Index. Beveridgean countries, 31 Bismarckian countries, 31 Borjas, George J., 273 Bourdieu, Pierre, 44, 47

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1 A activation, 8, 30, 32, 34, 36, 132, 137, 196, 198, 200, 202, 221, 229, 294 aggregate spending data, 113 Atkinson, Anthony B., 7, 80, 295, 302 austerity, 113, 114, 123, 124, 226, 256, 298, 299 B Baumol s cost disease, 26, 33 benefits contributory benefits, 280 in-kind benefits, 27, 29, 31, 33 non-contributory benefits, 269, 271, 274, 275, 277, 283, 304 Beveridgean countries, 31 Bismarckian countries, 31 Borjas, George J., 273 Bourdieu, Pierre, 44, 47 C capabilities approach, 7 civil liberties, 74 class class-based inequality (see inequality) class ethnography, 47 class reproduction, 47, 51 culturalist class theory, 47 collective bargaining, 4, 57, 199, 203, 219, 221 3, 225, 226, 228, 231 4, 237, 301 Notes: Page number followed by n refer end notes. The Author(s) 2016 M. Wulfgramm et al. (eds.), Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries, Transformations of the State, DOI /

2 312 Index compensation, 3, 13, 23, 32, 78, 79, 81, 95, 104, 107, 138, 228, 236, 237, 294, 298, 302 compensation hypothesis, 23 conservative countries, 32 constant flux, 49 continental Europe, 132, , , 301 convergence, 9, 11, 22, 25 9, 31 4, 122, 124, 252, 274, 295, 296, 299 delta-convergence, 20 coordinated market economies, 221, 222, 224, 237, 305 cost containment, 33, 112, 120, 124 country size, 96 Cross-National Equivalent File (CNEF), 139, 142, 146, 150 cumulative disadvantages, 58 D Deaton, Angus, 252 decommodification, 23 deindustrialization, 24 demographic change, 25, 33, 125, 126, 293 Denmark, 93, 97, 102, 103, 105, 114, 121 3, 160n1, 259, 267, 281 deprivation, 59, 77 9, 187 deregulation (at the margins), 9, 13, 20, 34, 35 desert, 79, 83 disability benefits, 20, 132, 137 discrimination, 51, 52, 57, 59, 70, 71, 75, 76, 254, 270, 271, 278 disparities, 5 7, 10, 75, 80, 268, 294, 295 distribution, 1 5, 7, 9, 11 13, 24, 33 5, 43, 46, 49, 53 5, 69 76, 78 82, 91, 92, 94, 96, 101, 168, 187, 189, 190, 192, 195, 204, 205, 211, 220, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230, 250, 252, 257, 258, 294 8, 306 domestic challenges, 23, 24, 296 drift, 125, 126, 220 dualization, 9, 10, 12, 19 35, 192, 198, 199, 207, 210, , 295, 298, 301 Dworkin, Ronald, 70, 72, 80 3 E economic economic growth, 2, 7, 42, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 60, 212, 252, 253, 295 economic inequality (see inequality) economic polarization, 42, 53 5 economic rewards, 74 education policy access to higher education, educational inequality (see inequality) higher education, 11, 33, 50, 51, , 212, 300 higher education enrolment, 11 massification of higher education, 165 parental education, 160, 167, 168, , 300

