Report on Publicly-funded Scientific and Technological Activities 2009/10

Transcription

1 Report on Publicly-funded Scientific and Technological Activities 2009/10 October 2010

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Overview and summary A note on methodology Findings Overall expenditure on STA Expenditure per STA types Transfers and subsidies Government funding for the public research institution Current model of public funding for science and R&D Conclusions and Recommendations Contact information LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Current model for government funding for science and R&D LIST OF TABLES Table 1: STA expenditure in relation to GDP and national government budget. 8 Table 2: Expenditure on STAs by national government departments... 9 Table 3: STAs expenditure as proportion of departmental budget appropriations 2009/ Table 4: Expenditure on per STA types for 2009/ Table 5: STA expenditure by accounting expenditure items Table 6: National government funding for public research institutions

3 PREFACE The role of government in funding science and technology (S&T) is a critical one. It is one of the key instruments that government uses to shape and drive the science and innovation system. The undertakings made in the 2002 National Research and Development Strategy (NRDS) for increasing government investment in science and technology have resulted in gradual increases in government funding for science, research and innovation, leading to improvements in a number of indicators for scientific and innovation performance over the past few years. Clearly, the government needs to sustain this trend and work even smarter to enhance the impact of research outcomes to economic competitiveness and improving living standards. The current challenges in the areas such as health, energy, food and education, to name but a few, require sustained input of scientific and technological nature if significant breakthroughs are to be made. By profiling the government s contribution to S&T investment, this report will aid planning and decision making in government concerning funding for science, research and innovation in contributing towards the achievement of national goals. This is important, both in responding to short-term service delivery issues and/or in the projection of long-term scenarios. I trust that you will find this report to be of value in your organisations and be encouraged to engage with other role players in its usage Mrs GNM PANDOR, MP MINISTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3

4 1. OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY The report on Publicly-funded Scientific and Technological Activities 2009/10 provides government and its stakeholders with a holistic view of public spending on science and technology (S&T). It publishes information on actual expenditure and projected budget allocations by government towards scientific and technological activities (STAs). Its purpose is summarised as follows: To enable regular evaluation of the levels of public investment into the science system; To support planning and coordination of public funding for science and technology by various parts of government; and To support decision making with respect to resource deployment in key priority areas for science investment where government will maximise the socio-economic outcomes. Preparation of this report is in line with the 2004 Cabinet decision in adopting the Strategic Management Model for the Public Science and Technology System, which gave action to the recommendation of the 1996 White Paper on Science and Technology and the 2002 National Research and Development Strategy (NRDS). The DST was required to formulate a national science and technology expenditure plan as a framework for government funding for science, research and innovation. The DST has therefore been collecting the data on actual expenditure on STAs since 2007/8 using the data submitted by various national government departments to the National Treasury (NT) as part of the Estimates of National Expenditure (ENE). The data also include the medium term appropriations up to 2012/13. In summary: Twenty five national government departments have been identified as either performing STAs or having a budgetary allocation to fund STAs. 4

5 These departments invested R14.8 billion on STAs in the 2009/10 financial year, representing a nominal increase of 6.7% from R13.9 billion of 2008/9. Up to 86.6% (or R12.8 billion) of the STAs is dispensed as transfers and subsidies towards activities performed by departmental agencies, universities, public corporations, private enterprises and non-profit organisations. Overall, the total funding for STAs constituted 1.98% of the total national government budget of 2009/10. The medium term estimates indicate a decline in the total allocations for STAs from R14.8 billion in 2009/10 to R14.6 billion in 2013/14. This finding raises critical questions in terms of the envisaged role of government in positioning science, research and innovation as a critical driver for economic competitiveness and development. 5

