CDMA2000 Network Planning. cdma university. Student Guide X3

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1 cdma university CDMA2000 CDMA2000 Student Guide

2 Export of this technology may be controlled by the United States Government. Diversion contrary to U.S. law prohibited. Material Use Restrictions These written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material. No part of these written materials may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated. Copyright 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved. QUALCOMM Incorporated 5775 Morehouse Drive San Diego, CA U.S.A.

3 Table of Contents cdma university CDMA.HELP CDMA2000 hotline resource to assist our CDMA customers worldwide Experienced CDMA engineers in our Engineering Services Group will answer your technical questions on topics including: Industry Standards Infrastructure Design Voice Quality System Design Network Optimization Test Engineering Training 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated iii

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5 Table of Contents Table of Contents CDMA Course Introduction Section 1: Introduction Section Introduction Levels of Detail in Outputs Skills Project Setup Technical Design Guidelines Course Syllabus Course References Introduction Review Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Section Introduction Introduction Network Design Steps Coverage and Capacity Objectives Coverage Requirements Capacity Requirements General Design Guidelines Build-out Methodology Acquire Detailed Geographic Data Detailed Geographic Data Preliminary Design Demand Distribution Map Acquire Test Spectrum Preliminary Drive Testing a. Look for Reasonable Sites in Each Morphology b. Gain Access to Reasonable Sites c. Perform Drive Testing on at Least One Site per Morphology Use Drive Test Data to Determine Morphological Correction Factors Planning Tool Design Write/Issue RFP, Evaluate Vendor Proposals, and Select Vendor Iterate Design with Vendor Release SAMs to Real Estate Team Evaluate Candidate Sites Drive Test Primary Candidate Sites Perform Site Audits Release Site Configurations/Site Approvals and 17. Construction and Installation QUALCOMM Incorporated v

6 Table of Contents 18. Verify Site Construction/Installation and 20. Optimize and Prepare ATP Launch Project Planning and Definition Review Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Section Introduction Link Budgets Maximum Allowable Path Loss Forward and Reverse Reverse Link Budget Example Reverse Link Spreadsheet Factors Used to Calculate the Mobile Transmit Power Cell Site Gains and Losses Factors Used to Calculate Receiver Sensitivity Receiver Noise Figure Load and Rise Over Thermal ROT as a Function of Load E b /(N o +I o ) for a Mobile User Receiver Sensitivity Confidence Cell, Shadow Margin, and Handoff Gain Lognormal Shadow Margin Fade Margin Lognormal Distribution Based on Lognormal Distribution Fade Margin Effect in MAPL Fade Margin Effect in Cell Radius Fade Margin Effect in Service Area Miscellaneous Losses Maximum Allowable Path Loss Reverse Link Budget E b /N t for Convolution and Turbo Coding Reverse Link Summary Reverse Link Budgets Review Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Section Introduction Forward Link Range and Capacity Example 17 W HPA Output Forward Link Budget Example Forward Link Data Cases Forward Link Model Mobile Gains and Losses Interference on the Forward Link Receiver Sensitivity QUALCOMM Incorporated vi

7 Table of Contents Handoff Gain Maximum Allowable Path Loss Equal Coverage or Equal Power? Link Budgets Conclusion Forward Link Budgets Review Section 5: Propagation Models Section Introduction COST 231 Propagation Models Hata Model Urban Dense Urban Other Models Plots Summary Morphology Walfisch-Ikegami Model Street Canyon Model Log Distance Linear Standard Model Free-Space Loss Rooftop-Street Diffraction Loss What are Those Constants? Multi-Screen Diffraction Loss Model Comparisons W-I versus Hata-Okumura Model Application Rules Hata Cell Radius Example Hata Cell Radius Graph Propagation Model Tuning Testing and Analysis Propagation Validation Testing Why Do We Drive Test? Analysis Comparison Impacts of Eliminating Drive Testing Cell Radius References: Propagation Models Propagation Models Review Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Section Introduction Traffic Introduction System Definitions Metrics QUALCOMM Incorporated vii

8 Table of Contents Activity Terminology Characterization Load Volume Offered vs. Carried Trunking Efficiency Erlang-B Formula Erlang-C Formula Erlang-B at Low Offered Traffic Erlang-B at Large Offered Traffic Traffic Modeling Review Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Section Introduction RL-Relevant CDMA Fundamentals Mobile Signal Power at BS BS Interference as Function of Load Reverse Link Capacity Equation Forward Link Capacity Example 17 W HPA Output Commonly Used Terms Soft and Softer Handoffs Handoff Reduction Factors Handoff Types for ONE BS Defining h1 and h Traffic Channels or Calls? How Many Erlangs? Erlangs to TCEs Blocking in a CDMA System Channel Element Provisioning Traffic Engineering Summary CDMA Traffic Engineering Review Section 8: Network Considerations Section Introduction Backhaul and Equipment Planning CDMA Wireless Network Architecture Site Costs Network Considerations Review QUALCOMM Incorporated viii

9 Table of Contents - DAY Section 9: Initial Planning Section Introduction Spreadsheet-Based Inputs/Outputs Growth Planning Coverage Limited or Capacity Limited? Capacity Limited Coverage Limited Initial Planning Review Section 10: Tools Overview Section Introduction Tools Common Tool Features PC-Based UNIX-Based Proprietary CDMA Bins Bin Simulations Information Stored in Bins Network Coverage Simulations Without Considering Traffic Density Considering Traffic Density Common Tool Inputs Common Tool Outputs Propagation Models Commonly Used Models Optimizing Models Market Setup Data Resolution and Datasets High Resolution Data Comparison of Data Products Tools Review Section 11: PN Planning Section Introduction What is PN Planning? PILOT_INC Parameter Pilot PN Offset Assignment Planning QUALCOMM Incorporated ix

10 Table of Contents Pilot Searching Process Pilot Sets and Search Windows Searcher Window Sizes PN Offset Conflicts Aliasing PN Planning Analysis Constraints Recommended PILOT_INC Example PN Offset Reuse Pilot PN Offset Assignment Plan PN Planning Review Section 12: Handoff Planning Section Introduction CDMA Hard Handoffs Triggers CDMA Pilot Beacon Hard Handoff with Pilot Beacons CDMA Soft Handoffs Soft Handoff Flow CDMA Handoff Parameters T_ADD T_DROP SRCH_WIN_(A,N,R) Optimizing Soft Handoff Soft Handoff / Power Tradeoff Statistics Pilot Levels Planning, Measurements, and Effort Handoff Planning Review Section 13: Case Study Section Introduction Flat Earth Design Main Assumptions Cable Specs Demand Specification Service Area Reverse Link Budget Propagation Model Coverage Design Capacity Design Final Results Assumptions QUALCOMM Incorporated x

11 Table of Contents Tool Inputs Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Landuse Vector Data Orthophoto Image Setting RF Parameters Setting CDMA Parameters Choosing an Antenna Choosing an RF Model Choosing a Call Model Defining Subscriber Setting CDMA Module Parameters Tool Outputs Path Loss Between Sector and Mobile (db) Total Mobile Received Power (dbm) Required Mobile Transmit Power (dbm) Individual Pilot E c /I o by Best Server (db) Composite Forward Pilot E c /I o (db) Sector Counter (Number of Pilots > -15dB) Fundamental Channel Handoff Map Handoff Summary Report Sector Total Transmit Power (% to max PA Power) Sector Load Number of Blocked Users Mobile Assisted Hard Handoff (2 Carrier System) Reverse Link Summary Report Forward Link Summary Report Case Study Review Section 14: Spectrum Planning Section Introduction Deploying Second Carriers Without Compromising Quality Match Second Carrier to Traffic Using Beacon Cells Inter-Frequency Search Procedure Interference Mitigation Co-Location Considerations MHz Band Allocations Considerations Antennas and Antenna Isolation Directional Antenna and Coverage Pattern Sector and Coverage Patterns Isolation Between Sectorized Cells Interference Reduction Strategies QUALCOMM Incorporated xi

12 Table of Contents Co-Location Cases x and IS-95 Deployment Scenarios CDMA2000 Deployments: Same Frequency or Different Frequency x Deployment Issues Conclusion and Recommendations Sample Hybrid 1x / IS-95 Deployment x Terminal Access Control Case A: 1x Mobile in 1x Area Distribution of IS-95 and 1x Handsets Across Channels Case B: 1x Mobile in Outer (IS-95) Area and Moves Toward Center (1x) Area Case B: Can Use PRL to Direct Handset to 1x IS-95/1x Handset Issues Spectrum Planning Review Section 15: Site Selection Criteria Section Introduction Site Survey Checklist Pre-Qualified Site Database Zoning Analysis Search Rings Search Ring Example Site Selection Criteria Review Course Summary Day Day What We Learned Section 1: Introduction Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Section 5: Propagation Models Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Section 8: Network Limitations Section 9: Initial Planning Section 10: Tools Overview Section 11: PN Planning Section 12: Handoff Planning Section 13: Case Study Section 14: Spectrum Planning Section 15: Site Selection Criteria Course Conclusion: Putting It All Together QUALCOMM Incorporated xii

13 Section 1: Introduction CDMA2000 Course Introduction cdma university Section 1-1 Day 1: 1) Introduction 2) Project Definition 3) Reverse Link Budgets 4) Forward Link Budgets 5) Propagation Models 6) Traffic Modeling Erlang Model 7) CDMA Traffic Engineering 8) Network Considerations 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-1

14 Section 1: Introduction CDMA2000 Course Introduction cdma university Section 1-2 Day 2: 9) Initial Planning 10) Tools Overview 11) PN Planning 12) Handoff Planning 13) Case Study 14) Spectrum Planning 15) Site Selection Criteria 16) Course Summary 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-2

15 Section 1: Introduction Section 1: Introduction cdma university Section 1-3 SECTION 1 Introduction 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-3

16 Section 1: Introduction Section Introduction cdma university Section 1-4 SECTION INTRODUCTION Introduction Outputs Skills Project Setup Technical Design Guidelines Course Syllabus References 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-4

17 Section 1: Introduction Levels of Detail in cdma university Section 1-5 To understand what network planning is, we must first understand that it has at least two levels of detail. 1) Initial network sizing analysis ( budgetary design) First step to detailed network plan Entirely an analytical exercise usually done on a spreadsheet Outputs Cell counts Growth plans No maps, site locations, or simulation statistics 2) Detailed network design and analysis (detailed design) Usually done using a network planning tool Outputs Coverage maps Site locations and parameters Search rings Specific equipment needs More detailed growth plans 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-5

18 Section 1: Introduction Outputs cdma university Section 1-6 Pre-sales (& post-sales) outputs include estimates of: Equipment counts Required frequency Post-sales outputs include estimates of: Coverage areas Cell locations Post-sales outputs include detailed network parameters: PN plan Antenna type(s) and configurations Coverage plots: Best server Soft handoff Received power Mobile Tx power Etc QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-6

19 Section 1: Introduction Skills cdma university Section 1-7 (Listed in No Particular Order) Sales and marketing Radio propagation CDMA Air Interface knowledge Computer skills Radio hardware understanding Link Budgets Radio communication systems Antenna theory and knowledge Queuing theory CDMA traffic modeling Telephone network architecture Geographical Information Systems... and the list could continue 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-7

20 Section 1: Introduction Project Setup cdma university Section 1-8 Commencing Establish clear performance goals: Coverage goals Service quality goals Establish design guidelines: Equipment specifications Cell site configurations Gather all information required for determining growth and capacity planning. Establish Design Guidelines Design Tool Market Setup Define Project Staffing and Equipment Requirements Procure Engineering Tools and Software Procure Pre-Qualified Site Database Review Zoning Analysis Propagation Validation Testing Procure Test / Office Equipment Competitive Analysis (Optional) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-8

21 Section 1: Introduction Technical Design Guidelines cdma university Section 1-9 Design guidelines should address: Equipment assumptions at time of design Subscriber parameters Base Station parameters Base Station antennas Preferred models Need to identify vendors Deployment guidelines Antenna separation and isolation requirements Penetration and traffic assumptions Capacity criteria Coverage criteria Link Budgets Site configurations 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-9

22 Section 1: Introduction Course Syllabus cdma university Section 1-10 DAY 1 GENERAL CONCEPTS Project definition Link Budgets Reverse and Forward Propagation models Traffic models and engineering Network considerations DAY 2 APPLICATION Initial planning Tools overview PN planning Handoff planning Case Study Spectrum planning Site selection criteria 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-10

23 Section 1: Introduction Course References cdma university Section 1-11 [1] John C. Bellamy, Digital Telephony, 3 rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, [2] William C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, Howard W. Sams and Co., [3] William C. Jakes, ed., Microwave Mobile Communications, IEEE Press, [4] cdma2000 Standard: [5] Kyoung Il Kim, ed., Handbook of CDMA System Design, Engineering and Optimization, Prentice Hall, [6] Mayank Chopra, Kamyar Rohani and J. Douglas Reed, Analysis of CDMA Range Extension Due to Soft Handoff, IEEE 45 th Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, pp , July 25-28, [7] William C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, 2 nd Ed., McGraw Hill, [8] David Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel, Halsted Press: John Wiley and Sons, [9] Samuel C. Yang, CDMA RF System Engineering, Artech House, QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-11

24 Section 1: Introduction Introduction Review cdma university Section 1-12 SECTION REVIEW Introduction Outputs Skills Project Setup Technical Design Guidelines Course Syllabus References 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 1-12

25 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Section 2: Project Planning and Definition cdma university Section 2-1 SECTION 2 Project Planning and Definition 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-1

26 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Section Introduction cdma university Section 2-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Introduction Network Design Steps 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-2

