Introduction. Economic Censuses conducted so far

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1 4.1 Planning for Conduct of 6 th Economic Census Economic Statistics Division, CSO Introduction Reliable and timely data base is the basic requirement for any sound and systematic planning. All efforts made prior to 1976 to collect data on non-agricultural establishments have been partial and sporadic. Since the NSS rounds were mostly centered on household concepts, the unorganized economic activities in the non-household units were sparsely captured. Thus, a complete directory of establishments in the unorganized sector of the economy to serve as sampling frame for carrying out detailed surveys subsequently was not available at any point of time up-till The High level Evaluation Committee set up by the Government of India to review the work of Central Statistical Organisation had stated that it was through Economic Census and Follow-up Surveys only, that the detailed requirements of data for the unorganized sectors of the economy could be met. Accordingly, the scheme of Economic Census and Surveys was launched by the Central Statistical Organisation in The scheme envisaged organising countrywide census of all economic activities (excluding those engaged in crop production and plantation) followed by detailed sample surveys of unorganised segments of different sectors of non-agricultural economy in a phased manner during the intervening period of two successive economic censuses. This scheme is being implemented as a Central Sector Scheme with 100 % financial assistance from the centre. The overall responsibility for organisation and conduct of the economic censuses is with the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), the field operations are carried out in collaboration with the Directorates of Economics & Statistics (DES) of respective States/UTs. The main purpose of conducting economic census is to generate an updated list frame of establishments for detailed follow-up surveys. It also yields essential data relating to the unorganized sector on number and distribution of establishments engaged in different types of economic activities along with their employment and some basic information on location, type of activity, nature of operation, etc. at the disaggregated level. Economic Censuses conducted so far Since the launching of the scheme of Economic Census and Surveys, the Central Statistical Organisation has conducted five Economic Censuses with reference years 1977, 1980, 1990, 1998 and The first Economic Census was conducted throughout the country, except Lakshadweep, where the coverage was restricted to only non-agricultural establishments employing at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis. The second and third Economic Censuses were conducted in 1980 and 1990 along with the house-listing operations of the 1981& 1991 Population Censuses respectively. The coverage was increased to cover all economic activities. All States/UTs were covered with the exception that 1980 census was not conducted in Assam and that of 1990 was not conducted in Jammu & Kashmir, for the reason of respective Population Censuses not being conducted there. The fourth Economic Census was undertaken in 1998 to assess the impact of economic liberalization on entrepreneurial activities of the country Page 1

2 and to monitor the sectoral changes, particularly the emergence of the services sector covering all economic activities throughout the country. The fifth Economic Census was conducted in 2005 with the same scope and coverage as that of fourth Economic Census. New initiatives taken during 5 th EC With a view to improving the quality and utility of the data generated through EC-2005, the following new initiatives were introduced:- (i) A house listing schedule was canvassed to collect data on the types of structures occupied by establishments. (ii) A separate address slip was canvassed to collect data on the establishments employing 10 or more workers for compilation of a directory of establishments having 10 or more workers.. These data were published as Volume-II of the report, in electronic form. (iii) An attempt was made for the first time to enumerate the number of establishments with multiple economic activities. (iv) Intelligence Character Recognition (ICR) Technology was adopted in collaboration with the Office of Registrar General of India and Directorates of Economics and Statistics of States/UTs to process the data. Usefulness of the Economic Census data (a) The main purpose of conducting Economic Census is to generate an updated frame of establishments and their number and distribution across various industries and regions which form the basis, for the detailed follow-up surveys. (A list of follow up surveys conducted on the basis of the frame thrown up by these economic censuses is placed at Annexure). (b) Besides, EC provides basic entrepreneurial data relating to different sectors of the economy for the purpose of planning, policy making and research. (c) Since the economic census is the complete count of all entrepreneurial units located within the geographical boundaries of the country, it is the only source of data relating to the unorganised non-agricultural sectors of the economy. It can also serve as a benchmark for preparation of Business Registrar. (d) The economic census data can be used for studying the industrial diversification of the country as well as the pattern of its changes over time. (e) Through the EC state-wise, district-wise and region-wise data on number of establishments, workers employed therein and other supplementary information like nature of operation (perennial or seasonal), type of fuel used, type of major economic activity, kind of establishment (public or private, registered or unregistered), type of structure (pucca, kachha, semi-pucca, etc.), etc. are generated, which can be used for the study of regional imbalance in industrialization and identifying the thrust areas for industrial development. (f) The economic census data can also be used for cluster development for formation of special economic zones, which involves the identification of regions with requisite potential supporting particular class of industries. (g) These data can be used in market research surveys to explore the concentration of industries across various regions and facilitating the launch of new industries and products. Page 2

3 (h) These data can also be used for village level statistics and bringing out sector wise National Statistical Atlas as well as district level atlas. (i) In a democratic polity like that of India with Right to Information Act in vogue frequently information are sought through parliament questions and other means about the spread, distribution and location of various types of industries across different regions, particularly those belonging to the unorganised sector of the economy. Economic census is the only source of data for meeting such querries. Major challenges in conducting Sixth Economic Census (a) Training: During 5 th EC, training was imparted in three stages; first regional workshops were conducted for core group of trainers consisting of officers from CSO, NSSO and senior officers from State/UT DES, then officers from the core group of trainers imparted training to the State and District officials, who in turn organized training to the lower level officials like Charge officers, enumerators and supervisors. However, on many occasions, concepts and definitions do not reach to the lower level officials like Charge officers, enumerators and supervisors as clearly as explained in the regional workshops. This can be overcome by more elaborate training programme involving the lower level officials directly with the officers from CSO, NSSO and senior officers from State/UT DES as much as possible. Due to the use of ICR technology, proper care were needed while handling the paper schedules like writing in the centre of the boxes, avoiding over-writing, use of black ink-ball/gel point pen, not folding the schedules etc. Some states were of the opinion that unless intensive training is conducted by the CSO officials to the lower level officers, the care needed for the use of ICR technology and also proper understanding of different concepts involved in the census is difficult to be met by the enumerators. Moreover since the School Teachers, Educated unemployed youths, even Shop inspectors, Gram sewaks, Anganwadi sewaks and college students, etc. were employed for the census sometimes with no knowledge of field work at all, it was difficult to train them and make them understand so many concepts of the complicated EC schedule. The enumerators being involved in the EC work just for a day or two and that also with insufficient honorarium lacked proper dedication to finish the work in the utmost sincere way. (b) Data processing: Data processing still remains an issue of concern even after the use of ICR technology in 5 th EC. Problems are many fold: (i) The main problem was that while printing of schedules, appropriate quality paper was not used and proper care was not taken in handling the schedules. The quality of paper used for printing the schedules of the Fifth Economic Census was very poor and far off the specifications provided by the CSO. The designing, printing, handling, scanning etc., required more experienced people/agencies. (ii) There were other problems like insufficient entry of identification particulars, illegible handwriting and lack of proper communication between State Govt & O/o Registrar General of India (RGI) regarding printed schedule details, etc., which added up to difficulty in using ICR Technology. (iii) The scrutiny of filled-in schedules, which is the most vital part of data processing & tabulation was not taken seriously by Centre as well as States Page 3