6 2. A NOTE ON METHODOLOGY This report is compiled by the DST, mainly using the expenditure data on science and technology spent by various national government departments. The information is drawn from the NT s system of Estimates of National Expenditure (ENE). A uniform definitional framework has been adopted from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development s (OECD) Oslo Manual to identify and classify the budgetary items for STAs 1. In preparing this report, the DST makes contact with all the government departments that either perform or have a budgetary allocation to fund STAs to validate the information. The following definitions are used to collect data and develop a report: Scientific and Technological Activities (STAs) are defined as systematic activities that are closely linked to the generation, advancement, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of S&T i.e. in the natural sciences and engineering, as well as in the social sciences and humanities. There are three types of STAs and are defined as follows:- o o Scientific and technical education and training (STET): covers all activities comprising specialised non-university higher education and training, higher education and training leading to a university degree, postgraduate and further training, and organised lifelong training for scientists and engineers. Scientific and technological services (STS): are defined as activities concerned with supporting research and experimental development and contributing to the generation, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge. This includes activities such as patenting, geological surveys, standards generation, operation of libraries and national scientific databases and the like. o Scientific and technological innovation (STI): may be considered as the transformation of an idea into a new or improved product introduced on the market into a new or improved operational process used in industry and commerce, or into a new In specific instances, approach to the a social report service estimates the real change in expenditure, in Out of the 34 national departments that formed part of the South African government during the 2009/10 financial year, 25 departments that had a 1 Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition Published (October 2005); and the UNESCO Manual for Statistics on Scientific and Technological Activities published (June 1984) 6

7 science mandate or a research unit were selected for purposes of STA reporting. On compiling this report, the DST noted the following methodological limitations: Some departments that are not seen as having the science mandate do have activities that are classifiable as STAs. Closely related to this, there are inconsistencies regarding the classification of STA items within departments. This has been partly resolved by presenting data at aggregated levels that does not require detailed classification. Footnotes are also used in the report to indicate where data gaps exist. Necessary adjustments will be made in future reports when such information becomes available. It is possible that some of the S&T investments may have been omitted due to definitional limitations and compliance challenges in respondent departments. To resolve this, the DST facilitated a workshop to review the UNESCO definitions and data collection process on 7 September 2010 in which 18 departments participated and provided suggestions on how these should be handled. The report presentation is based on the government departmental structure that existed in Changes that were introduced during 2009/10 will only be reflected in future reports. The data covers actual expenditure of past three years (2007/8 to 2009/10) and the budget appropriation up to 2012/13. Although informative, it will be more useful to have longer time series data to make certain conclusions. 7

8 3. FINDINGS 3.1 OVERALL EXPENDITURE ON STA The total national government expenditure on the scientific and technological activities (STAs) for 2009/10 is R14.8 billion. This amount is reported by 25 national departments that either performed or funded STAs in 2009/10. It represents a nominal increase of 6.7% from R13.9 billion of 2008/09 2. The total public spending on STAs constituted 1.98% of the total national government budget of 2009/10. Table 1: STA expenditure in relation to GDP and national government budget 2007/ / /10 Total expenditure on STAs (R 000) 12,842,334 13,868,822 14,796,022 GDP (at market prices in R 000) 3 2,016,164,833 2,274,139,155 2,395,969,455 Total national government budget (R 000) 4 541,443, ,953, ,196,800 Expenditure on STAs % of GDP 0.64% 0.61% 0.61% Expenditure on STAs % of total national government budget 2.37% 2.18% 1.98% The departments within the economic services and infrastructure cluster spent R6.81 billion on STAs in 2009/10, which makes up 46.0% of the total STA expenditure in that year. This is followed by the social services cluster with 28.8% (R4.26 billion); the financial and administrative services cluster with 13.5% (R2.0 billion); the central government administration cluster with 6.5% (R969 million); and lastly the justice and protection service cluster with 5.2% (R763 million). 2 Initial estimations of the 2008/09 STA expenditures were R12.2 billion. This figure has been revised to R13.9 billion by inclusion of data that was previously omitted, which include data from the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET); and improvement in data classification by specific departments. 3 Source: Statistics South Africa. P Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 3rd Quarter 2010 (23 November 2010) 4 Total government expenditure reported in the main budget framework, 2011 Estimates of National Expenditure, National Treasury 8