27 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Introduction cdma university Section 2-3 In this section, we outline the process to build a commercial CDMA wireless network. Some steps may not apply to all situations. Starred ( * ) steps may be skipped in the preliminary (budgetary) phase of design. Starred steps cannot be skipped when producing the executable design QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-3

28 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Network Design Steps cdma university Section Coverage and Capacity Objectives 2. Acquire Detailed Geographic Data 3. Preliminary Design 4. Acquire Test Spectrum* 5. Preliminary Drive Testing* 6. Use Drive Test data to determine morphological correction factors* 7. Write/Issue RFP 8. Evaluate Vendor Proposals 9. Select Vendor 10. Iterate Design with Vendor (conscious of ATP issues) 11. Release SAMs to Real Estate Team 12. Evaluate Candidate Sites 13. Drive Test Primary Candidates (at least one per site) 14. Perform Site Audits (Technical Team Visits) on each primary candidate 15. Release Site Configurations/Site Approvals 16. Construction 17. Installation 18. Verify Site Construction/Installation 19. Optimize 20. Perform ATP 21. Launch 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-4

29 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 1. Coverage and Capacity Objectives cdma university Section 2-5 Detailed requirements ensure that all parties are working towards the same goals. Defining the coverage and capacity objectives are fundamental. Link budget(s) should be defined at this point. There are many related questions regarding service quality and performance that must also be defined at this time: Cell Site Configurations General Design Constraints Available Frequency Plan Build-out Methodology 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-5

30 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Coverage Requirements cdma university Section 2-6 The coverage requirement would typically reflect the following information: Service Area (Km 2 ) Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Total % % % % % Determine coverage Depth How much of the area requires in-building coverage? How much of the area requires in-home coverage? How much of the area requires in-car coverage? These choices usually dictate link budget variations 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-6

31 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Capacity Requirements cdma university Section 2-7 Estimate distribution of subscribers. For spreadsheet design, estimate the distribution as best you can. To proceed beyond the spreadsheet, a map produced from a detailed traffic study is essential. Could come from systems that are currently operational. Could come from demographic studies. Determine subscriber growth. Target number of subscribers per year or phase. Determine fixed and mobile user percentages QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-7

32 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Capacity Requirements (continued) cdma university Section 2-8 The capacity requirement should provide information as shown below and include a projection of growth. YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Total POPs 54,545 52,000 7,000 10,000 42,840 53,040 7,140 10,200 43,260 53,560 7,210 10,300 Penetration % % % % % % % % % % % % Subscribers Required 42,000 40,560 5,250 5,500 42,840 41,902 5,569 6,120 43,260 42,312 5,768 6,386 merlang/sub Erlangs Required 1, , , , , , QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-8

33 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition General Design Guidelines cdma university Section 2-9 Design constraints Tower height restrictions Geographic or political boundaries Preferred site configurations 3 sectors Preferred antenna types/vendors Roof-mounted antennas or other Existing structures (e.g., water tanks, silos) Existing towers Collocation with existing providers New towers Spectrum available Number of carriers Adjacent licenses Possible sources of interference 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-9

34 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Build-out Methodology cdma university Section 2-10 Different for each operator Defined by the business strategy Some possibilities are: Build sites for coverage; add sites later for capacity. Build sites only where you are sure there will be many subscribers; add new desired coverage areas later. Add carriers, not new sites, for additional capacity QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-10

35 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 2. Acquire Detailed Geographic Data cdma university Section 2-11 Propagation modeling requires detailed geographic data. The geographic data must be acquired as soon as the desired coverage areas are defined. For adequate network planning in urban areas, the geographic data must have pixel (bin) sizes no larger than 20 m. Data must also include Land Use / Land Clutter of the same resolution QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-11

36 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Detailed Geographic Data cdma university Section 2-12 To proceed beyond the level of detail that a spreadsheet provides, a coverage requirement map is essential. An example of a Coverage map: Coverage Objectives In-Building Penetration In-Car Penetration Outdoor Service 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-12

37 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 3. Preliminary Design cdma university Section 2-13 If a budgetary (spreadsheet) design is desired, standard propagation models should suffice. If a final design is desired, perform steps 4 6 before proceeding with the actual design QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-13

38 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 3. Preliminary Design (continued) * cdma university Section 2-14 If final design: Acquire a list of friendly sites. Acquire a demand distribution map. Perform CDMA analysis, on these sites only, using standard propagation models and the demand map. Add or remove sites as necessary to achieve coverage and capacity objectives QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-14

39 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Demand Distribution Map * cdma university Section 2-15 A demand distribution map may look like this: 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-15

40 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 4. Acquire Test Spectrum * cdma university Section 2-16 Drive testing requires the use of transmitters. In most countries, it is not lawful to use radio spectrum without written consent of the proper governing body. Ensure that licenses, permits, and related permissions are in place before proceeding to the next step of drive testing QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-16

41 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 5. Preliminary Drive Testing * cdma university Section 2-17 Preliminary drive testing will determine the propagation model correction factors for the areas to be designed. This is not the same as the drive testing required for site approvals. Preliminary drive testing includes these tasks: Looking for reasonable sites in each morphology. Gaining access to reasonable sites. Performing drive testing on at least one site per morphology QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-17

42 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 5a. Look for Reasonable Sites in Each Morphology * cdma university Section 2-18 To locate reasonable sites, use: Coverage and capacity objectives Geographic data Select sites in each morphology for testing. Select areas where the capacity objectives state that demand exists. Target antennas to be located m above surrounding terrain, generally above average rooftop level. Visit areas and consider which might provide the best drive test data. Repeat this procedure for at least one (preferably five) sites per morphology QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-18

43 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 5b. Gain Access to Reasonable Sites * cdma university Section 2-19 To perform a drive test, access to the test site must be attained. This is typically done by real estate personnel working on the project. Request permission to place a test transmitter at the site at the height determined in the design QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-19

44 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 5c. Perform Drive Testing on at Least One Site per Morphology * cdma university Section 2-20 Prepare a car for data collection. Drive all main thoroughfares and streets within 5 km of the test site. Collect RSSI data as a function of location, while driving. If the test equipment is CW, then the car must be configured with a CW receiver and a GPS that can location stamp each RSSI measurement. Best results occur when a detailed Drive Test Procedure is followed QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-20

45 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 6. Use Drive Test Data to Determine Morphological Correction Factors * cdma university Section 2-21 Import the RSSI measurements into a network design tool. Compare the measured drive test data with typical Hata or Cost 231 correction factors. Adjust the correction factors based on each geographic morphology until the error between the predicted value and the measured value is minimized. Use these correction factors in the preliminary design QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-21

46 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Planning Tool Design * cdma university Section 2-22 If final design: Begin placing sites on a map in a network planning tool. Place the sites in such a way that when the propagation analysis is run (taking link budget, propagation, and demand into account), all of the coverage and capacity objectives are met. This is an iterative process that will take a significant amount of time QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-22

47 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 7 9. Write/Issue RFP, Evaluate Vendor Proposals, and Select Vendor cdma university Section Use the values determined by the preliminary design to prepare a Request For Proposal for perspective equipment vendors. This will require inputs far broader in scope than network planning only. 8. Evaluate vendor Proposals. 9. Select a vendor QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-23

48 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 10. Iterate Design with Vendor cdma university Section 2-24 Be conscious of ATP issues. Review the preliminary design in detail with vendor network planners. The number of cell sites may change, depending on vendor input. When a technical agreement is reached, issue a letter stating that the preliminary design is fixed, and that both parties agree to it. Issue any pertinent change orders. Output for this step is the executable design QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-24

49 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 11. Release SAMs to Real Estate Team cdma university Section 2-25 Use the preliminary design to issue Search Area Maps to those in charge of site acquisition. QUALCOMM Search Area Map Line (CL) 7 m 23 ft AGL SAM Name Old Town Center SAM Code SD001 CL Tolerance +/- 2 m 7 ft Latitude Azimuth / Config Sector N Longitude W Coverage Primary - In vehicle portable coverage on I-5 from Washington St GE 24 m 79 ft Objectives to Garnet, I-8 from Sunset Cliffs to I-163 Date 6/8/2001 Secondary - In-building portable coverage in Sports Arena, Engineer Jane Doe Loma Square shopping center Pre-existing Candidates SAM Center Mission Research Building Latitude N 123 San Diego Avenue Longitude W Backup #1 Old Town Inn Latitude N 56 Old Town Avenue Longitude W Backup #2 Latitude N Longitude W 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-25

50 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 12. Evaluate Candidate Sites cdma university Section 2-26 Establish a formal process by which the site acquisition team submits candidate sites. Use the network planning tool to rank the candidates from best to worst QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-26

51 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 13. Drive Test Primary Candidate Sites cdma university Section Drive Test Primary Candidate Sites Perform drive tests on the best candidate for each site. Use these results to tune the propagation model for each sector such that the error in the prediction is minimized compared to the measurement. Determine if each candidate adequately contributes toward achievement of the coverage and capacity goals QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-27

52 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 14. Perform Site Audits cdma university Section 2-28 Assemble a technical site audit team consisting of at least one representative from network planning, backhaul planning, real estate, construction, and installation. Visit each candidate site that has been determined to meet coverage and capacity goals. Identify problems that may not be visible from outside the site. Determine where each piece of equipment should go. Prepare a site audit form QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-28

53 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 15. Release Site Configurations/Site Approvals cdma university Section 2-29 Prepare a site approval letter that contains: All information obtained during the site audit A site diagram 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-29

54 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 16 and 17. Construction and Installation cdma university Section Construction 17. Installation is generally not involved in these steps QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-30

55 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 18. Verify Site Construction/Installation cdma university Section 2-31 The customer is responsible for verifying construction and installation: NEVER accept and approve sites without verification by a third party. Contract a company to verify that each detail of the constructed site was built according to the design QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-31

56 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 19 and 20. Optimize and Prepare ATP cdma university Section Optimize Network optimization may be part of the vendor contract. QUALCOMM offers training in Network Optimization. 20. Perform ATP Acceptance Test Procedure Network planners may participate in both optimization and Acceptance Testing QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-32

57 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition 21. Launch cdma university Section 2-33 Before launching a new network, the following should be in place: Marketing Phone distribution channels Service plans Customer service centers Billing Congratulations! 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-33

58 Section 2: Project Planning and Definition Project Planning and Definition Review cdma university Section 2-34 SECTION REVIEW Introduction Network Design Steps 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 2-34

59 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets cdma university Section 3-1 SECTION 3 Reverse Link Budgets 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-1

60 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Section Introduction cdma university Section 3-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Long-Term Fading Fade Margin Miscellaneous Losses Maximum Allowable Path Loss E b /N t for Coding Reverse Link Budget Summary 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-2

61 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Link Budgets cdma university Section 3-3 A Link Budget is an accurate accounting of the losses and gains of the communication link. Link Budgets involve: Antenna gains Data rates Fade margin Transmit power Demodulator performance Output of Link Budget analysis is Maximum Allowable Path Loss QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-3

62 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Link Budgets (continued) cdma university Section 3-4 Antenna Gain Maximum Allowable Path Loss Head/Body Loss Building Attenuation RF Cable Loss Mobile EIRP Base Station 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-4

63 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Link Budgets Maximum Allowable Path Loss cdma university Section 3-5 Maximum Allowable Path Loss is the maximum attenuation that can be sustained between the transmitter and receiver and still communicate across the link. Maximum Allowable Path Loss is derived from the Link Budget analysis. Maximum Allowable Path Loss: Determines cell coverage. Impacts cell count. For a detailed design or deployment, consider local drive testing to measure and verify model assumptions QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-5

64 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Link Budgets Forward and Reverse cdma university Section 3-6 The Forward and Reverse links are different, so each requires a Link Budget. Reverse link: Has soft handoff gain. In 1x, mobile Tx power shared with multiple Traffic Channels plus Pilot. Rise in noise floor due to loading. Reverse link Pilot increases stability. Forward link: Shares power with overhead and other Traffic Channels. For 1x, can have transmit antenna diversity (Rel. A) QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-6

65 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Reverse Link Spreadsheet cdma university Section 3-7 The example spreadsheet on the following slides summarizes the effects of power, antennas, noise, interference, E b /N T, and fade margin. It examines the case of 9.6 kbps voice over four different propagation morphologies QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-7

66 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 3-8 Link Budget model estimates the Path Loss between transmit and receive antennas. ID Parameter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments a Maximum Transmitter Power [dbm] Input: IS-2000 Standard = 24 dbm A Maximum Transmitter Power [mw] Calc: a = 10*log10(A) b Transmitter Cable, Connector and Combiner Losses [db] Input: c Transmitter Antenna Gain [dbi] Input: d Total Transmitter EIRP [dbm] Calc: a + b + c e Receiver Antenna Gain [dbi] Input: f Receiver Cable and Connector Losses [db] Input: g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o q Confidence (Cell Edge) [%] Input: r Log Normal Shadow Standard Deviation [db] Input: s Log Normal Shadow Margin [db] Calc: NORMINV(q,0,r) (2) t Handoff Gain [db] Calc: SQRT[NORMINV((q/100),0,r)-NORMINV(1-SQRT[1-(q/100)],0,r)]*[1.6-(8-r)/10] u Head / Body Loss [db] Input: v Building Penetration Loss [db] Input: w Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) [db] Calc: w = d - u - v - s + e - f + t - p (1) K (Boltzmann's Constant) = *10-23 [W/Hz/K], T = 290 [ K] (2) NORMINV = Inverse of the Normal Cummulative Distribution Function 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-8