3 313 public education spending, 158, 159 trilemma of higher education, efficiency, 33, 59, 79, 95, 97, 104, 106, 112, 114, 298 efficiency hypothesis, 23 effort, 13, 23, 26, 27, 29, 34, 35, 51, 56, 79, 82, 112, 124, 132, 135, 186, 254, 277, 297 electoral system, 22 eligibility requirements, 21 employment atypical employment, 185 8, 192, 193, 197, 200, 202 4, 230, 305 employment protection, 25, 31, 34, 35, 37, 186, 188, 190, 191, 197, 198, temporary employment, 186, 187, 190 4, 197, , 210, 211, 229, 301 equality. See also inequality descriptive vs. prescriptive use of equality, 67 principles of equality (philosophy) formal equality, 68, 69, 74 moral equality, 68, 70 2 proportional equality, 68 70, 72 social equality, 10, 66, 68, 71 4, 83, 297, 298 equal treatment, 70, , 280 Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero (EGP) class scheme, 44 Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 1, 4, 22, 23, 27, 32, 186, 190, 193, 219, 223, 225 ethnic homogeneity, 22 European Social Survey (ESS), 160, 169, 171, 173 European Union (EU) EU citizenship, 270, 271, 278 EU freedom rights, 267, 269, 285, 305 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 24, 272 intra-eu mobility, 270, 278 expansion of the welfare state, 293 F family model dual earner model, 224 modernized male breadwinner model, 234 7, 301 traditional breadwinner model, 223, 224 family policy childcare, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32, 221, 225 8, 235, 236 family benefits, 257 parental leave, 30, 227, 228 female labour market participation, 24, 237 flexibility requirements, 9, 12, 24, 34 France Contrat Nouvelle Embauche, 198 Contrat Premiére Embauche, 198 Delalande contribution, 198, 207, 212 revenue minimum d insertation (RMI), 198 Fraser, Nancy, 251 freedom, 7, 74, 75, 80, 83, 305 freedom of movement, 13, , 303

4 314 Index G gender gender contract, 224 gender inequality (see inequality) gender model, , 305 gender wage gap, generosity, 3, 8, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 136, 137, 151, 295, 300 Germany Agenda 2010, 194, 195, 197, 198, 206, 211, 301 Arbeitslosengeld II, 196 German model, 222, 225 6, 237, 305 Hartz reforms, 229, 234n5 Ich-AG, 196 Mini jobs, 196, 229, 230 Gini coefficient Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers, 4, 6 Gini coefficient before taxes and transfers, 4, 5 global global discourse, 252, 253, 255 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 259 global inequality (see inequality) global/international actors, 24, 248, 249, 251, 261, 302 global justice, , 256, 302 global North, 257 global (social) redistribution, 12, 256, 260, 303 global social policy, 12, 31, , 296, 302, 305 global South, 257 globalization, 2, 10, 23, 35, 90, 92, 94 8, 104, 114, 124, 185, 189, 250, 253, 255, 293, 295 Golden Age (of the welfare state), 1, 21 3, 25 33, 50, 293, 297, 306 governance, 8, 24, 96n3, 248, 250, 284, 306 Great Gatsby Curve, 46 gross domestic product (GDP), 26, 96n2, 165 growth, 2, 7, 24, 33, 42, 48, 49, 52 5, 60, 112, 122, 165, 189, 192, 194, 195, 202, 212, 221, 224, 229, 252, 253, 256, 258, 295, 297, 306 H healthcare policy contributions, 112, 114, 115, , 125, 126 co-payments, 33, 112, 114, 120, 122 4, 126 healthcare financing, 33, , 120 3, 298, 299, 307 healthcare system, 11, , 299 health risks, 10, 113, , 124, 299 medical progress, 33, 124 out-of-pocket payments, 116, 118, 119 premiums, 112, 114, , 122

5 315 higher education. See also education policy household level, 12, 222 4, 234, 235, 301 human capital, 8, 33, 34, 157, 187, 212, 295 human dignity, 7 humanity, 7, 10, 66, 253, 297, 298 I incentives, 8, 12, 20, 30, 32, 34, 101, 114, 132, 224, 228, 234, 236, 237, 294, 306 income income distribution, 5, 54, 55, 92, 94, 96, 101, 258 income loss, 29, 78, 140, 143 income trajectories, , 300 top incomes, 2, 53 5, 101, 104, 106 Index of Risk and Income Solidarity (IRIS), , 298, 299 individualized outcome risk, individual responsibility, 11, 76, 113, 123, 134, 151, 298, 299 inequality class-based inequality, 11 competitive vs. conflictual inequality, 55 9 economic inequality, 41, 42, 46, 53 5, 59, 60, 90 2, 97, 103 5, 152, 211, 256, 294, 295, 297, 298, 300, 305, 306 educational inequality, 171, 300 gender inequality, 12, 45, 236, 254 global inequality, 12, gradational inequality, 44 gross inequality, 35, 295, 296, 307 horizontal inequality, 116 inequality of chances, 9, 41, 42, 49n1, 52, 80, 282 4, 297 inequality of opportunity, 11, 159, 179 inter-generational inequality, 133 intra-generational inequality, 133, 299 intrinsic vs. instrumental concerns about inequality, 7 labour market inequality, 186, 187, 193, 199, 201, , 301 by level of education, 49, 57, 144, 147, 148, 150, 170 market inequality, 3 4, 13, 56, 57, 90, 91, 105, 186, 187, 193, 199, 201, , 301 maximally maintained inequality, 57 multidimensional inequality, 304 net inequality, 4 6, 13, 34, 35, 296, 297, 307 persistent inequality, 49, 50 political inequality, 294, 296 price of inequality, 55 social inequality, 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 21, 42, 44, 49, 50, 59, 75, , 268, 271, 293, 301, 302, 304 vertical inequality, 116 wealth inequality, 55

