CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY REPORT ON URBAN BI-ANNUAL EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT SURVEY

Transcription

1 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA CENTRAL STATISTICAL AUTHORITY REPORT ON URBAN BI-ANNUAL EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT SURVEY October st Year Round 1 Addis Ababa Marc STATISTICAL BULLETIN 301

2 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY In an effort to provide timely statistical information on te labour market situation of te country, te Central Statistical Autority as launced a Bi-annual Employment and Unemployment Survey program starting from October, 2003 G.C. Te survey is planned to be conducted twice every year, one in October and te oter in April. Tis survey is te first in te series and will serve as a baseline data for tracing canges. Te data from tis survey will update te relatively outdated information in te area. Te Bi-annual Employment and Unemployment Survey program was designed to provide statistical data on te size and caracteristics of te economically active and te non-active population of te country on continuous basis. Te variables collected in te survey include: demograpic caracteristics of ouseold members; economic activity during te last six monts; productive activities during te last seven days including caracteristics of employed persons suc as ours of work, occupation, industry, employment status, and earnings from paid employment; unemployment and caracteristics of unemployed persons. Except tree zones of Afar Region and six zones of Somali Region, all urban centers of te country were considered in tis survey. About 15,270 ousolds were selected from 527 EA using stratified cluster sample design. Te sample design enables to provide estimates for urban areas of 11 regions and at country urban level. Te data collection operation of te survey, involved a total of about 237 properly trained enumerators and about 60 field supervisors tat took place between October 18 and November 18/2003. During te survey data collection operation, close and regular supervision was undertaken at various levels. Spot cecks, re-interviewing and a toroug scrutiny of filled-in questionnaires were applied to ensure tat te data collection activities being carried out according to te given instruction. Background of te population FINDING OF THE SURVEY Te survey result estimated te total urban population of te country in October 2003 to be 8,541,124, of wic 4,083,933 (47.8 Percent) are males and 4,457,191 (52.2 Percent) are females. Oromia followed by Addis Ababa City Administration, took te igest sare out of te total urban population of te country, wile te least percentage is observed for Gambella Region. Te cildren togeter wit te yout make up 62.3 percent, caracterizing a young age structure of te population. According to te survey result, among te total urban population aged 10 years and over, 77.9 percent were found to be literate. Te proportion of literates among te males (88.4 percent) is iger tan tat of te females (68.5%). On te oter and, substantially ig proportion of te literate (59.2%) attained elementary education (Grade 1-8). Regarding training status, out of te total persons aged 10

3 years and over, about 12.3 percent were trained. Any sort of teoretical or practical training exercise provided in class or outside class rooms and tat as awarded certificate or diploma is considered as training. Te proportion of trained males (17.3 percent) exceeds more tan twice tat of te females (7.8 percent). Economically Active and Inactive Population In tis survey, economic activity is defined as work, wic involves te production of goods and/or services for sale or excange and production and processing of primary products for own consumption. Usual and current status approaces were used for measuring te economically active population in relation to a sort reference period, (seven days) and long reference period, (six calendar monts), respectively. In te usual status approac, persons wo ave been working for most of te weeks during te six mont prior to te survey date were considered as being employed, wile tose wo work for less tan alf of te weeks or tose wo did not work at all but wo were looking or available for work were counted as being unemployed. Te employed population based on te current activity status approac consisted of tose wo were engaged in productive activity at least for four ours during te seven days prior to te date of te interview. Wereas, te unemployed population consists of persons witout work but wo are available and ready to work if any job was found. Tose wo neiter engage nor available to work in productive activity are classified as te economically inactive. Te employed and te unemployed populations togeter make up te labour force or te economically active population. Te size of te active population of te urban parts of te country in te usual and current status approaces are estimated to be 3,546,792 and 3,868,400, respectively. Te data tus resulted in an economic activity rates of 53.1 percent and 58 percent for usual and current approacs. Te activity rate of males is found to be iger tan teir female counterparts. Regarding te relationsip between age and activity rate, te data depicts a curvilinear association. Tat is, low and increasing participation of persons at a younger age and ig and relatively stable for middle ages (between age group years) and ten a steady decline at older age groups. Higer proportion of females tends to exit te labour force earlier (age years) tan te males (age years). Looking te activity rates of regions in te last six monts, te igest was reported for Addis Ababa City Administration (about 57 percent), wile Tigray and Benisangul-Gumuz regions ave sown te least rate compared to oter regions i.e., 46.6 percent eac. Te overall economic activity rate as declined from 65 percent in 1999 to its present rate of 58 percent. Te decline is more pronounced for te young below age 24 years and for older person aged 60 and above. Te decline in activity rate could partly be explained by te increase in scool attendance.