4 (iv) There were also problems in error correction. In the cases of many State/UTs, the suggested cycle of corrections, as desired by the ICR software developed by the O/o RGI was not followed fully by the State officers. (v) As O/o RGI has not agreed to dovetail the 6 th EC with the House Listing operation of forthcoming Population Census (as was recommended by the National Statistical Commission), it will not be in a position to provide the ICR Technology facilities for the processing of the data collected through the 6 th EC and the CSO would require to find alternative arrangements for this purpose. (c) Co-ordination amongst different organizations: While conducting 5 th EC, though it was conducted by the CSO, the field work, error correction & the report writing was done by the State Govts., the data processing was done by the O/o RGI and the table generation & finalization of the data was done by the Computer Centre(CC) of the Ministry. So, sometimes there were coordination problems encountered between different functionaries due to a varieties of reasons. One solution which can reduce the problems encountered in this regard is, involving all the organizations concerned from initial planning stage of conducting the census. (d) The problems with the Directory of establishments: This is the most important challenge that the EC faces today at the end of the 5 th EC. During 5 th EC, a separate address slip was canvassed to collect data on the establishments employing 10 or more workers for compilation of a directory of larger establishments. Though the directory is already prepared in electronic form, there are many problems that still need to be tackled with the help of States/UTs and O/o RGI. The two important problems include; (i) the mismatch in the number of establishments obtained from the Establishments Schedule & the Address Slip, and (ii) the blank fields in the Directory. (e) Lack of awareness of the EC data: Another problem of EC is, perhaps people are not aware of the vast amount of data available from the ECs over time. This was also discussed in the brain-storming session held in June 2009 under the Chairmanship of Secretary(MOS&PI), which recommended the computer centre (i) to tabulate the data for the sectors education and health and for those NIC codes, which are significant for imports & exports and (ii) to put the EC data on GIS and also on Website, as a step towards increasing awareness amongst users of the EC data. Some of these steps have already been taken by the CC, while others are in progress. Conclusion The Economic Census data, as already discussed can be put to several uses, besides being used as a central frame for detailed economic surveys. However it needs better planning keeping in view the problems faced in conduct of 5 th Economic census. Views of experts from the Centre and the States/UTs who are participating in this august forum are now solicited on conduct of the 6 th EC. It is requested that the participants may give their constructive comments and suggestions for improving not only the utility but also the quality of the EC data. Page 4

5 Annexure In order to study the changes in the unorganized sectors of the economy, identifying regional disparities among unorganized sectors in respect of different economic activities, the following follow-up surreys have been conducted based on the frame thrown up by the economic censuses. (i) Unorganised Manufacturing Survey : (ii) Survey on Trade, Hotels, Restaurants, Transport, Storage & Warehousing & Services : (iii) Enterprise Survey on Hotels, Restaurant, Transport, Storage & warehousing & Service Sector (iv) Survey on Unorganized Manufacturing : (v) Survey on Trade : (vi) Survey on Hotels, Restaurants and Transport : (vii) Survey on Unorganized Manufacturing : (viii) Survey on Trade : (ix) Survey on Service Sector : (x) Enterprise Survey on Mining, Quarrying and Storage & Warehousing Sector : (xi) Enterprise Survey on Hotels, Restaurants & Transport Sector : (xii) Survey on Unorganized Manufacture : (xiii) Directory Trade Establishment(DTE) Survey : (xiv) Survey on Own-Account and Non-Directory Trade Survey : 1997 (xv) (xvi) Special Enterprise survey on Manufacture, Trade, Hotels, Restaurants, Transport and other services including Health, Education, Communication, Real Estate/ Business/ Legal/ Personal service: Special Enterprise survey on Manufacture, Trade, Hotels, Restaurants, Transport and other services including Health, Education, Communication, Real Estate/ Business/ Legal/ Personal service and construction (Proprietory and Partnership enterprises only for all activities): (xvii) Survey on Unorganised Manufacturing : (xviii) Survey on Unorganised Service : Page 5

6 Introduction 4.2 Economic Census DES, Haryana The efficient formulation of any sectoral planning scheme depends on reliable data base, preferably defined at lower level. In order to fill the vital data gaps and for providing the basic frame work and information for planning, policy formulation, economic administration and the estimation of National Income, a central scheme called "Economic Census and Surveys" was launched by the Government of India (GOI) during the fifth Five Year Plan period. The scheme envisages organising periodically a nation-wide census of all economic activities (excluding those engaged in crop production and plantation) followed by periodic detailed enquiries on a sample basis. The first ever Economic Census was conducted in Haryana State alongwith other States of the country in the last quarter of 1977 to provide basic information on the number of establishments, number of persons usually working, the nature of activity and other characteristics such as type of ownership, social group of owner etc. of the establishment in non-agricultural sectors of the economy. This census did not cover own-account and agricultural establishments. Fifth Economic Census-2005 is the latest in the series which was launched in the country in 2004 by Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOS & PI), Government of India in collaboration with States/UTs. The field work of fifth Economic Census was conducted through out the country in the year Haryana State chose the month of June, 2005 for conducting the field work of fifth Economic Census. The overall responsibility for technical guidance and data processing/ tabulation of the Economic Census data rested with the Central Statistical Organisation in cooperation with the Directorates of Economics and Statistics in the States/UTs. The field operation under fifth Economic Census in Haryana was conducted under the control of the Economic and Statistical Organisation, Haryana (now Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana). In order to canvass the House List Schedule, Establishment Schedule and Address Slip Schedule, the parttime services of about 8000 locally drawn personnel such as school teachers, village level workers, municipal workers etc. were utilized as Enumerators. The local officials of slightly senior levels were appointed as Supervisors. Automated Form Processing more commonly known as Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) technology was used first time in the processing of data collected through fifth Economic Census. After coding of the economic activities as per National Industrial Classification (NIC), 2004 in the filled-in Establishment Schedules by the staff of District Statistical Offices the work of Inventory preparation and formation of Batches of filled-in Schedules for scanning was done at district level by the staff of District Statistical Offices. The work of scanning of filled-in Schedules was carried out at Data Center of the Office of the Registrar General of India (RGI) located at Chandigarh. A team of Economic and Statistical Organisation, Haryana assisted Data Center in scanning and processing of Economic Census Schedules. After scanning of all the filled-in Schedules certain pre-determined consistency checks (as prepared by MOS & PI) were carried out on the data and an edit error list was generated for each Batch of Schedules by the Data Center. This edit error list was examined by the team of Page 6

7 Economic and Statistical Organisation, Haryana and necessary corrections were made in the data file so as to make it error fee. The error free data files were sent to Office of the Registrar General of India, New Delhi. The tabulated results required for writing State level report were provided by Computer Centre, MOS&PI, GOI, New Delhi. Brief Results The State level results of fifth Economic Census are explained in forgoing paras. As Table- 1 shows that in Haryana there were establishments which were engaged in the different economic activities other than crop production and plantation. Among these establishments forming percent were engaged in non-agricultural activities and the rest forming 8.98 percent were engaged in agricultural activities other than crop production and plantation. Of the total establishments, (54.92 percent) were located in rural areas and the remaining (45.08 percent) in urban areas. Own-account establishments (establishments which are owned and operated with the help of household members only i.e. without any hired worker) numbering form percent of the total establishments. The remaining percent numbering constitute establishments with at least one hired worker on the fairly regular basis. Of the total persons working in all the establishments in Haryana State, persons (49.51 percent) were working in the rural establishments and persons (50.49 percent) were working in the urban establishments. Of the total persons working in own-account establishments, (62.85 percent) belong to rural establishments. Out of total workers engaged in establishments with at least one hired worker, (43.48 percent) were working in rural areas as compared to workers (56.52 percent) in urban areas. Hired workers accounted for percent ( ) of the total employment of in all establishments with at least one hired worker. Page 7

8 Table-1 Number of Establishments and Employment therein-haryana Type of Establishments Rural Urban Combined Number % Number % Number Agricultural Activity* 1. All Establishments a)own-account Establishments b) Establishments with at least one hired worker 2. Persons Usually Working in Establishments a) Own-Account Establishments b) Establishments with at least one hired worker (i) Total (ii) Hired Non-Agricultural Activity 1. All Establishments a) Own- Account Establishments b) Establishments with at least one hired worker 2. Persons Usually Working in Establishments a) Own-Account Establishments b) Establishments with at least one hired worker (i) Total (ii) Hired Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Activity 1. All Establishments a) Own- Account Establishments b) Establishments with at least one hired worker 2. Persons Usually Working in Establishments a) Own-Account Establishments b) Establishments with at least one hired worker (i) Total (ii) Hired * Other than crop production and plantation. Page 8