9 Table 2: Expenditure on STAs by national government departments R 000 Audited Outcomes Adjusted Appropriation Medium- Term Estimate 2007/ / / / / /13 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND 694, , , , , ,159 ADMINISTRATION Cooperative Governance and 2,676 3,171 3,355 3,550 3,735 3,959 Traditional Affairs Home Affairs 371, , , , , ,200 Public Works 320, , , , FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 2,542,373 2,167,000 1,987, ,400 43,400 45,600 SERVICES Public Enterprise 2,502,273 2,129,000 1,946, , Public Service and Administration 40,100 38,000 41,500 43,800 43,400 45,600 SOCIAL SERVICES 3,701,260 3,987,905 4,265,937 4,657,161 5,286,033 5,802,155 Arts and Culture 129, , , , , ,094 Basic Education 28,270 61,230 24,761 14,660 92, ,503 Health 2,133,780 2,225,235 2,338,517 2,469,290 2,626,497 2,784,087 Higher Education and Training 1,384,000 1,521,000 1,738,000 2,003,000 2,366,960 2,684,938 Labour 13,400 12,700 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,600 Social Development 12,802 2, , Sport Recreation South Africa 0 18,054 20,058 19,177 41,412 42,933 JUSTICE AND PROTECTION 604, , , ,059 1,194,468 1,185,100 SERVICES Defence and Military Veterans 306, , , , , ,000 Police 298, , , , , ,100 ECONOMIC SERVICES AND 5,299,703 6,046,342 6,810,331 6,842,396 7,303,183 7,481,092 INFRASTRUCTURE Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 527, , , , , ,376 Communication 17,760 8,213 9,346 2, Energy 401, , , , , ,781 Environmental Affairs 579, , ,987 1,201,578 1,269,360 1,345,522 Human Settlement 53,900 61,200 71,500 83,300 84,700 88,300 Mineral Resources 247, , , , , ,800 Rural Development and Land Reform 256, , , , , ,200 Science and Technology 2,929,382 3,402,984 3,821,112 3,399,095 3,582,575 3,550,122 Trade and Industry 201, , , , , ,400 Transport 9,165 10,982 11,565 12,141 12,869 13,512 Water Affairs 75,897 67,972 88,036 94, ,521 94,079 TOTAL STA EXPENDITURE 12,842,334 13,868,822 14,796,022 13,051,118 13,963,819 14,651,106 The medium term estimates indicate a decline in the total allocations for STAs from R14.8 billion in 2009/10 to R14.6 billion in 2013/14. Part of the decline in allocations can be attributed to the phasing out of the investment in the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) and the revisions of medium term budget baselines implemented by the NT during 2009 and The decline reflected in the later years may not necessarily hold, as these appropriations are 9

10 reviewed on a rolling three-year cycle. The absence of data for 2011/12 and 2012/13 for the departments such as Public Works, Public Enterprises, Social Development and Communication presents challenges in making conclusions in this regard. Table 3: STAs expenditure as proportion of departmental budget appropriations 2009/10 5 R 000 Annual Budget vs. STA expenditure Percentage expenditure 2009/10 Annual Budget 2009/10 STA expenditure CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 45,955, , % Provincial and Local Government 35,607,000 3, % Home Affairs 5,050, , % Public Works 5,298, , % FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES 4,153,100 1,987, % Public Enterprise 3,797,300 1,946, % Public Service and Administration 355,800 41, % SOCIAL SERVICES 140,113,400 4,265, % Arts and Culture 2,623, , % Education 21,287,200 1,762, % Health 17,058,100 2,338, % Labour 9,876,400 10, % Social Development 86,408, % Sport Recreation South Africa 2,859,900 20, % JUSTICE AND PROTECTION SERVICES 78,434, , % Defence 32,024, , % Safety and Security 46,409, , % ECONOMIC SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 75,082,300 6,810, % Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 3,278, , % Communication 2,266,900 9, % Environmental Affairs and Tourism 3,480, , % Housing 13,588,600 71, % Land Affairs 6,099, , % Minerals and Energy 4,647, , % Science and Technology 4,234,100 3,821, % Trade and Industry 6,344, , % Transport 23,734,800 11, % Water Affairs and Forestry 7,408,200 88, % TOTAL STA EXPENDITURE vs. ANNUAL BUDGET 343,738,500 14,796, % The proportion of STAs expenditure in relation to the 2009/10 annual departmental budget varies across departments. Four out of twelve departments that have significant S&T mandates allocate very low proportions 5 Some government departments split to become separate departments and some units that reported on STAs from previous departments merged with different departments in the new government dispensation. There are 23 departments in the table 3 instead of 25 from table 2 because the annual budgets of the split or merged departments could not be appropriately separated. Annual budgets from Minerals and Energy and Water Affairs and Forestry could not be appropriately separated 10

