A Rational Approach for Formulation of Maintenance Program for Improving Road Safety Conditions

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1 A Ratinal Apprach fr Frmulatin f Maintenance Prgram fr Imprving Rad Safety Cnditins Pradeep Kumar Agarwal 1, Shivani Garg 2, Uma Bhawsar 3 1 Prfessr, 2 M.Tech, Student, Department f Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad Natinal Institute f Technlgy, Bhpal , India 3 HOD, Department f Civil Engineering, Oriental Cllege f Technlgy, Bhpal & Ph.D. Schlar, Department f Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad Natinal Institute f Technlgy, Bhpal , India Abstract This study presents a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f a ratinal maintenance prgram fr imprving rad safety cnditin f a rad netwrk in India. Rad safety cnditins are degrading at an alarming rate all ver the wrld. Pr maintenance f the rads is ne f the imprtant causes f rad accidents. Hence, timely and adequate maintenance is very imprtant fr imprving safety cnditins f rad netwrk. Hwever, resurces available t carry ut all the maintenance activities are limited. Further, a critical review f the literature indicated that there are varius deficiencies in the present state f art. Mst f the studies have nt explicitly frmulated maintenance prgram t imprve rad safety cnditins. Therefre, it is required t frmulate maintenance prgram t maximize imprvement in rad safety within the cnstraints f resurce available. Thus, the scpe f this study is t develp a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f maintenance prgram fr imprving rad safety cnditins in a rad netwrk. The prpsed ratinal apprach in this study cnsists f fur different stages i.e. stage-i is evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditin, stage-ii is determinatin f imprvement in rad safety cnditin, stage- III is pririty determinatin f safety imprvement and stage IV is selectin f maintenance activities. The study als identifies the deficiencies in present state f art fr each f these stages. This study als presents sme basic cncepts s that methdlgy fr each stage can be develped. Thus, it is expected that this study will be useful in frmulating a ratinal maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditins f a rad netwrk in India. Keywrds Highway maintenance management system, rad safety, maintenance activity, rad netwrk, maintenance pririty. I. INTRODUCTION India has huge rad netwrk f 33 lakh Km. and is secnd largest in the wrld. The ttal rad netwrk cnstitutes f 200 km f Expressways, 79,243 km f Natinal Highways, 1,31,899 km f State Highways, 4,67,763 km f Majr District Rads, 26,50,000 km f Rural and Other Rads [1]. Such huge netwrk requires prper maintenance t keep them in wrking cnditin and safe fr the users. 575 Hwever, rad accidents are increasing tremendusly day by day and lead t varius rad safety prblems n highways. The ttal f 4,40,123 rad accidents ccurred in India in the year 2011 [2]. Mre than 1.2 millin peple are killed in rad accidents, wrldwide every year that s arund 3,000 deaths daily, 500 f them are children. Table 1 shw the number f accidents ccurring depending upn the type f rad [3].These results in up t 3 % f Grss Natinal Prduct lse in rad accidents. 50 millin peple wrldwide are believed t be injured in rad crashes each year, 15 millin seriusly [4]. Accidents results in huge ecnmic and scial lsses [5] and they are the reasn fr a majr sci ecnmic cst that can typically amunt t 1-2% f annual Grwth Dmestic Prduct (GDP) in each cuntry. Lack f prper and timely maintenance causes deteriratin f rad sectin cnditin which affects the rad safety. Varius rad distress cnditins like big pthles, shulder drp ff, absence f necessary traffic furniture etc. are affecting rad safety adversely. Pr maintenance f the rads is ne f the imprtant causes f rad accidents. Therefre, there is an urgent need f study in this field. Table I Number f accidents, persns killed & injured as per rad classificatin in year Rad Classificat in Natinal Highways State Highways Other Rads Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Accidents 149,732 (30.1) 122,239 (24.6) 225,715 (45.3) Persns Killed 52,924 (37.1) 39,033 (27.4) 50,528 (35.5) Persns Injured 156,008 (30.5) 133,435 (26.1) 221,951 (43.4)