9 Note: Figures under columns 3 and 5 are percentages with respect to column 6. As could be expected, concentration of agricultural establishments was more in rural areas than in urban areas. About 91 percent of the total number of establishments engaged in agricultural activities were in the rural areas and the remaining about 9 percent were in the urban areas. In case of non-agricultural activities, around 51 percent establishments were located in the rural areas and the remaining 49 percent were in the urban areas. Comparison of Results of 1977, 1980, 1990, 1998 and 2005 Economic Censuses As we know the first Economic Census was conducted independently in 1977 with limited scope and coverage. Under this Economic Census, only establishments with at least one hired worker under non-agricultural sector were covered. Thereafter, the field work of second Economic Census 1980 and third Economic Census 1990 were carried out alongwith the house listing operations of the decennial Population Censuses of 1981 and 1991 respectively with wider scope and coverage. Both these Economic Censuses have enumerated own-account establishments and establishments with at least one hired worker in both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (except activities relating to crop production and plantation). Scope and coverage of fourth Economic Census 1998 and fifth Economic Census 2005 is similar to Economic Census 1980 and Economic Census 1990 though these have been conducted independently. The tabulation plan of Economic Census 2005 envisaged to provide comparable results with Economic Census 1980, Economic Census 1990 and Economic Census 1998 in respect of number of establishments and persons usually employed, by location, by type of establishments, by selected characteristics. However, comparison with results of Economic Census 1977 could be made in respect of nonagricultural establishments with at least one hired worker only. Following paragraphs contain a comparison of various results of 1977, 1980, 1990, 1998 and 2005 Economic Censuses. Number of Establishments and Employment therein Table-2 gives the comparative figures of number of establishments and usual employment in them with rural-urban break up for Economic Census 1980, 1990, 1998 and 2005 for Haryana State. The Economic Census 2005 revealed that there were establishments in the State in different economic activities with persons usually working in them as compared to establishments with workers as per Economic Census 1980, establishments with workers as per Economic Census 1990 and establishments with workers as per Economic Census In Haryana the annual growth rate in number of establishments during the period was observed as 6.61 percent as compared to 4.69 percent annual growth rate at all India level. Haryana State ranks at 6 th position after Mizoram, Tripura, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Assam in annual growth rate in number of establishments during the period Likewise, in Haryana State the annual growth rate of employment in these establishments was observed as 5.35 percent as compared to 2.78 percent annual growth rate at all India level during the period Haryana State ranks at 4 th position after Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala in annual growth rate of employment during the period Page 9

10 Table-2: Establishments and Employment therein by their Location-Haryana State Location Rural Urban EC 1980 Number of Establishments EC 1990 EC 1998 EC 2005 Employment EC 1980 EC 1990 EC 1998 (Number) EC (49.65) (50.35) (45.66) (54.34) (44.56) (55.44) (54.92) (45.08) (37.94) (62.06) Combined (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages to total (38.75) (61.25) (100.00) (38.18) (61.82) (100.00) (49.51) (50.49) (100.00) Table-2: Establishments and Employment therein by their Location-Haryana State (Concld.) Annual Growth Rate of Establishments Annual Growth Rate of Employment Location Rural Urban Combined Further it could be observed that though in Haryana the number of establishments in rural sector had increased from in Economic Census 1990 to in Economic Census 1998 and further to in Economic Census 2005, their share to total number of establishments had increased from percent in Economic Census 1998 to percent in Economic Census However, share of employment in the rural establishments to total employment decreased marginally from percent in Economic Census 1990 to percent in Economic Census 1998 and then increased to percent in Economic Census The share of employment in urban establishments increased marginally from percent in 1990 to percent in 1998 which declined to percent in The annual growth rate of establishments was 1.93 percent during and 6.61 percent during The annual growth rate of establishments was 9.84 percent in rural areas and 3.50 percent in urban areas during In Haryana State like the annual growth rate of establishments, annual Page 10

11 growth rate of employment has also increased from 1.79 percent during to 5.35 percent in The annual growth rate becomes 9.33 percent in rural area and 2.34 percent in urban areas during Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Establishments Table-3 gives information on the number of agricultural and non-agricultural establishments with rural-urban break up for Haryana State. Table-3 reveals the trend in the number of agricultural establishments during 1980, 1990, 1998 and The table shows that there was marked increase in the number of agricultural establishments from 1980 to 1990 (11633 in 1980 to in 1990) showing an annual growth rate of 5.26 percent. Contrary to this, number of agricultural establishments had fallen to as per Economic Census 1998 showing a negative annual growth rate of 0.49 percent during In the State the number of agricultural establishments further increased to in 2005 showing an annual growth rate of percent as compared to annual growth rate of 8.32 percent at all India level. In Haryana the number of non-agricultural establishments had also increased from in Economic Census 1980 to in 1990 showing an annual growth rate of 3.58 percent during than to showing an annual growth rate of 2.03 percent. In the State the number of non-agricultural establishments further increased to in 2005 registering an annual growth rate of 5.72 percent as compared to annual growth rate of 4.16 percent at all India level. Further, in the State annual growth rate specially of non-agricultural establishments was more in urban areas than in rural areas both during and It was 4.41 percent as compared to 2.63 percent in rural areas during and 2.26 percent as compared to 1.75 percent in rural areas during Contrary to this, growth rate of non-agricultural establishments was more in rural areas than urban areas i.e percent as compared to 3.52 percent during Table-3: Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Establishments by their Location- Haryana State (Number) Location Agricultural Establishments Non-Agricultural Establishments Rural Urban EC 1980 EC 1990 EC 1998 EC 2005 EC 1980 EC 1990 EC 1998 EC (71.14) 3357 (28.86) (70.18) 5790 (29.82) (71.55) 5310 (28.45) (91.38) 6453 (8.62) (48.84) (51.16) Combined (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages to total (44.57) (55.43) (100.00) (43.58) (56.42) (100.00) (51.32) (48.68) (100.00) Page 11

12 Table-3: Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Establishments by their Location- Haryana State (Concld.) Location Annual Growth Rate of Agricultural Annual Growth Rate of Non- Establishments Agricultural Establishments Rural 5.11 (-) Urban 5.60 (-) Combined 5.26 (-) Suggestions to improve the Quality of Data collected through Economic Census 1. Since the Economic Census covers a large number of small units which are subjected to high rates of mobility and mortality, the Economic Census is required to be repeated at frequent intervals of five years. 2. More emphasis needs to be given on training to the Enumerators/Supervisors. 3. To improve the quality of data, during field survey there should be a mid-term evaluation of Schedules/Forms filled-in by the Enumerators by calling a meeting of all the Enumerators at respective Block/Tehsil level. 4. There should be a provision of acknowledgment by Entrepreneur regarding visit of Enumerator at his Establishment on printed Acknowledgment Slip or on the Schedule/Form to be filled-in by the Enumerator. 5. To improve the quality of data, participation of Supervisory staff in field survey work needs to be insured. 6. Scrutiny of filled-in Schedules/Forms by staff of State/UT DESs is allowed to remove the minor discrepancies in the filled-in Schedule/Forms. 7. After scanning the filled-in Schedules/Forms, the work of data processing at Computer Centers be streamlined to maintain the originality of the records made by the Enumerator in Schedules/Forms. ****** Page 12

