CABBAGE AUDIO PLUGIN FRAMEWORK

Transcription

1 CABBAGE AUDIO PLUGIN FRAMEWORK Rory Walsh School of Informatics and Creative Arts Dundalk Institute of Technology Dundalk Co. Louth Ireland!"!#$%&'()*+,-.$-/ ABSTRACT Csound is one of the world's oldest, and arguably most extensive audio programming language. This paper describes a novel new approach to developing audio plugins with Csound. It begins with a short historical overview of projects that lead to its development and continues with a more detailed description of Cabbage and its use within digital audio work stations. The paper concludes with complete examples of an effect based plugin and a MIDI plugin instrument. While no low-level programming experience is required to use Cabbage, it is expected that users are somewhat familiar with the Csound programming language. 1. INTRODUCTION 01 2 & (.!# 2 +"4-1&./+ 2 5#2 6"44/!6-&' 2 &1+ 2 6'"(/+7 ("3!6/ 2 ("8.%&!/9 2 &3+-" 2 :'3;-1( 2!/:!/(/1. 2 & 2!&!/2 "::"!.31-.#28"!2+/</'":/!(2."2/=./1+2.)/ "1&'-.#2"82.)/-!28&<"3!-./2+-;-.&'2&3+-"2%"!,(.&.-"1(92!/;&!+'/((2"82 '-6/1(-1;2!/(.!-6.-"1($2>'3;-12+/</'":/!(26&126"16/1.!&./2 ("'/'#2"12(-;1&'2:!"6/((-1;2.&(,(2 %)-'/2.)/2 )"(.2.&,/(2 6&!/2"82&''2.)/2'"%7'/</'2&3+-"2&1+2?0@026"4431-6&.-"1$2 A&55&;/ 2 :!"<-+/( 2 8"! 2.)/ 2 8-!(. 2.-4/ 2 & 2.!3'# 2 6!"((7 :'&.8"! '.-78"!4&. 2 A("31+75&(/+ 2 :'3;-1 2 ("'3.-"1$2 A&55&;/ 2 &''"%(23(/!( 2."2;/1/!&./ 2 :'3;-1(231+/! 2.)!//2 4&B"! 2 8!&4/%"!,(C 2.)/ 2 D-13= 2 E&.-</ 2 FGHIJK9 2 F-!.3&'2 G.3+-"2H/6)1"'";#2LFGHM2INK92&1+2O::'/P(2O3+-"2Q1-.(2 IRK$2>'3;-1(28"!2.)/2.)!//2(#(./4(26&125/26!/&./+23(-1;2.)/2(&4/26"+/92-1./!6)&1;/&5'#$2A&55&;/2&'("2()-:(2%-.)2 &23(/83'2&!!&#2"82;!&:)-6&'23(/!2-1./!8&6/LSQ0M2%-+;/.(2 (" 2.)&. 2 +/</'":/!( 2 6&1 2 6!/&./ 2.)/-! 2 "% T3/ 2 &1+2 &/(.)/.-6&''#2:'/&(-1;22:'3;-12-1./!8&6/($2 U)/126"45-1/+2%-.)2.)/2U-1V"31+IWK2A("31+2/+-."!2 6"4:3./! 2 43(-6-&1( 2 )&</ 2 & 2 :"%/!83'9 2 83''#2-1./;!&./+2 +/</'":4/1. 2 /1<-!"14/1. 2 8"! 2 &3+-" 2 ("8.%&!/2 +/</'":4/1.2.)&.26&12.&,/2 83''2 &+<&1.&;/ 2 "82A("31+P(2 &3+-"2:!"6/((-1;226&:&5-'-.-/($!"!" #$%&'()*+,&-)(.&/01 H)/24&-126"4:"1/1.2"82.)/28!&4/%"!,2:!/(/1./+2)/!/2-(2.)/2A("31+2X2'-5!&!#IXK92&66/((/+2.)!"3;)2-.(2&::'-6&.-"12 :!";!&44-1;2-1./!8&6/LO>0M$ 2H)-(2-(23(/+2."2(.&!.2&1#2 1345/!2"82A("31+2-1(.&16/(2.)!"3;)2&2(/!-/(2"82+-88/!/1.2 6&''-1; "1($2H)/2O>02:!"<-+/(2(/</!&'24/6)&1-(4(2 8"!2.%"7%&#26"4431-6&.-"12%-.)2&12-1(.&16/2"82A("31+2.)!"3;)2.)/23(/2"82P1&4/+2("8.%&!/P253(/($2 A&55&;/2&66/((/(2.)/21&4/+2("8.%&!/253(2"12.)