to env. protection, no full division is dedicated to resources management. Resources management subsidies could therefore be classified under several items and in particular in: Division 1 - General public services e.g. international support for environmental cooperation Division 4, economic affairs e.g. subsidies related to renewable energy and/or recycling and Division 6, housing and community amenities e.g. subsidies related to low energy/passive buildings. Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 38

39 Do youhave someexamplesof environmental subsidies that you heard about/read in the newspaper? 39

40 Framework for data collection and reporting COFOG examples of env. subsidies and similar transfers COFOG Env. subsidiy and similar transfer CEPA/CReMA Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs 04.1 General economic, commercial and labouraffairs) Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting Support to the International renewable energy agency (IRENA) Subsidies for env. friendly transport research Environmental transfers for fish preservation Fuel and energy International nuclear safety cooperation CEPA 9 CEPA 8 CReMA 12 CEPA R&D Economic affairs Subsidies to wind power CReMA Housing development Subsidies for sustainable cities CEPA Water supply Environmental transfers related to water supply CReMA 10 Source: Task Force on environmental transfers, Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 40

41 Framework for data collection and reporting Basic approach - balance the needs of detail and exhaustiveness of the estimates with timeliness of the statistical production and the resources available Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 41

42 Framework for data collection and reporting Datasources 2mainblocks: National accounts databases and government budget documents tables of the ESA transmission programme, more detailed databases behind national accounts published data (intermediary databases), government budget analysis, etc. Other data sources e.g. state aid data and national databases as primary sources for tax abatements and as additional sources of data on environmental subsidies for cross checking purposes. Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 42

43 Framework for data collection and reporting ESA transmission programme Table 11 (General government expenditure by function): government expenditure by function, using the COFOG reports data on transactions by: type of transfers (subsidies, other current transfers, capital transfers, investments grants, etc.) by function (defence, environmental protection, economic affairs, housing, etc.) Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 43

44 Framework for data collection and reporting ESA2010 transmission programme Table 11* * Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 44

45 Framework for data collection and reporting Budget analysis: - may provide more detailed data on transfers - regularly carried out in many countries for compiling COFOG data - the env. motivation of the transfer can often be easily deducted through the info. given in the budget documents - huge amount of information (budget lines) to be checked - complementary sources are sometimes needed (e.g. ministries reports,legislative texts - budget lines may record budgetary commitments i.e., intended payments instead of actual payments Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 45

46 Framework for data collection and reporting Other useful information from national accounts: ESA 2010 Transmission Programme Table 8 (Nonfinancial accounts by sector annual) - in combination with Table 11 useful to estimate breakdown by the institutional sector of the beneficiary of the subsidies/transfers Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 46

47 Framework for data collection and reporting Other data sources: International data sources: Official development assistance (ODA) State aid reported to EU, OECD and WTO Analyses of the EU budget Economic accounts for agriculture Data databases available at national level Data sources for tax abatements Intro COFOG Examples Basic approach Data sources 47

48 Point 5 of the agenda Filling the questionnaire 48

49 Filling the questionnaire Structure Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 49

50 Filling the questionnaire Basic considerations Please read carefully the basic instructions! Fill in the country code, reference year and unit of measure Pay attention to allowed symbols and predefined footnotes Description Not applicable Real zero Not available Symbol - 0 : b) break in series c) confidential data e) estimated data n) not significant p) provisional The automatic formulae can be overwritten in some cases The following sheets need to be filled in: Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 50

51 Filling the questionnaire Priority when filling in the questionnaire with data is asked in the following order: 1. First priority: current and capital transfers (sheets 1.1 and 1.2 in the questionnaire) 2. Second priority: split current transfers by: 3. Third: subsidies (sheet 1.1.1) other current transfers (sheet 1.1.2) tax abatements not a priority, but can be important at national level Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 51

52 Filling the questionnaire Structure of the data sheets rows transfers by paying entity (general government) for two reference years according to the availability of national accounts data (e.g or ) transfers by receiving entity: institutional sector: corporations, government subsectors, households, NPISH and the rest of the world economic activities using the NACE A*10 breakdown Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 52

