Online Appendix: Punishing Personal and Electoral Corruption: Experimental Evidence from India. February 1, 2016
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1 Online Appendix: Punishing Personal and Electoral Corruption: Experimental Evidence from India February 1, 2016
2 Information about the Sample Figure 1: Location of sampled polling stations for the survey experiment (red) among all polling stations (black). Sampled assembly constituencies: Timarpur, Sultanpur Majra, Wazirpur, Patel Nagar, Vikaspuri, Delhi Cantt, Mehrauli, Tughlakabad, Vishwas Nagar, Ghonda. 2
3 Table 1: Differences in means of the demographics between the two treatment groups. Variable Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Age Female Hindu Education: Below Primary Education: Primary Education: Matric Education: College Caste: SC/ST Caste: OBC Caste: Other Adults in Household Children in Household Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile:
4 Full Models and Additional Specifications Table 2: Differences between the two treatment groups in proportions of respondents choosing each answer for the three dependent variables, full sample. Variable Response Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Resign Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Ban Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Jail Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely
5 Share of Respondents Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Politician should resign (a) Resign Share of Respondents Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Politician should be banned from contesting future elections (b) Ban Share of Respondents Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Politician should be jailed (c) Jail Figure 2: Distribution of the answers to the three dependent variables for the personal enrichment treatment (black) and the vote buying treatment (red). 5
6 Table 3: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to resign, controlling for demographic variables using the full sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (0.0509) (0.0644) (0.0446) (0.0652) (0.0502) (0.0632) (0.0456) (0.0632) (0.147) (0.168) (0.172) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0493) (0.0450) (0.0460) (0.0441) (0.171) Hindu (0.0774) (0.0763) (0.0697) (0.0602) (0.316) Education: Primary (0.112) (0.136) (0.102) (0.117) (0.395) Education: Matric (0.0932) (0.0955) (0.0880) (0.0919) (0.310) Education: College (0.0976) (0.119) (0.0944) (0.121) (0.346) Caste: SC/ST (0.0684) (0.0775) (0.0595) (0.0608) (0.292) Caste: OBC (0.0572) (0.0567) (0.0571) (0.0507) (0.188) Adults in Household (0.0200) (0.0191) (0.0202) (0.0202) (0.0850) Children in Household (0.0222) (0.0223) (0.0212) (0.0229) (0.0720) Income Quintile: (0.0591) (0.0669) (0.0644) (0.0737) (0.505) Income Quintile: (0.0641) (0.0862) (0.0728) (0.0763) (0.510) Income Quintile: (0.0637) (0.0859) (0.0641) (0.0728) (0.509) Income Quintile: (0.0700) (0.0995) (0.0603) (0.0522) (0.512) (Intercept) (0.0314) (0.0482) (0.0384) (0.0575) (0.190) (0.185) (0.177) (0.189) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 6
7 Table 4: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should be banned from constesting future elections, controlling for demographic variables using the full sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (0.0555) (0.0574) (0.0476) (0.0597) (0.0525) (0.0582) (0.0477) (0.0618) (0.136) (0.153) (0.159) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0529) (0.0648) (0.0490) (0.0533) (0.162) Hindu (0.0938) (0.103) (0.0822) (0.0963) (0.298) Education: Primary (0.0997) (0.120) (0.0909) (0.104) (0.363) Education: Matric (0.0935) (0.124) (0.0831) (0.107) (0.294) Education: College (0.103) (0.135) (0.0930) (0.110) (0.333) Caste: SC/ST (0.0772) (0.0803) (0.0678) (0.0618) (0.290) Caste: OBC (0.0626) (0.0644) (0.0591) (0.0570) (0.174) Adults in Household (0.0207) (0.0219) (0.0196) (0.0176) (0.0780) Children in Household (0.0207) (0.0229) (0.0203) (0.0228) (0.0686) Income Quintile: (0.0678) (0.0791) (0.0696) (0.0709) (0.386) Income Quintile: (0.0662) (0.0890) (0.0731) (0.0737) (0.391) Income Quintile: (0.0662) (0.0672) (0.0701) (0.0638) (0.396) Income Quintile: (0.0741) (0.103) (0.0675) (0.0742) (0.391) (Intercept) (0.0373) (0.0701) (0.0461) (0.0571) (0.220) (0.245) (0.199) (0.201) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 7
8 Table 5: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should be sentenced to jail, controlling for demographic variables using the full sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (0.0551) (0.0584) (0.0498) (0.0611) (0.0520) (0.0576) (0.0495) (0.0596) (0.142) (0.157) (0.164) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0526) (0.0547) (0.0506) (0.0502) (0.166) Hindu (0.0878) (0.0868) (0.0829) (0.0749) (0.318) Education: Primary (0.107) (0.0974) (0.0997) (0.0840) (0.386) Education: Matric (0.0914) (0.0924) (0.0855) (0.0947) (0.309) Education: College (0.0959) (0.104) (0.0914) (0.109) (0.347) Caste: SC/ST (0.0808) (0.103) (0.0741) (0.0888) (0.289) Caste: OBC (0.0607) (0.0825) (0.0593) (0.0701) (0.179) Adults in Household (0.0203) (0.0242) (0.0207) (0.0233) (0.0802) Children in Household (0.0217) (0.0235) (0.0213) (0.0241) (0.0660) Income Quintile: (0.0667) (0.0740) (0.0724) (0.0834) (0.512) Income Quintile: (0.0658) (0.0906) (0.0771) (0.0855) (0.516) Income Quintile: (0.0685) (0.0743) (0.0706) (0.0606) (0.519) Income Quintile: (0.0688) (0.0845) (0.0688) (0.0692) (0.522) (Intercept) (0.0382) (0.0616) (0.0462) (0.0539) (0.201) (0.194) (0.192) (0.187) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 8
9 Heterogeneous Treatment Effect for Upper and Lower Income Half 9
10 Table 6: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to resign, controlling for demographic variables using the full sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (Lower Half) (0.0623) (0.0890) (0.0556) (0.0859) (0.0611) (0.0845) (0.0581) (0.0841) (0.184) (0.219) (0.265) Vote Buying Treatment (Upper Half) (0.0659) (0.0676) (0.0594) (0.0666) (0.0805) (0.0796) (0.0724) (0.0741) (0.168) (0.190) (0.221) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0499) (0.0469) (0.0460) (0.0446) (0.170) Hindu (0.0798) (0.0736) (0.0691) (0.0618) (0.317) Education: Primary (0.116) (0.142) (0.102) (0.118) (0.393) Education: Matric (0.0949) (0.0979) (0.0885) (0.0926) (0.308) Education: ocllege (0.0999) (0.124) (0.0949) (0.122) (0.343) Caste: SC/ST (0.0708) (0.0804) (0.0593) (0.0588) (0.293) Caste: OBC (0.0572) (0.0563) (0.0568) (0.0510) (0.187) Adults in Household (0.0204) (0.0205) (0.0205) (0.0205) (0.0853) Children in Household (0.0235) (0.0227) (0.0218) (0.0231) (0.0725) Income: Lower Half (0.0640) (0.0792) (0.0627) (0.0747) (0.277) (Intercept) (0.0314) (0.0483) (0.0394) (0.0576) (0.200) (0.199) (0.188) (0.198) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 10
11 Table 7: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to banned from constesting future elections, controlling for demographic variables using the full sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (Lower Half) (0.0639) (0.0696) (0.0555) (0.0638) (0.0670) (0.0647) (0.0620) (0.0611) (0.174) (0.201) (0.237) Vote Buying Treatment (Upper Half) (0.0717) (0.0761) (0.0631) (0.0753) (0.0837) (0.107) (0.0749) (0.0961) (0.158) (0.175) (0.210) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0540) (0.0663) (0.0486) (0.0533) (0.161) Hindu (0.0948) (0.101) (0.0810) (0.0940) (0.298) Education: Primary (0.101) (0.124) (0.0912) (0.105) (0.362) Education: Matric (0.0950) (0.128) (0.0831) (0.105) (0.293) Education: College (0.104) (0.135) (0.0924) (0.108) (0.329) Caste: SC/ST (0.0794) (0.0886) (0.0697) (0.0648) (0.291) Caste: OBC (0.0643) (0.0661) (0.0597) (0.0582) (0.174) Adults in Household (0.0212) (0.0239) (0.0196) (0.0177) (0.0778) Children in Household (0.0211) (0.0234) (0.0204) (0.0231) (0.0687) Income: Lower Half (0.0770) (0.103) (0.0769) (0.0843) (0.255) (Intercept) (0.0373) (0.0701) (0.0463) (0.0563) (0.231) (0.247) (0.211) (0.198) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 11