4 Te number of economically inactive persons during te six monts period prior to October 2003 was estimated to be 3,129,532 persons. Similarly, tere were 2,807,775 inactive persons in te current status approac. Being a student and omemaking are te major reasons for inactivity status. Defining economic dependency ratio, as a ratio of population not in te labor force (current status approac) to tat of te population in te labor force, it was found tat for eac 100 economically active persons tere are about 121 dependents to be supported in terms of food, cloting, ealt, education and te like. Caracteristics of te Currently Employed Population As te survey result sows, nearly tree-fourts of urban employed population, wic is, 2,850,027, of te country are engaged in tree equally competent occupations, namely :elementary occupation (24.5 percent), service, sop and market sales workers (24.2 percent), and craft and related activities (23.8 percent). Tecnical and associate professionals stand at te middle of te spectrum (8.2 percent). Wile tose persons working professional and legislator occupations took te lowest position, eac contributing about 3 percent. Concerning main activities, most urban people are absorbed by wolesale and retail trade and manufacturing activities, making up 23.4 percent and 15.4 percent, respectively. Tose wo ave worked in private ouseolds, otel and restaurant, education/ ealt and social work, public administration, and agriculture occupy an intermediate position, contributing between 7.5 percent to 8.9 percent. Extra-territorial organizations, mining and quarrying, financial intermediation, electricity, gas and water supply and real estate contributed little in terms of creating employment. More males tan females are engaged in most activities, except in wolesale and retail trade, manufacturing, private ouseold and otel and restaurant activities. In terms of employment status te majority of employed population are self-employed (42.0 percent) followed by tose employed by government and government parasitatal (20.4 percent) and private organization (15.6 percent). Domestic employees and unpaid family workers also took substantial sare (10 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively). Te finding furter sows tat males are dominant in paid employment. However, more females tan males are found in domestic employee and unpaid family workers. Te proportion of females in self-employment exceeds also te corresponding figure among te males. Tis survey as collected data on earnings from paid employment. Te average amount of earnings for te total paid employees of te country is estimated to be 422 Birr per mont. In tis survey, earnings for employees are related to gross remuneration and includes bonus, overtime, allowances and oter benefits tat are obtained only from te main job. Comparison of mean amount of earning among different sectors (industries) as sown tat te igest payments are given to tose wo were working in financial intermediation sector (934 Birr) followed by extra territorial organizations (882 Birr per mont). Employees of private ouseolds wit employed persons and otels and restaurants earn te least payment, i.e., wit 61 Birr and 144 Birr per mont, respectively.

5 Anoter information collected is te informal/ formal nature of employed persons. Persons wo work in an enterprise or business tat as below ten workers, did not keep book of account and wo did not ave license were considered to be working in te informal sector. Note tat persons engaged in subsistence farming and tose wo work in private ouseolds were excluded from te analysis. According to te survey result, at urban country level a total of 1,138,781 people were engaged in te informal sector, making up 48.2 percent of te total employment. Te igest proportion of employed population wo work in te informal sector was recorded for Somali Region (61.4 percent) followed by Amara (56.3 percent), S.N.N.P. (54.7 percent) and Oromia (52.1 percent) regions. Te lowest proportion, in tis respect was registered by Addis Ababa City Administration (37 percent). A iger proportion of females tan males are engaged in te informal sector in all regions. Levels and Distribution of Unemployment Te unemployment rate, wic is computed as te proportion of te unemployed persons out of te economically active population, can be used to measure te level of unemployed population of an area. Te survey result reveals tat in October 2003, tere were 1,010,375 unemployed persons, out of wic males are 345,901 and females are 664,474. Tis means tat te rate of unemployment in te current status approac for urban areas of te country is 26.1 percent. Similarly, unemployment among te male and female are 17.5 percent and 35.1 percent, respectively. Regarding te age pattern of unemployment, te rates are iger for te younger groups tan te older ones. Nearly two-fifts of te yout population age years and one-tird of tose aged years were unemployed during te reference period. Te rates ten sow general declining pattern and remains below 20 percent after age group years. Te result depicts tat unemployment rate is igest in urban areas of Dire Dawa Administrative Council (38.0 percent) followed by Addis Ababa City Administration (32.1 percent), Tigray Region (28.8 percent) and Harari Region (27.4 percent). Also, in urban areas of Afar Region unemployment rate is found to be 27.6 percent. Wile in te rest of urban areas of regions unemployment rate ranged from 9.8 percent in Gambella Region to 9.8 percent in Oromia Region. It appears tat unemployment remains ig and stable in urban Etiopia during te last 10 years. Te unemployment rate ad grown from 22 percent in 1994 to 26.4 percent in 1999 (CSA, 1997; 2000). Te rate in te latest 2003 Urban Bi-annual Employment and Unemployment Survey is 26.1 percent, wic is te same level as tat observed in 1999 National Labour Force Survey. Urban unemployed population wo wanted to establis teir own business reported tat sortage of finance is te main problem tey ave faced, accounting for about 62 percent. Te next important reason is lack of working place /land, wic constituted about 14 percent.

