REMIX Revising the National Renewables Mix: The Role of State Aid and other Key EU Policies

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2 REMIX Revising the National Renewables Mix: The Role of State Aid and other Key EU Policies Elin Lerum Boasson, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo and CICERO

3 Which picture captures the renewables development in the EU best?

4 REMIX research questions What explains changes in renewables support schemes in EU member states from 1990 to 2016? EU steering? Domestic political steering? Domestic organisational fields of electricity?

5 Renewables policy EU state aid rules 1990ies 3 member state approaches emerges 1990ies First schemes notified to DG COMP

6 Renewables policy EU state aid rules 1990ies 3 member state approaches emerges 2001 First directive market streamlining dies and feed-in tariffs diffuses 1990ies First schemes notified to DG COMP 2001 Renewables included in guidelines PreussenElektra

7 Renewables policy EU state aid rules 1990ies 3 member state approaches emerges 2001 First directive market streamlining dies and feed-in tariffs diffuses Binding targets, Parliament and Council rejects pan-european scheme 1990ies First schemes notified to DG COMP 2001 Renewables included in guidelines PreussenElektra 2008 Revised state aid guidelines mirror inconsistent court practice

8 Renewables policy EU state aid rules 1990ies 3 member state approaches emerges 2001 First directive market streamlining dies and feed-in tariffs diffuses Binding targets, Parliament and Council rejects pan European scheme 2014 No binding targets after Revision of directive 1990ies First schemes notified to DG COMP 2001 Renewables included in guidelines PreussenElektra 2008 Revised state aid guidelines mirrors inconsistent court practice 2014 New guidelines for energy, with detailed requirements promoting market streamlining

9 Year of publication Guideline features Investment aid If aid is If effective, Investment aid and operation aid regarded in necessary, up competitive conjunction to 100% of bidding, up to eligible costs 100% of eligible cost Operation aid Extra cost Extra cost All measures over a certain level included calculations or calculations or Exposure to electricity price market market Auctioning/competitive bidding ideal measures measures Technology specific auctioning allowed No incentives to generate electricity under negative prices Competitive bidding process on the basis of clear, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria (2017) Exemptions from Very limited number of project sites detailed regulations If bidding would lead to higher price If bidding would lead to lower project realization Restricted to certain technologies and conditions

10 More similar support schemes in 2016 Feed-in premium and auctioning combined with non-market based support schemes for special situations and technologies UK and France Germany (with technology corridors) Poland (or not really?) Green certificate scheme combined with nonmarket based support for special situations and technologies Sweden

11 DAVID VS GOLIATH NUCLEAR SHADOW EXPERT RULE NUCLEAR DOMINANCE SOAP OPERA

12 Strength and timing of EU influence Strong influence around 2000 SWEDEN Little actual influence before 2013 GERMANY Children of renewables directives, state aid influence after 2012 FRANCE AND POLAND EU-influence at times resulting from own EUleadership UK

13 Importance of political steering High and enduring GERMANY Not always wholehearted, but sometimes important SWEDEN, FRANCE AND THE UK Much fuss little importance POLAND

14 Importance of organizational field High due to strong relations ministries-utilites POLAND (extreme case) UK FRANCE Rather low at key decision-making situations SWEDEN ( ) Increasing due to crisis and shift in responsible ministry GERMANY

15 cicero.oslo.no/en/remix With the support of:

16 Elin Lerum Boasson cicero_klima cicero.oslo.no cicerosenterforklimaforskning