/2)"(.2 (-+/ 2.)!"3;) 2 & 2 (/. 2 "8 2 6)&11/' "1(9 2 1".&5'#2!"#$%&''"()* +&1+ 2,"#$%&''"()*$ 2 A("31+2-1(.!34/1.(2 6&1 2!/&+ 2 &1+ 2 %!-./2 +&.& 2 "1 2 & 2 1&4/+ 2 53(2 3(-1;2.)/ 2-%',"#.-%'!"#!":6"+/($2A&55&;/263!!/1.'#2 "1'#2(3::"!.(2.)-(24/.)"+2"826"4431-6&.-" )/21/=.2!/'/&(/ 2 %-'' 2 &'(" 2 :!"<-+/ 2 (3::"!. 2 8"! 2 6&''5&6, 2 5&(/+2 6"4431-6&.-"123(-1;2.)/2-'/&(0".10#/&(0"2":6"+/($2 012;/1/!&'92.)/2)"(.2O>02&''"%(2("8.%&!/2."26"1.!"'2 A(" & 2 </!#2 8'/=-5'/ 2 %&#9 2%-.)" )/ 2(#(./42 +/(6!-5/+2-12.)-(2:&:/!2%"3'+21".2)&</25//12:"((-5'/$2 2. BACKGROUND Y311-1; 2 ":/1 2 ("3!6/ 2 &3+-" 2 ("8.%&!/ &1+/4 2 %-.)2 6"44/!6-&' 2 +-;-.&' 2 &3+-" 2 %"!,(.&.-"1( 2 L@OU(M 2 -(2 ("4/.)-1;2.)&.2)&(2&'%&#(25//12:"((-5'/92#/.2("2!&!/'#2 /=:'"-./+$ 2?"(.'#2 +3/ 2." 2.)/ 2 6"4:'/=-.#2 "8 2.)/ 2.&(,$2 G#(./4( 2 (36) 2 &( 2 >'3;;"IZK9 2 >+FGHI[K 2 &1+2 A("31+FGHI\K 2&''2&++!/((2.)-(2'/</'2"826"4:'/=-.#25#2 :!"<-+-1; 2 3(/!( 2 %-.) 2 & 2 4/&1( 2 "8 2 +/</'":-1; 2 &3+-"2 :'3;-1(23(-1;2 ":/12("3!6/ 2 (#(./4($2 A("31+FGH 2 -(2&12 /=./1+/+2</!(-"12"82A("31+2.)&.2()-:(2%-.)2'-5!&!-/(28"!2 &';"!-.)4-626"4:"(-.-"1$20.2&'("26"4/(2%-.)2&2%!&::/!2 &1+2-1./!:!/."! 28"!2.)/2>#.)"12:!";!&44-1;2'&1;3&;/$2 O:&!. 2 8!"4 2.)/ 2 43'.-:'/ 2 :'3;-1 2 8"!4&.( 2 (3::"!./+ 2 5#2 A&55&;/9 2 &1+ 2.)/ 2-1./;!&./+ 2 SQ0 2.""'(9 2.)/ 2 4& /!/16/25/.%//12.)/2.%"2(#(./4(2-(2.)&.2A("31+FGH2!/4&-1( 2 </!# 2 436) 2.-/+ 2." 2 A(" &'' 2 &(:/6.( 2 "82 ":/!&.-"1$2A&55&;/24"+/'(2-.(/'824"!/2"12&2+/</'":4/1.2.""',-.$2]16/2&2:'3;-12)&(25//126!/&./+23(/!(2%-.)21"2,1"%'/+;/2"82A("31+26&123(/2.)/42B3(.2&(2.)/#2%"3'+2 &1#2".)/!2:'3;-1$2 >'3;;"2&1+2>+F(.2)&</25//12+-(6"1.-13/+22&1+2&!/21"2 '"1;/! 2 31+/! 2 +/</'":4/1.$ 2 >'3;;" 2 )&( 2 5//1 2!/:'&6/+2 %-.)2?&=WD-</IZK2%)-6)2.-/(2-.2."2&26'"(/+2("3!6/2@OU2 %)-'/2>+FGH92&'.)"3;)21"2'"1;/!231+/!2+/</'":4/1.2-(2 (.-''2&<&-'&5'/28"!2+"%1'"&+$2 H)/2("8.%&!/2:!/(/1./+2-12.)-(2:&:/!24&#2%/''2)&</2 5//12-1(:-!/+25#2.)/2(#(./4(24/1.-"1/+2&5"</253.2-(2-12 8&6.2&12&4&';&4&.-"12"82R2/&!'-/!2:!"B/6.(2.)&.2)&</25//12!/%!-../12&1+2!/+/(-;1/+2-12"!+/!2."2.&,/283''2&+<&1.&;/2 "82."+&#P(2/4/!;-1;2:'3;-1 2frameworks$2^/8"!/2'"",-1;2 &.2A&55&;/2-12-.(2:!/(/1.2(.&./2-.2-(2%"!.)2.&,-1;2&2'"",2&.2.)/2/&!'-/!2:!"B/6.(2-.2-(2+/!-</+28!"4$2 629