11 of their budget to S&T activities. Some of the departments are still yet to fully develop their S&T plans that can be used in determining the required levels of investment and in prioritising budget allocations. Four of the five national government departments that have the highest percentage of STAs expenditure in relation to their total annual budget fall within the economic services and infrastructure cluster, namely:- The Department of Science and Technology 90.2% The Department of Public Enterprises 51.3% The Department of Environmental Affairs 24.4% The Department of Minerals and Energy % The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 17.8% With an average of 47.9%, the financial and administrative services cluster had the highest average STAs expenditure in relation to the total annual budget of the departments within the cluster. This is followed by economic services and infrastructure cluster with 9.1% and the social services cluster with 3.0%. The averages for the central government administration cluster and the justice and protection service cluster are 2.1% and 1.0% respectively. 3.2 EXPENDITURE PER STA TYPES The majority of government STA expenditure for the 2009/10 financial year was spent on Scientific and Technological Innovation (STI); followed by Scientific and Technological Education and Training (STET), and then Scientific and Technological Services (STS). This section presents the data that the departments have been able to classify based on the interpretation of the definitions. 6 The information for the Departments of Mineral Resources and Energy budget is still combined due to the fact that in 2009/10 the departments were still operating as one department 11

12 Table 4: Expenditure on per STA types for 2009/10 STAs Type R /10 Percentage to total STAs STI 9,387, % STET 2,128, % STS 1,899, % Unspecified 1,380,200 9,4% Totals 14,796, % Up to 63.4% (R9.4 billion) of the total STAs expenditure for the 2009/10 financial year was on STI. This is followed by STET, which constituted 14.4% (R2.1 billion) and then STS, which constituted 12.8% (R1.9 billion). The remaining amount of R1.4 billion (9.4%) was not specified in terms of the three types of STAs 7. The spread of funding across the various STAs types seems to be highly dependent on the mandate of the department concerned. 3.3 TRANSFERS AND SUBSIDIES Expenditure on STAs can also be categorised in terms of the accounting expenditure items for which it is used, namely transfers and subsidies, current payments and the payments for capital assets. Table 5 shows that 86.6% (or R12.8 billion) of the total government STA expenditure for the 2009/10 was disbursed from national departments as transfers and subsidies towards activities performed by departmental agencies, universities, public corporations, private enterprises and non-profit organisations. Table 5 also shows that 3.0% (R445 million) was spent on current payments, payments for capital assets constituted 1.1% (R161 million) 8, while unspecified category constituted the remaining 9.3% (R1.4 billion). 7 An amount of R1,4 billion was unspecified. It consists of data from the following departments whose data could not be specified in terms of the three types of STA: the Departments of Home Affairs, Public Works, Public Service and Administration, Human Settlements, and Rural Development and Land Reform. 8 Clearly, the figures for payments for capital assets are underreported. Further analysis may indicate that allocations for this item are included in the transfers and subsidies of the agencies performing scientific activities. Such an analysis was not done in this report as the data used here did not enable data categorisation at that level. 12