12 Table 8: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to sentenced to jail, controlling for demographic variables using the full sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (Lower Half) (0.0654) (0.0708) (0.0597) (0.0716) (0.0687) (0.0676) (0.0645) (0.0683) (0.184) (0.211) (0.240) Vote Buying Treatment (Upper Half) (0.0688) (0.0783) (0.0636) (0.0808) (0.0820) (0.0957) (0.0780) (0.0982) (0.164) (0.180) (0.221) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0539) (0.0581) (0.0504) (0.0507) (0.165) Hindu (0.0903) (0.0867) (0.0809) (0.0729) (0.319) Education: Primary (0.111) (0.106) (0.102) (0.0873) (0.384) Education: Matric (0.0941) (0.102) (0.0865) (0.0973) (0.308) Education: College (0.0980) (0.111) (0.0915) (0.107) (0.343) Caste: SC/ST (0.0839) (0.105) (0.0754) (0.0888) (0.287) Caste: OBC (0.0624) (0.0811) (0.0598) (0.0716) (0.178) Adults in Household (0.0208) (0.0263) (0.0209) (0.0247) (0.0801) Children in Household (0.0225) (0.0249) (0.0213) (0.0252) (0.0664) Income: Lower Half (0.0799) (0.0951) (0.0808) (0.0697) (0.259) (Intercept) (0.0382) (0.0617) (0.0463) (0.0535) (0.218) (0.228) (0.203) (0.197) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 12
13 Matching Results Table 9: Differences in means or proportions of the demographics between the two treatment groups, sample matched for Resign dependent variable. Variable Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Age Female Hindu Education: Below Primary Education: Primary Education: Matric Education: College Caste: SC/ST Caste: OBC Caste: Other Adults in Household Children in Household Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile:
14 Table 10: Differences in means or proportions of the demographics between the two treatment groups, sample matched for Ban dependent variable. Variable Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Age Female Hindu Education: Below Primary Education: Primary Education: Matric Education: College Caste: SC/ST Caste: OBC Caste: Other Adults in Household Children in Household Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Table 11: Differences in means or proportions of the demographics between the two treatment groups, sample matched for Jail dependent variable. Variable Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Age Female Hindu Education: Below Primary Education: Primary Education: Matric Education: College Caste: SC/ST Caste: OBC Caste: Other Adults in Household Children in Household Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile: Income Quintile:
15 Table 12: Differences in means for the three dependent variables between the two treatment groups, matched samples. Variable Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Resign Ban Jail Table 13: Differences between the two treatment groups in proportions of respondents choosing each answer for the three dependent variables, matched samples. Variable Response Enrichment Vote Buying p-value Resign Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Ban Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely Jail Agree completely Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Disagree completely
