The European Waste Directive: Gunnar Buckau, JRC-ITU

Transcription

1 The European Waste Directive: Structure, Content and Implementation Guidance Operational Issues in Radioactive Waste Management and Nuclear Decommissioning Summer School September 2014, ISPRA The European Waste Directive: Structure, Content and Implementation Guidance Gunnar Buckau, JRC-ITU 1

2 The European Waste Directive: Structure, Content and Implementation Guidance Operational Issues in Radioactive Waste Management and Nuclear Decommissioning Summer School September 2014, ISPRA The European Waste Directive: Structure, Content and Implementation Guidance Gunnar Buckau, JRC-ITU 2

3 Gunnar Buckau, Swedish Celebrated my 14 th Birthday two years ago 1982: Graduated from Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden : Technical University of Munich, Institute of Radiochemistry 1992: PhD Thesis on Natural Organics/Humic Substances and Actinides : International Atomic Energy Agency, Radioactive Waste Safety Series, Overriding Issues (fundamentals, including ethical issues) : Research Centre Karlsruhe/ Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, R&D for the Disposal Safety Case & EURATOM Programme on Long-Term Safety of Disposal : JRC-ITU, Policy Support in Nuclear Waste Disposal 3

4 1. Context: EURATOM and the Commission 2. What is a Directive? 3. Waste Directive General Principles / Responsible and Safe Structure and content 4. Implementation Guidance and support ENEF NAPRO Guide Workshops, Projects 5. Summary and outlook 4

5 EURATOM Treaty: Nuclear collaboration on a European Level 25 March 1957, EEC and EURATOM Treaties The EURATOM Treaty has been updated, but remains in force 5

6 DG DEVCO EuropeAid Development & Cooperation EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG ELARG 33 General Directorates and 11 Services Enlargement EURATOM Nuclear Waste Activities DG DEVCO EuropeAid Development & Cooperation DG ELARG Enlargement DG ENER Energy DG RTD Research and Innovation DG JRC Joint Research Centre Directorate D Human and Society Development Directorate D Financial Instruments and Regional Programmes EURATOM Supply Agency Directorate D Nuclear Safety and Fuel Cycle Directorate E Nuclear Safeguards Directorate C International Cooperation Directorate G Energy Scientific Policy and Stakeholder Relations Brussels, BE; Ispra, IT Unit D5 Instrument for Stability and Nuclear Safety Unit D3 Regional Programmes - (Nuclear Issues) Unit D1 Nuclear safety and multilateral & international cooperation Unit D2 Safe back-end of nuclear fuel cycle, governance, transport and innovation Unit D3 Nuclear accountancy Unit D4 Radiation protection Unit E1 Design, planning and evaluation Unit E2 Reprocessing Plants Unit E3 Fabrication & enrichment plants Unit E4 Reactors, storage and other facilities Unit C1 Policy Coordination, EFTA, Enlargement, Russia, Asia, and Pacific Unit C2 North America Latin America and Caribbean Unit C3 European Neighbourhood, Africa and the Gulf Unit G1 Horizontal aspects -(Euratom International Agreements) Unit G4 Fission Unit G5 ITER - (Broader Approach) Unit G6 Fusion Association Agreements Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, BE Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Karlsruhe + ISPRA Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) Petten, NL; Ispra, IT (plus other 4 institutes) 6

7 EUROPEAN COMMISSION 33 General Directorates and 11 Services EURATOM Nuclear Waste Activities DG DEVCO EuropeAid Development & Cooperation DG ELARG Enlargement DG ENER Energy DG RTD Research and Innovation DG JRC Joint Research Centre Directorate D Human and Society Development Directorate D Financial Instruments and Regional Programmes EURATOM Supply Agency Directorate D Nuclear Safety and Fuel Cycle Directorate E Nuclear Safeguards Directorate C International Cooperation Directorate G Energy Scientific Policy and Stakeholder Relations Brussels, BE; Ispra, IT Unit D5 Unit D3 DG ENER, D2: Instrument for Stability and Nuclear Safety -Policy -Safety/Legal (Notification of activities, Waste Directive, -. Regional Programmes - (Nuclear Issues) Unit D1 Nuclear safety and multilateral & international cooperation Unit D2 Safe back-end of nuclear fuel cycle, governance, transport and innovation Unit D3 Nuclear accountancy Unit D4 Radiation protection Unit E1 Design, planning and evaluation Unit E2 Reprocessing Plants Unit E3 Fabrication & enrichment plants Unit E4 Reactors, storage and other facilities Unit C1 Policy Coordination, EFTA, Enlargement, Russia, Asia, and Pacific Unit C2 North America Latin America and Caribbean Unit C3 European Neighbourhood, Africa and the Gulf Unit G1 Horizontal aspects -(Euratom International Agreements) Unit G4 Fission Unit G5 ITER - (Broader Approach) Unit G6 Fusion Association Agreements Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, BE Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Karlsruhe + ISPRA Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) Petten, NL; Ispra, IT (plus other 4 institutes) 7