6 CHAPTER I BACKGROUND TO THE SURVEY 1.1 Introduction Statistical information on all aspects of socio-economic activities are essential for te designing, monitoring evaluation of development plans and policies for gagging te growt of investment. Labour force surveys are one of te important sources of data for assessing te role of te population of te country in te economic and social development process. Tese surveys provide data on te main caracteristics of te work force engaged or available to be engaged in productive activities during a given period and also its distribution in te various sectors of te economy. It is also useful to indicate te extent of available and unutilized uman recourses tat must be absorbed by te national economy to ensure full employment and economic well being of te population. Furtermore, te information obtained from suc surveys is useful for te purpose of macro-economic monitoring and evaluation uman resource development planning. Te oter broad objective of statistics on te labour force is for te measurement of relationsip between employment, income and oter social and economic caracteristics of te economically active population for te purpose of formulating, monitoring and evaluation of employment policy and programs. Seasonal and oter variations and canges over time in te size and caracteristics of te employment and unemployment can be monitored using up-to-date information from labour force survey. CSA as been providing labour force and related data at different levels and wit varying details in teir content. Tese include te 1976 Addis Ababa Man Power and Housing Sample Survey te 1978 Survey on Population and Housing Caracteristics of Seventeen Major Towns, te 1980/81 and 1987/88 Rural Labour Force Surveys, and te 1984 & 1994 Population and Housing Census. Te 1996 and 2002 Surveys of Informal Sector and most of te ouseold surveys also provide limited data on te area. Some information can also be derived from small, large and medium scale establisment surveys. Till te 1999 survey tere asn't been a compreensive national labour force survey representing bot urban and rural areas. Te latest data in te subject ad been collected before four years and can be considered relatively outdated as te sector is dynamic and sensitive to economic and social canges. Moreover, it lacks data for trend and comparable analysis. Tus, to fill-in te data gap in tis area, a series of current and continuous labour force survey need to be undertaken. Recognizing tis fact and in response to request from different data users, te CSA as launced a biannual employment-unemployment survey program starting October, 2003 G.C

7 Tis survey is te first in te series and will serve as a baseline data for tracing canges. Tis program covers only urban areas of all regions. Rural areas will be included in te future as necessary. Te survey is planned to be conducted twice every year, one in October and anoter in April. October and April in Etiopia represent peak and slack agricultural periods. Tis report presents some of te summary of findings of te survey togeter wit statistical tables. Te introduction and te summary report are organized into six capters. Furter more statistical tables corresponding to te summary capters are presented in Annex I. 1.2 Objectives of te survey Te bi-annual employment and unemployment survey program was designed to provide statistical data on te size and caracteristics of te economically active and te non-active population of te country on continuous basis. Te data will be useful for policy makers, planners, researcers, and oter institutions and individuals engaged in te design, implementation and monitoring of uman resource development projects and te performance of te economy. Te specific objectives of te tis survey are to: generate data on te size of work force tat is available to participate in production process; Determine te status and rate of economic participation of different sub-groups of te population; identify tose wo are actually contributing to te economic development (employed) and tose out of te spere; determine te size and rate of unemployed population; Provide data on te structure of te working population; Obtain information about earnings from paid employment; identify te distribution of employed population in te formal/informal sector of te economy; generate baseline data to trace canges over time in te future. 1.3 Contents of te questionnaire Te survey is mainly aimed at providing information on te economic caracteristics of te population aged 10 years and over, i.e., teir activity status, employment, and unemployment situation. It as also covered detailed socio-demograpic background variables suc as age, sex, relationsip to te ead of ouseold, educational status, training and marital status. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 2 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

8 Te survey as used a structured questionnaire to solicit te required data. Before taking its final sape, te draft questionnaire was tested by undertaking a pre-test. Te pre-test was conducted in Addis Ababa, Debreziet and Sendafa. Based on te findings of te pre-test, te content, layout and presentation of te questionnaire was amended. Comments and inputs on te draft contents of te survey questionnaire obtained from user-producer forum were also incorporated in te final questionnaire. Te questionnaire is organized in to five sections; Section - 1 Area identification of te selected ouseold: tis section dealt wit area identification of respondents suc as region, zone, wereda, etc., Section -2 Demograpic caracteristics of ouseold: it consisted of te general sociodemograpic caracteristics of te population suc as age, sex, education, states & types of training and marital status. Section - 3 Economic activity during te last six monts: tis section covered te usual economic activity status, number of weeks of Employment /Unemployment and reasons for not usually working. Section - 4 Productive activities during te last seven days: tis section dealt wit te status and caracteristics of employed persons suc as ours of work occupation, industry, employment status, and Earnings from employment. Section - 5 Unemployment and caracteristics of unemployed persons: te section focused on te size and caracteristics of te unemployed population. Te questionnaire used in te field for data collection was prepared in Amaric language. Most questions ave pre-coded answers and column numbers were assigned for eac question. A copy of te questionnaire translated to Englis is attaced as Annex II of tis report. Te survey employed two approaces in te measurement of te economically active population, namely te usual and te current status approaces. In te usual status approac, wic refers to a longer time interval, data was collected about te main or usual economic activity of te population. On te oter and, te current status approac was based on a sorter reference period, and data was collected wit reference to te current activity of te population. Te usual status approac refers to te last six monts of te fixed calendar dates of April to September, wile te current approac referred to te last seven days prior to te date of interview. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 3 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