67 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Factors Used to Calculate the Mobile Transmit Power cdma university Section 3-9 ID Parameter Unit De ns e Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments a Maximum Transmitter Pow er [dbm] Input: IS-2000 Standard = 24 dbm A Maximum Transmitter Pow er [mw] Calc: a = 10*log10(A) b r Cable, Connector and Combiner Losses [db] Input: c Transmitter Antenna Gain [dbi] Input: Maximum Transmitter Power The amount of power that comes out of the output of the subscriber terminal s power amplifier. minimum ERP max power is 23 dbm (200 mw), TIA/EIA-98-D. Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses The amount of power lost between the output of the subscriber terminal power amplifier and its antenna. We can assume this number is 0 for a handheld mobile terminal. For a fixed terminal or a terminal whose antenna is mounted on top of the car, this number could be 1 5 db. Transmitter Antenna Gain The amount of gain (in dbi) provided by the subscriber terminal antenna typically 0 dbi QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-9

68 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Cell Site Gains and Losses cdma university Section 3-10 ID Parameter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments e Receiver Antenna Gain [dbi] Input: f Receiver Cable and Connector Losses [db] Input: Receiver Antenna Gain The gain of the sector antenna in dbi. Range of main lobe gain is 8 21 dbi for degree sector antennas. Cable and Connector Losses The amount of power lost in the Base Station RF cable between the antenna and the Base Station LNA. 2 db is an outstanding cable installation or a remote LNA (close to the Base Station). 5 db is a poor cable installation or poorly selected cable. 3 4 db is typical. Total cable loss depends on cable length. In this example, cable lengths are as follows: DU=30 m, U=35 m, S=40 m, R=45 m QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-10

69 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Factors Used to Calculate Receiver Sensitivity cdma university Section 3-11 Minimum required signal level to maintain a given quality at the receiver ID Param eter Unit Dense Ur ban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm /Hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o Thermal Noise Density Natural noise caused by Brownian movement of electrons in the receiver. The formula for calculating this is: N = ktb or 10*log(k) + 10*log(T) + 10*log(B). k Boltzmann s constant = * joules/kelvin T Temperature in kelvins. Typically assumed to be 290 degrees kelvin (approximately 62 degrees fahrenheit). B Data Bandwidth For 8k EVRC vocoder, the bandwidth is 9600 Hz QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-11

70 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Factors Used to Calculate Receiver Sensitivity (continued) cdma university Section 3-12 ID Param eter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Therm al Noise Floor [dbm ] Calc: g + H I Therm al Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o Therefore, in this case, the Thermal Noise contribution to the overall noise is: * [W/K/Hz] * 290 [K] * 9600 [Hz] = [dbm] = [db] 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-12

71 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Receiver Noise Figure cdma university Section 3-13 ID Param eter Unit Dense Ur ban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o Receiver Noise Figure This accounts for the noise contribution added by the electronics of the Base Station receive chain. 5 db is good. Varies from vendor to vendor QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-13

72 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Load and Rise Over Thermal cdma university Section 3-14 ID Param eter Unit Dense Ur ban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o As the number of users goes up, more noise is injected into the Reverse link. Typically expressed as a percentage of the pole capacity. This has the effect of desensitizing the receiver. ROT (Rise Over Thermal) = -10*log 10 [1 - x] where x is between 0 and 1, expressing the percentage of the load QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-14

73 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example ROT as a Function of Load cdma university Section 3-15 Rise Over Thermal Noise Due to Loading on the Reverse Link db of Noise Rise Loss % 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Percentage of Pole CDMA IS-95 networks are typically designed assuming 50% loading. CDMA IS-2000 networks are typically designed assuming 75% 80% loading. Load Percentage of Load Capacity will be discussed with Capacity Equation in Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-15

74 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example E b /(N o + I o ) for a Mobile User cdma university Section 3-16 ID Param eter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o E b /(N o +I o ) The measure of signal quality that directly dictates the voice quality perceived by the user. Energy per bit to noise ratio Analogous to a C/I ratio in analog systems 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-16

75 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example E b /(N o + I o ) for a Mobile User (continued) cdma university Section 3-17 ID Param eter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o Required E b /(N o +I o ) (set point) Used to calculate the nonfading mobile receiver sensitivity. Required E b /(N o +I o ) for 1x Will depend on Radio Configuration(RC3, RC4), Data Rate, Channel Type (Vehicular, Pedestrian), Target FER Percentage, and Coding Type (Convolutional Coding, Turbo Coding). Mean E b /(N o +I o ) Used to calculate the fading mobile receiver sensitivity. Mean E b /N o for a mobile user is computed based on Required Eb /(N o +I o ) and its associated Standard Deviation QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-17

76 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Receiver Sensitivity cdma university Section 3-18 Now, we can calculate the receiver sensitivity: Thermal Noise = *10-23 * 290 * 9600 = *10-17 W (convert to dbm): 10*log 10 ( *10-17 ) + 30 = dbm Add Receiver Noise Figure of 5 db: = dbm Add Loading of 75% = 6.02 db: = dbm Add Total Required E b (N o +I o ) of 4.13 db: = dbm ID Param eter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm ] Calc: g + H + j + l + o 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-18

77 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Confidence Cell, Shadow Margin, and Handoff Gain cdma university Section 3-19 ID Parameter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments q Confidence (Cell Edge) [%] Input: r Log Normal Shadow Standard Deviation [db] Input: s Log Normal Shadow Margin [db] Calc: NORMINV(q,0,r) (2) t Handoff Gain [db] Calc: SQRT[NORMINV((q/100),0,r)-NORMINV(1-SQRT[1-(q/100)],0,r)]*[1.6-(8-r)/10] u Head / Body Loss [db] Input: v Building Penetration Loss [db] Input: w Max. Allow able Path Loss (MAPL) [db] Calc: w = d - u - v - s + e - f + t - p (1) K (Boltzmann's Constant) = *10-23 [W/Hz/K], T = 290 [ K] Handoff Gain is a function of: Cell Edge Confidence Lognormal Shadowing Standard Deviation 8 Handoff Gain q,0, r 1 1 q,0, r 1.6 r NormInv K 100 NormInv QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-19

78 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Lognormal Shadow Margin cdma university Section 3-20 Lognormal shadow margin accounts for long term fading. Long term fading is caused by man-made or natural obstructions in the propagation path. This is discussed in reference [5] p. 114 and reference [3]. Fading is modeled by a lognormal distribution. This type of fading is sometimes called Slow Fading or Long Term Fading. Long term fading is the result of random shadowing along the radio path. Modeled as a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and standard deviation of 8. When long term fading is not accounted for, 50% of mobiles at the Maximum Allowable Path Loss will suffer a coverage outage QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-20

79 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Fade Margin cdma university Section 3-21 Typically, design for 90% probability of edge coverage. 90% area coverage = 75% edge coverage (@ 8 db std dev) = 5.4 db 97% area coverage = 90% edge coverage (@ 8 db std dev) = db For this reason, a Fade Margin is added to Link Budget. Fade margin is different for different environments and probabilities of coverage. Handoff area should have a high probability of successful operation. At 50% correlation, handoff gain is: 90% area coverage = 75% edge coverage (@ 8 db std dev) = 3.7 db 97% area coverage = 90% edge coverage (@ 8 db std dev) = 4.1 db Fade causes attenuation greater than the average Path Loss model predicts QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-21

80 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets cdma university Section 3-22 Power Fade Margin Lognormal Distribution Receive Power [Watts] /{ Actual attenuation -40 log(d) estimate log(d) Distance np-lognormal-rev2.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-22

81 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Fade Margin Based on Lognormal Distribution cdma university Section 3-23 Coverage Availability % Edge Availability % Fade Margin (db) Shadow 8 db Log Normal Slope = 40 db/decade 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-23

82 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Fade Margin Effect in MAPL cdma university Section 3-24 Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) [db] DU U SU R Confidence (Cell Edge) [%] 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-24

83 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Fade Margin Effect in Cell Radius cdma university Section DU U SU R Cell Radius [Km] Confidence (Cell Edge) [%] 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-25

84 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Fade Margin Effect in Service Area cdma university Section 3-26 The effect of (Fade Margin [db], Edge Availability [%]) in service area for dense urban morphology is shown below: 8.58 Km (10.3 db, 90 %) 4.51 Km 2.52 Km (5.4 db, 75 %) (0 db, 50 %) Confidence Log Normal Shadow Area (sq-km) (Cell Edge) [%] Margin [db] DU U SU R , , , , , , , , , , QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-26

85 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Miscellaneous Losses cdma university Section 3-27 Body Loss The degradation caused by the body losses near the mobile antenna. Can be as high as 10 db in certain situations and mobile types. Typical value is 3 db. Building Penetration Loss The attenuation caused by man-made structures between the transmitter and receiver. Can be very large (up to 40 db). See reference [7] for a treatment of in-building coverage. Typical values for Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, and Rural building penetrations are shown below. ID Parameter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments u Head / Body Loss [db] Input: v Building Penetration Loss [db] Input: 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-27

86 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Miscellaneous Losses (continued) cdma university Section 3-28 Chart of Building Penetration Losses at 1900 MHz in Hong Kong First floor of buildings 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-28

87 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Maximum Allowable Path Loss cdma university Section 3-29 Now, we are ready to calculate Maximum Allowable Path Loss: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS = Total Mobile Transmitter EIRP (dbm) Receiver Sensitivity(dBm) + Rx Antenna Gain (dbi) Rx Cable Loss (db) Body loss (db) Fade Margin (db) + Handoff Gain (db) Building Penetration loss (db) Substituting the Dense Urban values into this equation we get, Maximum Allowable Path Loss: MAPL = = db Total Mobile Transmitter EIRP (dbm) Receiver Sensitivity (dbm) Rx Antenna Gain (dbi) Rx Cable Fade Margin (db) Loss (db) Body Loss (db) Building Penetration Loss (db) Handoff Gain (db) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-29

88 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget cdma university Section 3-30 ID Parameter Unit De nse Ur ban Urban Suburban Rural Origin Method / Comments a Maximum Transmitter Power [dbm] Input: IS-2000 Standard = 24 dbm A Maximum Transmitter Power [mw] Calc: a = 10*log10(A) b Transmitter Cable, Connector and Combiner Losses [db] Input: c Transmitter Antenna Gain [dbi] Input: d Total Transmitter EIRP [dbm] Calc: a + b + c e Receiver Antenna Gain [dbi] Input: f Receiver Cable and Connector Losses [db] Input: g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] Calc: g = [10*log10( K * T )] + 30 (1) G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 Calc: g = 10*log10(G) h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] Input: H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] Calc: H = 10*log10(h*1000) i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] Calc: g + H I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 Calc: i = 10*log10( I ) j Receiver Noise Figure [db] Input: k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] Input: l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] Calc: l = -10*log10(1-k) m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] Input: n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] Input: o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] Calc: o = 10*log10(EXP(0.5*(loge(10)/10*n)2+loge(10)/10*m)) p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] Calc: g + H + j + l + o q Confidence (Cell Edge) [%] Input: r Log Normal Shadow Standard Deviation [db] Input: s Log Normal Shadow Margin [db] Calc: NORMINV(q,0,r) (2) t Handoff Gain [db] Calc: SQRT[NORMINV((q/100),0,r)-NORMINV(1-SQRT[1-(q/100)],0,r)]*[1.6-(8-r)/10] u Head / Body Loss [db] Input: v Building Penetration Loss [db] Input: w Maxim um Allow able Path Loss (MAPL) [db] Calc: w = d - u - v - s + e - f + t - p 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-30

89 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets E b /N t for Convolution and Turbo Coding cdma university Section 3-31 Assumptions for these data: Radio Configuration 3 Rayleigh fading, 30 km/hr 1 path per antenna, 2 antennas FER = 1% for both R-FCH and R-SCH at 9600 bps FER = 5% for R-SCH at all other data rates The T/P ratio is relative to the R-FCH if no R-SCH is present; otherwise, it is relative to the R-SCH Based on simulation data for Band Class QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-31

90 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets E b /N t for Convolution and Turbo Coding (continued) cdma university Section 3-32 E b /N t for Convolutional Coding Rate R-FCH Data Rate [bps] R-SCH Data Rate [bps] Total Data Rate [bps] R-FCH Traffic Eb/Nt per antenna [db] R-SCH Traffic Eb/Nt per antenna [db] T/P Ratio [db] Total Eb/Nt (including Pilot, R-FCH and R-SCH) per antenna [db] Voice 9, , x 9,600 9,600 19, x 9,600 19,200 28, x 9,600 38,400 48, x 9,600 76,800 86, x 9, , , x 9, , , x is available in IS-2000 Release A QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-32

91 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets E b /N t for Convolution and Turbo Coding (continued) cdma university Section 3-33 E b /N t for Turbo Coding Rate R-FCH Data Rate [bps] R-SCH Data Rate [bps] Total Data Rate [bps] R-FCH Traffic Eb/Nt per antenna [db] R-SCH Traffic Eb/Nt per antenna [db] T/P Ratio [db] Total Eb/Nt (including Pilot, R-FCH and R-SCH) per antenna [db] Voice 9, , x 9,600 9,600 19, x 9,600 19,200 28, x 9,600 38,400 48, x 9,600 76,800 86, x 9, , , x 9, , , x is available in IS-2000 Release A QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-33

92 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Summary cdma university Section 3-34 The supportable Path Loss is in the direction of the antenna boresight, less in other directions. Margin needs to be added for in-vehicle and in-building losses. Rise over thermal is derived from Reverse link loading, mean voice activity factor, and other cell/other sector interference QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-34