8 R&D Framework Programmes 1, 2, 3, 4 (starting in 1984) DG DEVCO EuropeAid Development & Cooperation 7 th FP; Directorate D Human and Society Development DG ELARG Enlargement Directorate D 60.6 Mio funding support Financial Instruments and Regional Programmes 26 Projects with consortia: EURATOM Supply Agency EUROPEAN COMMISSION 33 General Directorates and 11 Services DG ENER Energy Directorate D Nuclear Safety and Fuel Cycle Unit D1 Nuclear safety and multilateral & international cooperation Unit D2 Safe back-end of nuclear fuel cycle, governance, transport and innovation Unit D3 Nuclear accountancy Unit D4 Radiation protection Directorate E Nuclear Safeguards Unit E1 Design, planning and evaluation Unit E2 Reprocessing Plants Unit E3 Fabrication & enrichment plants Unit E4 Reactors, storage and other facilities EURATOM Nuclear Waste Activities Directorate C International Cooperation Unit C1 Policy Coordination, EFTA, Enlargement, Russia, Asia, and Pacific Unit C2 North America Latin America and Caribbean Unit C3 European Neighbourhood, Africa and the Gulf DG RTD Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 ( (2018)) Directorate G Energy Unit G1 Horizontal aspects -(Euratom International Agreements) Unit G4 Fission Unit K5 ITER - (Broader Approach) Unit D5 Unit D3 DG RTD, G4: Instrument for Regional Disposal Technology Platform Priority Topics Stability and Programmes - (Nuclear Nuclear Safety Managing the Framework Issues) Basic Actinide Chemistry Programme for R&D on nuclear topics Fundamental Chemical and Physical Safety Assessment Processes (funding / co-funding projects by the R&D community) Competence, Training & Education Socio-Political Projects, Stakeholder Involvement Unit G6 Fusion Association Agreements DG JRC Joint Research Centre Scientific Policy and Stakeholder Relations Brussels, BE; Ispra, IT Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, BE Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Karlsruhe, DE Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) Petten, NL; Ispra, IT (plus other 4 institutes) 8

9 EUROPEAN COMMISSION 33 General Directorates and 11 Services EURATOM Nuclear Waste Activities DG DEVCO EuropeAid Development & Cooperation DG ELARG Enlargement DG ENER Energy DG RTD Research and Innovation DG JRC Joint Research Centre Directorate D Human and Society Development Directorate D Financial Instruments and Regional Programmes EURATOM Supply Agency Directorate D Nuclear Safety and Fuel Cycle Directorate E Nuclear Safeguards Directorate C International Cooperation Directorate G Energy Scientific Policy and Stakeholder Relations Brussels, BE; Ispra, IT DG-JRC-ITU: Unit D1 Unit E1 Unit C1 Unit G1 Unit D5 Unit D3 Nuclear safety Design, Policy Coordination, EFTA, aspects Horizontal and multilateral planning and Instrument for Regional & international evaluation Enlargement, -(Euratom Institutional R&D programme Stability and Programmes cooperation Russia, Asia, Unit E2 International and Pacific - (Nuclear Unit D2 Reprocessing Agreements) Nuclear Safety Issues) Safe back-end of Plants Unit C2 R&D collaboration with MS s + third countries Unit G4 nuclear fuel North America Unit E3 Fission cycle, Latin America Fabrication & governance, and Caribbean Policy support to MS s and Commissions Services enrichment Unit G5 transport and plants Unit C3 ITER innovation European - (Broader Unit D3 Unit E4 Interaction with international organizations (IAEA, Neighbourhood, Africa Approach) Nuclear Reactors, OECD-NEA, accountancy storage and Unit G6 and the Gulf..) other Fusion Unit D4 facilities Association Radiation protection Agreements Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, BE Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Karlsruhe + ISPRA Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) Petten, NL; Ispra, IT (plus other 4 institutes) 9