6 316 Index inequity, 80, 112, 115 insiders, 9, 10, 12, 31, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 193n3, 196, 197, , 203 5, 208, 211, 220, 222, 224, 236, 301 institutions institutional change, 222 institutional complementarities, 220 4, 236, 237, 301 institutional dualism, 31, 34, 220, 236 institutional dualization, 12, , 295 institutional reforms, 221 internationalization, 8, 90 International Labour Organization (ILO), 253, 256 international organizations, 249, 250, 253, 261, 304 intersectionality, 45 intrinsic vs. instrumental concerns about inequality. See inequality Ireland, 53, 94, 97, 101 5, 160n1, 280 Italy Ley 32/1984, 188 Ley 43/2006, 188 Real Decreto-Ley 5/2001, 188 Riforma Fornero, 201 Tangentopoli, 200 Treu-Reform, 200 J justice, 10, 12, 43, 48, 66 70, 72 4, 76, 79 83, , 256, 261, 295, 297, 298, 302, 303 justification, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 249, 251, 255, 261, 272, 280, 302 K Kakwani index, 117, 120 L labour market dualization, 192 flexibilization, 202, 211, 231, 301 inequality (see inequality) policies, 10, 12, 27, 30, 34, 131, 195, 197, 200n8, 203, , 301 regulation, 187, 191, 221, 222, 229, 231, 234, 262, 303 risks, 9, 12, 23, 24, , 295, 301 labour mobility, 270 layering, 126, 220 legal uncertainty, 268, 273 liberal countries, 32, 53, 54, 189 liberal market economies, 102 life chances, 9, 11, 41, 42, 48, 49, 52, 271, 285, 297, 305 life course, 42, 46, 50 2, 58, 230, 237, 258 low-skilled individuals, 206 8, 210, 301 M market market economy, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 222 market participation, 12, 21, 24, 59, 221, 236, 237, 302

7 317 Marx, Karl, 55 Meltzer-Richard model, 2 meritocracy, 42, middle class. See class migration, 25, 45, 60, 171, 174 6, 256, 262, 270, 273, , 293, 294, 303, 304 Milanovic, Branko, 250, 252, 258 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 258, 259 minimum wages, 199, 233, 234 modernization theory, 48, 59 morality, 68, 76 multidimensional inequality. See inequality multi-level modeling, 172 N nation-state, 8, , 162, 285 needs, 2, 4, 7, 12, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30, 43, 60, 66, 67, 72, 73, 77 82, 95, 116, 117, 124, 126, 140, 141, 152, 158, 168, 171, 186, 187, 189, 197, 200n9, 200, 203, 228, , 254, 257, , 273, 282, 283, 285, 295, 296, , 306, 307 new social risks, 2 non-discrimination, Nussbaum, Martha, 7, 79 O Oesch, Daniel, 44 official development assistance (ODA), 251, 257, 259, 260, 262 open method of coordination, 24 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1 13, 19 35, 41, 42, 53, 54, 59, 60, , , 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 151, 159, 169, 171, 179, 185, 191, 192, 194, 196n5, 202, 203, 211, 219, 223, 237, 251 6, 259, 268, 282, , outsiders, 9, 10, 12, 31, 185, 187, 192, 193, 199, 200, 202, 204 6, 208, 220, 222, 224, 236, 301. See also insiders Oxfam, 253, 256 P Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), , 146, 149, 150 paradigm shift, 32 party composition, 27 pension policy. See also retirement complementary pension schemes, 132 5, 137 9, 147, 151, 153 defined-benefit plans, 133, 137, 138 defined-contribution plans, 31, 32, 133, 134, 137 9, 151, 300 early retirement options, 31, 136 7, 144, 151, 152, 300 multi-pillar pension policy, 30 pension reform, 131, 132, 136, 151, 299 public pension schemes, 132