93 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Reverse Link Budgets Review cdma university Section 3-35 SECTION REVIEW Link Budgets Reverse Link Budget Example Long-Term Fading Fade Margin Miscellaneous Losses Maximum Allowable Path Loss E b /N t for Coding Reverse Link Budget Summary 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-35

94 Section 3: Reverse Link Budgets Comments/ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 3-36

95 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Section 4: Forward Link Budgets cdma university Section 4-1 SECTION 4 Forward Link Budgets 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-1

96 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Section Introduction cdma university Section 4-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Forward Link Range and Capacity Forward Link Budget Example Compare Equal Power, Equal Coverage Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Summary 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-2

97 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Range and Capacity cdma university Section 4-3 Forward Link Budget and Capacity are related. Capacity is directly related to the amount of PA power available for traffic. Soft handoff percentages also affect the power available for traffic. Forward Link capacity is difficult to model. Interference estimation is very scenario dependent. Cell antenna characteristics and cell placement are factors. Traffic Channel power allocations are variable. Wide variation in E b /N o requirements due to various speeds and environments. Forward power control algorithms are vendor-specific QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-3

98 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Capacity Example 17W HPA Output cdma university Section FL Pwr as a function of load HPA output [dbm] power used for overhead channels max output power Watts dbm Pilot relative to max db dbm paging to Pilot db dbm sync to paging db dbm total overhead power 5.08 Watts dbm Number of users 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-4

99 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example cdma university Section 4-5 There are many possible scenarios. We analyze: Outdoor vehicular No Forward power control This is worst case scenario. RC1 voice, in soft handoff 76.8 kbps and kbps data 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-5

100 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-6 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) (e) Receiver Antenna Gain (dbi) (f) Cable and Connector Losses (db) (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-6

101 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Forward Link Data Cases cdma university Section 4-7 Long delay data uses 80 ms frames. 80 ms interleaver provides delay. Assumed to be in soft handoff in our analysis. Standard allows for larger frame sizes which improves required E b /N o performance, but with longer interleaver delay. Vendors will implement the different possibilities based on demand. Some implementations will not include soft handoff for SCHs QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-7

102 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-8 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) Maximum BS transmitter power The amount of power that comes from the output of the BS PA. Depends on manufacturer and type of BS. In general, maximum transmitter power is 20 W (43 dbm); limited to no more than 50 W. PA output power must be shared between all users plus overhead channels. We have assumed maximum transmit power is equal to average transmit power for simplicity. We have assumed unequal transmit power for each data rate for purposes of illustration QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-8

103 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Forward Link Model cdma university Section 4-9 I oc I or Channel I tc + Mobile I Or I tc I OC F f N O = the power spectral density of the combined output of the sector PA = the component of I Or from the target cell = the Forward link interference from other cells not in soft handoff I IOC tc 1 1 F f = Forward link frequency reuse efficiency, F f = 0.65 typical = thermal noise component to the input of the mobile N O FL_Model.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-9

104 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-10 Factors used to calculate the amount of power transmitted by the Base Station ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) I Or = Power spectral density of the combined signal out of the sector PA E c = Energy per chip of the Pilot signal E c /I Or target sets the fraction of total output power that can be permitted per TC E c /I Or target is established for given cell geometry, data rate and service quality The values used here are based on analysis and simulation QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-10

105 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-11 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses The amount of power lost between the output of the BS power amplifier and the Tx antenna. We will assume this number is 2 db, but it can vary greatly. Transmitter Antenna Gain The amount of gain (in dbi) provided by the BS antenna, typically 13 dbi at 800 MHz QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-11

106 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-12 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) Note we calculate a Total Transmitter EIRP (d2) as well as a Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel (d1). Total Transmitter EIRP is used to estimate Forward link interference levels. Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel is used to estimate Forward link received signal levels QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-12

107 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Mobile Gains and Losses cdma university Section 4-13 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) (e) Receiver Antenna Gain (dbi) (f) Cable and Connector Losses (db) (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-13

108 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-14 (e) Receiver Antenna Gain (dbi) (f) Cable and Connector Losses (db) Receiver Antenna Gain The gain of the MS antenna in dbi. Typical gain assumption is 0 dbi for hand-held devices. Cable and Connector Losses The amount of power lost in the MS RF electronics between the antenna and the LNA. 0 db is usually assumed here QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-14

109 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-15 Factors used to calculate minimum required signal level to maintain a given quality at the receiver (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) (e) Receiver Antenna Gain (dbi) (f) Cable and Connector Losses (db) (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-15

110 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-16 (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) MS Receiver Noise Figure 5 db is typical at PCS frequencies. Varies from vendor to vendor and model to model. Thermal Noise Density = 10*log(kT) with T = 290K I oc /I tc is a function of MS location and soft handoff condition. - is a function of soft handoff condition QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-16

111 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-17 (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) is the ratio of the Rx signal power from all cells in soft handoff to the target cell power. I - or Itc We use a sum-of-2 gain model for data channels in SHO; therefore, we model - as 3 db. We use a best-of-2 gain model for data channels NOT in SHO; therefore, we model - as 0 db QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-17

112 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Interference on the Forward Link cdma university Section 4-18 In general, - is inversely proportional to the distance from the cell. I oc As for N O I or Г I OC I tc I oc I oc It is a function of the position in the cell. Interf_On_FL.emf Usual analysis technique assumes one or two typical values for this ratio. This value sets the Traffic Channel fraction of transmit power required. The values used here come from simulation results to determine interference levels as a function of velocity and channel type QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-18

113 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-19 (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) Receiver Interference Density is the I OC term. Accounts for energy from surrounding cells not in soft handoff. Total effective noise plus interference includes: I OC Thermal noise in the 1x bandwidth Noise figure of the mobile receiver 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-19

114 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Receiver Sensitivity cdma university Section 4-20 (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) Required Eb Ior 1 EC W NO ГI O NO ГI b OC - b I b or Rb Receiver Sensitivity Eb R N I N Г I b b Г O O b O O 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-20

115 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Handoff Gain cdma university Section 4-21 (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) Handoff Gain (explained in the Reverse Link Budget Section) The above 6.2 value is based on: ITU Vehicular Model 95% area coverage for an isolated cell Propagation constant of db standard deviation for log normal fading 6.2 db is for F-FCH and F-SCH in soft handoff. A sum-of-2 model was used. Under similar conditions, 5.0 db handoff gain for F-SCH not in soft handoff. A best-of-2 selection gain model might be used QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-21

116 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Handoff Gain (continued) cdma university Section 4-22 (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) There is no diversity gain on the Forward link unless you model a mobile with diversity antennas. Mobiles with diversity antennas have been discussed, but none are on the market as of this writing QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-22

117 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example Handoff Gain (continued) cdma university Section 4-23 (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) Log-Normal Fade Margin (Fade Margin was explained in the Reverse Link Budget Section.) The above 11.4 db number is based on: ITU Vehicular Model 95% area coverage for an isolated cell Propagation constant of db standard deviation for log normal fading 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-23

118 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Maximum Allowable Path Loss cdma university Section 4-24 We are now ready to calculate maximum allowable Path Loss. This calculation is analogous to the procedure presented for the Reverse Link Budget. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS = Total BS Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel (dbm) Receiver Sensitivity (dbm) + MS Antenna Gain (dbi) MS Cable Loss (db) + Diversity Gain (db) + Handoff Gain (db) Building Penetration Loss (db) Fade Margin (db) Note the use of EIRP per Traffic Channel. We did not consider Building Penetration Loss in our example, because the assumption was outdoor vehicular traffic. Vehicle penetrations could be assumed if desired QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-24

119 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-25 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) (e) Receiver Antenna Gain (dbi) (f) Cable and Connector Losses (db) (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-25

120 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Equal Coverage or Equal Power? cdma university Section 4-26 The link budget shown is Equal Coverage. Note the equal maximum allowable path loss values. Note the non-equal transmit powers. The analysis would be identical if one assumed equal transmit powers for each data rate. Equal transmit powers will yield non-equal maximum allowable path loss. Equal transmit powers might be convenient for capacity analysis. Recall that Forward Link Capacity is driven by the amount of power dedicated to Forward Link Traffic Channels. Some knowledge of the relative numbers of voice users and data users would be required for more precise Forward link capacity analysis. Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power remains unchanged, regardless of Equal Coverage or Equal Power. Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction is determined by the technology. An Equal Transmit Power link budget is shown in the next slide QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-26

121 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Example (continued) cdma university Section 4-27 ID Parameter Units Forward Link Forward Link Forward Link Service: CDMA2000, Vehicular Environment 9.6 kbps 76.8 kbps kbps Speech Long-Delay Data Long-Delay Data (a0) Average Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a1) Maximum Transmitter Power per Traffic Channel (dbm) (a2) Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dbm) (W) Maximum Traffic Channel Fraction of Total Power, E c /I or (db) (b) Cable, Connector, and Combiner Losses (db) (c) Transmitter Antenna Gain (dbi) (d1) Transmitter EIRP per Traffic Channel = (a1 - b + c) (dbm) (d2) Total Transmitter EIRP = (a2 - b + c) (dbm) (e) Receiver Antenna Gain (dbi) (f) Cable and Connector Losses (db) (g) Receiver Noise Figure (db) (h) Thermal Noise Density (dbm/hz) (H) (mw/hz) 3.98E E E-18 Ratio of Other-Cells (Not in HO) to Target-Cell RX Power Densities, I oc /I tc (db) Ratio of the Total RX Signal Power from All Cells in Soft HO to the Target-Cell Power, - (db) (i) Receiver Interference Density (dbm/hz) (j) Total Effective Noise Plus Interference Density (dbm/hz) = 10 Log (10 ((g+h)/10) + I) (k) Information Rate at Full Rate (db-hz) (kbps) Required Geometry, Î or /(N 0 + I oc ) (db) (l) Required E b /(N 0 + I 0 ) (db) (m) Receiver Sensitivity = (j + k + l) (dbm) (n) Handoff Gain (db) (o) Explicit Diversity Gain (db) (p) Log-Normal Fade Margin (db) (q) Maximum Path Loss = (d1 - m + e - f + o + n + o' - p) (db) QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-27

122 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Conclusion cdma university Section 4-28 Forward link should have a slightly bigger Link Budget than Reverse link for proper system operation. Maximum Allowable Path Loss shrinks with increasing data rate. Data typically has a SCH FER of 5%, so the E b /N o requirement is less stringent than voice. FCH FER is 1%. Data is often sent on the FCH, especially when the SCH has not been assigned. For simplicity, we do not take this into account here QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-28

123 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Forward Link Budgets Review cdma university Section 4-29 SECTION INTRODUCTION Forward Link Range and Capacity Forward Link Budget Example Compare Equal Power, Equal Coverage Link Budgets Forward Link Budget Summary 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-29

124 Section 4: Forward Link Budgets Comments/ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 4-30

125 Section 5: Propagation Models Section 5: Propagation Models cdma university Section 5-1 SECTION 5 Propagation Models 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-1

126 Section 5: Propagation Models Section Introduction cdma university Section 5-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION COST 231 Hata Model Walfisch-Ikegami Model Model Comparisons Model Tuning Testing and Analysis Cell Radius References 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-2

127 Section 5: Propagation Models COST 231 Propagation Models cdma university Section 5-3 EURO-COST European COoperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research COST 231 Technical Committee responsible for Propagation Models They based their work on two popular Propagation Models: Hata model Walfisch-Ikegami model 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-3

128 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model cdma university Section 5-4 The Hata model (reference [1]) was based on an extensive set of measurements taken by Okumura (reference [2]) in Japan. Hata provided closed-form equations to describe the data collected by Okumura, which was largely presented in graphical format. The Hata model (as originally published) is valid from: 400 MHz to 1500 MHz Mobile antenna heights: 1 m to 10 m BS antenna heights: 30 m to 200 m Cell radius: 1 km to 20 km COST-231 extended Hata s model to include MHz for PCS QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-4

129 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model Urban cdma university Section 5-5 L HU c Гc log( f) 13.82log( h ) a( h ) Г[ log( h )]log( d) 1 2 B M B y= where: f Frequency in MHz Base Station antenna height in meters Mobile station antenna height in meters d Distance from Base Station in km c for 400 f for 1500 f 2000 c for 400 f for 1500 f 2000 h B h M b + m Hata is a linear equation x ah ( ) [1.1log( f) 0.7] h [1.56log( f) 0.8] M M 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-5

130 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model Dense Urban cdma university Section 5-6 LHD c1 Г c2 log( f ) 13.82log( hb ) a( hm ) Г [ log( h )]log( d) Г C where: f ah Frequency in MHz Base Station antenna height in meters Mobile station antenna height in meters d Distance from Base Station in km c for 400 f for 1500 f 2000 c for 400 f for 1500 f 2000 h B h M C m 3 db 2 ( m) 3.2 b[log(11.75 hm)] 4.97 B m 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-6

131 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model Other Models cdma university Section 5-7 Hata Suburban Model: Hata Quasi Open Rural Model: Hata Open Model: L HS L HU 2[log( f 28)] L QO L HU 4.78[log( f )] 2 Г18.33 log(f ) L L f Г f O HU [log( )] 18.33log( ) Standard deviation across the frequency band: 6.5 to 8.8 db 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-7

132 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model Plots cdma university Section 5-8 Hata Propagation Models Path Loss [db] Hata:DU Hata:U Hata:Sub Hata:QOpen Hata:Rural Free Space Distance [km] 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-8

133 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model Summary cdma university Section 5-9 Hata provides Path Loss prediction for cellular frequencies. COST-231 provides Path Loss prediction for PCS frequencies. Valid only for cell radius > 1 km. Hata model considers that the world is divided into a set of terrain morphologies : Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural (or Open) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-9