53 Filling the questionnaire Structure of the data sheets columns Transfers by CEPA and CReMA Correspondence with COFOG included for CEPA CEPA 2 CEPA 3 CEPA 6 CEPA 1 + CEPA4 + CEPA5 + CEPA7 CEPA 8 + CEPA 9 Total CEPA (COFOG other COFOG if any) (COFOG other COFOG if any) (COFOG other COFOG if any) (COFOG other COFOG if any) (COFOG COFOG other COFOG if any) (COFOG 05 + other COFOG if any) Wastewater management Waste management Protection of biodiversity and landscapes Pollution abatement R&D for environmental protection, other Environmental protection CReMA 11 and 12 and CReMA 15 and 16 reported together CReMA 10 CReMA 11 + CReMA 12 CReMA 13 CReMA 14 CReMA Total CReMA Management of waters Management of forest resources & Management of wild flora and fauna Management of energy resources Management of minerals R&D activities for resource management; other resource management activities Resource management Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 53

54 Filling the questionnaire Methods remember the step wise process! Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 54

55 Filling the questionnaire Danish example Source: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers in Denmark (2013 pilot project report), Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 55

56 Filling the questionnaire Use your COFOG database! Keywords search Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 56

57 Filling the questionnaire Keywords search - CEPA & CReMA wording Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 57

58 Filling the questionnaire Example - Danish database Source: Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers in Denmark (2013 pilot project report), a34f-73c99bdc9c5/ares_environmental_subsidies_and_similar_transfers.pdf Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 58

59 Filling the questionnaire Example Norwegian approach Source: Environmental motivated transfers in Norway 2010 pilot project report: Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 59

60 Filling the questionnaire Environmental shares SEEA CF 2012 ( to 4.143) - in principle, a decision as to whether the primary purpose of a transfer is environmental should be made for each individual transfer. Then, once a decision on the primary purpose has been made, the total value of the transfer is treated as being for that primary purpose. Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 60

61 Filling the questionnaire Swedish example - identify environmental support in the larger group of agricultural support Source: Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Guidelines, pg. 41 Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 61

62 Filling the questionnaire Breakdown by NACE - NACE A*10 To implement the breakdown: first priority - subsidies (D3); second priority - total current and capital transfers Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 62

63 Breakdown by NACE Why? analyse e.g. the links to the level of emissions by certain industries, to emission permits or environment al taxes Filling the questionnaire Usual beneficiaries and transfers: Local governments Foreign governments and/or international organisations NPISH Business sector Households or local governments current transfers within general government (D73) international cooperation, development aid (D74) miscellaneous current transfers (D75) investment grants other capital transfers Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 63

64 Filling the questionnaire Breakdown by NACE For subsidies (D3) - information from the supply and use tables (SUT) of the national accounts For transfers related to energy - Physical Energy Flow Accounts For other current transfers - information on target industries or actual beneficiaries of the transfers Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 64

65 Filling the questionnaire Swedish example - breakdown by NACE Source: Environmental subsidies and similar transfers Guidelines, pg. 43 Structure Basic considerations Priorities Data sheets -rows Data sheets -columns Compilation methods 65

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67 Point 6 of the agenda Possible uses of environmental subsidies and similar transfers 67

68 Possible uses of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Source: Statistics Netherlands, final report on grant agreement NO , 68

69 Possible uses of env. subsidies and similar transfers Source: Statistics Denmark database, 69

70 Possible uses of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Total environmentally motivated direct subsidies Total Receiver Enterprises The Rest of the World Others[9] Per cent of BNP in Sweden[10] 0,20% 0,25% 0,22% 0,22% 0,21% 0,22% 0,20% 0,18% 9) Others includes: public sector, private consumption and the non-profit organisations 10) GDP at market price, current prices Source: Statistics Sweden, 70

71 Possible uses of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Source: Statistics Denmark, Environmental Subsidies and Similar Transfers final report of pilot project, 2013: 71

72 Possible uses of environmental subsidies and similar transfers Source: Statistics Denmark, 72

73 Thank you for your attention! contact: Anda Georgescu & Jörg Hanauer, Sogeti Luxembourg 73