10 1. Context: EURATOM and the Commission 2. What is a Directive? 3. Waste Directive General Principles / Responsible and Safe Structure and content 4. Implementation Guidance and support ENEF NAPRO Guide Workshops, Projects 5. Summary and outlook 10

11 Directive Legislative act of the European Union requiring Member States to achieve a particular result without being very prescriptive. It in particular defines the objectives but very much leaves it to the Member States how to achieve those objectives. EURATOM: Negotiated by the Atomic questions group (= negotiated by the Member States) Adopted by the European Council (one representative per Member State) The Directive requirements are transposed into National Law where the particular way of achieving the objectives in a given Member State becomes defined by the MS.

12 Waste Directive Adopted 19 July 2011 Published 2 August 2011 Entering into force 22 August 2011 Transposition into National Law by 23 August 2013 Notification to the Commission of National Programmes by 23 August 2015 Tri-annual progress reporting, deadline for first report 23 August 2015 Peer Reviews

13 1. Context: EURATOM and the Commission 2. What is a Directive? 3. Waste Directive General Principles / Responsible and Safe Structure and content 4. Implementation Guidance and support ENEF NAPRO Guide Workshops, Projects 5. Summary and outlook 13

14 Directive on Safe Management of Radioactive Waste The objective is to protect against the danger of radiation How about: Achieve maximum x Sv per year radiation dose Done! Do we need anything more? Basic Course in Nuclear Science, Nuclear Waste Disposal, 17 September 2012 JRC-ITU 14

15 The Waste Directive Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011 Establishing a Community Framework for the Responsible and Safe Management of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Spent Fuel, if declared waste or not.

16 Safe: Understandable for persons with technical and practical background risk, dose, operational safety,... (in general quantifiable) Responsible: Ethical and Governance considerations Key challenge: Geological Disposal of High-Level Waste / Spent Fuel

17 Swedish NPP Programme was stopped after elections 1976: Finalization of reactors under construction conditional to demonstration that Spent Nuclear Fuel can be managed safely (Stipulation Act). Scientific-Technical Proof of Safety Necessary, but not sufficient. -> responsible acting. Etik och kärnavfall: Rapport från ett seminarium om etiskt handlande under osäkerhet; Stockholm den 8-9 september SKN Rapport 28. Ethical Aspects on Nuclear Waste: Some points discussed at a seminar on Ethical Action in the Face of Uncertainty, Stockholm, Sweden, September 8-9, SKN Report 29. Intergenerational responsibility Risk discounting,... References to SKN reports 1983 on risk discounting, 1987 on decision making, and sociopolitical issues

18 IAEA Safety Fundamentals The Principles of Radioactive Waste Management Safety Fundamentals Safety Series 111-F IAEA, 1995 Integrated into Fundamental Safety Principles Safety Fundamentals Safety Series SF-1 IAEA, 2006 Principle 1: Protection of human health Principle 2: Protection of the environment Safety / Ethical Principle 3: Protection beyond national borders Principle 4: Protection of future generations Principle 5: Burdens on future generations Ethical consideration Principle 6: National legal framework Tools Principle 7: Control of radioactive waste generation Principle 8: Radioactive waste generation and -> management Towards Disposal Interdependencies End-Point Principle 9: Safety of facilities

19 IAEA Safety Fundamentals The Principles of Radioactive Waste Management Safety Fundamentals Safety Series 111-F IAEA, 1995 Integrated into Fundamental Safety Principles Safety Fundamentals Safety Series SF-1 IAEA, Ultimate responsibility with the Member State Principle 1: Protection of human health 2. Waste generation.. Principle 2: Protection of the environment Directive Article 4 General Principles 3. Interdependencies Safety / Ethical Principle 3: Protection beyond national borders 4. Safe management, long-term, passive safety features Principle 4: Protection of future generations 5. Graded approach Principle 5: Burdens on future generations Ethical consideration 6. Costs to be borne by the generators Principle 6: National legal framework 7. Evidence-based Tools decision making Principle 7: Control of radioactive waste generation 8. Disposed of in MS, unless.. (Export restriction) Principle 8: Radioactive waste generation and -> management Towards Disposal Interdependencies End-Point Principle 9: Safety of facilities