2 Substantial funds are required t maintain the rad cnditin at minimum level f service. Mstly the funds available are nt sufficient t fulfil all the requirements f maintenance and rehabilitatin [6]. Due t lack f resurces and fund, prper maintenance f rad is nt pssible therefre; there is a need f a maintenance prgram t fulfil the demand f rad maintenance accrding t the resurces available and with cncern t rad safety. Thus, develping cuntries like India, has limitatins fr carrying ut all the maintenance activities n its rad netwrk, s selectin f activity is very crucial t achieve maximum imprvement in safety cnditins n the rads.therefre the main bjective f this study is t develp a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f a maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditin f a rad netwrk. This paper cnsists f fur sectins. First sectin intrduces this study and describes the rad safety scenari. Secnd sectin presents the deficiencies in literature in present state f art. Third sectin f the paper describes the details f the methdlgy prpsed fr frmulatin f a maintenance prgram t imprve rad safety. The last sectin presents the imprtant cnclusins drawn n the basis f study and summarizes the needs f maintenance prgram. II. LITERATURE REVIEW A critical review f literature was carried ut n the varius aspects fr frmulatin f maintenance prgram i.e. evaluatin f rad sectin cnditins, determinatin f pririty f imprvement in rad safety cnditin, and selectin f maintenance activities at different sectins. The majr deficiencies in present state f art are summarised as fllws: Mst f the researchers have evaluated safety cnditins based n number f accidents and d nt cnsider ther hazardus cnditins fr imprving rad safety like adverse gemetrical cnditin, traffic furniture cnditin etc. [7] Mst f the researchers have evaluated nly pavement distress cnditin like rughness, rut depth etc. [8]. Varius ther rad distress cnditins affecting safety like shulder cnditins, slippery surface, traffic furniture cnditins etc. are nt explicitly included in evaluatin f rad sectin cnditin. Evaluatin f rad sectin cnditin is carried ut using cstly and cmplex equipments like Benkelman Beam, Dynamic cne penetrmeter, Rughphmeter [9]. Methdlgies fr evaluatins f rad sectin cnditin at netwrk level are cumbersme and difficult. 576 There is n cmprehensive methdlgy is available t determine pririty f maintenance explicitly fr imprving rad safety [9]. There is n analytical tl available fr selectin f maintenance activities fr imprving rad safety. [10] Maintenance activities are generally selected n the basis f maintenance cst and budget and nt cnsidering the maintenance effectiveness fr imprving rad safety [11]. III. PROPOSED RATIONAL APPROACH The critical review f the literature indicated that there is a need fr frmulatin f a ratinal maintenance prgram t imprve safety cnditin f a rad netwrk. This study develped a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f the maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditins f a rad netwrk. Figure 1 presents the ratinal apprach fr prpsed methdlgy fr maintenance prgram t imprve safety cnditins f a rad sectin in the rad netwrk. INPUT (HIGHWAY NETWORK CONDITION, MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY, RESOURCES REQUIRED ETC.) Stage I: Evaluatin f Safety Hazardus Cnditin Stage II: Determinatin f Imprvement in Rad Safety Cnditin Stage III: Pririty Determinatin f Safety Imprvement Stage IV: Selectin f Maintenance Activities OUTPUT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM Figure I A ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f maintenance prgram imprving rad safety

3 Based n this ratinal apprach, varius stages fr frmulatin f maintenance prgram are identified as: A. Stage I: Evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditins f a rad sectin B. Stage II: Determinatin f imprvement in rad safety cnditin due t implementatin f an activity C. Stage III: Determinatin f pririty f imprvement in rad safety cnditin D. Stage IV: Selectin f maintenance activities at different sectins Sme basic cncepts fr develpment f each f the abve stages f ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f maintenance prgram are presented in the fllwing sub sectin. A. Stage I: Evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditins f a rad sectin: Evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditins f a rad sectin is the first stage in the develpment f the maintenance prgram. This stage presents the basic cncepts t determine the safety cnditin f the rad sectin t identify