134 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Model Morphology cdma university Section 5-10 Morphology \Mor*phol"o*gy\, n. : the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms. Category Description [2], [7] Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural City morphology, typically downtown or business district consisting of closely situated high-rise buildings (eight stories or more) and a dense subscriber population Heavily built up, crowded with large buildings and multistory residences, or large village closely interspersed with multistory houses, thickly grown trees Composed of a village or highway with scattered houses, small buildings, and trees, often near the mobile station Few obstacles like tall trees or buildings in the propagation path, and with cleared areas approaching 300 to 400 m across (for instance, farm land, open fields) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-10

135 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model cdma university Section 5-11 Walfisch-Ikegami model is based on work by Walfisch and Bertoni (reference [3]), and Ikegami, et al. (reference [4]). Applicable to large, small, and micro-cells where antennas are mounted below roof tops. Assumes radio path is obstructed by buildings. Considers generalized diffraction QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-11

136 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Street Canyon Model cdma university Section 5-12 Walfisch-Ikegami Street Canyon Model is defined when line-of-sight exists between the mobile and the Base Station. L 42.6 Г 26log(d) Г 20 log( f ) for d > 20 m where: L d f Path Loss in db Distance in kilometers Frequency in MHz 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-12

137 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Street Canyon Model Plot: Log Distance cdma university Section 5-13 Path Loss Comparison Path Loss [db] Distance Free Space W-I Canyon 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-13

138 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Street Canyon Model Plot: Linear cdma university Section 5-14 Path Loss Comparison Path Loss [db] Free Space W-I Canyon Distance 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-14

139 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Standard Model cdma university Section 5-15 L L 0 Г L rts Г L msd where: L L O L rts L msd Path Loss in db Free space loss Roof-top-street diffraction and scatter loss Multi-screen diffraction loss 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-15

140 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Free-Space Loss cdma university Section 5-16 From the physics of radio propagation: in db: L Г 20 log (d ) Г 20 log ( f ) L 45 df 10log( L0 ) 20log c where: d Distance from site in kilometers f Frequency in MHz 0 45 d 2 Propagation Constant (discussed later in this course) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-16

141 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Rooftop-Street Diffraction Loss cdma university Section 5-17 L rts log(w) Г10 log( f ) Г 20log( mobile ) Г L street for mobile > 0 L rts 0 for mobile 0 where: L street = 10 Г = 2.5 Г 0.075(1 35) = (1 55) for for for QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-17

142 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model What are Those Constants? cdma university Section 5-18 Lrts parameters: mobile h roof -h mobile h roof Average building roof height in meters h mobile Mobile antenna height in meters h base Base Station antenna height in meters base h base -h roof w Average street width in meters b Average building separation in meters 1 Road orientation with respect to the direct radio path in degrees (typically 90 for worst case) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-18

143 Section 5: Propagation Models Walfisch-Ikegami Model Multi-Screen Diffraction Loss cdma university Section 5-19 L msd L me d Г k a Г k d log(d) Г k f log( f ) 9log(b) where: L 18log(1 Г ) for 0 med base base 0 0 base k a 54 for 0 base for d J0.5 0 base base d for d base base k d 18 for 0 base base for 0 h roof k f f 4Г0.7( 1) 925 for urban and suburban f 4Г1.5( 1) 925 for dense urban 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-19

144 Section 5: Propagation Models Model Comparisons W-I versus Hata-Okumura cdma university Section 5-20 Apply with caution. Should be verified with field measurements. These models do not account for terrain. tools will combine these models with terrain data. Walfisch-Ikegami is best for Urban and Dense Urban. Cell 5 km Low antenna 50 m Accounts for diffraction and urban clutter, for antennas at or less than average building height. Valid for micro-cells. Requires good knowledge of the street dimensions and building heights. Works best for streets on a regular grid pattern QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-20

145 Section 5: Propagation Models Model Comparisons W-I versus Hata-Okumura (continued) cdma university Section 5-21 Hata-Okumura is not the best for Dense Urban. Completely ignores urban clutter and diffraction. Not valid for antennas mounted below roof height. Antenna height range is m, thus not good for urban. Hata-Okumura is the only model valid at 450 MHz. Hata-Okumura is the only model valid for cells > 5 km. Excellent model for Rural and Suburban. Terrain effects should be modeled, especially for large cells QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-21

146 Section 5: Propagation Models Model Comparisons Model Application Rules cdma university Section 5-22 Be mindful of restrictions. Walfisch-Ikegami model restrictions: f MHz h base 4 50 m h mobile 1 3 m d km Hata model is valid from: 400 MHz to 1500 MHz and (COST-231) 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz Mobile antenna heights: 1 m to 10 m BS antenna heights: 30 m to 200 m Cell radius: 1 km to 20 km 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-22

147 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Cell Radius Example cdma university Section 5-23 Returning to the values of Reverse Link MAPL that we derived previously. The next chart illustrates the various Hata path loss models for each morphology and the associated cell radius. Hata Model Definition Morphology Slope Intercept Antenna Ht MAPL Radius LOS (m) (db) (km) (km) Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-23

148 Section 5: Propagation Models Hata Cell Radius Graph cdma university Section R = Loss (db) 140 SU = DU Urban Suburban Rural U = U = DU = Distance (km) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-24

149 Section 5: Propagation Models Propagation Model Tuning cdma university Section 5-25 Goal is to minimize the error in predicted coverage for a given Maximum Allowable Path Loss. Models are adjusted by comparison at a site s Path Loss at some fixed distance (typically 1 km) QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-25

150 Section 5: Propagation Models Testing and Analysis Propagation Validation Testing cdma university Section 5-26 Used to define approximate RF models prior to performing initial design: 30% sites tested in various morphologies. Uses process for site drive testing and data analysis (addressed later in this course). For final design and warranty, it is recommended to drive test a much higher percentage of the sites to be installed (100% is ideal!) QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-26

151 Section 5: Propagation Models Testing and Analysis Why Do We Drive Test? cdma university Section 5-27 Propagation tools are only as good as the underlying data used. GIS databases cannot account for seasonal changes, building height variation, or sharp changes in topography. Propagation Models can have an initial mean error of +/- 20 db. Standard deviations typically vary between 5 db and 15 db. High quality GIS data typically keeps standard deviation less than 10 db. After model optimization, predictions are improved, but not sufficiently to warrant coverage. Use of high resolution (1 m) data improves simulation. Cost of high resolution data Dramatic increase in time to analyze system 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-27

152 Section 5: Propagation Models Testing and Analysis Analysis Comparison cdma university Section 5-28 Original Prediction (COST-231-S) Measurement Enhanced Prediction 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-28

153 Section 5: Propagation Models Testing and Analysis Impacts of Eliminating Drive Testing cdma university Section 5-29 Negative impacts of eliminating drive tests: Uncertain location of coverage holes Inability to effectively warrant system coverage Inability to identify specific potential optimization problem areas, possibly increasing the optimization period Inability to provide customer with lowest-cost solution Cell reductions possible when measurements exceed predictions Positive impacts of eliminating drive tests: Dramatic cost reduction in terms of personnel and equipment for deployment Schedule improvement 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-29

154 Section 5: Propagation Models Testing and Analysis Cell Radius cdma university Section 5-30 With a valid Link Budget, combined with an accepted Propagation Model You can now approximate the average cell radius (for different coverage morphologies). With an average cell radius, you can determine an average cell area. If you divide the total area by the average cell area, you can determine the approximate number of cells required for coverage of the area. Number of cells required for coverage may not be the same as the number of cells required for capacity QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-30

155 Section 5: Propagation Models References: Propagation Models cdma university Section 5-31 [1] M. Hata, Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular and Technology, pp , VT-29, [2] Y. Okumura, E. Ohmori, T. Kawano, K. Fukuda, Field strength and its variability in VHF and land-mobile radio service. Rev. Elec. Comm. Lab., vol. 16, pp , [3] J. Walfisch, H. L. Bertoni, A Theoretical Model of UHF Propagation in Urban Environments. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, pp , AP-38, [4] F. Ikegami, S. Yoshida, T. Takeuchi, M. Umehira, Propagation Factors Controlling Mean Field Strength on Urban Streets. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, pp , AP-32, [5] COST. Urban transmission loss models for mobile radio in the 900 and 1,800 MHz bands. COST 231 TD (90) 119 Rev. 1. [6] J. E. Berg, Path loss and fading in micro-cells. COST 231 TD (90) 65. [7] Coverage Prediction for Mobile Radio Systems Operating in the 800/900 MHz Frequency Range. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular and Technology, Vol. 37, No. 1, QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-31

156 Section 5: Propagation Models Propagation Models Review cdma university Section 5-32 SECTION REVIEW COST 231 Hata Model Walfisch-Ikegami Model Model Comparisons Model Tuning Testing and Analysis Cell Radius References 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 5-32

157 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model cdma university Section 6-1 SECTION 6 Traffic Modeling Erlang Model 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-1

158 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Section Introduction cdma university Section 6-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Understanding Traffic Trunking Efficiency Erlang-B Formula Erlang-C Formula Erlang-B and Offered Traffic 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-2

159 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Introduction cdma university Section 6-3 CDMA system exhibits soft blocking. Capacity is based on interference to thermal noise ratio. This assumes that there are an ample number of Traffic Channel Elements (TCEs) available at the cell. Hard blocking occurs when there are not enough circuits to support the traffic demand. TDMA: no available slots or frames AMPS: no 30 KHz channels = no available radios 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-3

160 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic System Definitions cdma university Section 6-4 Loss System Overload traffic is rejected without being served. Example: voice traffic Delay System Overload traffic is held in queue until facilities are available. Example: packet data traffic Common Equipment The circuit facilities that are shared among the potential users. Examples: TCEs, Walsh codes, trunks The goal of traffic analysis is to provide a cost-effective allocation of common equipment to ensure acceptable GOS under assumed conditions QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-4

161 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Metrics cdma university Section 6-5 Traffic Volume Sum of all holding times during a specified time interval [time]. TrafficVolume Traffic Intensity Time Interval Units of Traffic Intensity are [time]/[time]: dimensionless [Traffic Intensity] Erlang (Named for A. K. Erlang) [Traffic Intensity] is sometimes expressed in units of CCS CCS Century (hundred) Call Seconds / hour 1hour 3600seconds 1erlang 36CCS 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-5

162 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Activity cdma university Section 6-6 Composite activity Individual channel activity Time (minutes) trf-activity.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-6

163 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Terminology cdma university Section 6-7 Users = Sources Trunks or TCEs = Servers Trunk Group = Server Group Maximum capacity of 1 server = 1 Erlang Maximum capacity of a group of servers = the number of servers Traffic in a Loss System experiences infinite blocking probabilities when traffic intensity = number of servers. Therefore: Average Activity < # servers 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-7

164 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Characterization cdma university Section 6-8 Traffic is unpredictable from two random processes: 1) Call Arrivals 2) Holding Times Basic Assumptions: Call arrival from any particular user is totally by chance. Independent of arrivals from other users. Number of arrivals in a given time period is indeterminate. Call holding times are distributed randomly QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-8

165 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Load cdma university Section 6-9 Traffic load is dependent on: Frequency of arrivals Average hold time A Traffic Intensity average arrival rate [/time] t average holding time [time] m A bt m Note: Many short calls have the same intensity as a few long calls QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-9

166 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Volume cdma university Section 6-10 Traffic Volume Dependence on Time of Day Originating Calls Residential Business 12am 2am 4am 6am 8am 10am 12N 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm 12pm Time of Day 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-10

167 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Offered vs. Carried cdma university Section 6-11 Number of Trunks (offered traffic) = Total traffic that would be carried if the network was able to service all requests. Number of Erlangs (carried traffic) = The traffic serviced. In general: Number of Erlangs < Number of Trunks 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-11

168 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Trunking Efficiency cdma university Section 6-12 The first person to accurately account for the effect of cleared calls in the calculation of blocking probabilities was A. K. Erlang in Primary formulas for : Erlang-B: Loss system, lost calls cleared, voice system Erlang-C: Delay system, data system From this formulation, we can also develop the concept of trunking efficiency. Trunking efficiency is the property that as the number of servers gets large, the average activity supported approaches the number of servers QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-12

169 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Erlang-B Formula cdma university Section 6-13 Loss system: Describes voice systems Assumes lost calls cleared Erlang-B formula: B Pr( Blocking) N! A N N i0 i A i! Where: N number of servers (channels) Aoffered traffic intensity bt m (erlangs) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-13

170 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Erlang-C Formula cdma university Section 6-14 Delay system: Describes packet data systems Assumes calls serviced in order of arrival Erlang-C formula: Pr( delay) p( 0) NB N A(1 B) Where: N number of servers (channels) Aoffered load bt (elrangs) B blocking probability from Erlang-B m 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-14

171 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Erlang-B at Low Offered Traffic cdma university Section 6-15 Number of Erlangs Erlang B % % % 5.00% % 4.00 % % % Number of Trunks 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-15

172 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Erlang-B at Large Offered Traffic cdma university Section 6-16 Number of Erlangs % 1.50 % 2.00 % 3.00 % 4.00 % 5.00 % Erlang B 5.00 % 1.00 % Number of Trunks 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-16

173 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Traffic Modeling Review cdma university Section 6-17 SECTION REVIEW Understanding Traffic Trunking Efficiency Erlang-B Formula Erlang-C Formula Erlang-B and Offered Traffic 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-17

174 Section 6: Traffic Modeling Erlang Model Comments/ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 6-18

175 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering cdma university Section 7-1 SECTION 7 CDMA Traffic Engineering 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-1