13 Introduction 4.3 Economic Census DES, Tamil Nadu Economic Census and Survey was launched during 1976 by Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi to have a sound reliable data basis particularly for the un-organised sectors of non-agricultural economy. So far Five Economic Census were conducted and reports were published. The Fifth Economic Census was conducted during Economic Census is the census on enterprises.economic Census means complete enumeration of all enterpreneurial units within the geographical boundaries of the Country. Objective The Economic Census is to prepare a frame of all establishments engaged in various economic activities. This frame is the basic input for conducting detailed surveys pertaining to any specific activity of the economy and to provide data for computation of Estimates of National Income from the un-organised sector. Need The changes in economy conditions of the developed countries had its influence on Indian Economy. The reasonable growth of our country, the huge investment in India by Multi National Companies, the tremendous growth in information technology in India leads to change in the pattern of small units. Global economic conditions are changing every day and its impacts are very high in mobility or mortality of smaller units and also birth of new units. In this situation Sixth Economic Census is necessary to have a sound data base on all establishments engaged in various economic activities. New features of Fifth Economic Census The Fifth Economic Census has two new features than the previous economic census. 1. Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) Technology was used for scanning and data processing. 2. In addition to other schedules a separate Address Slip schedule was canvassed to prepare a Directory of Establishments employing ten or more workers. The points for discussion The following points to discuss at the next Conference of Central and State statistical organizations. 1. The Fifth Economic Census data at States are scanned images only which cannot be used for further statistical analysis. Page 13

14 2. All the raw data are with the Central Statistical Organisation. 3. Central Statistical Organisation generate all the tables from the raw data at District level and furnished to all States for report preparation. Now the trend is moving towards micro level planning. So Central Statistical Organisation has to generate tables at Block/Village level. 4. Central Statistical Organisation should supply the entire raw data of the Fifth Economic Census to the concerned States. 5. Central Statistical Organisation should give the relevant soft ware to generate tables from the raw data. Expectations of the State regarding Economic Census 1. Expecting schemes and funds for conducting special studies at State level based on the Economic Census Results. 2. Central Statistical Organisation should furnish the raw data of the Fifth Economic Census. 3. Provide software and its training to handle the raw data. 4. Error rectification work may be done for each Block Level instead of Districts. ***** Page 14

15 4.4 Economic Census 2005: A Study on West Bengal- Some Facts & Findings Summary Sri A.K.Dirghangi Assistant Director Bureau of Applied Economics & Statistics Government of West Bengal The Economic Censuses are carried out from time to time for providing a comprehensive frame of all Establishments engaged in various economic activities both in the organized and unorganized sectors of the economy mainly useful for follow-up surveys pertaining to any specific type of activity in the economy. This paper presents the main findings and detailed analysis of the results and also includes some important state level tables with disaggregation upto districts. Different features of agricultural and non-agricultural establishments revealed form the data have also been incorporated. A comparative study of the growth pattern of establishments and employment therein and changes in a few of their characteristics based on data collected in the 4 th and the 5 th Economic Censuses have also been included. The distribution of establishments and employment by type of establishments and by location have been studied. The distribution of non-agricultural establishments and employment by major activitygroups have also been done to identify the specific important area of operation. Distribution of establishments with selected characteristics by their location have been studied. The pattern of distribution of workers with a special thrust to female workers both in rural and urban areas have been examined and furnished. Distribution of establishments and employment by type of ownership and by location have been included. The percentage share of child workers and female workers have also been incorporated. Attempts have also been made to use some statistical tools and establish some association of some of the characteristics responsible for explaining the Economic Census results. Page 15

16 Review of the Literature & Data Analysis Agricultural Establishments Distribution of agricultural establishments Number of establishments OAE Estt. With hired worker Rural Urban The distribution of agricultural establishments and employment therein by type of establishments with rural-urban break up are given in Table 1. Establishments According to fifth Economic Census there were 2.28 lakh (5.43%) agricultural establishments in the state. It was seen that out of 2.28 lakh agricultural establishments, 1.71 lakh establishments, constituting 74.98% of total agricultural establishments were own account establishments (OAE). Establishments with hired workers were (25.02%) only. About 2.13 lakh establishments (93.17%) of the agricultural establishments were located in rural areas out of which 1.61 lakh (75.72%) were OAE. In urban areas too the share of own account agricultural establishments were on the higher side (64.82%). Employment Persons employed in all agricultural establishments were enumerated as 4.83 lakh in the state. Out of which the rural agricultural establishments accounted for 4.45 (92.1%) of the total employment in agricultural activities. OAE employed 2.72 lakh. Whereas establishments with hired worker employed 2.10 lakh workers. The employment rate per agricultural establishment Page 16

17 was found to be The same for rural and urban areas were 2.09 and 2.45 respectively It was observed that only 9.92% of all workers engaged in agricultural activities were female workers. It was also noted that 88.45% female workers were engaged in rural agricultural activates. From table 2 it revealed that the ownership type Private Others provided highest number of workers per establishments (8.15) followed by Private NPI (4.67) and Government and PSU (3.34) agricultural establishments. It was observed that on an average 3.69 persons were employed in an establishment in West Bengal. Size-class of employment Table 3 shows the distribution of agricultural establishments over four size class of employment. From the table it was revealed that agricultural establishments were mostly small sized, irrespective of there location i.e. either be they located in rural or urban areas of the state. About % of establishments belonging to the size class 1-5 accounted for 52.7 % of the total employment in agricultural establishments in West Bengal. Distribution of agricultural establishments by size-class Number of establishments & above Size class of employment Inter-district comparison Table 4, 5 and 6 show the distribution of agricultural OAE, agricultural establishments with hired workers and agricultural establishments by districts and by rural-urban location. It is observed that Murshidabad district had the largest share (14.18 %) of agricultural own account establishment in rural areas followed by Malda (13.28%) and Paschim Medinipur (13.01%). In urban areas the district with maximum share of agricultural own account establishment was North 24 Parganas (19.94%) followed by Burdwan (18.04%) and Murshidabad (10.83%). Page 17

18 Number of Agricultural Establishments Coochbehar Jalpaiguri 3747 Darjeeling 2839 Uttar Dinajpur 4473 Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad 5911 Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas 264 Kolkata 2296 Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur 8580 Bankura 4747 Purulia Burdwan 6243 Birbhum Table 5 represents district-wise distribution of Agricultural establishments with hired workers. It is evident from the table that among the 19 districts in the state Hooghly district provides maximum number of establishments (15.62%) having hired workers followed by Malda (12.09%), South 24 Parganas (9.87%) and North 24 Parganas (9.56%). In case of rural agricultural establishments Malda share the maximum number of establishments (13.26%) followed by Murshidabad (12.38%) and South 24 Parganas (12.18%). In case of urban areas North 24 Parganas had the largest share of agricultural establishments (21.89%) followed by Burdwan (18.01%) and Hooghly (11.03%). Hired employment It is observed that out of 1.60 lakh hired workers employed in agricultural establishments in the state Malda provided highest hired employment (14.07%) followed by North 24 Parganas (10.7%) and Hooghly (10.45%). In rural areas also, Malda provided highest volume of employment (15.57%). The next three position were occupied by Hooghly (10.04%), North 24 Parganas (8.91%) and South) 24 Parganas (8.66%). In urban areas however the highest position occupied by North 24 Parganas (26.25%), followed by Burdwan (16.33%) and Hooghly (14.09%) share of establishments in this category. Thus the three districts accounted for about 58% of hired employment in the State agricultural establishments. Page 18

19 Female employment Women were found to be working in agricultural establishments in the districts of Malda (21.21%), Murshidabad (8.13%), North 24-Parganas (7.36%), Hooghly (7.34%), Jalpaiguri (7.31%), Coochbehar(7.24%) in large mumbers. These six districts accounted for about 60% of the total female workers in the agricultural establishments in the state. Districtwise percentage distribution of agricultural OAE Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia 24 Parganas (N) 24 Parganas (S) Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum Districtwise percentage distribution of hired workers in agricultural establishments Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia 24 Parganas (N) 24 Parganas (S) Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum Page 19

20 Non-agricultural Establishments Establishments The distribution of non-agricultural establishments and employment therein by type of establishments with their rural-urban break-up is furnished in Table-9. It was observed from table 9 that out of lakhs of non-agricultural establishments in the state, lakhs (64.37%) were located at the rural areas and lakhs (35.63%) at the urban areas. Out of lakhs, lakhs (65.15 %) were own account establishments out of which % was located at rural areas and % at urban areas. Remaining lakhs (34.85%) represented the establishments with hired workers. Again 51.91% of the establishments with hired workers were located at rural areas and the remaining 48.09% were in urban areas of the State. Rural Urban Estt. With hired workers OAE Employment About lakh persons worked in lakh non-agricultural establishments in the state of which 33.0 lakh persons (34.56%) were in OAE and the remaining lakh (65.44%) were in establishment with hired workers. It has revealed from Table 4.1 that rural Bengal provided 53.39% of the total employment and the remaining 46.61% went to the urban areas. However, out of lakh hired workers lakh (56.64%) were in urban areas of the state. Page 20