20 IAEA Safety Fundamentals The Principles of Radioactive Waste Management Safety Fundamentals Safety Series 111-F IAEA, 1995 Integrated into Fundamental Safety Principles Safety Fundamentals Safety Series SF-1 IAEA, Ultimate responsibility with the Member State Principle 1: Protection of human health Recital 24: 2. Waste generation.. It should Principle be an 2: ethical Protection obligation of the environment of each Member Directive State to avoid Article any 4 General undue burden Principles on future generations.. accomplished 3. Interdependencies by implementation Safety of / Ethical the Directive Principle 3: Protection beyond national borders 4. Safe management, long-term, passive safety features Principle 4: Protection of future generations 5. Graded approach Principle 5: Burdens on future generations Ethical consideration 6. Costs to be borne by the generators Principle 6: National legal framework 7. Evidence-based Tools decision making Principle 7: Control of radioactive waste generation 8. Disposed of in MS, unless.. (Export restriction) Principle 8: Radioactive waste generation and -> management Towards Disposal Interdependencies End-Point Principle 9: Safety of facilities

21 Integrated into IAEA Safety Fundamentals Fundamental Safety Principles The Additional Principles Aspect Safety Fundamentals of Radioactive Waste Management Safety Series SF-1 Safety Fundamentals IAEA, 2006 Safety Series 111-F IAEA, Allocation 1995 of Responsibility For the Activity ( Management ) 1. Ultimate but also responsibility with the Member State Principle 1: Protection of human health For the Material ( Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste ) 2. Waste generation.. Principle 2: Protection of the environment Directive Article 4 General Principles 3. Interdependencies Safety / Ethical Article Principle 5.1(f): 3:. Protection in particular, beyond the national framework borders shall give primary responsibility for the spent fuel and radioactive waste 4. Safe to their management, generatorslong-term, or, under passive specific safety features circumstances, Principle 4: Protection to a licence of holder future to generations whom this responsibility has been entrusted by competent bodies; 5. Graded approach Principle 5: Burdens on future generations Ethical consideration 6. Costs to be borne by the generators Article Principle 4.2: Where 6: National radioactive legal framework waste spent fuel is shipped for processing or reprocessing to a Member State 7. or a Evidence-based third country, Tools the decision ultimate making responsibility for the safe and Principle responsible 7: Control disposal of radioactive of those materials, waste generation including any waste as a by-product, shall remain with the Member State or 8. third Disposed country of from in MS, which unless.. the radioactive (Export restriction) material was shipped. Principle 8: Radioactive waste generation and -> management Towards Disposal Interdependencies End-Point Principle 9: Safety of facilities

22 Some later developments Long-term storage of waste Reality is that spent fuel and radioactive waste will be stored much longer than originally planned for. Indefinite storage is not an acceptable solution as it imposes undue burdens on future generations. Maintaining Retrievability over long time periods during operation, and Recoverability for the post-closure phase, can negatively affect passive safety functions.

23 Some later developments Long-Term Storage Long-term Recital 21: storage of waste The storage of radioactive waste, including long-term storage, is an interim solution, but not an alternative to disposal. Reality is that spent fuel and radioactive waste will be stored much longer than originally planned for. Indefinite storage is not an acceptable solution as it imposes undue burdens on future generations. Recital 23: To that end, reversibility and retrievability as operating and design criteria may be used to guide the technical development of a Maintaining disposal system. However, those criteria should not be a substitute for a well designed Retrievability disposal over facility long time that periods has a defensible during operation, basis for and closure. Recoverability for the post-closure phase, can negatively affect passive safety functions.