16 Table 14: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to resign, controlling for demographic variables using the matched sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (0.0591) (0.0666) (0.0528) (0.0668) (0.0541) (0.0628) (0.0495) (0.0630) (0.183) (0.207) (0.197) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0577) (0.0513) (0.0535) (0.0494) (0.195) Hindu (0.0832) (0.0826) (0.0735) (0.0615) (0.318) Education: Primary (0.132) (0.157) (0.118) (0.138) (0.436) Education: Matric (0.120) (0.122) (0.105) (0.111) (0.356) Education: College (0.123) (0.135) (0.104) (0.116) (0.386) Caste: SC/ST (0.0786) (0.0903) (0.0675) (0.0769) (0.289) Caste: OBC (0.0669) (0.0662) (0.0634) (0.0553) (0.213) Adults in Household (0.0234) (0.0194) (0.0243) (0.0210) (0.102) Children in Household (0.0244) (0.0240) (0.0245) (0.0249) (0.0975) Income Quintile: (0.0714) (0.0792) (0.0849) (0.0849) (0.786) Income Quintile: (0.0917) (0.125) (0.104) (0.114) (0.762) Income Quintile: (0.0665) (0.0840) (0.0746) (0.0767) (0.753) Income Quintile: (0.0775) (0.104) (0.0732) (0.0603) (0.742) (Intercept) (0.0436) (0.0545) (0.0455) (0.0635) (0.231) (0.213) (0.211) (0.216) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 16
17 Table 15: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to banned from constesting future elections, controlling for demographic variables using the matched sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (0.0584) (0.0624) (0.0498) (0.0631) (0.0526) (0.0572) (0.0482) (0.0604) (0.161) (0.178) (0.182) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0537) (0.0643) (0.0505) (0.0532) (0.180) Hindu (0.0961) (0.0974) (0.0834) (0.0895) (0.353) Education: Primary (0.0969) (0.124) (0.0962) (0.107) (0.403) Education: Matric (0.0897) (0.110) (0.0854) (0.0980) (0.347) Education: College (0.0998) (0.117) (0.0945) (0.0969) (0.400) Caste: SC/ST (0.0809) (0.0893) (0.0733) (0.0773) (0.346) Caste: OBC (0.0626) (0.0673) (0.0591) (0.0587) (0.187) Adults in Household (0.0209) (0.0215) (0.0198) (0.0179) (0.0868) Children in Household (0.0206) (0.0254) (0.0199) (0.0234) (0.0774) Income Quintile: (0.0705) (0.0740) (0.0780) (0.0786) (0.483) Income Quintile: (0.0681) (0.0879) (0.0807) (0.0742) (0.458) Income Quintile: (0.0684) (0.0660) (0.0775) (0.0670) (0.460) Income Quintile: (0.0764) (0.101) (0.0708) (0.0708) (0.429) (Intercept) (0.0415) (0.0692) (0.0411) (0.0505) (0.216) (0.237) (0.194) (0.190) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 17
18 Table 16: Effect of the vote buying treatment on the support for the statement that the politician should have to sentenced to jail, controlling for demographic variables using the matched sample. Point estimates with standard errors in parentheses (clustering by polling station). p< 0.1; p< 0.05; p< OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Ordered Logit Vote Buying Treatment (0.0643) (0.0655) (0.0548) (0.0610) (0.0580) (0.0614) (0.0535) (0.0559) (0.175) (0.177) (0.179) Age ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female (0.0583) (0.0538) (0.0539) (0.0489) (0.181) Hindu (0.0873) (0.0824) (0.0818) (0.0667) (0.325) Education: Primary (0.142) (0.119) (0.133) (0.106) (0.421) Education: Matric (0.0972) (0.0932) (0.0900) (0.0943) (0.306) Education: College (0.100) (0.102) (0.0936) (0.103) (0.340) Caste: SC/ST (0.0894) (0.103) (0.0823) (0.0873) (0.336) Caste: OBC (0.0695) (0.0982) (0.0643) (0.0800) (0.198) Adults in Household (0.0218) (0.0266) (0.0227) (0.0268) (0.0906) Children in Household (0.0250) (0.0288) (0.0241) (0.0281) (0.0758) Income Quintile: (0.0727) (0.0777) (0.0769) (0.0887) (0.511) Income Quintile: (0.0817) (0.113) (0.0916) (0.102) (0.524) Income Quintile: (0.0663) (0.0668) (0.0695) (0.0591) (0.509) Income Quintile: (0.0794) (0.0951) (0.0732) (0.0713) (0.540) (Intercept) (0.0506) (0.0757) (0.0453) (0.0483) (0.215) (0.212) (0.203) (0.199) N Robust SE Clustered SE Assembly FE 18
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