13 Table 5: STA expenditure by accounting expenditure items for 2009/10 Economic Classification R' 000 STI STET STS TOTAL STAs % to total STAs Current payments Sub-total: current payments 282,378 28, , , % Payment for capital assets Sub-total: capital assets 0 8, , , % Transfer and subsidies Provinces and municipalities 0 1,759, ,760,200 Departmental agencies and accounts 4,051, ,001 1,433,538 5,734,509 Universities and universities of technology 1,738,060 21,293 3,202 1,762,555 Public corporations and private enterprises 2,721,480 7,000 5,484 2,733,964 Foreign governments and international organisations 0 0 3,641 3,641 Non-profit institutions 594,066 54, , ,057 Households Sub-total: transfer and subsidies 9,105,576 2,091,619 1,612,731 12,809, % Unspecified ,380, % Totals 9,387,954 2,128,195 1,899,673 14,796, % The category of transfers and subsidies comprises the core funding paid to agencies, public corporations and non-profit organisations that perform STAs on behalf of government departments. The distribution of these funds is indicative of the areas in which implementation of various STA activities take place. For instance, with 44.8% (or R5.7 million) of the transfers and subsidies, the departmental agencies and accounts as an STA funding recipient is clearly an area where most of these activities seem to be concentrated. This category includes statutory science councils and other public research organisations that the government has established to support its objectives for R&D and innovation. These organisations perform a wide range of activities including basic and applied research as well as experimental or technology development. Further details on funding of public research institutions is presented in a later section. 13

14 The category of public corporations and private enterprises received the second largest proportion of STA transfers and subsidies amounting to R2.7 billion in 2009/10. The other categories are universities and universities of technology as well as provinces and municipalities, both with 13.8% (or R1.7 billion) each and the non-profit organisations with 6.4% (or R815 million). About 71% (R9.1 billion) of the total transfers and subsidies are meant for STIs. The remaining R2.1 billion and R1.6 billion constitutes transfers and subsidies that is categorised as STET and STS respectively. The data from the following departments could not be categorised in terms of STA types or in terms of accounting expenditure items: the Departments of Home Affairs, Public Works, Public Service and Administration, Human Settlements, and Rural Development and Land Reform. Future data collection effort will clarify this and facilitate necessary adjustments to the findings. 14

15 3.4 GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR THE PUBLIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION Table 6 presents information of government funding for the various public research institutions by means of parliamentary grant. R 000 Table 6: National government funding for public research institutions Department Public research institution Audited outcomes Adjusted appropriation Department of Science and Technology (DST) Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Department of Minerals Resources (DMR) Human Science Research Council Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Africa Institution of South Africa National Research Foundation South African National Energy Development Institute Agriculture Research Council Council for Geosciences Council for Mineral Technology Department of Energy Nuclear Energy (DOE) Corporation of South Africa South African National Energy Development Institute Department of Health Medical Research (DOH) Council National Health Laboratory Services (General) National Health Laboratory Services (Cancer Register) Department of Marine Coastal Environmental Affairs Management (DEA) South African National Biodiversity Institution Department of Arts and Culture (DAC) Medium- Term Estimate 2007/ / / / / /13 115, , , , , , , , , , , ,249 26,530 27,830 27,122 30,594 32,440 34, , , , , , ,800 42,000 44,268 39,000 23,000 9,000 9, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,100 22,100 22, , , , , , ,600 69,100 70,200 76,500 77,700 82,200 84, , , , , , , , , , , , ,300 National Museum 19,600 21,500 23,400 24,500 26,000 27,300 Natal Museum 10,400 11,400 12,900 13,500 14,300 15,000 Total 3,078,630 3,461,909 3,605,320 3,817,179 4,004,783 4,207,950 15

16 The national government parliamentary grant funding for the PRI s was R3.6 billion, which constituted 24.4% of the total government STAs expenditure in 2009/10. This represents a nominal increase of 4.1% from 2008/9 financial year, and a decline of 3.0% in real terms. The medium term appropriations indicate that the total government funding for PRIs will increase to R4.2 billion by 2012/13. This report only presents the trends of funding through parliamentary grant allocations. It does not analyse the relationship between these allocations and the changes in the mandates of the public research institutions. A key observation from the above table is that the funding for public research institutions has increased only marginally over the recent past years. Modest growth in funding for PRIs may imply that they increasingly become dependent on other sources of income, such as contracts, independent project work and from foreign-based sources, in order to finance their growth. This can inadvertently result in the erosion of capacity or less focus on government objectives. 16