21 Rural Urban Employment in OAE Employment in Estt. With hired workers Further it is to be noted that lakhs of female workers employed in non-agricultural sector constituted % of the total employment in that sector. Non-agricultural Own Account Establishment Establishments by Major Activity Groups It is important to note that own account establishments constituted % of the total non-agricultural establishments. Some important features of own account establishments by major activity groups have been furnished in the Table 10. The most outstanding features revealed from the table were that the activity groups retail trade, manufacturing and transport & storage had emerged as the most important activities in the state having percentage share of 46.90, and respectively out of the total own account establishments. Apart from these, other communities, social and personal service activities, wholesale trade and hotels & restaurants contributed a substantial percentage share to the total own account establishments. The same trend was observed in rural and urban areas also. Employment by Major Activity Groups Out of lakh non-agricultural own account establishments, retail trade provided maximum employment (41.37%) followed by manufacturing (31.53 %) and transport & storage (8.70 %). The activity group manufacturing had the largest share of female employment in the state. It provided 75.57% (3.93) lakh of the female worker followed by 0.83 lakh by retail trade group. Page 21

22 The same trend was observed in rural areas indicating the largest share in employment by the activity groups retail trade (38.92 %), followed by manufacturing (35.66 %) and transport & storage (8.67 %). In rural areas, the activity group manufacturing had the largest share (79.02 %) of the total female employments. In urban areas too, the activity group retail trade had the largest share of employments (47.42%) followed by the activity groups manufacturing, transport & storage and other community, social and personal service activities with percentage share of employment 21.07, 8.78 and 8.29 respectively. In urban areas also the activity group manufacturing had the largest share (60.08 %) of the total female employments. Employment Rate The employment rate was approximately uniform in the respective activity group both for rural and urban areas. It was observed that the employment rate of the activity group retail trade having the largest share in the total number of own account establishments were 1.13 and 1.12 respectively for rural and urban areas. The maximum employment rate in rural areas was 4.65 for activity group other activities and the same for urban areas was 2.71 for activity group public administration and defence; compulsory security. Non-agricultural Establishments with Hired Worker Establishments with hired workers Table 11 shows the distribution of the non-agricultural establishments with hired workers and employment therein by major activity groups with rural-urban break-up in the state. It appears from the table that out of lakh of non-agricultural establishments with hired workers, 4.90 lakh (35.36%) were associated with the activity group retail trade. Besides, 3.95 lakh establishments belonged to manufacturing (28.51%) and 1.01 lakh to education (7.29%). The activity groups retail trade and manufacturing together contributed 63.87% of the total non-agricultural establishments with hired worker. In rural areas, activity group manufacturing was at the top of the list showing 31.41% share of the activity groups tot total non-agricultural establishments with hired workers. Retail trade with a percentage share of followed the activity group manufacturing, and the activity group education remained at the 3 rd position in rural areas also with a share of 10.29%. In urban areas, first three positions were occupied by the activity groups retail trade (41.54%), manufacturing (25.37%), and other community, social and personal service activities (5.70%). Employment The distribution pattern of employment by major activity groups, the scenario is slightly different where the activity group manufacturing accounted for the maximum share of 33.17% to Page 22

23 the total employment leaving behind the activity group retail trade with percentage share of 24.13%. Out of lakh employment in non-agricultural establishments with hired workers, lakh were provided by the activity group manufacturing, lakh by retail trade and 5.54 lakh by education, 4.33 lakh by public administration and defence compulsory social security service group respectively. Analysis by location of the establishments with hired workers also indicated that the rural pattern of distribution of the establishments was nearly same as that of the state pattern. The activity group manufacturing accounted for 33.17% of the non-agricultural establishments with hired workers, followed by retail trade and education with 24.13% and 8.87%. In urban areas also the activity group Manufacturing was at the top sharing followed by retail trade with 25.22%. However, the 3 rd position was occupied by the Public administration and defence, compulsory social security service group with 8.84% of share. Female and Child Workers Table 12,13 and 14 show the distribution of number of persons along with female and child workers in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker by major activity groups. Female Workers A close observation of the table 14 transpires that there were 8.29 lakh of female employments (13.26% of the total employment in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker) out of which 36.00% was provided by activity group manufacturing, 20.97% by education and 14.84% by retail trade. It is observed from the Table 12 that in rural areas, 4.75 lakh of female workers constituting 17.39% of the total employment in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker, were mostly employed in the activity groups manufacturing (44.96%), education (21.72%) and retail trade (14.00%). It emerges from the Table 13 that in urban areas, 3.53 lakh of female workers covering 10.05% of the total employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker, were mainly associated with manufacturing (23.94%), education (19.96%) and retail trade (15.97%). Child Workers Regarding child employments, it is observed from the Table 14 that child workers contributed 4.43% of the total employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker. The maximum provider of child workers were retail trade (38.66%) and manufacturing (35.22%). Page 23

24 Table 12 shows that 1.75 lakh of child workers constituting 6.41% of the total employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker in the rural areas, were mainly associated with manufacturing (39.55%) and retail trade (35.03%). Table 13 shows that there were 1.02 lakh of child workers constituting 2.89% of the total employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker in the urban areas. The activity group retail trade had the maximum share of 44.92% followed by manufacturing (27.75%) indicating an appreciable increase in the percentage share of contribution of retail trade over manufacturing when compared with the rural areas. Hired Workers It reveals from the Table 14 that out of lakh of hired workers (83.29% of the total employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker), lakh were engaged in manufacturing (32.72%) activity group, lakh in retail trade (21.58%) and 0.53 lakh in education (10.28%). There were 7.34 lakh of female hired workers (88.53% of the total female employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker), out of which 32.46% was engaged in manufacturing, 23.13% in education and 14.34% in retail trade. Out of 2.53 lakh of hired child workers (91.33% of the total child employments in non-agricultural establishments with hired worker), the maximum was associated with retail trade (39.35%) followed by manufacturing (33.66%). Inter-censal Comparison A comparative study of the growth pattern of establishments and employment and changes in a few of their characteristics based on the data collected in the Fourth and Fifth Economic Census is given in this chapter. The corresponding figures are presented as follows. Number of establishments, employment therein by their location as per Economic Census 1990, 1998 & 2005 (numbers in 00) Sl. Economic Census No. Sector Establishment Employment (1) (2) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Rural (12.43) (35.66) (20.28) (26.74) 2 Urban (23.78) 3 Combined (16.36) (20.29) (30.00) (15.38) (17.77) (2.08) (14.38) N.B. : Figures in parentheses show the percentage growth Page 24

25 Number of establishments over Economic Censuses Number of establishments (numbers in '00) Rural Urban 0 EC 1990 EC 1998 EC 2005 Number of employment over Economic Censuses Number of employment (numbers in '00) EC 1990 EC 1998 EC 2005 Rural Urban The table above gives the number of establishments in last three Economic Census and inter census growth rate of establishments in respect of rural, urban and combined over the period and The in-depth study reveals that the growth of the number of establishments and employment were percent and percent respectively during The rural establishments showed a better growth rate (35.66%) in comparison to urban establishments (20.29%). The growth rate in case of employment were significant in rural areas Page 25

