Cement. Can linkage coal auction in future hurt cost structure? Switching to imported coal/pet coke favorable in kiln, mixed bag for CPP

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1 Sector Update 10 March 2015 Cement Can linkage coal auction in future hurt cost structure? Switching to imported coal/pet coke favorable in kiln, mixed bag for CPP Ministry of Power (MoP) has proposed competitive allocation of linkage coal for the non-regulated sector. We believe the auction of existing linkage should impact cement players. But current fuel price dynamics of imported and pet coke favor switching to these alternate fuels in kiln if linkage prices go up. However, dynamics of linkage coal is favorable in captive power plant (CPP). Regional dynamics are naturally different, with plants in East and Central India likely to have the cost advantage on linkage. We note the usage of pet coke having meaningful cost benefits in most regions. Our basic analysis on pet coke demand-supply (both globally and in India) highlights sustainability to remain unaffected in the foreseeable future. Proportion of linkage coal (%) in cement industry has halved FY07 FY14 FY17E Comparative fuel price dynamics for MP based plant landed cost (INR/ 000 Kcal) 0.94 Linkage (CPP) 1.77 Imported (CPP) Linkage (Kiln) Imported (Kiln) Petcoke Linkage coal dependence halved, last price rise in May 2013 No new linkage coal was allotted post FY07 for the cement industry; further, existing linkage supply has also shrunk. Proportion of linkage coal used in the cement industry has almost halved in the past decade (~70% in FY04 to ~35% now). Prices of linkage coal had seen ~10% uptick in May MoP moots competitive bidding on linkage coal MoP has proposed competitive allocation of linkage coal for the non-regulated sector (Iron & Steel, Cement and CPPs) to provide a level playing field for coal supply to various stakeholders. An inter-ministerial committee (IMC) has been constituted to evaluate the feasibility of such market-based bidding mechanism to access linkage coal (for five-year period as proposed). Current fuel price dynamics favor switch to alternate in kiln, but CPP a mixed bag Our interactions with few cement players on the dynamics between various energy feedstock at current prices reveal that mostly companies are indifferent in the usage of linkage coal compared to alternate options like pet coke and imported coal. Based on the current pet coke/imported coal prices, our calculation suggests no material impact for cement kiln if there is a switch from linkage to other feedstock due to any price escalations taken by Coal India in the linkage auction. Thus, on certain realistic assumptions on inter-unit distances and current prices of imported coal and pet coke, we calculate that for a cement kiln (a) landed cost of imported coal is in the (+/-)15-20% range of linkage coal and (b) pet coke is 10-30% cheaper than linkage coal. However, for a CPP, which uses lower grade of coal, the dynamics could be a mixed bag with tangible advantage for linkage coal in select regions. Imported coal is at par with landed cost of linkage coal in North, West and Southern parts of India, while it would be of significant advantage if linkage coal is used in East, Central and South-Central regions. Jinesh Gandhi (Jinesh@MotilalOswal.com); Sandipan Pal (Sandipan.Pal@MotilalOswal.com); Investors are advised to refer through disclosures made at the end of the Research Report. Motilal Oswal research is available on Bloomberg, Thomson Reuters, Factset and S&P Capital.