8 318 Index pension policy (cont.) retirement income provision, philosophy, 7, 10, 67, 70, 71, 76 Piketty, Thomas, 2, 5, 7, 54, 80, 252, 254, 261, 302 policy instruments, 21, 27, 294 political political economy, 19, 160, 162 8, 252 political inequality (see inequality) political institutions, 22, 43, 126 political participation, 9, 41, 55, 74, 75, 83 political reinforcement hypothesis, 2 political representation, 7, 305 politics partisan politics, 284, 285 politicization, 284, 285, 303 poverty, 4, 25, 32, 53, 54, 59, 76, 78, 83, 141 5, , 152, 185, 186, 226, 235, 236, 252, 254 7, 260, 267, 275, 300 poverty migration, 267 power, 2 4, 6, 7, 22, 25, 35, 43, 55, 57, 58, 66, 71, 75, 80, 89, 96, 113, 125, 126, 178, 186, 203, 224, 233, 234, 251, 258, 261, 299 power resource theory, 22 predistribution, 3 4, 12 primary and secondary effects (in educational inequality), 50, 51, 161, 167, 271, 272, 284, 301 primary outcomes, 8, 34, 296 private insurance, 21, 112, 118 privatization, 8, 33, 112, 114, 166 property rights, 79 public services, 8, 256, 260, 275 public social expenditure, 19, 26, 29, 31, 34, 296 Q qualitative shift, 20 R race to the bottom, 23, 25, 95, 124, 299 random effects modeling, 160, 173, 179 Rawls, John, 7, 48, 67, 70, 80, 81, 250 reactive vs. proactive actors, 2 redistribution, 3 6, 10 12, 22, 33 5, 57, 75 7, 79 83, 89 92, 94, 104, 105, 107, 111, 113, , 122, 124 6, 193n3, , , 285, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303 redistributional capacity of the welfare state, 2 regulatory framework, 31, 187, 211 rent seeking, 58 replacement rate, 13, 27, 28, 34, 35, 133, 135, 186, 295, 297 reproductive bargain, 224, 235 7, 302 residence habitual residence test, 277, 278 residence status, 271, 272, 275, 277, 284 residence test, 271, 278

9 319 retirement. See also pension policy early retirement, 31, 132, 134, 136 7, 139, 144, 151, 152, 196, 198, 300 involuntary retirement, 140, 145, 146 retirement age, 11, 31, 136, 148, 149 retrenchment of early retirement options, 136 7, 144, 152, 300 retrenchment, 19, 20, 120, 122, 124, 136 7, 144, 152, 190, 299, 300 S Sainsbury, Diane, 268, 274 salience, 139, 280 Scandinavian countries, 32, 165, 221 segmentation, 12, 25, 220, 225, segregation, 221, 225, 226, 233 selective flexibilization, 188, 194, 199, 200, 202, 203, 208 Sen, Amartya K., 7, 302 service sector trilemma, 188 skills skill-biased technological change, 2, 24, 35, 293 skill investment, 162, 301 skill production regime, 189 social benefits, 20, 23, 281 social citizenship, social class, 9, 43 5, 47, 48, 49n1, 50 2, 56, 60, 75, 83, 162, 297 social closure, 57, 58 social cohesion, 7, 269, 271, 284, 294, 297 social conflict, 57 social democratic, 4, 23, 227, 229, 281 social inequality. See inequality social investment, 3, 8, 11, 13, 20, 27, 30, 32 4, 60, 124, 180, 219, 227, 237, 294 7, 299, 300, 302, 306 social justice, 12, 43, 48, 67, 68, 76, 80, 83, , 256, 261, 302, 303 social mobility, 13, 42, 44 7, 49, 158, , 297, 303, 305 social positions, 45, 47, 74, 81, 158, 271 social protection floors, 257 social rights, 35, 192, 202, 225, 269, 271, 272, 274, social security contributions (SSCs), 93, 99, 106, 114, 227 social security coverage, 21 social services, 26, 27 social status, 45, 71, 72, 162 social strata, 2, 158, 163 social stratification, 44 6, 48, 60 socioeconomic challenges, 19, 125 Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), 139, 140, 142, 146, 149, 150 solidarity income solidarity, 11, 33, , 298, 299 risk solidarity, 11, , 120 6, 295, 299, 307 Spain, 12, 31, 160n1, 165, 187, 188, , , 259, 301