9 CHAPTER II SURVEY METHODOLOGY 2.1 Scope and Coverage Te 2003 Urban Bi Annual Employment and Unemployment survey covered only urban parts of te country. Except tree zones of Afar and six zones of Somali regions, were te residents are pastoralists, all urban centers of te country were considered in tis survey. On te oter and, residents of collective quarters, omeless persons and foreigners were not covered in te survey. Including Addis Ababa City Administration and Dire Dawa Administrative Council, te following eleven domains (reporting levels) were formed. 1. Urban Tigray 2. Urban Afar 3. Urban Amara 4. Urban Oromia 5. Urban Somali 6. Urban Benisangul-Gumuz 7. Urban SNNP 8. Urban Gambella 9. Urban Harari 10. Urban Addis Ababa 11. Urban Dire Dawa Taking into account of domain for te entire country, all in all, twelve domains (reporting levels) were constructed. 2.2 Sample Design, Sample Size and Response Rate Information from te listing of te 1994 Population and Housing Census was utilized to develop te sampling frame for te 2003 Urban Bi Annual Employment and Unemployment Survey. It was by taking into account of cost and precision of major variables tat determination of sample size was acieved. Moreover, in order to judge precisions of major variables, te 1999 Labor Force Survey result was te main source of information tat was taken into consideration. Except Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, were all urban centers of te domain were incorporated in te survey, in oter domains a tree stage stratified cluster sample design was adopted to select te samples from eac domain. Te primary sampling units (PSU s) were urban centers selected \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 4 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

10 systematically using probability proportional to size; size being number of ouseolds obtained from te 1994 Population and Housing Census. From eac selected urban centers enumeration areas (EA s) were selected as a second stage sampling unit (SSU). Te selection of te SSU s was also done using probability proportional to size; size being number of ouseolds obtained from te 1994 Population and Housing Census. For eac sampled EA a fres list of ouseolds was prepared at te beginning of te survey. Tirty ouseolds from eac sample EA were selected at te tird stage. Te survey questionnaire was finally administered to tose tirty ouseolds selected at te last stage. Te selection sceme for Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa was similar to te case explained above. However, in tese tree domains instead of a tree-stage design a two-stage stratified cluster sample design wit enumeration areas as PSU and ouseolds (from te fres list) as secondary sampling unit was used. As regards te response rate of te survey, a total of 99 urban centers were selected and incorporated into te survey. To be covered by te survey, 527 enumeration areas was initially selected, and te survey could successfully be carried out in all te 527 (100%) of te EA s. Te total number of expected ouseolds tat were to be interviewed was 15810, owever, due to different reasons 126 sample ouseolds were not interviewed. As a result only ouseolds was actually covered by te survey, wic made te ultimate response rate of te survey 99.2 %. Distribution of sampling units (planned and covered) by domain (reporting level) is specified in Summary Table 2.1. Estimation procedures of total, ratio and sampling errors are also given in Appendix 1. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 5 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

11 Summary Table 2.1 Selected Urban centers, Planned and Covered Enumeration Areas & Houseolds by domain of estimation. No. of Enumeration Areas Houseolds Domain (Reporting level) Urban centers Planned Covered Planned Covered Urban Tigray ,200 1,196 Urban Afar Urban Amara ,700 2,682 Urban Oromia ,750 3,722 Urban Somali Urban Benisangul-Gumuz Urban SNNP ,890 1,882 Urban Gambella Urban Harari Urban Addis Ababa ,250 2,239 Urban Dire Dawa Country Total ,810 15, Training of Field Staff For te purpose of tis survey, te training program of enumerators, supervisors and oter field and office staff was conducted in two stages. Te first stage training was conducted at te ead quarters of te CSA, in Addis Ababa for about five days. Te participants were selected from professionals and sub-professionals wit long time experiences, branc office statisticians and coordinators, wo were to train enumerators and supervisors during te second stage of training conducted at te Branc Statistical Offices. Te training was guided by an enumerator and supervisor manual, wic consists of detailed explanation of concepts, ideas and instructions on ow to fill eac entry in te questionnaire. All te Branc Statistical Offices of te CSA participated in te survey undertaken, tat is, in organizing te second stage of training, in deploying te field staff to teir respective sites of assignment, and retrieving completed questionnaires and submitting tem to te ead office for data processing. Tey were also responsible in administering te financial and logistic aspect of te survey as well as field supervision witin te areas of teir assignment. Te training at te branc office, wic lasted for about seven days, consisted of teoretical discussions on concepts, definitions, and tecniques of completing te questionnaire, as well as mock and practical field practice interview of ouseolds and/or ouseold members. Te objectives of mock and practical interviewing of ouseolds were twofold. First, it enabled to assess ow well te teoretical class \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 6 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