24 Responsible and Safe Safety is a pre-requisite Safety alone is not sufficient (ethical considerations, clear policies, clear allocation of responsibilities, involvement of stakeholders, transparency,.) Realizing that Ethical/Governance considerations need to be regarded in this field is not new Well reflected and visualized in the Waste Directive

25 1. Context: EURATOM and the Commission 2. What is a Directive? 3. Waste Directive General Principles / Responsible and Safe Structure and content 4. Implementation Guidance and support ENEF NAPRO Guide Workshops, Projects 5. Summary and outlook 25

26 Structure: - Introduction - Recitals ( Whereas ) - References to other Directives, Recommendations, Agreements,.. - Explanations and statements (also legally valid) - Chapter 1 - Article 1 Subject Matter - Article 2 Scope - Article 3 Definitions - Article 4 General Principles - Chapter 2 Obligations - Article 5 National Framework - Article 6 Competent Regulatory Authority - Article 7 License Holders - Article 8 Expertise and Skills - Article 9 Financial Resources - Article 10 Transparency - Article 11 National Programmes - Article 12 Contents of National Programmes - Article 13 Notification - Article 14 Reporting Copied or evolving from IAEA Safety Series and Joint Convention Common understanding developed over decades - Chapter 3 Final Provisions - Article 15 Transposition - Article 16 Entry into force - Article 17 Addressees

27 Structure: - Introduction - Recitals ( Whereas ) - References to other Directives, Recommendations, Agreements,.. - Explanations and statements (also legally valid) - Chapter 1 - Article 1 Subject Matter - Article 2 Scope - Article 3 Definitions - Article 4 General Principles - Chapter 2 Obligations - Article 5 National Framework - Article 6 Competent Regulatory Authority - Chapter 3 Final Provisions - Article 7 License Holders - Article 15 Transposition - Article 8 Expertise and Skills - Article 16 Entry into force - Article 9 Financial Resources - Article 17 Addressees - Article 10 Transparency - Article 11 National Programmes - Article 12 Contents of National Programmes - Article 13 Notification - Article 14 Reporting

28 Structure: - Introduction - Recitals ( Whereas ) - References to other Directives, Recommendations, Agreements,.. - Explanations and statements (also legally valid) - Chapter 1 - Article 1 Subject Matter - Article 2 Scope - Article 3 Definitions - Article 4 General Principles - Chapter 2 Obligations -Chapter 2 Obligations - Article 5 National Framework - Article 6 Competent Regulatory Authority - Article 7 License Holders - Article 8 Expertise and Skills - Article 9 Financial Resources - Article 10 Transparency -Article 5 National Framework -Article 6 Competent Regulatory Authority -Article 7 License Holders -Article 8 Expertise and Skills -Article 9 Financial Resources -Article 10 Transparency -Article 11 National Programmes - Article 11 National Programmes - Article 12 Contents of National Programmes - Article 13 Notification - Article 14 Reporting - Chapter 3 Final Provisions -Article 12 Contents of National Programmes -Article 13 Notification -Article 14 Reporting - Article 15 Transposition - Article 16 Entry into force - Article 17 Addressees

29 Structure: - Introduction - Recitals ( Whereas ) - References to other Directives, Recommendations, Agreements,.. - Explanations and statements (also legally valid) - Chapter 1 - Article 1 Subject Matter - Article 2 Scope - Article 3 Definitions - Article 4 General Principles - Chapter 2 Obligations -Chapter 2 Obligations - Article 5 National Framework - Article 6 Competent Regulatory Authority - Article 7 License Holders - Article 8 Expertise and Skills - Article 9 Financial Resources - Article 10 Transparency -Article 5 National Framework -Article 6 Competent Regulatory Authority -Article 7 License Holders -Article 8 Expertise and Skills -Article 9 Financial Resources -Article 10 Transparency -Article 11 National Programmes Turn obligations into practice -Article 12 Contents of National Programmes -Article 13 Notification -Article 14 Reporting - Article 11 National Programmes - Article 12 Contents of National Programmes - Article 13 Notification - Article 14 Reporting - Chapter 3 Final Provisions - Article 15 Transposition - Article 16 Entry into force - Article 17 Addressees

30 1. Context: EURATOM and the Commission 2. What is a Directive? 3. Waste Directive General Principles / Responsible and Safe Structure and content 4. Implementation Guidance and support ENEF NAPRO Guide Workshops, Projects 5. Summary and outlook

31 ANDRA (FR) AREVA (FR) CEZ (CZ) COVRA (NL) ENRESA (ES) ESTONIAN Min. Env. (ET) FORATOM (BE) GNS (DE) NDA (UK) NIRAS-ONDRAF (BE) NNF (SK) POSIVA (FI) SKB (SE) SOGIN (IT) TVO (FI) Peer character Not legally binding Adopted 30 January 2013