26 where as the same was very scanty in urban area of the state however the combined growth in employment over the period did not register a proportionate rate when compared with the growth of establishments. Percentage of Agricultural and Non-agricultural establishments in EC 1998 and EC 2005 EC EC %5% 0%5% 36% 58% Non-agri ( R ) Non-agri ( U ) Agri (U) Agri ( R ) 34% 61% Non-agri ( R ) Non-agri ( U ) Agri (U) Agri ( R ) Agricultural and non-agricultural establishments by their location as per Economic Census of 1990, 1998 & 2005 (numbers in 00) Agricultural Growth rate Non-agricultural Growth rate Location establishments of agricultural establishments of nonagricultural establishments (%) establishments (%) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Rural Urban Combined Table above indicates that in 2005 agricultural establishments increased considerably in number as compared to 1998 in the state. The growth rate was recorded as percent and percent for rural and urban sectors respectively. Overall 32% growth rate had been observed of the agricultural establishment in the state. In case non-agricultural establishments the growth rates were percent in rural areas and percent in the urban areas. The combined growth rate was 29.88%. Page 26

27 Own-account establishments and establishments by their location as per Economic Census of 1990, 1998 & 2005 (numbers in 00) Location Own account establishments Growth rate of own account establishments (%) Establishments Growth rate of establishments (%) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Rural Urban Combined Table above reveals that the own account establishments increased at the rate of percent and percent respectively in the rural and urban areas. But the growth of establishments were much higher in rural areas ( %) than in urban areas (23.06%). Thus overall percent growth had been observed for the establishments in the state. Table 5.4 gives a comparative pictures of the growth rate of establishments with selected characteristics. The data revealed that there was substantial declined in the overall growth rate of non-perennial establishments during as compared to growth rate observed during During a substantial decline growth rate had been witnessed for the establishments belonging to the without premises category in rural areas but in the urban areas there were an increasing trend in growth rate. Page 27

28 Selected characteristics of establishments by their location as per Economic Census of 1990, 1998 & 2005 (in numbers) Establishments Rural Urban Combined (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (i) Seasonally (10.36) (8.38) (5.48) (2.51) (1.70) (1.15) (7.70) (5.92) (4.00) (ii) Without Premises ( (38.61) (36.24) (22.10) (23.91) (26.64) (28.95) (33.20) (32.97) (iii) Without Power/Fuel (84.57) (84.54) (82.77) (82.02) (88.73) (76.03) (83.70) (84.24) (80.46) (iv) Under Scheduled Caste ownership (v) Under Scheduled Tribe ownership (22.29) (1.88) (20.17) (3.00) (21.67) (2.82) (9.92) 3581 (0.38) (9.21) (1.87) (11.70) (1.11) (18.10) (1.37) (16.14) (2.58) (18.26) (2.23) Total Note: Figures within parentheses indicate percentage to total number of establishments in the year Table above reveals that the proportion of establishments not using any power or fuels for their operations, exhibited a slight negative growth over the years. There was slight positive growth in the proportion of establishments owned by scheduled caste over the years while the ownership of establishments by scheduled tribes remained almost the same over the years. Findings The important findings based on the results of Economic Census 2005 in West Bengal are as follows: The number of establishments in West Bengal increased from lakh in 1998 to lakh in 2005 indicating a rise of 30 per cent. The number of persons usually working in those establishments also recorded an increase of per cent from lakh in 1998 to lakh in Out of lakh establishments enumerated, lakh (94.57 per cent) were nonagricultural establishments while the rest 5.43 per cent establishments were engaged in agricultural activities. Of total establishments, lakh (65.94 per cent) were located in rural areas and the remaining lakh (34.06 per cent) establishments were in urban areas. Own account establishments numbering lakh constituted about per cent of total establishments while the remaining lakh (34.32 per cent) were establishments with at least one hired worker on a regular basis. Page 28

29 The total number of persons usually working in lakh establishments was lakh out of which lakh (95.19 per cent) were employed in non-agricultural establishments and the rest 4.83 lakh (4.81 per cent) in agricultural establishments. The urban establishments employed lakh persons sharing per cent of total persons working in the state per cent and per cent of the persons engaged in non-agricultural establishments were from rural and urban areas respectively. Out of 2.38 lakh persons working in agricultural establishments in the state, only 0.38 lakh (16.03 per cent) were in urban areas Hired workers numbering lakh constituted per cent of total employment. Out of total hired workers, per cent and 2.98 per cent were engaged in non-agricultural and agricultural establishments respectively. Out of total employment, per cent and per cent were hired workers in rural and urban areas respectively. The rural areas shared 2.67 per cent of total hired workers in agricultural establishments, while in non agricultural establishments, the urban areas accounted for per cent of total hired workers. The number of males usually working in agricultural establishments is of whom 9214 persons are child. In case of females, this number is which includes 8644 child. For non-agricultural establishments, lakh male and 9.49 lakh female persons were engaged of whom 1.57 lakh and 1.20 lakh were male and female child respectively. The number of establishments having perennial activities was lakh (95.99%) and the remaining 1.69 lakh (4.01%) were non-perennial establishments. The number of establishments operating without premises was lakh (32.97%) whereas the number establishments having premises was lakh (67.03%) lakh (80.47%) establishments were reported to be not using power/fuel for their economic activities and the remaining 8.21 lakh (19.53%) establishments are run by power/fuel. The number of establishments owned by S.C., S.T., O.B.C. and Others categories of persons were lakh (18.27%), 0.94 lakh (2.23%), 3.29 lakh (7.81%) and lakh (71.69%) respectively. Conclusions The growth rate in case of Employment is much lower than the growth rate compared to establishments. Since the maximum growth in the Establishments both for agricultural OAE (74.98%) & for non- agricultural OAE (65.15%), has been observed, the lower growth in employment be understood easily. The lower growth of establishments with hired workers justifies the disproportionate growth between establishments and employment situation in West Bengal. Page 29

30 REMARKS: The facts, findings, analysis, tables incorporated here are basically taken from the State Report which has been prepared by Sri A.K. Dirghangi & Sri Tirthankar Ghosal under the Guidance of Prof. Nikhilesh Bhattacharjee. Page 30

31 Appendix Table 1 : Distribution of Agricultural Establishments and Employment therein - West Bengal (Figures in absolute number) Sl. Item Rural Urban Combined Number % Number % Number % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) I Own Account Establishments a) Number b) Employment i) Total ii) Female II Establishment with hired workers a) Number b) Employment i) Total ii) Hired iii) Female III All Establishments a) Number b) Employment i) Total ii) Hired iii) Female Page 31

32 Table 2 : Distribution of Agricultural Establishments with hired workers and Employment therein by type of ownership (Figures in absolute number) Nature of Ownership Number of Number Employment Establishmen of Workers rate ts (1) (2) (3) (4) Rural All Establishments 51, , i) Govt. & PSU ii) Private NPI iii) Pvt.Uninc. Prop & Pvt.Uninc.Part iv) Private others Urban All Establishments 5,481 22, i) Govt. & PSU ii) Private NPI iii) Pvt.Uninc. Prop & Pvt.Uninc.Part iv) Private others Combined All Establishments 57, , i) Govt. & PSU ii) Private NPI iii) Pvt.Uninc. Prop & Pvt.Uninc.Part iv) Private others N.B. Pvt.Uninc: Private Unincorporated Institutions PSU: Public Sector Unit NPI: Non profit Page 32

33 Table 3 :Distribution of agricultural establishments and persons usually working therein by size-class of employment and by rural urban location Description Size class of employment & above All Rural (i) Establishments (94.01) (10.14) (0.89) (0.2) (100.00) (ii) Total persons usually working (52.51) (24.78) (13.01) (9.7) (100.00) Urban (i) Establishments (85.19) (13.65) (0.95) (0.22) (100.00) (ii) Total persons usually working (54.27) (28.05) (12.06) (5.62) (100.00) Combined (i) Establishments (93.16) (10.48) (0.89) (0.2) (100.00) (ii) Total persons usually working (52.7) (25.12) (12.91) (9.27) (100.00) Figures within parentheses indicates the percentages Page 33

34 Table 4 :Districtwise distribution of agricultural Own Account Establishment District Rural Urban Combined Number % Number % Number % (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum West Bengal Page 34