2 2.1. csladpa/csvst csladspa[9] and csvst[10] are two lightweight audio plugin systems that make use of the Csound API. Both toolkits were developed so that musicians and composers can harness the power of Csound within a host of different DAWs. The concept behind these toolkits is very simple and although each makes use of a different SDK they were both implemented in the very same way. A basic model of how the plugins work is shown below in fig.1. Figure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he Cabbage native host The Cabbage native host loads and performs Cabbage plugins from disk. The only difference between the Cabbage host and a regular host is that Cabbage can load.csd files directly as plugins. To load Cabbage plugins in other hosts users must first export the Cabbage instrument as some form of shared library, dependant on the operating system. The Cabbage host provides access to all the audio/midi devices available to the user and also allows changes to be made to the sampling rate and buffer sizes. The function of the Cabbage host is twofold. First it provides a standalone player for running GUI based Csound instruments. In this context it functions similarly to the Max/MSP runtime player[6]. Secondly it provides a platform for developing and testing audio plugins. Any instrument that runs in the Cabbage native host can be exported as a plugin Cabbage Syntax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abbage Widgets Q,#$ ),/0 ) 'A'"@ ) -,>>,3' ) <%03'& ) $,. ) Z ) #*==*/) 1,",='&'".[ ) 1*.%&%*/ ) */ ).#"''/\CP ),/0 ) ).%^'\<%0&$P) $'%3$&]:)!1,"&)+"*=)1*.%&%*/),/0).%^'),22)*&$'")1,",='&'".),"' ) *1&%*/,2 ),/0 ) %+ ) 2'+& ) *(& ) 0'+,(2& ) A,2('. ) <%22 ) >'),..%3/'0:)!.)CO@P)<%0&$),/0)$'%3$&),"').*)#*==*/)&$'"') %.),).1'#%,2)%0'/&%+%'")/,='0)$*+,-)7;9:/9:<2-019: 630

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`#/*'( 5227QRR9+%S#$%&3.#&*70*S3.#/R'( N,..*""*&Q(V%&(-,%$,6D(VWOOP NaP??+2.5'(-3(b_%(C5*(G*"+1%(#?(!"#$%&a3c( K6#.***&+%1"(#?(L+%$S(E$&+#(G*:*0#7*6"(!#%?*6*%.*%.*3(deJ'(e,60"6$5*'(Y*6/,%D3( VWWM NfP Downloads of Discontinued Products, 5227QRR.D.0+%1gM3.#/R&#9%0#,&"R&+".#%2+%$*&R( [accessed: 5 th January 2011] NgP K&]"2' 5227QRR.6.,3$."&3*&$RZ8",60#R7&:"2R( N,..*""*&Q(a 25 (-,%$,6D(VWOOP NUP J+.5,*0(Y#11+%"(^(!"#$%&(G#9%0#,&"'( 5227QRR/+.5,*0T1#1+%"3.#/Rh7,1*[+&iaj( N,..*""*&Q(f 25 (-,%,$6D(VWOOP [9] Lazzarini, Walsh Developing LADSPA plugins with Csound Proceedings of the Linux Audio Developers Conference TU Berlin, Germany [10] Walsh, Lazzarni, Brogan. Csound-based crossplatform plugin toolkits'. Proceedings of the Internation Computer Music Conference, Belfast, NI [11] Walsh, R. Cabbage, a new GUI framework for Csound. Proceedings of the Linux Audio Developers Conference KHM Cologne, Germany