2 Though as a matter of strategic choice and fuel supply stability, companies might still prefer linkage coal and may bid for a coal linkage even at a slightly higher cost. Exhibit 8: Domestic pet production (%) company-wise RIL 55% 12mt annual EOL 17% IOC 17% Bharat -Oman 4% HPCL- Mittal 7% Rising pet coke usage - supply not a concern Pet coke usage among cement players gained prominence due to (a) cost benefits as highlighted in exhibit 4 and 5 and (b) other qualitative advantages. We expect abundant availability of pet coke for cement industry in the foreseeable future on account of (a) significant global surplus, (b) domestic prices already at import parity and (c) current demand is relatively small. However, not all cement plants would be able to use pet coke due to compatibility issues. View on demand and pricing Cement demand growth for MOSL universe in 9MFY15 stood at 6.5%, which is expected to moderate further to ~6% for FY15 given weakness in rural segment demand in 4QFY15. The much-awaited recovery in organized real estate and infrastructure space is delayed, which has resulted in price disruption, intermittently. Cement pricing posted multiple corrections in 4QFY15 after a sharp improvement in December and January. Valuation and view Our positive outlook on cement sector is based on (a) revival of volume growth to 8-10% CAGR over FY16E-18E, (b) slowing down of capacity addition to boost industry utilization to 80%/85% by FY17E/18E (v/s 70%/72% in FY14/15E), (c) increasing consolidation and (d) moderation of cost push. Acceleration of the investment cycle, which is essential for higher demand growth and sustenance of robust pricing, is yet to materialize. However, government s strong emphasis on infrastructure projects augurs positively for a gradual revival of demand cycle. We continue to prefer players with strong volume levers, efficient operations and healthy balance sheet (or deleveraging visibility). We like UltraTech among large caps, and JK Lakshmi, Dalmia Bharat and JK Cement among mid caps. Exhibit 1: Comparative valuation Reco CMP TP Upside PE (x) EV/EBITDA (x) * EV/Ton (USD) at CMP* INR (FY17) (%) FY15E FY16E FY17E FY15E FY16E FY17E FY15E FY16E FY17E ACC Buy 1,662 1, Ambuja Cem. Neutral Ultratech Buy 3,065 3, Shree Cement Buy 11,075 12, LARGE CAP Birla Corp Buy Dalmia Bharat Buy , India Cements Neutral JK Cement Buy 700 1, JK Lakshmi Cem. Buy Madras Cement Buy Orient Cement Neutral Prism Cement Buy MID CAPS AGGREGATE Source: Company, MOSL 10 March

3 Understanding fuel price dynamics The distance to coal linkage mines and ports are unique to each plant. Hence, the fuel advantages cannot be generalized and logistic would be vital in the overall total landed cost. We attempt to illustrate with six cement plant locations in various regions -- North (A), Central (B), East (C), South-Central (D), South (E) and West (F), along with key ports, pet coke suppliers and coal reserves. We illustrate with six cement plant locations in various regions Exhibit 2: Illustrative locations of cement plants, ports and pet coke sources A B F C D E Cement Plant Refinery Port Coal Mines Exhibit 3: Illustrative example of 6 plants across India - distance from fuel source (KM) Locations Distance from Colliery Refinery Port North Plant A 1, Central Plant B 250 1, East Plant C South-Central Plant D South Plant E West Plant F 1, Source: MOSL 10 March

4 Switching favorable if linkage price increases in kiln but mixed bag for CPP Based on certain realistic assumptions on inter-unit distances and current prices of imported coal and pet coke, we calculate for cement kiln (a) landed cost of imported coal is (+/-) 15-20% range of linkage coal and (b) pet coke is 10-30% cheaper than linkage coal. Linkage coal has competitive edge in landed cost in Central and Eastern zone (closer to coal reserves) over imported coal, while plants in other regions are seemingly well off by switching away, if the linkage price inflates. In case of CPP, which usage lower grade of coal, the dynamics is favorable to linkage coal. Imported coal is at par with landed cost of linkage coal in North, West and Southern parts, while it would be of significant advantage if linkage coal is used in East, Central and South-Central. Therefore, in most cases, we find switching to pet coke or imported coal will be favorable strategy. However, an individual company s attempts to induce certainty to its fuel sourcing could be a key deciding factor and may prompt it to go for a coal linkage at a higher cost. Exhibit 4: Comparative fuel dynamics for MP based plant INR/ton Linkage Imported Linkage Imported (CPP) (CPP) (Kiln) (Kiln) Pet Coke Remarks Coal Price (INR/ton) ,038 3,490 4,650 5,900 Imported coal price US$60/t +Freight (USD10/t) Nameplate Kcal/Kg 4,150-4,450 4,150 6,100-6,400 6,000 7,900 + Handling (USD10/t) Actual realized Kcal/Kg ,150 5,500 6,000 7,900 14% (INR/ton) Sizing (INR/ton) Clean Energy Cess (INR/ton) % / 2.5% Freight (INR/ton) Domestic: Rs1.5/ton/Km Pet Coke: Rs1.3/ton/Km Imported: Rs1.3/ton/Km + 10% addnl surcharge on railway from port Handling charges (INR/ton) Wet coal (with moisture) 2,261 4,376 4,971 6,664 moisture for Linkage and 8% for Dry Coal (adj for moisture) 3,479 6,733 5,848 7,244 7,123 imported Landed cost (INR/'000 Kcal) Cost ex freight Exhibit 5: East & Central plants have distance advantages on linkage; otherwise pet coke and imported coal are better off Landed cost (INR/'000 Kcal) Plant location in MAP Linkage Imported Linkage Imported Pet Coke For North plant Plant A Premium over linkage coal (%) For Central plant Plant B Premium over linkage coal (%) For East plant Plant C Premium over linkage coal (%) For South-Central plant Plant D Premium over linkage coal (%) For South plant Plant E Premium over linkage coal (%) For West plant Plant F Premium over linkage coal (%) CPP Kiln 10 March