176 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Section Introduction cdma university Section 7-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION RL-Relevant CDMA Fundamentals Forward Link Capacity Commonly Used Terms Soft and Softer Handoffs Handoff Reduction Factors Traffic Channels or Calls? How Many Erlangs? Blocking in a CDMA System Channel Element Provisioning Traffic Engineering Summary 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-2

177 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering RL-Relevant CDMA Fundamentals cdma university Section 7-3 Mobile users compete. With each other Against thermal noise Against unwanted signals All signals are spread by the PN sequence Thus a narrow band AMPS signal at 80 dbm will be spread to a noise-like signal across 1.25 MHz (61 db*hz) with a density of 80 61= 141 dbm/hz. 10blog(1.25 MHz) 61 dbbhz 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-3

178 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering RL-Relevant CDMA Fundamentals Mobile Signal Power at BS cdma university Section 7-4 Typically a mobile signal arrives at the Base Station antenna about 14 db below thermal (IS-95, Mobile environment, 9.6 kbps). This assumes a required E b /N o of 7 db at the BS. Processing gain of 21 db raises the 14 db S/N of user to +7 db in demodulator. Mobiles must compete with thermal noise, jammers, and other mobile users noise. When the sum of user power equals thermal noise, the system is 50% loaded. Spread Spectrum Processing Gain = E6 Hz/9600 bps = *log(128) = 21 db 14 db ktw+bs Noise Figure+7dB ktw+bs Noise Figure=BS Noise Floor Assumes: 7 db E b /N o requirement 9.6 kbps Mobile Reverse Link Signal 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-4

179 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering RL-Relevant CDMA Fundamentals BS Interference as Function of Load cdma university Section 7-5 Interference Interference Relative relative to to Thermal thermal (db) Noise Level [db] % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cell loading Cell Loading Thermal Noise Level: -174 dbm/hz 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-5

180 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Reverse Link Capacity Equation cdma university Section 7-6 N pole E Where: N pole Number of Simultaneous Users at pole W Spreading Bandwidth (Hz) R Data Rate (bps) E b /N t Energy per bit-to-noise Ratio (linear units) : voice activity factor, interference factor Reference [5], equation 8.3. b b 1 N : b Г, t W R 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-6

181 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Forward Link Capacity cdma university Section 7-7 Forward link capacity is determined by: 1) The amount of available High Power Amplifier (HPA) power for traffic 2) The minimum share of HPA power per Traffic Channel The first can be extended by building better HPAs. Better HPAs increase coverage but also increase interference. The second is independent of absolute power. The second is a function of minimum E b /I o required at phone for demodulation of Forward link QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-7

182 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Forward Link Capacity Example 17 W HPA Output cdma university Section FL Pwr as a function of load HPA output [dbm] power used for overhead channels max output power Watts dbm Pilot relative to max db dbm paging to Pilot db dbm sync to paging db dbm total overhead power 5.08 Watts dbm Number of users 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-8

183 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Commonly Used Terms cdma university Section 7-9 Call (equivalent terms: User, Subscriber, Phone). To avoid double counting of calls, a call is divided among the BSs supporting the call. For example, a call in 2-way soft handoff is considered ½ a call in each of the BSs. Traffic Channel (TC) (equivalent terms: Link, Voice Channel). Each Forward link TC corresponds to a code (Walsh) channel. TCs are not shared between sectors. A TC is a logical entity. Traffic Channel Element (TCE) A TCE corresponds to a single cell site modem. A TCE is a hardware entity. TCEs are shared among the three sectors, which results in a trunking efficiency QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-9

184 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Soft and Softer Handoffs cdma university Section 7-10 Soft handoff is between sectors of different BSs. 1 Call (1/2 call per BS) Uses 2 TCs Uses 2 TCEs 2-way softer handoff is between 2 sectors of same BS. 1 call Uses 2 TCs Uses 1 TCE 3-way softer handoff is between 3 sectors of same BS. 1 call Uses 3 TCs Uses 1 TCE 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-10

185 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Handoff Reduction Factors cdma university Section 7-11 Handoff Reduction Factor (h1): Relates the number of simultaneous calls per sector to the number of simultaneous TCs per sector. Soft Handoff Reduction Factor (h2): Relates the number of simultaneous calls per sector to the number of simultaneous TCEs required to support them. By definition: h QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-11

186 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Handoff Reduction Factors Handoff Types for ONE BS cdma university Section 7-12 Handoff Type No Handoff Number Required in Sector (,- ) 1/0/0 (or 0/1/0 or 0/0/1) # TC 1 #TCE 1 # Calls 1 h1 (#TC/#Calls) 1 h2 (#TCE/#Calls) 1 2 Way Softer 1/1/0 (or 0/1/1 or 1/0/1) Way Softer 1/1/ Way Soft 1/0/0 (or 0/1/0 or 0/0/1) Way Soft/Softer 1/0/0 (or 0/1/0 or 0/0/1) Way Softer/Soft 1/1/0 (or 0/1/1 or 1/0/1) Way Soft 1/0/0 (or 0/1/0 or 0/0/1) QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-12

187 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Handoff Reduction Factors Defining h1 and h2 cdma university Section 7-13 Let: p1 = probability (no handoff) p2 = probability (2-way softer handoff) p3 = probability (3-way softer handoff) p4 = probability (2-way soft handoff) p5 = probability (soft / softer handoff) p6 = probability (softer / soft handoff) p7 = probability (3-way soft handoff) Therefore, for a single BS: h1 p1+(2bp2)+(3bp3)+(2bp4)+(2bp5)+(4bp6)+(3bp7) h2 p1+p2+p3+(2bp4)+(2bp5)+(2bp6)+(3bp7) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-13

188 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Traffic Channels or Calls? cdma university Section 7-14 Forward Link Capacity Determined by the amount of available HPA power for traffic as a function of the minimum share of HPA power per Traffic Channel. TCs per sector is a clear metric for Forward link capacity. Reverse Link Capacity Determined by the maximum allowable received power rise above the noise floor. Power from ALL mobiles contributes to this noise rise. Calls per sector is metric for Reverse link capacity. Calculate total calls in system, divide by number of sectors QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-14

189 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering How Many Erlangs? cdma university Section 7-15 Erlangs are designed to count circuits in a wireline (static) system. Handoff confuses this concept: TC or TCE requests due to handoff are indistinguishable from TC or TCE requests due to a new call. Therefore, handoff requests should be treated as an additional resource request. But TC hold times are shorter due to handoff, less than or equal to call hold times. Because several TCs are used during soft and softer handoff, TC hold times are not equal to call hold times QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-15

190 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering How Many Erlangs? Erlangs to TCEs cdma university Section 7-16 Call Erlangs Traffic Channel Erlangs h1 Note also: TCs per Sector = Calls per Sector * h1 TCEs per Sector = Calls per Sector * h QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-16

191 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Blocking in a CDMA System cdma university Section 7-17 Forward Link Blocking Calls are blocked when the remaining capacity (HPA Power) available falls below a configurable threshold. Reverse Link Blocking Calls are blocked when the remaining capacity (rise over thermal) available falls below a configurable threshold. Code Channel Blocking Calls are blocked when the number of remaining inactive code channels on the Forward link falls below a configurable threshold. Channel Element Blocking Calls are blocked when the number of remaining inactive channel elements falls below a configurable threshold. Implementation is vendor-specific QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-17

192 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Channel Element Provisioning cdma university Section Multiply the Call Erlang Load seen at a sector by h1. This is TC Erlangs presented to the sector. 2. Use Erlang B, with specified GOS, to find # TCs required. # TCs required must be less than TC sector capacity (generally 61). 3. # TCEs is equal to (# TCs) x (h2 / h1). 4. Add number of TCEs for each sector to get total for Cell site QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-18

193 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Channel Element Provisioning (continued) cdma university Section 7-19 Erlang capacity for a cell is determined by: The maximum number of simultaneous users The maximum number of channel elements available For a 3-sector cell, it would be wasteful to provision channel elements on a per-sector basis. By pooling channel elements, trunking efficiency is achieved. To support soft handoff, approximately 35% additional TCEs are required. Use CDMA Sector/Call Capacity Equation to calculate number of Erlangs QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-19

194 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Traffic Engineering Summary cdma university Section 7-20 In a sector, #TCs J #TCEs J number of calls. TCEs are shared among sectors of same BS. TCs are not shared among sectors, max = 61. Calls in 2-way or 3-way softer handoff need only one TCE. Calls may be blocked by air capacity even when TCEs are available. TC Hold TCE Hold Call Hold Time. TC Request Arrival Rate J TCE Request Arrival Rate J Call Arrival Rate. Sector capacity is best defined in terms of TCs. Distinguish Call Erlangs from TCE Erlangs QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-20

195 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering CDMA Traffic Engineering Review cdma university Section 7-21 SECTION REVIEW RL-Relevant CDMA Fundamentals Forward Link Capacity Commonly Used Terms Soft and Softer Handoffs Handoff Reduction Factors Traffic Channels or Calls? How Many Erlangs? Blocking in a CDMA System Channel Element Provisioning Traffic Engineering Summary 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-21

196 Section 7: CDMA Traffic Engineering Comments/ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 7-22

197 Section 8: Network Considerations Section 8: Network Considerations cdma university Section 8-1 SECTION 8 Network Considerations 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 8-1

198 Section 8: Network Considerations Section Introduction cdma university Section 8-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Backhaul and Equipment Planning CDMA Wireless Network Architecture Site Costs 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 8-2

199 Section 8: Network Considerations Backhaul and Equipment Planning cdma university Section 8-3 Backhaul network costs money. These costs can influence air interface network design. Every cell site will add to this cost. Generally sized to a better GoS than air interface. Thus air interface becomes the capacity limit. Exact backhaul configuration is vendor-specific. Depends on the capacity of key network devices like the BSC. Depends on the number of permissible connections QUALCOMM Incorporated 8-3

200 Section 8: Network Considerations CDMA Wireless Network Architecture cdma university Section 8-4 BSC: Base Station Controller BS: Base Station Transceiver Subsystem BS BS BS BS PSTN (Local, Long Distance, and International Calling) BS BS Mini UrbaCell n BS BSC Macro Cell BS Switch Links Microwave or Fiber Backhaul Other BSC or separate Switch 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 8-4

201 Section 8: Network Considerations Site Costs cdma university Section 8-5 Acquisition costs General construction cost, including building permits and warehousing Material cost (e.g., antenna, coax, etc.) Rent Zoning fees 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 8-5

202 Section 8: Network Considerations Network Considerations Review cdma university Section 8-6 SECTION REVIEW Backhaul and Equipment Planning CDMA Wireless Network Architecture Site Costs 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 8-6

203 Section 9: Initial Planning - DAY 2 cdma university Section 9-1 DAY 2 9) Initial Planning 10) Tools Overview 11) PN Planning 12) Handoff Planning 13) Case Study 14) Spectrum Planning 15) Site Selection Criteria 16) Course Summary 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-1

204 Section 9: Initial Planning Section 9: Initial Planning cdma university Section 9-2 SECTION 9 Initial Planning 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-2

205 Section 9: Initial Planning Section Introduction cdma university Section 9-3 SECTION INTRODUCTION Spreadsheet-Based Growth Planning Coverage Limited or Capacity Limited? 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-3

206 Section 9: Initial Planning Spreadsheet-Based cdma university Section 9-4 A lot of CDMA network planning can be accomplished with a spreadsheet tool. Treat this as a first step to network planning. This level of planning is later refined through the use of network planning tools. Process brings all assumptions into use for evaluation. Outputs: Total number of cells required for coverage Total number of cells required for capacity 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-4

207 Section 9: Initial Planning Spreadsheet-Based Inputs/Outputs cdma university Section 9-5 Spreadsheet-based inputs: Average antenna height Link Budget(s) Propagation Model parameters Area to be covered Populations to be served Outputs: Cell site count Cell radius of each morphology Overall capacity Per-sector capacity 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-5

208 Section 9: Initial Planning Growth Planning cdma university Section 9-6 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Total POPs 54,545 52,000 7,000 10,000 55,637 53,040 7,140 10,200 56,182 53,560 7,210 10,300 Penetration % % % % % % % % % % % % Subscribers Required 42,000 40,560 5,250 5,500 42,840 41,902 5,569 6,120 43,260 42,312 5,768 6,386 merlang/sub Erlangs Required 1, , , , , , QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-6

209 Section 9: Initial Planning Coverage Limited or Capacity Limited? cdma university Section 9-7 You need to compare capacity and coverage cell counts. 1. Determine the number of cells required for coverage. Determine area in each morphology. Select a realistic Propagation Model for each morphology. Assume a Link Budget for each morphology. 2. Determine the number of cells required for capacity. Erlangs per sector is based on assumed mobility model. Erlangs per sector assumes a given service model (data/voice). Requires some assumption regarding user traffic location. 3. Cells required equal maximum of (1) and (2). This analysis is usually performed for each morphology class QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-7

210 Section 9: Initial Planning Capacity Limited cdma university Section 9-8 Capacity limited: More cells are required for traffic than coverage area demands. Make smaller cells. Will need more backhaul. Turn down power QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-8

211 Section 9: Initial Planning Coverage Limited cdma university Section 9-9 Coverage limited: Cells needed for coverage provide more capacity than needed Could help growth plan Change antenna heights? (larger cells) Repeaters? 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-9

212 Section 9: Initial Planning Initial Planning Review cdma university Section 9-10 SECTION REVIEW Spreadsheet-Based Growth Planning Coverage Limited or Capacity Limited? 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 9-10

213 Section 10: Section 10: Tools Overview cdma university Section 10-1 SECTION 10 Tools Overview 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-1