12 discussions were understood by all participants, so tat tey could convey te same message to te enumerators and te supervisors. Te second objective was to examine te difficulty, wic would likely be encountered during actual fieldwork. Te second stage of training was organized for all field staff and was conducted at 10 selected Branc Statistical Offices. Tose wo were trained at te ead office in turn gave similar training for enumerators and field supervisors for about 7 days. Te training consisted of classroom discussions, mock-interview and one-day field practice. In addition, toroug discussions were made after field practice. Te discussions were intended to excange experiences among participants and pinpoint te areas of te survey questions tat need more care and attention. 2.4 Organization of te Fieldwork In order to carry out tis survey wit te desired level of quality, tere was a need to organize a large staff tat performs te various survey activities. Te 25 Branc Statistical Offices of te Autority carried out te data collection operation. Tese offices ave permanent and contract enumerators stationed in te selected enumeration areas. Te data collection operation of te survey, involved a total of about 237 enumerators and about 60 field supervisors involved wit an average supervisorenumerator ratio of 1 : 5. Out of te total enumerators about 149 were recruited on contract basis and 88 were permanently stationed enumerators for price survey. Te interviews were made by going from ouse-to-ouse using a structured questionnaire. Te data was collected from eac sampled ouseold and te respondent from wom te information collected was te ead of te ouseold or oter responsible ouseold member. Most of te enumerators were assigned to 2-3 sampled enumeration areas in wic tey could easily converse wit te respondent s dialect. Interpreters were made available in cases were tere is difficulty to converse. Data collection took place between October 18 and November 18/2003. In some of te sample sites te data collection was carried out in pases. Tat is, after completing te data collection in te selected enumeration area enumerators were sifted to anoter assigned next adjacent sample sites to carry out te same exercise. Field supervision was undertaken side by side wit te data collection. During te survey data collection operation, close and regular supervision was undertaken at various levels. Spot cecks, re-interviewing and a toroug scrutiny of filled-in questionnaires were applied to ensure tat te data collection activities being carried out according to te given instruction. In addition to tis, te statisticians in branc statistical offices and branc statistical office eads made supervision of te data collection operation. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 7 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

13 Senior staff members from te CSA ead quarters in Addis Ababa, apart from giving training to te enumerators and supervisors at Branc Statistical Office level, participated in te field supervision activities, wic took about one week. Furtermore, during fieldwork, statisticians from different department visited nearly all Branc Statistical Offices and selected urban enumeration areas. In tis instance tey ave discussed on te objectives and importance of te survey, te expected quality of te data and some oter related issues wit supervisors and enumerators. 2.5 Concepts And Definitions of Key Variables Urban Center: - In principle is defined as a locality wit 2000 or more inabitants. In tis survey, owever, for practical purposes an urban center includes te following regardless of te number of inabitants. i) All administrative capitals (Regional capitals, Zonal capitals and Wereda capitals), ii) Localities wit Urban Dweller's Association (UDAs) not included in (i), iii) All localities wic are not included eiter in (i) or (ii) above aving a population of 1000 or more persons, and wose inabitants are primarily engaged in non-agricultural activities. Kebele: is te lowest administrative unit in an urban center wit its own jurisdiction. It is an association of urban dwellers (commonly known as kebele) formed by te inabitants, and usually constitutes a part of te urban center. Enumeration Area (EA): is a unit of land delineated for te purpose of enumerating population and ousing units witout omission and duplication. An EA in rural areas usually consists of ouseolds, and on te oter and an EA in urban areas constitutes ousing units. Houseold: Consists of a person or groups of persons, irrespective of weter related or not, wo normally live togeter in te same ousing units or group of ousing units and ave common cooking and eating arrangements. Head of ouseold: is a person wo economically supports or manages te ouseold or for some reason of age or respect is considered as ead by te oter members of te ouseold. It could be a male or a female. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 8 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