35 Table 5 :Districtwise distribution of Agricultural Establishments with hired worker Sl. District Rural Urban Combined no. Number % Number % Number % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum West Bengal Page 35

36 Table 6 :Districtwise distribution of agricultural establishments Sl. District Rural Urban Combined no. Number % Number % Number % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum West Bengal Page 36

37 Table - 7 : Districtwise number of hired workers in agricultural establishments by ruralurban location Sl. District Rural Urban Combined no. Total % Total % Total % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum West Bengal Page 37

38 Table - 8 :Districtwise distribution of employment in agricultural establishments by gender Sl. District Female Male Combined no. Number % Number % Number % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Kolkata Howrah Hooghly Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Bankura Purulia Burdwan Birbhum West Bengal Page 38

39 Table 9 : Number of Non-agricultural establishments and Employment therein West Bengal Establishments Particulars Rural Urban Number % Number % Combined Number (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Own Account establishment With hired workers All a) Number of establishments b) Total employment c) Female employment a) Number of establishments b) Total employment c) Female employment d) Hired worker a) Number of establishments b) Total employment c) Female d) Hired worker Page 39

40 Table 10 : Number of Non-agricultural Own Account Establishments and Employment therein by Major Activity Groups (Figures in absolute number) Sl. No. Major Activity Group Rural Urban Combined OAE Total Emp. Female Emp. OAE Total Female Emp. OAE Total Worker Emp. Worker Rate Rate Emp. Female Worker Rate (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) 1 Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale, Maint. & Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles Wholesale trade Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transport, storage Post & Telecommunication Financial intermediation Real estate, Renting & Business Services Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social and personal service activities Other Activities All Non-agricultural activities Emp. Page 40

41 Table No11 : Number of Non-agricultural Establishments (with hired workers) and employment therein by Major Activity Groups (Figures in absolute number) Sl. No. Major Activity Groups Estt. With hired worker Rural Urban Combined Emp. Emp. Estt. With Emp. Emp. Estt. With hired hired Rate worker Rate (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 1 Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale, Maint. & Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 6 Wholesale trade Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transport, storage Post & Telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate, Renting & Business Services Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 14 Education Health and social work Other community, social and personal service activities 17 Other Activities All Non-agricultural activities worker Emp. Emp. Rate Page 41

42 Table No. 12: Number of persons usually working in Non-agricultural Establishments (with hired worker) by Major Activity Groups Rural (Figures in absolute number) Sl. Major Activity Groups Total Hired Total Total No. Employee Female Children Employee Female Children 1 Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale, Maint. & Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles Wholesale trade Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transport, storage Post & Telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate, Renting & Business Services 13 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 14 Education Health and social work Other community, social and personal service activities 17 Other Activities All Non-agricultural activities Page 42

43 Table No. 13 : Number of persons usually working in Non-agricultural Establishments (with hired worker) by Major Activity Groups Urban (Figures in absolute number) Total Hired Sl. No. Major Activity Groups Total Employee Female Children Total Employee Female Children (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (6) (7) 1 Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale, Maint. & Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles Wholesale trade Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transport, storage Post & Telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate, Renting & Business Services Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social and personal service activities Other Activities ALL activities Page 43

44 Table No. 14 : Number of persons usually working in Non-agricultural Establishments (with hired worker) by Major Activity Groups Combined (Figures in absolute number) Total Hired Sl. No. Major Activity Groups Total Employee Female Children Total Employee Female Children (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (6) (7) 1 Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale, Maint. & Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles Wholesale trade Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transport, storage Post & Telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate, Renting & Business Services Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social and personal service activities 17 Other Activities ALL activities Page 44

45 4.5 Economic Census DES, Jammu & Kashmir Introduction The Central Statistical Organization, GoI since it came into existence has from time to time, been taking a number of effective measures to create and improve the data base of various sectors of the economy and update it periodically so as to meet the data requirements of the planners and policy makers for sound and balanced planning both at micro and macro level. One such measure introduced by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) pertains to the conduct of Economic Census on quniquennial basis. Until 1976 there was not any directory of establishments in the un-organized sector of the economy which could serve as a sampling frame for carrying out further detailed surveys, for collection of data required on various aspects of the entrepreneurial and industrial activities. Realizing the importance of un-organized sector of the economy which has the substantial contribution to the Gross Domestic Product, the CSO launched a nationwide scheme of Economic Census and surveys in 1976 to cover the Statistics in respect of non-agricultural segments of the economy. Since then Economic Census has become a recurrent affair of the CSO and conducted countrywide Economic Censuses in the year 1977, 1980, 1990, 1998 and the latest in The Economic Census has assumed tremendous importance for providing entrepreneurial/industrial statistics in a fairly adequate manner. It is a large scale operation for collection and derivation of quantitative statistics about the number of establishments and their salient features including existing status of employment. Objectives The basic purpose of conducting the Economic Census was to prepare a frame for followup surveys intended to collect more detailed sector/subject specific information between two economic censuses pertaining to industry and non-agricultural economic activities. The Economic Census collects data on distribution of establishments along with their salient features like location of the establishments, entrepreneurial activity being carried by the establishments, nature of operation, type of ownership, number of persons usually working in the establishments, power/fuel used etc. The entrepreneurial data collected under the Economic Census is highly indispensable for formulation and updating of Industrial policy both at the centre and at the state level. The data generated under the Economic Census apart form other uses forms the basis for estimation of macro level aggregates of various parameters of Industrial economy and for improving the estimation of National Income and related aggregates from time to time. The Economic Census also provides information in respect of distribution of establishments employing at least one hired worker, establishments by location and by activity and also estimates of employment while as the follow-up surveys provide information on inputs, outputs, investments etc. for each sector of the non-agricultural economy. Page 45

46 The Economic Census is the complete official count of all establishments units located within the geographical boundaries of the country involved in any economic activity of either agricultural (excluding crop production and plantation) or non-agricultural sectors of the economy engaged in the production and/or distribution of goods or services not for sole purpose of own consumption. Historical background of Economic Census First Economic Census 1977 The first Economic Census was conducted throughout the country during 1977 with a view to collect information on non-agricultural economy in collaboration with the State/Union Territory (UT) Directorates of Economics and Statistics of all States/UTs excluding Lakshadweep. The coverage was restricted to only non-agricultural establishments employing at least one hired worker on a fairly regular basis. Data on items like description of activity, number of persons usually working, type of ownership etc were collected. Based on the frame provided by 1 st Economic Census, two detailed sample surveys were conducted under NSS Round 33 rd and 34 th during and covering the establishments, engaged in Manufacturing, Trade, Hotel & Restaurants, Transport, Storage & Warehousing and Services. Data on employment emoluments, capital structure, inputs, outputs etc. was collected through these surveys. Second Economic Census 1980 The Economic Census covers a large number of small and tiny units which are subject to high rate of mobility and variation in output and turnover, the five year interval was considered to be the minimum required period for an Economic Census. The Second Economic Census was thus due to be conducted in the year However, the Second Economic Census was conducted in 1980 alongwith the house listing operations of 1981 population census. This was done with a view to economize resources, manpower, time and money as the operations of economic census involve listing of establishments through household approach, which is a huge exercise. The scope and coverage of 2 nd Economic Census was, however, enlarged. All establishments engaged in economic activities both agricultural and non-agricultural, whether employing any hired worker or not, were covered except those engaged in crop production and plantation. This census was held in all States/UTs with sole exception of Assam. Comprehensive information on location of establishments, description of economic activity, nature of operation, type of ownership, social group of owner, use of power/fuel, total number of workers usually working with its hired component and with male-female breakup was collected. On the frame developed by Second Economic Census 1980, the following follow-up sample surveys were taken by National Sample Survey Organization and State/UT Directorates of Economics & Statistics:- 1. Establishment Survey in covering Hotels & Restaurant, Transport, Storage & Warehousing and Services. Page 46