214 Section 10: Section Introduction cdma university Section 10-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Tools Bins Network Coverage Simulations Common Tool Inputs, Outputs Propagation Models Market Setup Data Resolution and Datasets Traffic Loading 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-2

215 Section 10: Tools cdma university Section 10-3 Network planning tools are software applications used to design wireless networks. A tool brings together two abilities: Predicting coverage based on actual terrain data models. Simulating loading effects. Most tools are PC-based. A few are UNIX-based. Many tools are modular. You can pick and choose which features you want QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-3

216 Section 10: Tools Common Tool Features cdma university Section 10-4 Neighbor list generation Predict soft/softer handoff areas Propagation model optimization using drive test data PN planning Traffic analysis Import/export of site data 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-4

217 Section 10: Tools PC-Based cdma university Section 10-5 Wizard E6482A (Agilent) Planet (Marconi) decibel Planner (Marconi) CelPlanner (CelPlan Technologies) Comopt AFP (Comopt) SignalPro (EDX) PathPro (MLJ) Athena (Wave Concepts) Odyssey (Logical) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-5

218 Section 10: Tools UNIX-Based cdma university Section 10-6 Planet (Marconi) TEMS cdmaplanner (Ericsson) ComsiteUltra (RCC Consultants) Odyssey (Logical) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-6

219 Section 10: Tools Proprietary CDMA cdma university Section 10-7 These tools are used for networks designed by Lucent and Motorola, respectively: OCELOT (Lucent) NetPlan (Motorola) They are not for sale externally QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-7

220 Section 10: Bins cdma university Section 10-8 Network planning tools perform computations on a per-bin basis. A bin is a geographical area divided into uniformly sized rectangles. Bins are measured in arc seconds of latitude and longitude or meters. Bin sizes typically range from 30 m to 100 m (and as low as 5 m if building information is used) QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-8

221 Section 10: Bins (continued) cdma university Section 10-9 Cell Site Bin d is typically 30 m to 100 m Path Loss Calculation Bin d d np-bins_02.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-9

222 Section 10: Bin Simulations cdma university Section Path loss These bins are shadowed by the hill. bins 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-10

223 Section 10: Information Stored in Bins cdma university Section Path loss Required mobile ERP Serving sector (FL and RL) Traffic Density Forward Traffic Channel gain Received power Total interference I o Pilot E c /I o Available E c /I o Handoff state Pilot arrival time difference Simulations can be performed with and without considering traffic density QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-11

224 Section 10: Network Coverage Simulations Without Considering Traffic Density cdma university Section ) Without considering traffic density: Determine Path Loss to each bin. Rank sector coverage to each bin. Consider transmit power from each sector. Determine MS Rx power. Determine MS Tx (using open loop turn around equation). Determine MS E c /I o. Determine sector Rx power. For each bin: Can determine the dominant sector Can determine SHO state (which sector(s) are above T_ADD) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-12

225 Section 10: Network Coverage Simulations Considering Traffic Density cdma university Section ) Considering traffic density: Determine Path Loss to each bin. Rank sector coverage to each bin. Consider transmit power from each sector. Determine MS Rx power. Determine MS Tx (using open loop turn around equation). Determine MS E c /I o. Determine sector Rx power. Distribute traffic based on Er/km 2 specification. Calculate ROT at sector. Recalculate BS Tx power considering load. Recalculate MS Rx Power, etc. Iterate this simulation until it converges. For each bin: Can determine the dominant sector Can determine SHO state (which sector(s) are above T_add) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-13

226 Section 10: Common Tool Inputs cdma university Section Traffic models Topographic data Cell site locations Number of sectors Antenna heights Antenna types Demographic information Building information Vehicular data (number of cars) Commercial data (number of persons in an office or shopping area) Special event data (stadium or convention centers) Coverage boundaries Terrain data 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-14

227 Section 10: Common Tool Outputs cdma university Section Individual Forward traffic Individual Reverse traffic Individual Forward Pilot (dbm, E c /I o ) Composite Forward traffic Composite Forward Pilot Composite Reverse traffic Best server traffic Best server Pilot Service classes Bit error rate Number of servers Handoff (soft2, soft3, softer, soft-softer) Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference Total interference Pilot offset conflict 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-15

228 Section 10: Propagation Models Commonly Used Models cdma university Section Hata-Okamura COST231 Walfish-Ikegami Lee Many tools permit the user to input model parameters. Point Slope type models are common. These permit easy adoption of measured propagation statistics for model tuning QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-16

229 Section 10: Propagation Models Optimizing Models cdma university Section For best accuracy, propagation models usually must be optimized. Models are tweaked by using drive test data in a few cells that represent each morphology. For less exacting analysis (e.g., a quick market analysis), the propagation models can be used without optimization QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-17

230 Section 10: Market Setup cdma university Section Required Analysis Data for Use in Planning Software: Terrain Data (used for propagation modeling) Domestic: available from the USGS at 100 m resolution (entire US) and at 30 m (60% of the US.) Data is public domain. Whenever possible, 30 m data is used for simulation purposes. International: data typically derived from satellite imagery. Vector Data (roads, boundaries) Multiple sources for domestic and international markets. Land-use (used to further characterize propagation environment based on natural and man-made obstructions) Domestic: public domain data > 10 years old. Deployment markets use satellite-derived land-use. International: data typically derived from satellite imagery. Demographics (used to model system traffic) Statistics include: population, income, households, age Traffic counts: average vehicles per day for major roads 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-18

231 Section 10: Data Resolution and Datasets High Resolution Data cdma university Section Improved accuracy of propagation predictions and modeling confidence Accurate land use data provides the greatest increase in accuracy. Public domain databases are not verified and have demonstrated significant elevation errors. Cost of data Domestic: vendor offers verified terrain, land use, vector, and satellite imagery at $1.00 to $1.75 per square mile. International: single inexpensive solution has not been identified. Typical cost for data ranges from $5 to $40 per square mile. Demographics data has been procured for the US and is acquired as-available internationally. Simulation accuracy is addressed later in this course QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-19

232 Section 10: Data Resolution and Datasets Comparison of Data Products cdma university Section Low Resolution High Resolution 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-20

233 Section 10: Tools Review cdma university Section SECTION REVIEW Tools Bins Network Coverage Simulations Common Tool Inputs, Outputs Propagation Models Market Setup Data Resolution and Datasets Traffic Loading 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-21

234 Section 10: Comments/ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 10-22

235 Section 11: PN Planning Section 11: PN Planning cdma university Section 11-1 SECTION 11 PN Planning 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-1

236 Section 11: PN Planning Section Introduction cdma university Section 11-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Definition of PN Planning PILOT_INC Parameter Pilot PN Offset Pilot Searching Process PN Offset Conflicts - Aliasing PN Planning Analysis 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-2

237 Section 11: PN Planning What is PN Planning? cdma university Section 11-3 PN planning concerns the planning of two things: 1. PILOT_INC 2. PN Offset reuse pattern PILOT_INC is driven by the search window sizes in use. PN Offset reuse patterns are driven by the number of available PN offsets (which in turn is determined by PILOT_INC) QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-3

238 Section 11: PN Planning PILOT_INC Parameter cdma university Section 11-4 Definition The PILOT_INC parameter is used to set the Pilot offset increment. Each unit represents 64 chips; therefore, there are 512 different offsets possible. Range [1 15] Number of resulting available offsets = 512/PILOT_INC Recommended setting = QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-4

239 Section 11: PN Planning PILOT_INC Parameter (continued) cdma university Section 11-5 #1 # #3 Offset in increments of 64 chips MMT Ac.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-5

240 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot PN Offset Assignment cdma university Section 11-6 Definition PN Offset identifies the sector that is broadcasting the signal to the mobile. The PN sequence is the same from each sector, but time offset is different. The offset of the PN sequence identifies the transmitting sector. Issue Time delay between sectors and mobiles could cause PN Offset conflicts if not planned properly QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-6

241 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot PN Offset Assignment (continued) cdma university Section 11-7 W0 Offset I PN All 0s Mcps Offset Q PN MMT Ag.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-7

242 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot PN Offset Planning cdma university Section 11-8 Cell 1 PN Offset = N Propagation Delay t = Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 2 PN Offset = M PN offsets and reuse patterns must be chosen so that conflicts between sectors do not occur QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-8

243 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot Searching Process cdma university Section 11-9 Mobile reports results of search to Base Station Mobile searches for strong Pilot signals Base Station alters Pilot Sets if necessary MMT Ac.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-9

244 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot Searching Process (continued) cdma university Section MS searches PN space. MS reports Pilot energy detected using PSMM (Pilot Strength Measurement Message). Earliest arriving energy is reported to the network in units of chips. It is the function of the network to uniquely identify which sector is providing the detected energy. The phone reports the energy and time of arrival (in chips); the network identifies the cell or sector QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-10

245 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot Searching Process Pilot Sets and Search Windows cdma university Section Each Set: Active Neighbor Remaining has a different search window size parameter: SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R Active Set Candidate Set Neighbor Set (up to 6 Pilots) Remaining Set (up to 5 Pilots for 95A) (up to 10 Pilots for 95B) (maximum 40 Pilots (N )) 8M MMT Bc-rev.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-11

246 Section 11: PN Planning Pilot Searching Process Searcher Window Sizes cdma university Section SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R Searcher Window Sizes Window Size (PN chips) SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R Window Size (PN chips) MMT Ag.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-12

247 Section 11: PN Planning PN Offset Conflicts Aliasing cdma university Section Issue: Time delay between sectors and mobiles could cause PN offset conflicts if not planned properly. Two possible cases for confusion: Adjacent Pilot Aliasing Sectors should not have Pilot energy fall into incorrect Active or Neighbor search windows. Co-Pilot Aliasing Sectors using the same PN offset should not be detected by a MS simultaneously. The correct PILOT_INC value provides the means necessary for preventing Adjacent Pilot Aliasing QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-13

248 Section 11: PN Planning PN Planning Analysis Constraints cdma university Section Pilots from other sectors should not fall into active search windows. Reuse distance from sectors using the same PN offset should not appear in Neighbor search windows. Interference from distant sectors using the same PN must be minimized. Delay from distant PN must be greater than ½ the active search window. Delay from distant PN must not show up in Neighbor Set search window QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-14

249 Section 11: PN Planning PN Planning Analysis Recommended PILOT_INC cdma university Section Recommended setting: PILOT_INC = 4 In summary: Lower limit of PILOT_INC is a function of SRCH_WIN_N. PILOT _ INC SRCH _ WIN _ N 64 Maximum value for PILOT_INC is a function of propagation conditions and antenna front-to-back ratios. In general, PILOT _ 6 PILOT_INC = 4 leads to 128 different Pilot PN offsets QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-15

250 Section 11: PN Planning PN Planning Analysis Example PN Offset Reuse cdma university Section A cluster size of N = 37 presents a repeatable grid structure. 3*37 = 111 offsets used in a cluster of 37 cells. Because PILOT_INC = 4 yields 128 possible offsets. This leaves 17 for growth and for cells that do not follow the regular pattern: Micro-cells Hot Spot cells added for growth and capacity 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-16

251 Section 11: PN Planning PN Planning Analysis Pilot PN Offset Assignment Plan cdma university Section n * PILOT_INC (n+43) * PILOT_INC (n+86) * PILOT_INC np-pilot-pn-offset_01.emf Cluster of 37 cells 17 offsets are available for growth QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-17

252 Section 11: PN Planning PN Planning Review cdma university Section SECTION REVIEW Definition of PN Planning PILOT_INC Parameter Pilot PN Offset Pilot Searching Process PN Offset Conflicts - Aliasing PN Planning Analysis 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 11-18

253 Section 12: Handoff Planning Section 12: Handoff Planning cdma university Section 12-1 SECTION 12 Handoff Planning 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-1

254 Section 12: Handoff Planning Section Introduction cdma university Section 12-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION CDMA Hard Handoffs CDMA Soft Handoffs CDMA Handoff Parameters Optimizing Soft Handoff 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-2

255 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Hard Handoffs cdma university Section 12-3 Hard handoffs are needed when: Changing CDMA frequencies CDMA coverage does not yet match AMPS coverage and boundary hand-down is needed In Inter-switch and Inter-BSC cases CDMA is present at both Cellular and PCS frequencies by the same operator 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-3

256 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Hard Handoffs Triggers cdma university Section 12-4 Two BSs (F1 & F2) used at boundary cells Trigger mechanism is combination of signal strength, Active Set list and other parameters Expensive but reliable solution Round trip delay Handoff trigger is when RTD > threshold Inexpensive but risky Pilot Beacon Units (PBUs) Best cost/performance balance 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-4

257 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Hard Handoffs CDMA Pilot Beacon cdma university Section 12-5 A CDMA Pilot Beacon (PB) serves as a trigger mechanism for CDMA hard handoff. The remotely controlled CDMA PCS PB is an outdoor pole-mounted or wall-mounted unit that transmits Pilot, Sync, and Partial Paging Channels. The PB maximizes CDMA coverage and capacity by providing an optimal and reliable hard handoff transition method QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-5

258 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Hard Handoffs Hard Handoff with Pilot Beacons cdma university Section 12-6 Co-located with target technology cell. Pilot Beacons = F1 CDMA Cells F1 Pilot Beacon is operating at CDMA frequency system hears the beacon and triggers HO. Beacon is about 1/10th the cost of CDMA BS. Target Cells = F QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-6

259 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Soft Handoffs cdma university Section 12-7 What is soft handoff (SHO) planning? Why is it important? Cell B Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B Cell A MMT Ac.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-7

260 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Soft Handoffs Soft Handoff Flow cdma university Section 12-8 Pilot Strength T_ADD T_DROP Neighbor Set (1) (2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Candidate Set Active Set Neighbor Set Time MES Ag-Rev1.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-8