17 4. CURRENT MODEL OF PUBLIC FUNDING FOR SCIENCE AND R&D The current model of government funding for science and research in South Africa comprises the following components: Project based funding for major science programmes; Transfers to science research councils; Funding for R&D in higher education institutions; and Funding appropriated for the support of private sector R&D and innovation activities. Figure 1: Current model for government funding for science and R&D Government funding for Science and R&D Project-based Transfers to science funding for major research councils science programmes Funding for R&D in higher education institutions Support for private sector R&D and innovation Mission-directed research and grand challenges Commissioned research Projects HCD and infrastructure Programmes Service delivery domains: (e.g. NHLS) HSRC CSIR AISA NRF ARC CGS Mintek WRC NECSA SANEDI MRC NHLS MCM SANBI Museums General University Funds Special bursaries and scholarships THRIP SPII SEDA Technology Programme R&D tax incentive TIA programmes: Innovation Fund AMTS BRICS Tshumisano The policy context of South Africa requires a greater role of the government sector in both funding and performing of STAs. The current model, which adopted with the 2004 Strategic Management Model for the Public Science and Technology System, recognises the roles of the DST and various other government departments in funding and performing S&T related activities. Some of the findings of the STAs report raise important issues that may necessitate the review of the current funding model to ensure that it remains effective in supporting government objectives. The issues are presented in the next section as part of the conclusion and recommendations. 17

18 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This report captures the expenditure on scientific and technological activities (STAs) allocated or spent by various national government departments as a way to gauge overall investments in science and research. Key observations and implications derived from the findings are that: A sound basis exists for the public funding for science and research. The existing model, introduced through the 2004 Strategic Management Model for Public Science and Technology System, has helped to articulate the lines of responsibility and funding channels. The real increases in expenditure on STAs and the medium term appropriations overall seem inadequate to significantly grow the science system. Five out of twelve departments that have significant science and technology (S&T) mandates allocate very low proportions of their budgets to S&T activities. This may hamper the required impact on socio-economic outcomes and national competitiveness. Proper estimation of the required levels of investment can be achieved if all departments that have significant science related mandates fully develop their S&T plans. The modest increases in departmental transfers to public research institutions may imply that these institutions will continue to be depended on external sources of income to finance their growth. This may potentially cause a misalignment between their activities and the key objectives of government. Part of this relates to the deteriorating condition of some of the critical technology intensive facilities such as the National Health Laboratory Service, Agricultural National Public Assets, and the Council for Geosciences, among others, where public investments are needed in order to sustain service delivery and maintain national capabilities to manage strategic risks such as disease outbreaks, natural disasters, etc. The government funding for science and R&D should continue to be applied strategically to strengthen the national system of innovation by developing new and maintaining existing capabilities to stimulate R&D and innovation. 18

19 The production of time series data and reports on government investment into the science system should be continued in order to enable regular evaluation of the level of investment and its prioritisation across the government. Further developments are needed to improve the collection, analysis and policy usage of the data and indicators on government investment into the science system. It is therefore recommended that:- A set of indicators on government investment in the science system be adopted for regular monitoring. Some of those indicators are presented in this report. Such indicators should help refine the data requirements and collection procedures that will make it easy for various departments to comply. A process is initiated between the National Treasury and the DST to introduce expenditure classifications within the Basic Accounting System that will enable reporting of Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) in terms of socio-economic objectives 9. This will enable the use of administrative data in constructing indicators for analysing R&D funding appropriations in terms of the national development objectives.. This report become a regular input document to the deliberations of the Ministerial Committee on Science, Technology and Innovation. This report will assist the Committee in its functions of priority setting and promoting coordination in accelerating the contribution of science, technology and innovation to the national development objectives. 9 Socio Economic Objectives (SEO) represents the nomenclature for the analysis and comparison of scientific programmes and budgets. It is commonly used within the European Union and the OECD countries in analyzing the government appropriations to R&D or GBAORD. 19

20 CONTACT INFORMATION Department of Science and Technology Director-General Dr Phil Mjwara Deputy Director General: Socio-economic Partnerships Ms Marjorie Pyoos Website Project team (Science and Technology Investment) Mr Godfrey Mashamba Ms Nkuli Shinga Mr Sandisa Siyengo Ms Thandokazi Teti For further information, please contact: Ms Thandokazi Teti Private Bag X894, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa Tel.: