Thus, 179$ doesn t tell much about the economic structure of the trade.
|
|
- Jewel Madlyn Briggs
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Trade and Investment Policy 26 th July Lecture 1 Assessment - Midterm 14 th September 3-4pm - Final exam - Problem sets (only 6 will be graded only 5/6 handled in) How does trade look like between countries? What products are traded? How much is traded and for what price? Who is trading What are benefits and costs Which policies affect this? The basics of World Trade Countries buy and sell goods and services from one another constantly. An export is a product sold from one country to another. An import is a product bought by one country from another. They are the same thing in two different countries. Every transaction has two records (as import and export) A country s trade balance is the difference between its total value of exports and its total value of imports (usually including both goods and services à since import and exports include both). Countries that export more than they import, such as China recently, run a trade surplus. Countries that import more than they export, such as the United States, run a trade deficit. The bilateral trade balance is the difference of exports and imports between two countries. Nothing is implied with respect to welfare and utility if a country has a bilateral trade surplus or deficit! à for example, the U.S. bilateral trade balance with China, has been a trade deficit of more than $200 billion every year between 2005 and (i.e. for that amount they import from China more than they export to China) In 2010, the iphone 3GS was valued at about $179 when it was shipped from China (where it was produced) to the United States, and it sold for about $500 in the United States. However, only $6.50 of that amount reflects the value-added by Chinese labour (that puts together the components of the phone) used in the assembly. This is the cost of the wage; the rest is what Apple has to pay for the individual electronic components. This because of the value added concept, as in GDP. It doesn t really make sense to count the entire $179 iphone as a Chinese export to the United States, as is done in official trade statistics. $179 is the gross value of the phone, but we have to subtract the components (that may come from Indonesia, Vietnam etc.) Thus, 179$ doesn t tell much about the economic structure of the trade.
2 Lecture 2 27 th July Gross value v. Value added Although the iphone sold in the United States is assembled in China, most of its value comes from parts made in other countries. Apple Inc. s iphone one of the most iconic U.S. technology products actually added $19 billion to the U.S. trade deficit with China last year. How is this possible? What we call Made in China is indeed assembled in China, but what makes up the commercial value of the product comes from the numerous countries that preceded its assembly in China in the global value chain, Pascal Lamy, the director-general of the World Trade Organization According to Mr. Lamy, if trade statistics were adjusted to reflect the actual value contributed to a product by different countries, the size of the U.S. trade deficit with China $ billion, according to U.S. figures would be cut in half. GVC = global value chains. Some parts of the productions are done in different countries. The value added in different countries is lower because the import value has to be deducted. Thus, for a good, you should know the whole production history, or otherwise the bilateral balance deficit/surplus don t add much to the story. Map of world trade World Trade in Goods, 2010 ($ billions) This figure shows trade in merchandise goods between selected countries and regions of the world. - Relation between China & US => 668$b v. 301$b. - Within EU trade is the largest block because of vicinity of countries (easy transport, no border control, no custom regulations, no tariffs). It is an integrated single market - Europe also imports a lot from Asia (with which it has a bilateral trade deficit, as the US. - Asia has large internal trade - Same for Latin America - Trade agreement between US Canada Mexico (NAFTA). This because of Mexico s cheap labour to assemble goods [again, value added v. gross value because the US usually imports components from third countries and assembles them in Mexico] - Trade agreement between Australia & Japan
3 - US Australia trade agreement è easy thanks to same language: cultural differences can impact trade patterns - Africa has a small amount of trade (with respect to the other countries). There are free trade areas within Africa but they are not as strong as in EU or in other regions; also, the infrastructure is not as developed, i.e. there are less roads, political instability etc. and this diminishes the investment opportunities - EU & Africa => colonial past (France à Algeria). This helps creating trade ties. But these were absolute numbers. What about the relative numbers, i.e. the comparison of all the shares with the total trade in the world? è Australia and New Zealand don t have a large impact in the world s trade è African export is very small with respect to population, but this depends on the income European and U.S. Trade The largest amount of trade is the flow of goods within Europe, $3.9 trillion, or 23%, of world trade! Trade between European countries is high because import tariffs (taxes on international trade) are low (mainly non-existent thanks to the European Market. There are also large trade flows between the United States and Europe. The United States exported $303 billion of goods to Europe and imported $377 billion from Europe. This shows that a large amount of world trade occurs between countries that are similar in their levels of industrialization and great wealth. è There is large trade between countries with same/similar levels of incomes. Trade in the Americas There is also a large amount of trade recorded within the Americas, that is, between North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Trade within the Americas is about one-third of trade within Europe, and about 8% of world trade. The vast majority of that trade is within the North American Free Trade Area, consisting of Canada, the United States, and Mexico (NAFTA). Trade with Asia Exports from Asia totalled about $5.7 trillion in 2010, or about one-third (34%) of world trade, as shown in Table 1-1. This total includes only trade in goods and omits trade in services, which is becoming increasingly important. India, for example, performs a wide range of services (i.e. accounting, customer support, computer programming, and research and development tasks) for firms in the United States and Europe. Other Regions The exports of the Middle East and Russia combined (together with countries around Russia like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, etc.) total $2 trillion, or another 12% of world trade.
4 And then there is Africa. The European nations have the closest trade links with Africa, reflecting both their proximity and the former colonial status of some African countries. Europe exported $99 billion and imported $105 billion from Africa in Remember, the graph was only about goods, without considering the services such as education. However, services trade is becoming very important (many countries GDP, especially the ones with higher incomes, are strongly dependent on trade of services such as financial, engineering, architectural services). This is not observed; it is difficult to access this information, thus difficult to measure. Australia è mainly agricultural exports 1990s è halved the agricultural exports, minerals increased, manufactures stayed the same, gold doubled. The sum of mineral and gold almost doubles (from 21 to 35), services increased by 5% è agricultural almost halved again, while 50% is raw material. (remember => the share per sectors are given by quantity*prices, so if the mineral share increased is because of prices going up, but also because China is demanding steel and coal, and this increase in demand is translating in increase of prices). China sells so much because it can offer same goods for cheaper prices, thus we see Australian manufactures going down.
5 from 1901 Australia s most exported good was wool. Then, it changed from Wheat to Coal and Iron (especially minerals to China). This because relative prices have changed (i.e. price of coal has increased, becoming more attractive to export and more attractive for workers) Australia has diversified the share of the products. the mining industry makes every second dollar of Australian export, being the most important commodity. But in terms of value added (people employed in the sector i.e. Australia s GDP), we can see how the agricultural contribution to GDP went from 20% to 1%; for mining, we see that it stayed steady because of fixed prices of machines; manufactures went down because of China. The majority of value added is given by services! Not from mining and manufacturing. Australia s top 10 goods & services exports (2014) The 4 th is selling education! This includes not only fees but also living expenses of international students. Australia è exports many natural resources (despite being industrial country), despite not having resource curse. It exports a large amount of education.
6 Australia s top 10 goods & services imports (2014) there is a difference in basket of goods/services that are imported/exported to/from Australia, and this has to be beneficial for at least a portion of the population. Trade Compared with GDP (Trade/GDP => share of trade in GDP) So far, we have discussed the value of trade crossing international borders. There is a second way that trade is often reported, as a ratio of trade to a country s gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all final goods produced in a year. For the United States, the average value of imports and exports (for goods and services) expressed relative to GDP was 15% in Most other countries have a higher ratio of trade to GDP. Trade/GDP Ratio in 2015 for a cross-section of countries
7 This table shows the ratio of total trade to GDP for each country, where trade is calculated as (Imports + Exports)/2, including both merchandise goods and services. Countries with the highest ratios of trade to GDP tend to be small in economic size. Small countries have larger shares of trade/gdp (also called openness rate). Being small, less possibilities to produce, more relying on trade. Large countries like Australia, it is easier to produce. Evolution of trade Barriers to Trade The term trade barriers or trade costs refers to all factors that influence the amount of goods and services shipped across international borders. Two broad categories: - natural trade barriers - man-made trade barriers (trade policies, such as quarantines). Man-made trade barriers are actionable, i.e., they can be changed by politicians. Natural trade barriers may also be changed, e.g., Suez Canal
8 This diagram shows total trade in merchandise goods and services for each country divided by GDP. There was a considerable increase in the ratio of trade to GDP between 1890 and This trend was ended by World War I and the Great Depression. Most of the industrial countries shown did not reach the level of trade prevailing in 1913 until the 1970s. First Golden Age of Trade The period from 1890 until World War I ( ) is sometimes referred to as a golden age of international trade. Those years saw dramatic improvements in transportation, such as the steamship and the railroad, that allowed for a great increase in the amount of international trade. Interwar Period Signed into law in June 1930, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raised tariffs to as high as 60% on many categories of imports. These tariffs were applied by the United States to protect farmers and other industries, but they backfired by causing other countries to retaliate. Canada retaliated by applying high tariffs of its own against the United States. France used import quotas, a limitation on the quantity of an imported good allowed into a country, to restrict imports from the United States.
9 This diagram shows the world average tariff for 35 countries. The average tariff fluctuated around 15% from 1860 to After World War I, however, the average tariff rose sharply because of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in the United States and the reaction by other countries, reaching 25% by Since the end of World War II, tariffs have fallen. Second Golden Age of Trade In addition to the end of World War II and tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, improved transportation costs contributed to the growth in trade. The shipping container, invented in 1956, allowed goods to be moved by ship, rail, and truck more cheaply than before. World trade grew steadily after 1950 in dollar terms and as a ratio to GDP. For this reason, the period after 1950 is called the second golden age of trade and globalization. [The world was quite integrated before WWI. During that, trade had fallen until the end of WWII. This because of economic recession and unemployment in all industrialized states. This is followed by increase of trade tariffs (US smooth-hawley acts). Then, there was trade war Everyone wanted to maximise their utilities but everyone was worse off (prisoner s dilemma). After WWII => idea not to repeat the same mistake. They created the GATT to reduce tariffs (predecessor of WTO). 2000s è technological improvements reduced transportation times.] Several factors have influenced the importance of world trade in Australia and in general Which factors are behind the changes in Australia s trade and world trade in general? 1. Higher income (due to population growth and general productivity increases across sectors). This brings to a higher level of trade. Australia has become richer, and since goods consumed are function of income, then also trade scales up. It is a linear relationship. Thus it regards population growth, that somehow replicates the economy. Even if there is no tech improvement, trade will increase. If technology increases as well, productivity will go up and exports will too. 2. Changes in relative prices (mining booms and busts), leading to changes in sectoral composition of trade. Some prices i.e. coal and iron have increased more than other; this will change the composition of trade.
10 3. Reduction in trade costs due to changes in technology è higher importance given to trade remember: trade cost = everything that makes difficult to export/import Introduction of steam ships since 1850s ( City of Adelaide last trip in 1887). Introduction of the telegraph (direct link between North America and Australia in 1903). Before that, was difficult to communicate the desired goods to import/export. This makes trade simpler. Other communication improvements (e.g. interoceanic telephone cable in 1956) Introduction of container trade since the 1950s (17 times faster than break-bulk shipping). This is very relevant è A Sea Change in Shipping 50 Years Ago Fifty years ago Malcom McLean, an entrepreneur from North Carolina, loaded a ship with foot containers and sailed from Newark, N.J., to Houston. A fully loaded container ship can carry thousands of containers. McLean was the first to design a transportation system around the packaging of cargo in huge metal boxes that could be loaded and unloaded by cranes. Replacing break-bulk with cargo containers dramatically reduced shipping costs, reinvigorating markets, and fuelling the world economy. 4. Reduction in trade costs due to changes in trade policy (trade liberalization)èhigher importance of trade Reduction of import tariffs à imports will be cheaper Reduction of non-tariff measures [non-tax] like import quotas (quantitative restrictions on imports), documents needed, etc. So not only payments but also the custom forms to fill up every time the goods pass from a country to another. Electronic forms are more efficient because they are streamlined between the countries (no need to re-fill it everytime). All these factors increased volumes but also importance of trade (in terms of GDP share) è remember: trade includes goods and services, but it is also important to understand how the factors of productions move around the world. With this, we include people (labour) and capital (in the form of FDI), whilst land cannot be traded because of its nature. Migration è PEOPLE = 1 ST FACTOR OF PRODUCTION The figure below shows Foreign-Born Migrants for 2005 (in millions of people) living in selected countries and regions of the world. This means people living in a country in which they are not born in. Remember: migration data is more difficult to access in regions such as EU where there is the free circulation of people, that leaves no traces while in countries like Australia where boarders are pretty controlled, this type of data is more accessible.
11 Australia receives but does not send many migrants Within Europe there is the is the 2 nd largest intra-region migration (second to Asia), since in the EU system you can live and grow in all EU member states. Lots of migration goes from the world into Africa (mainly Gulf Countries) Australia a country of immigrants this graph represents the share of population born overseas > we can see that it is quite high at the end of 19 th century, showing the colonial nature of Australia, then it declined until 1944 where only 10% of population were born overseas. This share increased after WWII and now it s up to 30%. There is hardly another country in the world with a similar share.
12 Australia s Foreign-born Population and its Changing Origins birthplace persons % birthplace persons % United Kingdom 495, England 991, Ireland 184, New Zealand 607, Germany 38, China (mainland) 526, China 29, India 468, New Zealand 25, Philippines 246, Sweden & Norway 9, Vietnam 236, India 7, Italy 194, USA 7, South Africa 181, Denmark 6, Malaysia 166, Italy 5, Scotland 140, Top ten total 810, Top ten total 3,758, Other 47, Other 3,114, total overseas born 857, total overseas born 6,873,140 total population 3,788,123 total population 24,127,160 % of Australian born overseas 22.6 % of Australian born overseas 28.5 This table compares the birthplace of foreign-born population in Australia, considering the changes in the sources of countries from where migrants come from. 1901: The largest share of migrants coming from Australia regards people coming from the UK and Ireland (altogether for ca 78%). This reflects a colonial type of migration, as well as one based on same language. We notice that the first ten countries total approximately the 94% of the Australian population born overseas. We can notice some differences after 100+ years. Immigration has become more diverse. Now the top 10 only makes 54% - the result is also a change of share with respect to origins (but also, more countries are represented), despite the most common is still England (with a reduced percentage). FDI è CAPITAL = 2 ST FACTOR OF PRODUCTION Another big flow (other than people i.e. migration) is the movement of capital in the form of FDIs. FDI occurs when a firm/investor in one country owns a significant part of a company or property in another country. à foreign ownership in a significant part. Significant part implies that the owner can influence the firm s decisions, i.e. the ownership is so large that the investor s opinion is taken into account for decision making. The share is difficult to define, however, the typical definitions of FDI assume that ownership of at least 10% is enough to fulfil this criterion. Investment below 10% is called (foreign) portfolio investment to diversify it. Two types of FDI different in motivations: Horizontal FDI ( market-seeking FDI ) The majority of foreign direct investment occurs between industrialized countries, when a firm from one industrial country owns a company in another industrial country. The central motive is to serve the foreign market via producing abroad instead of exporting. We refer to these flows between industrial countries as horizontal FDI. i.e. an Australian company building a Vegemite factory in Germany and selling it there, in order to be close to the German or European market, saving on shipping times and costs for this good. è Horizontal because happens between similar countries.
13 Vertical FDI ( cost-saving FDI ) The other form of foreign direct investment occurs when a firm from an industrial country owns a plant in a developing country, which we call vertical FDI. Low wages are the principal reasons that firms shift production abroad to developing countries. This is a rich country firm investing in a lower wage-cost, putting a factory there for exploiting the differences in factor prices (energy, labour, production etc.). Ex. Apple = assembles in China in order to not pay American wages. Often, there can be Complex FDIs, when there is a mix of both. Two waves of globalization in capital flows Foreign capital stocks; assets / world GDP Looking at statistics for FDIs, we see the values of capital invested in foreign countries has skyrocketed from the 1980s onwards. This is valid especially for multinational activity of firm, that is more present in the global scene (but also, more information is available, as well as it is easier to move from a country to another) source: chapter 1 in van Marrewijk, Charles (2012): International Economics. Theory, Application, and Policy. Second Edition. Oxford University Press. 45 Map of FDIs - Nafta è much horizontal investments btw Canada & US - Europe è horizontal types of FDI, not exploiting the differences of other countries but saving on transportation costs. However, wages in wester EU are more expensive than eastern Europe (that was the China of Western Europe). - Lots of investment across the Atlantic
14 - US does FDIs to China in form of vertical investments. Stocks of FDI 3 Foreign Direct Investment In which countries does Australia invest? (end of 2015, outward FDI stock) Rank Country A$b (10^9 $) % of total 1United States United Kingdom New Zealand Japan China Singapore Germany Hong Kong (SAR of China) Cayman Islands France Canada Netherlands Switzerland Papua New Guinea Luxembourg Republic of Korea Bermuda India Ireland Philippines Total outward FDI: $2.1 trillion A$ Australia s share of total world inward FDI stocks: 1.6% (rank 17) source: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website, accessed15/05/ stocks: Sum of all investments in a certain year minus depreciation. Australia invests in UK & US => Horizontal FDI. Despite what media says for offshoring and outsourcing of firms, the reality is different. Horizontal investment is more connected to management Australia is a market-seeker 3 Foreign Direct Investment Which countries invest in Australia? (end of 2015, inward FDI stock) Rank Country A$b (10^9 $) % of total 1United States United Kingdom Belgium Japan Singapore Hong Kong (SAR of China) China Netherlands Luxembourg Switzerland Germany New Zealand Canada Bermuda Republic of Korea Virgin Islands, British France Malaysia Ireland Cayman Islands Total inward FDI: $3.0 trillion A$ Australia s share of total world inward FDI stocks: 2.2% (rank 12) source: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website, accessed 15/05/2017 the same countries towards which Australia invests, they also invest into Australia. China is only 2,5% of share however media talk about it a lot 48
15 One can say that the majority of world flows of foreign direct investment occur between industrial countries. In 2010 the total value of FDI stocks located in the OECD countries or owned by those countries was $17 trillion (85% of the total world stock of FDI). The FDI stock in Africa ($570 billion) is just over one- third of the stock in Latin America ($1,450 billion) which in turn is less than one-half of the FDI into China and other Asian countries ($3,991b) Most of this FDI is from industrial countries, but Chinese firms have begun to acquire land in Africa and Latin America for agriculture and resource extraction. European and U.S. FDI: The largest stocks of FDI are within Europe; these stocks amounted to $5.6 trillion in 2006, or nearly one-half of the world total. FDI in the Americas: Brazil & Mexico are two of the largest recipients of FDI among developing countries, after China. FDI with Asia: China has become the largest recipient country for FDI in Asia and the fourth largest recipient of FDI in the world. this is the industry distribution of inward FDI è Mining is the most important Conclusions - Globalization means many things: the flow of goods and services across borders, the movement of people and firms, the spread of culture and ideas among countries, and the tight integration of financial markets around the world (capital). - Although it might seem as if such globalization is new, international trade and the integration of financial markets were also very strong in the period before World War I. it increased again only after WWII and now we are in an unprecedented level of globalization. - Migration across countries is not as free as international trade, and all countries have restrictions on immigration.
Division on Investment and Enterprise
Division on Investment and Enterprise Readers are encouraged to use the data in this publication for non-commercial purposes, provided acknowledgement is explicitly given to UNCTAD, together with the reference
More informationLecture 13 International Trade: Economics 181 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Lecture 13 International Trade: Economics 181 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinational Corporations (MNCs) REMEMBER: Midterm NEXT TUESDAY. Office hours next week: Monday, 12 to 2 for Ann Harrison
More informationExecutive Summary. The Transatlantic Economy Annual Survey of Jobs, Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe
The Transatlantic Economy 2011 Annual Survey of Jobs, Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe Daniel S. Hamilton Daniel S. Hamilton and Joseph P. Quinlan and Joseph P. Quinlan Center
More informationInternational Trade ECO3111
International Trade ECO3111 Some facts and questions about trade Chapter 1 Introduction How are trade patterns determined? Why does China export ipods to the USA? Why does Canada export wheat to Europe?
More informationWhat questions would you like answered?
What questions would you like answered? Define the following: Globalisation an expansion of world trade leading to increased international interdependence GDP The value of goods and services produced in
More informationJapan's Balance of Payments Statistics and International Investment Position for 2016
Japan's Balance of Payments Statistics and International Investment Position for 16 July 17 International Department Bank of Japan Japan's balance of payments statistics for 16 -- the annually revised
More informationUK Trade in Numbers. February 2019
UK Trade in Numbers February 2019 Disclaimer The figures used in this pocketbook are the latest at the time of publication. We include figures from monthly and quarterly publications, such as ONS Balance
More informationCRS Report for Congress
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS21118 Updated April 26, 2006 U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Trends and Current Issues Summary James K. Jackson Specialist in International
More informationAn Overview of World Goods and Services Trade
Appendix IV An Overview of World Goods and Services Trade An overview of the size and composition of U.S. and world trade is useful to provide perspective for the large U.S. trade and current account deficits
More informationStudy Questions. Lecture 1 Overview of the World Economy
Study Questions (with Answers) Page 1 of 5 (6) Study Questions Lecture 1 of the World Economy Part 1: Multiple Choice Select the best answer of those given. 1. How many countries are there in the world?
More informationEUROPEAN UNION SOUTH KOREA TRADE AND INVESTMENT 5 TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FTA. Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Korea
EUROPEAN UNION SOUTH KOREA TRADE AND INVESTMENT 5 TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FTA 2016 Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Korea 16 th Floor, S-tower, 82 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
More informationNo October 2013
DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION ECONOMIES ABSORBED MORE THAN 60 PER CENT OF GLOBAL FDI INFLOWS A RECORD SHARE IN THE FIRST HALF OF 2013 EMBARGO The content of this Monitor must not be quoted or summarized in
More informationEcon 340. Announcements. Overview of the World Economy. Lecture 1 Outline. Overview of the World Economy. Lecture 1 Overview of the World Economy
Announcements Econ 340 Lecture 1 We will start discussing news next week, on Monday Jan 15. You should be watching for international economic news. Lecture 2: Institutions 2 Lecture 1 Outline Elements
More informationTrade trends and trade policy developments. Ian Ascough Head of Bilateral Trade Negotiations BIS/DfID Trade Policy Unit
Trade trends and trade policy developments Ian Ascough Head of Bilateral Trade Negotiations BIS/DfID Trade Policy Unit The big picture UK earnings from exports of goods exceeded earnings from exports of
More informationChina s Overseas Direct Investment (ODI): Current situation and future outlook
China s Overseas Direct Investment (ODI): Current situation and future outlook New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Dr. Qin Xiao Chairman, the Boyuan Foundation January 7, 2015 Agenda A. China s ODI: High Growth
More informationCHINESE GLOBAL PROPERTY INVESTMENT REPORT JULY 2017
CHINESE GLOBAL PROPERTY INVESTMENT REPORT JULY 2017 CHINESE GLOBAL PROPERTY INVESTMENT REPORT 3 SUMMARY In calendar-year 2016, for the first time ever, mainland Chinese outbound property investments surpassed
More informationWorld Investment Report 2013
Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the IMF Committee on Balance of Payments Statistics Muscat, Oman October 28 30, 2013 BOPCOM 13/25 World Investment Report 2013 Prepared by the UNCTAD WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013
More informationOCR Economics A-level
OCR Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 4: The Global Context 4.5 Trade policies and negotiations Notes Different methods of protectionism Protectionism is the act of guarding a country s industries
More informationWJEC (Wales) Economics A-level Trade Development
WJEC (Wales) Economics A-level Trade Development Topic 1: Global Economics 1.1 International trade Notes International trade This is the exchange of goods and services across international borders. The
More informationEconomic Stimulus Packages and Steel: A Summary
Economic Stimulus Packages and Steel: A Summary Steel Committee Meeting 8-9 June 2009 Sources of information on stimulus packages Questionnaire to Steel Committee members, full participants and observers
More informationUK Economy and Globalisation Revision Notes if you do one thing..
UK Economy and Globalisation Revision Notes if you do one thing.. Globalisation - A Cause for Celebration or Not? This unit is about globalisation and international trade. There are both benefits and drawbacks
More informationCenter for Transatlantic Relations Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
executive summary Center for Transatlantic Relations Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Daniel S. Hamilton and Joseph P. Quinlan The Transatlantic Economy 2014
More informationGlobal FDI Inflows. Global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows fell by 23 % to $1.43 trillion.
Global FDI Inflows Distribution of Global FDI Inflows 1,92 1,87 -%23 Global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows fell by 23 % to $1.43 trillion. 1,18 1,37 1,57 1,57 1,43 1,34 1,43 This is in contrast
More information1. Record levels of American outward foreign direct investment from 2000 to 2009,
Chapter 02 International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment True / False Questions 1. Record levels of American outward foreign direct investment from 2000 to 2009, totaling more than $2 trillion, caused
More informationEmpirical Trade Analysis 1-1
Empirical Trade Analysis?? 1-1 Dierk Herzer?? 1-2 Introduction This course examines empirical research methods on topics related to international trade and investment. We review the empirics of international
More informationWhat Is International Economics About?
What Is International Economics About? International trade as a fraction of the national economy has tripled for the U.S. in the past 40 years. Both imports and exports fell in 2009. Compared to the U.S.,
More informationDEFICITS, TARIFFS, AND TRADE WARS. Andrew Greenland, PhD. Assistant Professor of Economics
DEFICITS, TARIFFS, AND TRADE WARS Andrew Greenland, PhD. Assistant Professor of Economics DEFICITS, TARIFFS, AND TRADE WARS Why countries trade. The drivers of global integration. Who wins and who loses
More informationWhere did the Wealth go? - After twenty years of WTO: only 26 countries are beneficiaries of globalization
Where did the Wealth go? - After twenty years of WTO: only 26 countries are beneficiaries of globalization Basel, Switzerland April 2015 www.commons.ch 1 Only 26 out of 173 countries benefit 173 Countries
More informationEconomics 452 International Trade Theory and Policy Fall 2015
blue A FINAL EXAM Economics 452 International Trade Theory and Policy Fall 2015 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT 1. Historically, the countries have been the biggest recipients of inward FDI. Those inflows are
More informationIndia s International Trade & Investment
India s International Trade & Investment July 2017 1 Structure of Presentation 1 Indian Economy: A Snapshot 2 Merchandise Trade: A Perspective 3 Services Trade: Recent Trends 4 India s Investment Flows
More information!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Association of Real Estate Funds & Property Funds Research
1 The Association of Real Estate Funds & Property Funds Research Global Real Estate Funds Review H1 216 Contents CONTENTS 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 UNLISTED FUND UNIVERSE: OVERVIEW (EX FOF) 6 UNLISTED FUNDS
More informationIZMIR UNIVERSITY of ECONOMICS
IZMIR UNIVERSITY of ECONOMICS Department of International Relations and the European Union TURKEY EU RELATIONS ( EU308) FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKEY Prepared By: Büke OŞAFOĞLU
More informationThe world economic crisis strongly
C H A P T E R 6 Overview of Canada s Investment Performance The world economic crisis strongly impacted foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in 2009, which declined 38.7 percent (US$657.1 billion) to
More informationECO 352 Spring 2010 No. 19 Apr. 13 CAPITAL FLOWS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
ECO 352 Spring 2010 No. 19 Apr. 13 CAPITAL FLOWS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS SOME FACTS AND FIGURES Large cross-border capital flows are not a new phenomenon: There was pre-world-war-1
More informationUK ECONOMY SITUATION & PROSPECTS
UK ECONOMY SITUATION & PROSPECTS 26 November 2013 Hermione Gough Counsellor Europe and Global Issues British Embassy Paris UNCLASSIFIED 1 The pace of recovery picked up further in Q3, with UK GDP expanding
More informationBrexit Monitor The impact of Brexit on (global) trade
Brexit Monitor The impact of Brexit on (global) trade The impact of Brexit on (global) trade The outcome of the UK s EU referendum and looming exit negotiations, are already affecting trade flows between
More informationDoing Business in. Karim Belayachi Co-author, Doing Business Project. Neil Gregory Acting Director, Global Indicators and Analysis WASHINGTON, DC
Doing Business in East Asia and the Pacific Neil Gregory Acting Director, Global Indicators and Analysis Karim Belayachi Co-author, Doing Business Project WASHINGTON, DC 1 What does Doing Business measure?
More informationFinancial wealth of private households worldwide
Economic Research Financial wealth of private households worldwide Munich, October 217 Recovery in turbulent times Assets and liabilities of private households worldwide in EUR trillion and annualrate
More informationECON2915 Economic Growth
ECON2915 Economic Growth Lecture 8 : Growth in the Open Economy. Andreas Moxnes University of Oslo Fall 2016 1 / 31 The Open Economy So far, ignored interactions between countries. But international linkages
More informationReview of the Economy. E.1 Global trends. January 2014
Export performance was robust during the third quarter, partly on account of the sharp depreciation in the exchange rate of the rupee and partly on account of a modest recovery in major advanced economies.
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 33. Comparative Advantage and the Open Economy
Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 33 Comparative Advantage and the Open Economy All rights reserved. Introduction In the midst of the Great Recession of the late 2000s, the governments
More informationThere are many different types of economic systems but we going to focus on three:
Economics is the science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind. There are many different types of economic systems but
More informationAppendix 1. Outline of BOP-Related Statistics and Release Schedule. The following is an overview of major BOP-related statistics.
Appendix 1. Outline of BOP-Related Statistics and Release Schedule Outline of BOP-related statistics BOP-related statistics can be broadly divided into (1) flow data on various transactions and the associated
More informationForeign Direct Investment in the United States. Organization for International Investment
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States Organization for International Investment March 16, 2011 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES Key Findings Foreign Direct Investment in the United
More informationCHAPTER 16 INTERNATIONAL TRADE
CHAPTER 16 INTERNATIONAL TRADE Chapter in a Nutshell In the second chapter of the text, you were introduced to the concepts absolute advantage and comparative advantage that are the principles on which
More informationSwedish portfolio holdings. Foreign equity securities and debt securities
Swedish portfolio holdings Foreign equity securities and debt securities 2007 Swedish portfolio holdings Foreign equity securities and debt securities 2007 Statistiska centralbyrån 2008 Swedish portfolio
More informationTRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY 2018 THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Annual Survey of Jobs, Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe
THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY 2018 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Annual Survey of Jobs, Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe Daniel S. Hamilton and Joseph P. Quinlan The world s largest and most important
More informationOECD Enterprises in African Development. Andrea Goldstein OECD Investment Division China-DAC Study Group AU, Addis Ababa 16/17 February 2011
OECD Enterprises in African Development Andrea Goldstein OECD Investment Division China-DAC Study Group AU, Addis Ababa 16/17 February 2011 Outline 1 FDI and the Crisis 2 3 4 Global Business: A New Geography?
More informationBalanced Plus Select Portfolio Pn
Factsheet as at : August 25, 2018 Balanced Plus Select Portfolio Pn Fund objective This portfolio aims to provide long-term capital growth while keeping risk in a target volatility range of 10-12% over
More informationGlobal Consumer Confidence
Global Consumer Confidence The Conference Board Global Consumer Confidence Survey is conducted in collaboration with Nielsen 4TH QUARTER 2017 RESULTS CONTENTS Global Highlights Asia-Pacific Africa and
More informationA. Definitions and sources of data
Poland A. Definitions and sources of data Data on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Poland are reported by the National Bank of Poland (NBP), the Polish Agency for Foreign Investment (PAIZ) and the Central
More informationForeign Trade and Capital Exports
Foreign Trade and Capital Exports Foreign trade Overall figures. For a long time Hungary has been a small, open, yet foreign trade sensitive country and, as a consequence, a vulnerable economy. Its GDP
More informationCapital Access Index 2006 Gauging Entrepreneurial Access to Capital
Capital Access Index 2006 Gauging Entrepreneurial Access to Capital Max = 10 9.0 Hong Kong 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 40 Source: Milken Institute United Kingdom U.S. India China Brazil Russia
More informationThe construction of long time series on credit to the private and public sector
29 August 2014 The construction of long time series on credit to the private and public sector Christian Dembiermont 1 Data on credit aggregates have been at the centre of BIS financial stability analysis
More informationKPMG s Individual Income Tax and Social Security Rate Survey 2009 TAX
KPMG s Individual Income Tax and Social Security Rate Survey 2009 TAX B KPMG s Individual Income Tax and Social Security Rate Survey 2009 KPMG s Individual Income Tax and Social Security Rate Survey 2009
More informationCEOs confidence rises for 2014
News release Date 21 January, 2014 Contact Jonathan Hicks, PwC Tel: 1-441-299-7182/1-441-505-6050 e-mail: jonathan.p.hicks@bm.pwc.com Pages 5 Marina Mello, PwC Tel: 1-441-299-7184/1-441-505-3127 e-mail:
More informationInternational trade and world markets: commodities traded, terms of trade
LESSON 9: TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Key Concepts In this lesson we will focus on summarising what you need to know about: International trade and world markets: commodities traded, terms of trade Types of
More informationKey Issues in the Design of Capital Gains Tax Regimes: Taxing Non- Residents. 18 July 2014
Key Issues in the Design of Capital Gains Tax Regimes: Taxing Non- Residents 18 July 2014 How do we tax non-residents on capital income? Domestic design issues Tax treaty issues Interrelationship between
More informationChapter 12 Government and Fiscal Policy
[2] Alan Greenspan, New challenges for monetary policy, speech delivered before a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on August 27, 1999. Mr. Greenspan
More informationa closer look GLOBAL TAX WEEKLY ISSUE 249 AUGUST 17, 2017
GLOBAL TAX WEEKLY a closer look ISSUE 249 AUGUST 17, 2017 SUBJECTS TRANSFER PRICING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY VAT, GST AND SALES TAX CORPORATE TAXATION INDIVIDUAL TAXATION REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY TAXES INTERNATIONAL
More informationPubPol 201. Module 1: International Trade Policy. Class 3 Trade Deficits; Currency Manipulation
PubPol 201 Module 1: International Trade Policy Class 3 Trade Deficits; Currency Manipulation Class 3 Outline Trade Deficits; Currency Manipulation Trade deficits Definitions What they do and do not mean
More informationSchroder Diversified Growth Fund. Interim Short Report 6 March 2016 to 5 September 2016
Schroder Diversified Growth Fund Interim Short Report 6 March 2016 to 5 September 2016 Review of Investment Activities From 4 March 2016 to 5 September 2016, the price of I Accumulation units on a dealing
More informationPREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS The Treaty of Rome, reached in 1957, set in motion a process of integrating the economies of Western Europe. This process has culminated with the European Union which
More informationSourcing Outlook for the Fashion Industry. Julia K. Hughes USFIA Washington Trade Symposium July 30, 2015
Sourcing Outlook for the Fashion Industry Julia K. Hughes USFIA Washington Trade Symposium July 30, 2015 First, let s take a look at the data and trends Sourcing Trends for 2014 In 2014, imports grew 5%
More informationGLOBAL FDI OUTFLOWS CONTINUED TO RISE IN 2011 DESPITE ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTIES; HOWEVER PROSPECTS REMAIN GUARDED HIGHLIGHTS
GLOBAL FDI OUTFLOWS CONTINUED TO RISE IN 211 DESPITE ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTIES; HOWEVER PROSPECTS REMAIN GUARDED No. 9 12 April 212 ADVANCE UNEDITED COPY HIGHLIGHTS Global foreign direct investment (FDI)
More informationThe Global Economic Environment. Chapter 2. Dr Inda Sukati Faculty of Management Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
The Global Economic Environment Chapter 2 Dr Inda Sukati Faculty of Management Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 1 The Global Economic Environment 2 Introduction This chapter includes: An overview of the world
More informationCompetition Policy Review Panel Research Paper Summary. Author: Walid Hejazi, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
Competition Policy Review Panel Research Paper Summary Author: Walid Hejazi, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto Title: Inward Foreign Direct Investment and the Canadian Economy Subjects
More informationEcon 340. The Issues. The Washington Consensus. Outline: International Policies for Economic Development: Trade
Econ 340 Lecture 19 International Policies for 2 3 The Issues The Two Main Issues: Should developing countries be open to international trade? Should developing countries be open to international capital
More informationInternational Trade. Chris Edmond NYU Stern. Spring 2007
International Trade Chris Edmond NYU Stern Spring 2007 1 Talking points: Lou Dobbs Television host and vocal critic of exporting jobs : The shipment of American jobs to cheap foreign labor markets threatens
More informationVietnam. HSBC Global Connections Report. October 2013
HSBC Global Connections Report October 2013 Vietnam The pick-up in GDP growth will be modest this year, with weak domestic demand and exports still dampening industrial confidence. A stronger recovery
More informationAmerican Chamber of Commerce to the European Union (AmCham EU)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CENTER FOR TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DANIEL S. HAMILTON AND JOSEPH P. QUINLAN THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY 2016
More informationDFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Quarterly Performance Report Q2 2014
DFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Quarterly Performance Report Q2 2014 This presentation has been prepared by Dimensional Fund Advisors Canada ULC ( DFA Canada ), manager of the Dimensional Funds.
More informationReport on Finnish Technology Industry Exports
Report on Finnish Technology Industry Exports Last observation October 2018, 2.1.2019 Goods Export of Technology Industry from Finland Goods Export of Technology Industry from Finland by Branches Source:
More informationExchange Traded Funds (ETFs): The New Packaged Product of Choice
Financial Institutions Profiles Series Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): The New Packaged Product of Choice (Table of Contents) April 20, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Evolution of the Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
More informationA short history of debt
A short history of debt In the words of the late Charles Kindleberger, debt/financial crises are a hardy perennial we have been here many times before. Over the past decade and a half the ratio of global
More informationFOREIGN ACTIVITY REPORT
FOREIGN ACTIVITY REPORT SECOND QUARTER 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents... i All Securities Transactions... 2 Highlights... 2 U.S. Transactions in Foreign Securities... 2 Foreign Transactions in
More informationGlobal Economic Briefing: Global Liquidity
Global Economic Briefing: Global Liquidity December 21, 217 Dr. Edward Yardeni 516-972-7683 eyardeni@ Debbie Johnson 48-664-1333 djohnson@ Mali Quintana 48-664-1333 aquintana@ Please visit our sites at
More informationBalanced Select Portfolio Pn
Factsheet as at : September 22, 2018 Balanced Select Portfolio Pn Fund objective This portfolio aims to provide long-term capital growth while keeping risk in a target volatility range of 8-10% over a
More informationDG Trade Statistical Guide Trade
DG Trade Statistical Guide 2016 Trade EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG Trade Chief Economist and Trade Analysis Statistics Sector E-mail: trade-statistics@ec.europa.eu EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG Trade Statistical Guide
More informationSwiss Global Finance. Facts and Figures
Swiss Global Finance Facts and Figures Latin America Bilateral Economic Relations Switzerland s Main Trading Partners in Latin America Share of Total Goods Exports (in % of total Swiss exports to Latin
More informationUnderstanding the Macroeconomic Scenario: Global Demand, Global Supply Chains
Understanding the Macroeconomic Scenario: Global Demand, Global Supply Chains 12 June 2014 Fabio Sdogati, fabio.sdogati@polimi.it Table of Contents 1. Economic Scenario after the Great Recession 2. Structural
More informationDFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q2 2017
DFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q2 2017 This presentation has been prepared by Dimensional Fund Advisors Canada ULC ( DFA Canada ), manager of the Dimensional Funds. This presentation
More informationDFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q3 2018
DFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q3 2018 This presentation has been prepared by Dimensional Fund Advisors Canada ULC ( DFA Canada ), manager of the Dimensional Funds. This presentation
More informationDFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q4 2017
DFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q4 2017 This presentation has been prepared by Dimensional Fund Advisors Canada ULC ( DFA Canada ), manager of the Dimensional Funds. This presentation
More informationDFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q3 2015
DFA Global Equity Portfolio (Class F) Performance Report Q3 2015 This presentation has been prepared by Dimensional Fund Advisors Canada ULC ( DFA Canada ), manager of the Dimensional Funds. This presentation
More informationForeign Direct Investment in the United States 2018
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States 2018 Overview Foreign direct investment in the United States, known as FDIUS, surpassed $4 trillion at the end of on a historical-cost basis. Every year,
More informationNuts & Bolts of Corporate Tax Reform
Nuts & Bolts of Corporate Tax Reform July 19, 2013 Presentation for the Alliance for a Just Society Steve Wamhoff, Citizens for Tax Justice The Work of Citizens for Tax Justice (CTJ) on Federal Tax Policy
More informationCurrent Issues in International Tax Policy
Current Issues in International Tax Policy Shigeto HIKI Director, International Tax Policy Division, Tax Bureau, Ministry of Finance, Japan The Fourth IMF-Japan High-Level Tax Conference For Asian Countries
More informationTable 1: Foreign exchange turnover: Summary of surveys Billions of U.S. dollars. Number of business days
Table 1: Foreign exchange turnover: Summary of surveys Billions of U.S. dollars Total turnover Number of business days Average daily turnover change 1983 103.2 20 5.2 1986 191.2 20 9.6 84.6 1989 299.9
More informationBIS International Locational Banking Statistics and International Consolidated Banking Statistics in Japan (end-june 2018)
FOR RELEASE 8:5 A.M. September 14, 218 BIS International Locational Banking Statistics and International Consolidated Banking Statistics in Japan (end-june 218) I. BIS International Locational Banking
More informationTrade : The Lifeblood of the Global Economy
Globally Integrated Asset Allocation Strategy - Integrating Strategic Investment Themes March 2018 Trade : The Lifeblood of the Global Economy Tariff increases will only partially reverse the post-war
More informationInternational Macroeconomics
Slides for Chapter 1: Global Imbalances International Macroeconomics Schmitt-Grohé Uribe Woodford Columbia University January 22, 2018 1 Motivation Countries trade a lot with one another, and the United
More informationBSM International Business
BSM 933 - International Business Lecture 2 Sumon Bhaumik http://www.sumonbhaumik.net Globalisation Trade Investment Arms length (e.g., franchises, supply chains) Physical presence (e.g., greenfield projects,
More informationLecture 3 China s Foreign Direct Investment
Chinese Economy and International Exposure Lecture 3 China s Foreign Direct Investment Prof. Dr. Ping Lv( 吕萍 ) School of Economics and Management University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
More informationInternational Statistical Release
International Statistical Release This release and additional tables of international statistics are available on efama s website (www.efama.org). Worldwide Investment Fund Assets and Flows Trends in the
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 6: The International Economy 6.2 Trade Notes The distinction between absolute and comparative advantage A country has absolute advantage in the production of
More informationTariffs 101. CONTENTS What are tariffs? The history of American tariffs. Tariffs in the modern age. What the new tariffs aim to achieve
Are you sitting down? Starting on January 1, 2019, your inventory costs could increase 25 percent because of tariffs. The whole tariff situation has escalated rapidly in less than a year and shows no signs
More informationStudy Questions. Lecture 1 Overview of the World Economy
Study Questions (with Answers) Page 1 of 5 (7) Study Questions Lecture 1 of the World Economy Part 1: Multiple Choice Select the best answer of those given. 1. How many countries are there in the world?
More informationECON2915 Economic Growth
ECON2915 Economic Growth Lecture 8 : Growth in the Open Economy. Andreas Moxnes University of Oslo Fall 2017 1 / 34 The Open Economy So far, ignored interactions between countries. But international linkages
More informationWorld Payments Stresses in
World Payments Stresses in 1956-57 INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS in the year ending June 1957 resulted in net transfers of gold and dollars from foreign countries to the United States. In the four preceding
More information