261 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Soft Handoffs Soft Handoff Flow (continued) cdma university Section ) Pilot strength exceeds T_ADD. Mobile station sends a Pilot Strength Measurement Message and transfers Pilot to the Candidate Set. 2) Base Station sends an Extended Handoff Direction Message or General Handoff Direction Message. 3) Mobile station transfers Pilot to the Active Set and sends a Handoff Completion Message. 4) Pilot strength drops below T_DROP. Mobile station starts the handoff drop timer. 5) Handoff drop timer expires. Mobile station sends a Pilot Strength Measurement Message. 6) Base Station sends an Extended Handoff Direction Message or a General Handoff Direction Message. 7) Mobile station moves Pilot from the Active Set to the Neighbor Set and sends a Handoff Completion Message QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-9

262 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Handoff Parameters cdma university Section T_ADD T_DROP SRCH_WIN_(A,N,R) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-10

263 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Handoff Parameters T_ADD cdma university Section Definition: This parameter is used by the mobile station to determine when to move a Pilot from the Neighbor Set to the Candidate Set and send a Pilot Strength Measurement Message to the Base Station. Range and Units: (units of 0.5 db) Typical Range Cellular: PCS: WLL: ( db) ( db) ( db) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-11

264 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Handoff Parameters T_DROP cdma university Section Definition: If an Active Set or Candidate Set Pilot s strength falls below T_DROP, the mobile station begins a handoff drop timer for that Pilot (see T_TDROP). Range and Units: (units of 0.5 db) Typical Range Cellular: PCS: WLL: ( db) ( db) ( db) 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-12

265 Section 12: Handoff Planning CDMA Handoff Parameters SRCH_WIN_(A,N,R) cdma university Section Definition: SRCH_WIN_(A,N,R) determines the search window size for Pilots in the (Active, Neighbor, Remainder) Sets. The window is centered on the earliest arriving usable multipath of the Active Set or Candidate Set Pilot. SRCH_WIN PN Chips SRCH_WIN PN Chips QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-13

266 Section 12: Handoff Planning Optimizing Soft Handoff cdma university Section Why optimize it? Affects capacity, cost, and QoS Trade-off between transmit power and soft-handoff percentage: More SHO, more network elements used More SHO, less mobile transmit power 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-14

267 Section 12: Handoff Planning Optimizing Soft Handoff Soft Handoff / Power Tradeoff cdma university Section less capacity Capacity more capacity Mobile Transmit Power Capacity Costs Money. How much do you want? Soft Handoff Percentage Capital Cost $$$ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-15

268 Section 12: Handoff Planning Optimizing Soft Handoff Statistics cdma university Section Tx power of mobiles in SHO goes down 4 db. Everything you do for soft HO, works for softer HO. In general the right SHO% is 33%. Flat Florida can easily have a lower SHO%. Atlanta will tend to have a higher SHO%. Optimizing SHO takes time, tools, people, and money QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-16

269 Section 12: Handoff Planning Optimizing Soft Handoff Pilot Levels cdma university Section Target optimization areas circled. Step 1: Balance Forward and Reverse links some tools will optimize Pilot levels automatically. Note: Ensure system load is included as handoff decreases with increasing load. Handoff Legend Not in Handoff Softer Handoff Soft Handoff Soft-Softer Handoff Soft-Soft Handoff 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-17

270 Section 12: Handoff Planning Optimizing Soft Handoff Pilot Levels (continued) cdma university Section This display shows the effect on handoff regions by Pilot power optimization. Step 2: Compare Pilot levels in the target areas, and adjust the sector handoff (T_ADD) thresholds QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-18

271 Section 12: Handoff Planning Optimizing Soft Handoff Pilot Levels (continued) cdma university Section After optimization, areas of soft-soft handoff are markedly reduced QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-19

272 CDMA2000 Section 12: Handoff Planning cdma university Optimizing Soft Handoff Planning, Measurements, and Effort Section Handoff Soft-Soft Soft-Softer Softer-Soft Soft Softer No Handoff No Service 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-20

273 Section 12: Handoff Planning Handoff Planning Review cdma university Section SECTION REVIEW CDMA Hard Handoffs CDMA Soft Handoffs CDMA Handoff Parameters Optimizing Soft Handoff 105AC_ QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-21

274 Section 12: Handoff Planning Comments/ 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 12-22

275 Section 13: Case Study Section 13: Case Study cdma university Section 13-1 SECTION 13 Case Study 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-1

276 Section 13: Case Study Section Introduction cdma university Section 13-2 SECTION INTRODUCTION Flat Earth Design Tool Design Case Study Conclusions 106AC_00.emf 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-2

277 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Main Assumptions cdma university Section 13-3 Flat Earth Design Main Assumptions Frequency = 850 MHz, Cellular Band Available Spectrum = 1 CDMA Carrier Maximum Standard = IS-2000A, Radio Configuration = RC 3 Data Rate = 9600 kbps, Vocoder Rate = 8 K Reverse Pilot = Included to E b /N t Simulation Results Target FER = 2.0 % Soft Handoff Percentage = 35 % Users/Sector/RF = 35 Channel Type = Mobile, Vehicular [30 Km/h] 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-3

278 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Cable Specs cdma university Section 13-4 Different tower height for individual morphologies Assumes five extra meters of cable for the total cable run in each morphology Extra loss includes other losses like combiners, connectors, etc. Considers similar cable type 7/8" (0.875") across all installations At BTS Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Antenna Height [m] Cable Run [m] Cable Size [inches] Extra Loss [db] Cable Loss [db] Total Cable Loss [db] QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-4

279 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Demand Specification cdma university Section 13-5 Different demand levels for each morphology Assumes 27 merl/sub across all demand areas Individual service penetration for each morphology generates subscriber distribution for each area to be served Demand - Subscriber Distribution Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Total POPs 54,545 52,000 7,000 10,000 Penetration % % % % Subscribers Required 42,000 40,560 5,250 5,500 Subscribers - merlang/sub Erlangs Required 1, , QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-5

280 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Service Area cdma university Section 13-6 The Service Area includes four Morphologies Landuse map used as a reference for area estimation White squares were classified as DU, yellow as SU, and blue as R. Everything else inside the whitedashed lines is U. Service Area (Km 2 ) Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-6

281 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Reverse Link Budget cdma university Section 13-7 See Section 3 for Reverse Link details Assumptions shown in previous slides are incorporated to the Link Budget Assuming a Reverse Link limited design Individual MAPL per morphology will allow Cell Radius estimation based on Propagation Model ID Param eter Unit Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural a Maximum Transmitter Pow er [dbm] A Maximum Transmitter Pow er [mw] b Transmitter Cable, Connector and Combiner Losses [db] c Transmitter Antenna Gain [dbi] d Total Transmitter EIRP [dbm] e Receiver Antenna Gain [dbi] f Receiver Cable and Connector Losses [db] g Thermal Noise Density [dbm/hz] G Thermal Noise Density [mw/hz] 3.98E E E E-18 h Information Rate at Full Rate [Kbps] H Information Rate at Full Rate [db*hz] i Thermal Noise Floor [dbm] I Thermal Noise Floor [mw] 3.82E E E E-14 j Receiver Noise Figure [db] k Load - Percentage of Load Capacity [%] l Rise Over Thermal (Loading) [db] m Required Eb/(N0+I0) (Set Point) [db] n Required Eb/(N0+I0) Standard Deviation [db] o Mean Eb/(N0+I0) [db] p Receiver Sensitivity [dbm] q Confidence (Cell Edge) [%] r Log Normal Shadow Standard Deviation [db] s Log Normal Shadow Margin [db] t Handoff Gain [db] u Head / Body Loss [db] v Building Penetration Loss [db] w Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) [db] QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-7

282 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Propagation Model cdma university Section 13-8 Hata Model used for system FA at 850 [MHz] Subscriber Antenna High equal to 1.5 [m] Effective Earth Curvature (including Diffraction) of 8,500 [Km] Individual service penetration for each morphology generates subscriber distribution for each area to be served Hata Model Definition Morphology Slope Intercept Antenna Ht MAPL Radius LOS (m) (db) (km) (km) Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-8

283 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Coverage Design cdma university Section 13-9 Base Station Coverage Area is represented as a polygon Area BS 2.6K R 2 R Different cell radius are computed per morphology Area Poligon = Area BS Coverage sites are estimated as: 2 Service Area [Km ] 2 2 Coverage Efficiency Factor K 2.6K R [Km ] Service Area (sq km) Coverage Sites Dense Dense Place Urban Suburban Rural Total Urban Suburban Rural Total Urban Urban Selected Cluster QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-9

284 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Capacity Design cdma university Section Maximum available spectrum = 1 FA Three sector sites only (configuration 1x3) Maximum number of simultaneous users per sector equal to 35 Maximum Number of Erlangs per Base Station equal to [Erl] at 2% GoS. Traffic Table 1x3 # of Carriers 1 # of Sectors 3 Users/Sector/RF 35 Erlangs/Sector Erlangs/BS Required System Capacity (Subs) Required System Capacity (Erlangs) Morphology DU U SU R Total DU U SU R Total Totals 42,000 40,560 5,250 5,500 93,310 1, , , Capacity Provided by System Design (Erlangs) Capacity Provided by System Design (Subs) Morphology DU U SU R Total DU U SU R Total Totals 1, , , ,037 41,111 5,851 5,851 96,850 Sites Required for Capacity Addition/System Capacity Provided (Erl. Off - Erl Req.) DU U SU R Morphology DU U SU R Total 1x3 1x3 1x3 1x3 Total Totals QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-10

285 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Final Results cdma university Section Final required number of sites is computed as N k 1 Max Coverage Sites(, Capacity Sites( < Where k represent Morphology types and N the Maximum Number of Morphologies used in the analysis. In this case N=4. k k The final resulting Base Station count from the Flat Earth design is shown below. Required Number of Sites = 34 DU U SU R Total 1x3 1x3 1x3 1x QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-11

286 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Assumptions cdma university Section CDMA Cell coverage is accurately modeled by the Reverse Link Budget. Propagation Models can be used to estimate cell coverage area given MAPL. Budgetary and actual cell count vary greatly based on design assumptions. Flat Earth design provides an initial reference. The use of advanced network planning tools will improve degree of accuracy in each design. Fulfillment of original CDMA expectations possible through proper network RF design and system optimization QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-12

287 Section 13: Case Study Flat Earth Design Assumptions (continued) cdma university Section Key Assumptions include: Link Budget Fade Margin Antenna Selection E b /N t Values Head/In-Car/In-building Losses Propagation Morphology Definitions/Area Tower Height Selection Coverage Assumptions Service Area Estimation Morphology Classification Capacity Assumptions Subscriber Distribution, Demand Specification and merl/sub Additional Carriers and/or Sectorization 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-13

288 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Digital Elevation Model (DEM) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-14

289 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Landuse cdma university Section Dense Urban Urban Open Urban Wooden Urban Commercial/Industrial Open Forest Water 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-15

290 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Vector Data cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-16

291 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Orthophoto Image cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-17

292 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting RF Parameters cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-18

293 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting CDMA Parameters cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-19

294 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting CDMA Parameters (continued) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-20

295 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Choosing an Antenna cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-21

296 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Choosing an RF Model cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-22

297 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Choosing a Call Model cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-23

298 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Defining Subscriber cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-24

299 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Defining Subscriber (continued) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-25

300 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Defining Subscriber (continued) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-26

301 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting CDMA Module Parameters cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-27

302 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting CDMA Module Parameters (continued) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-28

303 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting CDMA Module Parameters (continued) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-29

304 Section 13: Case Study Tool Inputs Setting CDMA Module Parameters (continued) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-30

305 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Path Loss Between Sector and Mobile (db) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-31

306 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Total Mobile Received Power (dbm) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-32

307 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Required Mobile Transmit Power (dbm) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-33

308 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Individual Pilot E c /I o by Best Server (db) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-34

309 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Composite Forward Pilot E c /I o (db) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-35

310 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Sector Counter (Number of Pilots > -15dB) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-36

311 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Fundamental Channel Handoff Map cdma university Section Softer-Softer Soft-Soft-Softer Soft-Softer Softer-Soft Soft Softer No Handoff 2003 QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-37

312 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Handoff Summary Report cdma university Section HANDOFF SUMMARY REPORT HANDOFF SUMMARY REPORT System Name: Your Network CDMA channel # 450 Handoff Classification 1XVoice % of Subscribers No Handoff FCH Softer Handoff FCH 5.36 Soft Handoff FCH Softer-Soft Handoff FCH 1.18 Soft-Softer Handoff FCH 0.57 Soft-Soft Handoff FCH 6.57 Softer-Softer Handoff FCH 0.24 Effective Soft Handoff Reduction Factor FCH No Handoff SCH 0 Softer Handoff SCH 0 Soft Handoff SCH 0 Softer-Soft Handoff SCH 0 Soft-Softer Handoff SCH 0 Soft-Soft Handoff SCH 0 Softer-Softer Handoff SCH 0 Effective Soft Handoff Reduction Factor SCH 0 Simulated Subscribers 2591 Handoff Reduction Factor QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-38

313 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Sector Total Transmit Power (% to max PA Power) cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-39

314 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Sector Load cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-40

315 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Number of Blocked Users cdma university Section QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-41

316 Section 13: Case Study Tool Outputs Mobile Assisted Hard Handoff (2 Carrier System) cdma university Section Mobile Assisted Hard Handoff (2 Carriers System) Channel 450 Handoff Area Channel QUALCOMM Incorporated 13-42