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33 Article 12 Contents of National Programmes - National Policy - Milestones and Timeframes - Inventory - Concepts or Plans and Technical Solutions from Generation to Disposal - Concepts, Plans for the Post-Closure Phase - Research, Development & Demonstration Activities - Responsibilities, Performance Indicators - Cost Assessment - Financing Scheme - Transparency Policy or Process - Agreements

34 National Policy: General principles (Article 4) Depending on the magnitude of the programme, it will include aspects such as: - the fuel cycle policy, for example spent fuel reprocessing or direct disposal, and participation in R&D projects on advanced technologies - role and duration of storage - if applicable, role of reversibility and retrievability - role of shared solutions - contingency planning - waste ownership/responsibility - decision making process -...

35 Physical Inventory (The Waste) The Inventory Documentation of the inventory Information Management System (Database, filing box, ) Content (Location, content, characterization, properties, ) Future arisings Individual waste streams with envisaged end-points within the national system Summaries according to endpoints National overview inventory

36 Cost Assessment Principle uncertainties: Lack in experience End-Points and Time-Scales not known Decommissioning and LLW and ILW repositories: Abundant experience Geological disposal: Not yet implemented to the end Countries with well advanced programmes: Finland and Sweden

37 Finland Started early with assessment of the total costs for all waste management (including decommissioning and disposal). Re-assessment every year: Fluctuations decrease with time 2008: 0.16 ct / kwh Sweden Collected 1 öre ( 0.1 ct) / kwh Summer 2012: Increased to 0.2 ct / kwh (not retroactive) If the For Disposal well structured End-Points Not and a big and functioning deal Time-Scales Programmes! are known!

38 Financing Scheme Those who generate the waste should bear the costs for it s management, including disposal Fund management? Secure Available when needed For long time periods In Germany, the funds are part of the Utilities assets In the US*: The funds are frozen because the Government has locked them as financial security *BRC Report

39 1. Context: EURATOM and the Commission 2. What is a Directive? 3. Waste Directive General Principles / Responsible and Safe Structure and content 4. Implementation Guidance and support ENEF NAPRO Guide Workshops, Projects 5. Summary and outlook 39

40 Workshops DG ENER Workshop on the contents and implementation of the National Programmes as defined in Articles 11 and 12 of the Nuclear Waste Directive September 2012 ENEF-ERDO Workshop on National Programme for small nuclear countries including shared solutions 4-5 December 2013 DG ENER 2 nd Workshop on the National Programmes under Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM Establishing a Community Framework for the Responsible and Safe Management of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste 3-4 November

41 Projects Under preparation for submission: Cooperation between Member States Responding to the Waste Directive (COMS-WD), EURATOM Fission Programme, Call NFRP (submission deadline 17 September 2014) Emphasis is on: Cooperation between Member States, in particular those without commercial spent nuclear fuel (small programmes) Elaborating upon joint activities and sharing experiences Developing implementation of joint pre-disposal solutions Thereby, keeping the option of joint disposal solutions open Also an important topic within development of Joint Programming for future EURATOM Fission Programme (JOPRAD) 41

42 The Member States are responsible for implementation of the Waste Directive Notification Reporting DG ENER Workshops Projects DG RTD Support by the Commission, including ENEF Guide Participation Workshops Projects, Guide. DG JRC

43 Summary The Waste Directive does not fall from the sky National developments, IAEA Safety Series, OECD-NEA activities, IAEA Joint Convention, General/fundamental principles have evolved over decades. Now well established, but additional ones.. Key driver is Geological Disposal of HLW, including Spent Fuel However, different Member States have different magnitudes of Waste Simple safety criteria is not sufficient ( Responsible and Safe ) Implementation is accompanied by a spectrum of support activities 43

44 Outlook The Waste Directive will contribute to responsible and safe management of radioactive waste The Waste Directive will contribute to common views and a more homogeneous situation in the European Union Variety of National Programme implementation solutions will be developed for different types of challenges and national situations Geological disposal will depend on success stories of few fore-runners A multitude of support activities, projects, workshops,. will continue over the coming years. 44

45 Questions? 45