5 Pet coke: growing usage among cement players Indian cement industry witnessed structural cost inflation due to a transition from administered pricing for key inputs like coal to market-driven pricing. Blended average coal price has been doubled for key cement players over FY No new linkage was allotted post FY07 for the cement industry. Further, existing linkage supply has also shrunk; linkage prices were raised by ~10% in May Optimization of fuel cost by improving the fuel mix (along with operating efficiencies) has been a strong focus area for cement players in the past four to five years. During this period, pet coke usage gained prominence due to (a) cost benefits as highlighted in exhibit 4 and 5 and (b) other qualitative advantages as follows Exhibit 6: Pros and cons of pet coke usage Advantages High calorific value > 8,000 kcal/kg ( kcal/kg conventional), low ash content and low volatile matter (but high sulphur content 6-7%) Resource conservation through production of higher grade cement or utilization of marginal and low grade raw materials Saving in transport cost due to lesser fuel load Disadvantages Comparative difficulty in grinding; requires finer grinding Comparative difficulty in burning; require proper mixing of fuel and air; otherwise improper burning may cause inferior clinker High sulphur contents (6-7% v/s ~1% in coal). Condensation of sulphates and chlorides in pre-heater results in jamming of process flows; Better address of sulphur management and emission management required No new linkage coal was allotted post FY07 for the cement industry. Further, existing linkage supply has also shrunk; linkage prices were raised by ~10% in May 2013 Exhibit 7: Proportion of linkage coal (%) in cement industry has halved FY04 FY07 FY13 FY14 FY15E FY16E FY17E Source: Industry 10 March

6 According to Roskill forecasts, global pet coke production is expected to reach 170mt by CY16 In FY14, India produced 12.1mt of pet coke, with Gujarat (RIL and Essar) and Punjab (IOC) being the key contributors Pet coke availability not a concern We expect the demand-supply sustainability of pet coke use in Indian cement industry to remain unaffected in the foreseeable future on account of (a) significant global surplus, (b) domestic prices already at import parity and (c) current demand is relatively small. According to Roskill forecasts, global pet coke production is expected to reach 170mt by CY16 (v/s 105mt in CY12). Against this, demand market is relative small at ~100mt, with 4-5% annual growth forecast. The US accounts for ~40% of global pet coke supply and China and India together will contribute 30-33%. In FY14, India produced 12.1mt of pet coke, with Gujarat (RIL and Essar) and Punjab (IOC) being the key contributors. Clearly, a high surplus supply from oil refineries globally bodes positively for sustainable sourcing from domestic and global producers. Interestingly, in a situation of demand increase, the pet coke production can be increased meaningfully as current yield in sub-optimal. At 5-10% pet coke yield from crude oil, if all current 90-95m bbl/day of crude oil were coked, it would make mt of annual pet coke production. We estimate clinker/cement capacity of 256mt/411mt by FY17E in India. This will require ~24.5mt of usage in kiln (based on 750Kcal/kg of clinker), if industry goes for 100% pet coke usage. Similarly, assuming power requirements of 80kwh/ton of cement and ~70% captive power in industry, cement players would need additional 7mt of pet coke for power generation. In total, a maximum requirement of 30-35mt should not face any sustainability issue given significant global supply. With domestic pet coke prices already at import parity, possibility of a price rise is limited. Exhibit 8: Domestic pet production mix (%) company-wise Exhibit 9: State-wise (%) RIL 55% EOL 17% Bharat- Oman 4% IOC 17% HPCL-Mittal 7% Gujarat 78% Assam 2% Punjab 15% MP 4% UP 1% Source: MOSL Source: MOSL 10 March

7 N O T E S 10 March

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