the need f maintenance t imprve safety in the rad sectin. The basic cncepts t develp the methdlgy fr evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditins f a rad sectin are summarised as fllws: There is urgent need t develp a simple methdlgy s that basic maintenance cmpnent can be evaluated in simple manner withut cmplex equipment and shuld quantify safety hazardus cnditin. There is urgent need t develp a methdlgy fr identificatin f basic maintenance cmpnent affecting rad safety f the rad sectin. The hierarchical structure needs t be develped t identify the basic maintenance cmpnent affecting rad safety f the rad sectin in the rad netwrk. Identificatin f basic maintenance cmpnent needs t be dne by cnsidering ther distress cnditins als such as shulder cnditins, traffic furniture cnditins etc. T evaluate the basic maintenance cmpnent cnditin a simple methdlgy needs t be develped. Surface cnditin evaluatin is generally dne by cmplicated instruments such as, Benkelman beam, FWD etc.; hence there is requirement t evaluate the safety hazardus cnditin by simple distress parameters. 577 The methdlgy shuld directly reflect the rad defects and hence helps in identifying maintenance cmpnent need f safety imprvement. Methdlgy shuld be simple, easy and by using minimal equipment. Methdlgy fr evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditins shuld be easy fr netwrk level analysis. B. Stage II: Determinatin f imprvement in rad safety cnditin due t implementatin f an activity: Determinatin f imprvement in rad safety cnditin due t implementatin f an activity is the secnd stage in the develpment f the maintenance prgram. There is a need t develp a methdlgy fr determining the imprvement made in the rad safety cnditin after the implementatin f a maintenance activity. This stage is imprtant t knw whether the implementatin f a identified maintenance activity is wrthy r nt with respect t imprvement in safety cnditin f a rad netwrk. The basic cncepts t develp such a methdlgy are summarised as fllws: There is a need t develp a methdlgy fr determinatin f the (relative imprtance) weight f the identified maintenance cmpnent t decide their relative imprtance in imprving rad safety. determine effectiveness f varius maintenance measures in imprving rad safety. C. Stage III: Determinatin f pririty determinatin f safety imprvement: The third stage in the frmulatin f the maintenance prgram is pririty determinatin f safety imprvement identified in earlier stages. In this stage, there is a need t develp a methdlgy t determine hw urgently maintenance shuld be implemented n different rad sectins t imprve rad safety. The basic cncepts t develp the methdlgy fr determinatin f pririty determinatin f safety imprvement are summarised as fllws: There is a need t develp a methdlgy fr determinatin f pririty f different maintenance measures with special reference t imprvement in safety cnditin in a rad netwrk. The methdlgy shuld cnsider safety hazardus cnditins f the rad sectin, the imprtance f the rad sectins and plitical preference etc.

4 There is a need t develp a hierarchical structure t identify the pririty factrs that are imprtant t decide pririty f imprving rad safety. There is a need t develp a methdlgy t determine the (relative imprtance) weight f the identified pririty factrs t decide the relative imprtance f varius cmpnents in imprving rad safety. D. Stage IV: Selectin f maintenance activities Selectin f maintenance activities is the last stage in the develpment f the maintenance prgram. In this stage there is a need t develp a methdlgy fr the selectin f the maintenance activities at different sectins within cnstraints f resurces. The basic requirement f the methdlgy is t select the best cmbinatin f activities fr different rad sectins with reference t their safety hazardus cnditins and resurces available fr maintenance. The basic cncepts t develp the methdlgy fr selectin f maintenance activities are summarised as fllws: Selectin f maintenance activity needs t be carried ut n the basis f relative imprvement in safety cnditin f netwrk due t an activity at sectin & within the cnstraints f resurces. There is a need t develp an analytical tl fr selectin f maintenance activities t ptimize imprvement in safety cnditins f the rad netwrk within the cnstraints f available resurces. It is als required t develp a methdlgy t determine effectiveness f maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditins f a rad netwrk. Effectiveness f maintenance prgram can be determined by cmparing netwrk safety cnditin index befre imprvement and after imprvement. IV. CONCLUSIONS The basic bjective f this study is t develp a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f a maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditin f a rad netwrk. Sme f the imprtant cnclusins drawn n the basis f this study may be summarised as fllws: Accidents are increasing tremendusly and hence decreasing the safety n rad in India. Adequate and timely maintenance f the rad netwrk is required t imprve the rad safety cnditins. Thus, there is an urgent need t develp a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f a maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditin f a rad netwrk. A critical review f the literature indicated that the safety hazardus cnditins f different rad sectins are generally evaluated based n accident data. Hwever cmprehensive accident data is generally nt available and even if it is available als it is nt pssible t identify preventive maintenance measures as quality f accident data is pr. This study als prpsed a ratinal apprach fr frmulatin f maintenance prgram. The ratinal apprach fr maintenance prgram cnsists f fur stages i.e. evaluatin f safety hazardus cnditin sectin cnditins, imprvement in rad safety cnditin due t different maintenance activities, pririty f imprvement in rad safety cnditin, selectin f activities at different sectins within cnstraints f resurces. Sme basic cncepts fr develpment f each f the stages identified fr frmulatin f a maintenance prgram fr imprving rad safety are als presented in this study. Sme f the imprtant cncepts fr frmulating such a maintenance prgram are summarized as fllws: There is a need t develp a simple methdlgy t evaluate safety hazardus cnditin cnsidering accident characteristics as well as ther safety hazardus cnditins like adverse gemetrical cnditins, imprper furniture cnditins etc. determine imprvement in rad safety cnditin due t implementatin f a maintenance activity. determine pririty f safety imprvement cnsidering the effectiveness f maintenance measures in imprving rad safety, cst f the measure and plitical preferences etc. Maintenance prgram shuld be frmulated in such a way that it shuld be effective in maximize rad safety imprvement within the resurces available. 578

5 Thus, it is expected that this study will be useful in frmulating a ratinal maintenance prgram fr imprving safety cnditins f a rad netwrk in India. REFERENCES [1] NHAI (2013). Natinal Highways Authrity f India, Ministry Of Rad Transprt and Highways, Gvernment f India, Indian Rad Netwrk. Available frm [2] NCRB (2012). Natinal Crime Recrds Bureau, Ministry f Hme Affairs, Gvernment f India, Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India Available frm [3] MORTH (2012). Ministry Of Rad Transprt and Highways, Transprt Research Wing, Gvernment f India, Rad Accidents in India Available frm [4] Bhawsar, U., Agarwal, P.K., & Mehar, R. (2012). Frmulatin f Maintenance Prgram fr Imprving Rad Safety: Needs and Basic Cncepts. E-Jurnal, Internatinal Jurnal f Cntemprary Practices, I (11), ISSN: , Vl. 1 Issue, pp [5] Baguley C. (2001). Rad Safety Management f the Highway Netwrk. Internatinal Sympsium n Traffic Safety Strengthening and Accident Preventin. Nanjing. China. [6] Chakrbrty P., Agarwal P.K., & Das A. (2012). Cmprehensive Pavement Maintenance Strategies fr Rad Netwrks thrugh Optimal Allcatin f Resurces. Transprtatin Planning and Technlgy, Vl. 35, N. 3, pp [7] Bandara, N., & Gunaratne, M. (2001). Current and Future Pavement Maintenance Priritizatin based n Rapid Visual Cnditin Evaluatin. Jurnal f Transprtatin Engineering, ASCE, 127 (2), pp [8] Kumar P., Chandra S., and Sajid M.D.A. (2010). Perfrmance Study f PMGSY Rads. Jurnal f Indian Rads Cngress, 72(3), The Indian Rads Cngress,New Delhi.,pp [9] Muralikrishna,P., & Veeraragavan A. (2011). Decisin Supprt System fr Perfrmance based Maintenance Management f Highway Pavements. Jurnal f Indian Rads Cngress, 72(3), New Delhi: The Indian Rads Cngress, pp [10] MORTH (2005). Ministry Of Rad Transprt and Highways, Transprt Research Wing, Gvernment f India, [11] Fwa, T.F., Chan, W.T., & Hque, K.Z. (2000). Multi-Objective Optimisatin fr Pavement Maintenance Prgramming. Jurnal f Transprt Engineering, ASCE, 126(5), pp

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