14 Usual member of a ouseold: a person is considered as usual members of a ouseold if e or se is: a) A person wo continuously, tat is, at least for six monts live and ave a common cooking and eating arrangements wit te ouseold; or b) A person wo is absent from te ouseold at te time of te survey but is absence as not elapsed te six monts criterion; or c) Housemaids, guards, baby sitters, etc wit no oter dwelling and wo were staying wit te ouseold at te time of te survey. 2.6 Data Processing Te filled-in questionnaires tat were retrieved from te field were first subjected to manual editing and coding. During te fieldwork te field supervisors, Statisticians and te eads of branc statistical offices ave cecked te filled-in questionnaires and carried out some editing. However, te major editing and coding operation was carried out at te ead office. All te edited questionnaires were again fully verified and cecked for consistency before tey were submitted to te data entry. After te data was entered, it was again verified using te computer. Using te computer edit specification prepared earlier for tis purpose, te entered data were cecked for consistencies and ten computer editing or data cleaning was made by referring back to te filled-in questionnaire. Tis is an important part of data processing operation in attaining te required level of data quality. Consistency cecks and re-cecks were also made based on tabulation results. Computer programs used in data entry, macine editing and tabulation were prepared using te Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS). 2.7 Organization of te Report Tis report contains six capters. Te first capter covers background to te survey, were te objectives and te contents of te survey questionnaire were discussed. Capter II deals wit te survey metodology, were scope and coverage, sample size and response rate, training of field staff, organization of field work, concepts and definitions of key variables, data processing and constraints of te survey and organization of te report. Te results of te survey are presented in te subsequent four capters, tat is, capters III to VI. Capter III deals wit te size and socio-demograpic caracteristics of te urban population suc as te distribution of population by age, sex, and education. Capter IV presents data on te economic participation of te population aged ten years and over. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 9 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

15 Capter V explores te caracteristics of te employed population, finally Capter VI focuses on te detailed caracteristics of te unemployed population. Statistical tables corresponding to eac of te summary capters are presented in Annex I. Annex II and Annex III provide Survey Questionnaire and classification of Higest Grade Completed. Estimation procedures of total, ratio and sampling errors; and Estimates and CV's for Selected Tables are presented in Annex IV and Annex V, respectively. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 10 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

16 CHAPTER III SIZE AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERSTICS OF THE URBAN POPULATION 3.1 Introduction Tis capter presents background information, wic are pertinent in tis and in te subsequent capters. Tese include population size, age-sex structure, ouseold size, educational attainment, literacy, training and marital status of te population. Moreover certain estimates like average ouse old size; eadsip, dependency and sex ratios of te population are igligted. 3.2 Sizes and Age-Sex Structure of te Urban Population Population Size is one of te most important variables in uman development planning. Te structure of te population in terms of age and sex is also anoter important aspect of demograpic caracteristics. Summary Table 3.1 presents te distribution of urban population covered by te survey classified by sex and region, wile Summary Table 3.2 sows sex and age distribution of urban population te country and regions. Te survey result sowed tat te total urban population of te country in October 2003 to be 8,541,124, of wic 4,083,933 (47.8 Percent) are males and 4,457,191 (52.2 Percent) are females. Oromia followed by Addis Ababa City Administrative, took te igest sare out of te total urban population of te country, wile te least percentage is observed for Harari Region. Te data in Summary Table 3.2 indicate tat cildren below 15 years of age constitute 33.9 percent of te total urban population. Apparently, 28.4 percent of te urban population falls witin yout (15-24 years) age group. Old age persons (65 years of age and over) constitute only about 3 percent. Te cildren togeter wit te yout make up 62.3 percent, caracterizing a young age structure of te population Dependency Ratio and Sex Ratio of Urban Population \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 11 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

17 One important implication of te age structure is te concept of dependency. Age dependency structure as an effect on te socio-economic development of a country. Hig age dependency increases te burden on te working population, as tey ave to support non-working population. Te age dependency ratio, tat is, te ratio of tose below age 15 and over 65 years of age to tose aged years is estimated to be 58.4 percent. Tis means, tere are 58.4 dependents for eac 100 working age population. Te total dependency ratio is composed of 53.8 cild dependents and 4.6 elderly dependent. It sould be noted tat tese measures are crude because te working age population did not consider actual engagement in productive activities. Summary Table 3.1 Distribution of Urban Population by Sex and Region: 2003 Bot sexes Male Female Sex Ratio Region No % No % No % Country Total 8,541, ,083, ,457, Tigray 626, , , Afar 67, , , Amara 1,461, , , Oromia 2,415, ,195, ,219, Somali 230, , , Benisangul-Gumuz 51, , , S.N.N.P. 973, , , Gambella 68, , , Harari 82, , , Addis Ababa City Admin. 2,356, , ,271, Dire Dawa Adm. Council 206, , , Furter scrutiny of age pattern of te population pyramid presented in Figure 1 sowed te fact tat tere is a general decline in fertility during recent years. Te percentage of males and females in te age group is found to be unusually (disproportionately) ig. Tis could ave appened partly due to age sift and partly due to migration of students from rural to urban areas. Sex ratio is defined as te number of males per 100 females. Te sex composition as an effect on economic activities troug te relative size of te working population. Assuming no selective migration, sex ratio in te general population is expected to be 100. As a result te data in Summary Table 3.1 indicates te overall urban sex ratio is 91.6, sowing excess females over males. Observation of sex ratio by regions reveals males predominantly exceeding females only in Gambella (111.2) and Somali region (108.3). \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 12 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