10 320 Index spatial mobility, 13, , 277, 284 6, 303, 305 spirit level, 159 standard employment relationship (SER), 186n1, 220, 225, , 234, 235 state state intervention, 3, 20, 24, 102 state transformation, 1 13, 19 35, 187, 211, 268, 294, 296, 297, 303, 304 status maintenance, 51 stratification, 3, 23, 44 6, 48, 60 structural change, 25, 220, 226, 231 supply supply oriented welfare state, 32, 158, 295, 306 supply side model, 20, 21, supply side orientation, 19 35, 294 supranational actors, 8, 12, 31 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 248, 255, 258, 259, 261 Sweden, 4, 5, 13, 26, 28, 29, 160n1, 167, 173, 179, 253, 259, 269, 280 4, 300, 303 T tax policy capital taxation, 94, 95, 101 corporate income tax, 97, 99 direct taxes, 90n1, 104, 105, indirect taxes, 100, 101, 104, 105, 114, , 123, 126 international tax equity, 90, 91, 96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 256 labour taxation, 95 personal income tax, 93, , 103, 105 progressive taxation, 90, 107, 298 regressive taxation, 95, 98 tax competition, 10, , 114, 298 tax equity horizontal tax equity, 11, 92 4, 95, 96, 100, 102, 298 vertical tax equity, 11, 92 4, 106, 298 tax revenue, 89, 90, 95, 97, 99, 100, 103, 105, 132 tax splitting systems, 32, 227, 228 tax state, 89, 92, 94 value added tax, 97 theory of justice, 7, 68, 297 Third World Network, 258 three worlds of welfare state capitalism, 23 trade unions. See unions transfers cash transfers, 3, 27, 31, 33 passive transfers, 32 transnationalization, 8 U unemployment, 2, 21, 24, 28, 30, 75, 76, 78, 83, 89, 100, 111, 132, 136, 137, 152, 157, 169, 185 9, 191 6, 198, 200 8, , 226, 256, 271, 280, 293, 301

11 321 unions, 24, 25, 44, 152, 200, 201, 224 6, 231 trade union power, 2, 4 United Kingdom (UK), 13, 102, 114, 134, 160n1, 173, 179, 267, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 253, 259 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 160, 164, 254 universal access, 124, 257 V varieties of capitalism, 158, 220 veto points, 22 W wages, 2, 4, 12, 24, 26n2, 34, 54, 93, 101, 105, 106, 117, 185, 189, 192, 195, 196, 199, 210, 219, 221 3, 225, 226, 231 6, 253, 256, 306 wage setting, 189, 200, 222, 223 wealth, 2, 5, 7, 43, 48, 53 5, 79, 80, 90, 111, 138, 193n3, 252 4, 256, 271, 297 Weber, Max, 43, 55 welfare state welfare magnet hypothesis, 273 welfare regime, 4, 11, 21 3, 29, 189, , 303 welfare state reform, 19, 186, 187, 305, 306 welfare state transformation, 1 13, 19 35, 187, 211, 268, 294, 296, 297, 303, 304 welfare state type, 273, 274 welfare tourism, 280, 282, 284 well-being, 7, 50, 81, 83, 113, 133, 151, 249 worker mobility, 269 World Bank, 24, 31, 251, 253, 256, 260 World Health Organization (WHO), 118, 254, 258 World War II, 1, 21, 22, 49, 54, 112 Wright, Erik Olin, 44, 58 Y young adults, 193, , 202, 204 8, , 301