18 Summary Table 3.2 Percentage Distribution of Urban Population by Age Group and Sex, (Country Total): 2003 Age Group Bot sexes Male Female and Sex No % No % No % All Ages 8,541, ,083, ,457, , , , ,008, , , ,035, , , ,428, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Figure 1 AGE - SEX DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPULATION : Number of Persons per Houseold and Average Houseold Size Houseold caracteristics affect te social and economic well being of te members of te ouseold. Large ouseold size is associated wit crowding, wic can lead to unfavorable ealt and economic conditions. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 13 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

19 Summary Table 3.3 Average Houseold Size of Urban Areas by Sex of Head of Houseold, Headsip Rate and Region: 2003 Male Headed Female Headed Total Regions All HHs Av. HH size Head sip rate All HHs Av. HH size Head sip rate All HHs Av. HH size Head sip rate Country 1,381, , ,137, Tigray 91, , , Afar 14, , , Amara 242, , , Oromia 414, , , Somali 37, , , Bensangul-Gumuz 10, , , S.N.N.P Region 166, , , Gambella 11, , , Harari 13, , , Addis Ababa City Admin. 348, , , Dire Dawa Adm. Council 30, , , Summary Table 3.3 sows te average ouseold size by sex of ead of ouseold and eadsip rate of te urban population. Te average number of members of ouseolds is estimated to be about four persons in te urban parts of te country. Average ouseold size of iger tan 5 persons is recorded in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Somali regions. In all regions, average ouseold size of male-eaded ouseolds is iger tan tat of female-eaded ouseolds. Te eadsip rate of males exceeds te females in te total urban population and follows te same pattern in all regions. 3.5 Educational Attainment In te survey, information on literacy status and educational attainment were collected from every member aged five years and over of te sampled ouseold. A literate person was defined as one wo ad te ability of bot reading and writing in at least one language, and educational attainment refers to igest grade completed for tose wo declare to be literate. Summary Table 3.4 presents te literacy status and educational attainment of te surveyed urban population aged 10 years and over by sex. Accordingly, among te total urban population aged 10 years and over, 77.9 percent were found to be literate. Consistent wit previous survey results, te proportion of literates among te males (88.4 percent) is iger tan tat of te females (68.5%). Te data in Summary Table 3.4 furter reveals te distribution of literate persons by level of education. Te categories of levels of education include Non formal, Grades 1-8, General education not completed, General education completed, Certificate, Diploma/degree not completed, and Diploma and \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 14 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

20 above. Tis classification is made in consultation wit Ministry of Education and takes care of te new educational structure in te country. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 15 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

21 Summary Table 3.4 Percentage Distribution of Urban Population Aged 10 Years and Over by Sex, Literacy Status and Educational Attainment: 2003 Sex Literacy Status Bot Sexes Male Female &Educational Attainment No. % No. % No. % All Persons 6,676, ,140, ,535, All Illiterate 1,478, , ,115, All Literate 5,198, ,777, ,420, Not Stated All Literate 5,198, ,777, ,420, Non-Formal 129, , , Grade 1-8 3,076, , ,538, General Education Not Completed 435, , , General Education Completed * 1,058, , , Certificate 174, , , Diploma (10+3) Not Completed & Degree Not Completed 98, , , Diploma & Above 215, , , Not Stated 8, , , * Includes tose wo completed preparatory grades General education not completed comprises tose wo ave completed grade 9-11 in te old Curriculum or program and tose wo ave completed grade 9 in te new devised program. Respondents wo ave completed grade 10 in te new system and tose wo completed grade 12 in te old program are separately sown as "general education completed". Te levels beyond general education constitutes tose wo completed certificate programs and tose wo ave attended at least one year in Diploma (10+3) or Degree programs. Tose respondents wo ave attended iger education and completed te Diploma or Degree program are categorized as Diploma and above. Detailed description of tese categories is attaced in Annex IV. Te over all educational composition of te total urban literate population sows tat substantially ig proportion (59.2%) attaining elementary education (Grade 1-8). On te oter and, tose wo are at te level of 'general education not completed' constituted 18.1 percent of te literate population. Literate females tend to concentrate at te lowest levels of education tan teir male counterparts. For \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 16 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

22 instance te proportion wo completed grade 1-8 is 63.6% for te females and 55.4% for te males, were as females wit diploma or more constitute 2.2% against 5.9% for te males. Summary Table 3.5 provides te distribution of urban literate population of regions classified by sex. According to te data in te table, Addis Ababa City Administration and Oromia Region stood top in terms of proportion literate population, wit 82.4 percent, 80.9 percent. Tese are closely followed by Harari and S.N.N.P, wit 80.5 percent and 79.0 percent respectively. Summary Table 3.5 Proportion of Urban Literate Population Aged 10 Years and Over by Sex and Region: 2003 Region Bot Sexes Male Female No. % No. % No. % Country Total 5,198, ,777, , Tigray 346, , , Afar 36, , , Amara 832, , , Oromiya 1,516, , , Somali 78, , , Benisangul- Gumuz 28, , , SNNP 578, , , Gambella 36, , , Harari 52, , , Addis Ababa City Admin. 1,578, , , Dire Dawa Adm. Council 111, , , Training Status of te Urban Population Training increases te cance of getting employment and develops productivity of workers. In tis survey, every member of te ouseold aged 10 years and over was asked to state weter e/se ad any kind of training, i.e., professional, vocational or tecnical, regardless of te duration of training. Tose persons wo took any sort of training and received a Certificate or Diploma are considered as trained, tose wo do not ave any certified training are described as not trained. Summary Table 3.6 presents te training status of urban population of regions by sex. It could be observed tat out of te total persons aged 10 years and over, about 12.3 percent were trained, wile predominately iger proportion, i.e., 87.7 percent were not trained. Furter classification of te trained population by sex reveals tat te proportion of trained males (17.3 percent) exceeding more tan twice tat of te females (7.8 percent). Te proportion of trained \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 17 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

23 population by sex in all regions sows te same pattern wit males exceeding females. Among te regions, Addis Ababa and Harari are at te top-position, i.e., wit 16.8 percent and 16.4 percent, respectively. On te oter and, Somali and Afar regions, are at te bottom (5.5 percent and 7.8 percent, respectively) in terms of proportion of trained population. Summary Table 3.6 Distribution of Urban Population Aged Ten Years and Over by Sex, Region, and Training Status: 2003 Training Status All Persons Not Trained Trained REGION Bot Sexes Male Female Bot Sexes Bot Male Female Sexes Male Femal e CountryTotal 6,676,323 3,140,886 3,535, Tigray 479, , , Afar 53,741 26,699 27, Amara 1,150, , , Oromia 1,875, , , Somali 157,207 79,185 78, Bensangul-Gumuz 38,803 19,336 19, SNNP 732, , , Gambella 49,541 25,489 24, Harari 65,458 29,658 35, Addis Ababa City Adm. 1,916, ,176 1,046, Dire Dawa Adm. Council 156,369 72,621 83, Marital Status of Te Urban Population Te survey as collected data on te marital status of te population aged 10 years and over. Marital status was classified into five major groups, i.e., never married or single, married, divorced, separated and widowed. Married person is a person wo is living togeter wit a couple bonded by any kind of marital engagement at te time of te survey, i.e., weter legal, religious or traditional. Divorced person is a person wo ad been married but wose marital engagement was dissolved before te date of interview, wile separated persons are considered as tose temporarily separated but did not dissolve teir engagement. A person wo as not remarried after te deat of a spouse is considered as widowed. Summary Table 3.7 presents te percentage distribution of te marital status of respondents aged 10 years and over by sex and region. Te result indicates tat 54.4 percent of te population aged 10 years and over residing in urban areas are never married. About 34 percent are married, wile about 12 percent of te population as once been in marriage but dissolved permanently or temporally troug a divorce, separation or deat of spouse. \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 18 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc

24 Te data among sexes revealed tat 60.9 percent of males and 48.5 percent of females are never married, 35.1 percent of te males and Figure 3.3 Percentage Distribution of Marital status of 33.3 percent of te females are married, Urban Areas :2003. wile about 4 percent of te males and 18.1 percent of te females are divorced, Separated Widowed separated or widowed. 5.6% 1.1% Divorced Never 4.8% Married Furter more, it is observed tat te 54.4% incidence of being single is igest (58 percent) for Addis Ababa populations closely followed by Oromia Region (56 Married percent). Te proportion of divorce was 34.2% found to be igest for Tigray Region (9.2 percent) followed by Amaara Region (8.6 percent) wile Harari Region registered te igest proportion of separated persons (11.4 percent) tan te oter regions. Summary Table 3.7 Percentage Distribution of Urban Population Aged 10 years and Over by Sex, Marital Status and Region: 2003 All Marital Status Selected Background variables Persons % Never Married Married Divorced Separated Widowed Not Stated Sex Bot sexes 6,676, Male 3,140, Female 3,535, Region Tigray 479, Afar 53, Amara 1,150, Oromiya 1,875, Somali 157, Benisangul - Gumuz 38, SNNP 732, Gambella 49, Harari 59, Addis Ababa City Admin. 1,916, Dire Dawa Adm. Council \\Csa02\Survey\Continious Labour force Urban round 2\Metadata\Urban 19 Round \Write up Final\Write up Final mek.doc