47 2. Un-organized manufacturing (OAE/NDE/DE) in (40 th NSS round) and in (45 th NSS round). 3. Whole Sale and Retail Trade in (41 st NSS round) and (45 th NSS round). The Economic Census which was scheduled to be held during 1986 could not be carried out due to resource constraints. However, the Economic Census 1980 frame was updated during in 64 cities (12 cities having more than 10 lakh population and 52 class-i cities) which had problems of identification of enumeration blocks and changes due to rapid urbanization. On the basis of updated frame, four follow up surveys were conducted during , , and covering the subjects of Hotels & Restaurants and Transport, Un-Organized Manufacturing, Whole Sale and Retail Trade and Medical Education, Cultural & Other Services respectively. Third Economic Census 1990 The Third Economic Census 1990 was also synchronized with the house listing operations of population census 1991 for operational convenience and cost effectiveness on the same pattern as of Economic Census Coverage of information for the 3 rd Economic Census was the similar as that of 2 nd Economic Census. This Economic Census was conducted in all states/union territories except Jammu & Kashmir where population census was not undertaken because of unfavourable conditions and disturbances that prevailed in the state. On the basis of frame thrown up by 3 rd Economic Census 1990, the following follow up surveys were carried out by NSSO, GoI:- 1. Establishment Survey on Minning, Quarrying, Storage and Warehousing sector Establishment Survey on Hotel & Restaurants and Transport sector NSSO 51 st round covering directory, non-directory, and Own Account Establishments (OAE) in un-registered manufacturing sector in Directory of Trade Establishments Survey of the Un-Organized Trade sector in NSSO 53 rd round covered the residual part of the Un-Organized Trade sector in Fourth Economic Census 1998 The country has introduced economic reforms and liberalization policy which has its substantial impact on various sectors of the economy particularly in un-organized sector. Since the size of the un-organized sector is quite large consisting of mainly smaller units which are subject to high rate of mobility and mortality, it was felt that the Economic Census must be brought back to quniquennial nature so that an up to date frame can be made available once in five years for conducting detailed follow up surveys. Though the Fourth Economic Census was planned during 1996, but due to various reasons the scheme of 4 th Economic Census could be launched only in 1998 with the interest to have a detailed enquiry assessing the impact of economic reforms and liberalization policies introduced in the National Economy. The Fourth Page 47

48 Economic Census made a count of all economic activities together with some of their salient characteristics like location of activity, type of activity, employment with male-female breakup, hired component of employment, mode of operation of the activity. The field operation for the census strictly as per the guidelines was got conducted by the teachers of Education Department in the urban areas and by Village Level Workers (VLWs) of Rural Development Department in the rural areas of J&K State. The census provided information about all agricultural activities (except crop production and plantation) and non-agricultural activities carried out in the country. The CSO had the overall responsibility for organization and conduct of the Economic Census. The Directorates of Economics & Statistics of States/UTs were made responsible for conducting the field work and preparing the report for their respective states/uts. Based on the frame thrown up by the 4 th Economic Census 1998, the following follow-up surveys were carried out through NSSO:- 1. Special Establishment survey in Un-Organized sector Survey on Un-Organized Manufacturing sector Survey on Un-Organized Establishments in Service Sector (excluding Trade and Finance) Survey on Un-Organized Manufacturing Sector Survey on Un-Organized establishments in Service Sector (excluding trade) Fifth Economic Census 2005 Since the conduct of Fourth Economic Census 1998, considerable progress has been achieved in the diverse socio-economic facets of the country, need was felt to repeat the exercise of economic census. Accordingly the CSO in the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MOSPI), GoI decided to conduct 5 th Economic Census with 2005 as the reference year in all the states/uts of the country under 100% centrally sponsored scheme. Thus at the instance of CSO, GoI, Fifth Economic Census was held throughout the country during the year There was no change in the coverage of the 5 th Economic Census. As compared to the Fourth Economic Census, a fairly complete count of all economic activities of agricultural and non-agricultural establishments was made. The agricultural activities do not include crop production and plantation. However, following activities were kept out of the purview of the Fifth Economic Census as was done in earlier censuses. (i) Establishments of shelter-less and nomadic population, which keep on moving from place to place and camp either without shelter or with makeshift shelter. (ii) Establishments engaged in some activities like smuggling, gambling, beggary, prostitution, etc. (iii)domestic servants, whether they work in one household or in a number of households, drivers, etc. who undertake jobs for others on wages. (iv) All wage paid employees of casual nature. (v) Household members engaged in household chores. Page 48

49 (vi) Persons doing different types of jobs depending on the availability of work e.g. loading, unloading, helping a mason or a carpenter, doing earthwork for a contractor. (vii) Household members working for other households and earning some money which is insignificant. (viii) Households in which none of the members is engaged in any gainful activity i.e. households depending on remittance, rent, interest, pension etc. (ix) Owners of tube-wells, tractors, bullock carts, etc. who utilize either their spare capacity to earn extra money, if the spare capacity utilization is occasional and not on regular basis. Committees and Working Groups To look into various aspects relating to the conduct of 5 th Economic Census, a Standing Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Director General, CSO. The Members of the Committee for the Fifth Economic Census included Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Adviser (FR) and Adviser (PP) both from the Planning Commission, Chief Economic Adviser, Ministry of Finance, representatives from various concerned Central Ministries/Departments like Ministry of Small Scale Industries, Commerce & Industry, Women and Child Development and Labour and six States Governments represented by their respective Directors of the Directorates of Economics and Statistics. The committee was assisted by three Working Groups for development of concepts and definitions, strategy for conduct of field work, tabulation of data, publicity and dissemination of results. All the Technical and Secretarial assistance was provided by the Economic Statistics Division of CSO. Coordination Committee at State Head Quarters/District Head Quarter level. State Level Co-ordination Committees (SLCC) under the chairmanship of Chief Secretaries and District Level Co-ordination Committees (DLCC) under the chairmanship of District Development Commissioners were constituted to review the progress of work and take appropriate measures for smooth conduct of the census within the prescribed time frame for different activities. Overall co-ordination at all India level and guidance were provided by the CSO. In J&K following coordination committees at the state and district levels at the instance of CSO, GoI, were constituted for monitoring and reviewing the progress of 5 th Economic Census 2005 from time to time. 1. State Level Coordination Committee (SLCC) with following composition:- 1. Chief Secretary, J&K Chairman 2. Principal Secretary to Government, Planning & Development Department Member 3. Secretary to Government, Education Department Member 4. Secretary to Government, Rural Development Department Member 5. Director, Directorate of Economics & Statistics Member Page 49

50 6. Representative from MOSPI Member 7. Joint Director (C), Directorate of Economics & Statistics (J&K) Member Secy 2. District level coordination committees for 14 districts 1. District Development Commissioner Chairman 2. Chief Education Officer Member 3. Senior Superintendent of Police Member 4. Assistant Commissioner Development Member 5. District Statistics and Evaluation Officer Member Secy New Initiatives There were certain new features to the Fifth Economic Census which include separate Address Slips of Establishments employing 10 or more than 10 workers for compilation of a Directory of larger establishments. For the first time, data collected in the Fifth Economic Census was processed through Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) Technology. Training Among other census activities, training of staff assumed a great significance for launching and completing the census operations successfully. Adequate trainings is, therefore, a basic prerequisite for ensuring good quality of data collected. The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation organized four regional workshops for core group of trainers at Kolkata, Lucknow, Chandigarh and Bangalore. Subsequently two officers one each from CSO/NSSO and one officer from State/UTs governments imparted training to the state/district officials who in turn imparted training to the lower level officials like charge officers, supervisors and enumerators. Publicity measures, formation of enumeration blocks, field operation, post enumeration check, data processing etc were among other important activities of the 5 th Economic Census:- The following schedules were canvassed in the Economic Census 2005: (i) House list (ii) Establishment Schedule (iii)address Slip (iv) Establishment Abstract Separate schedules were used for rural and urban areas. Establishment Abstract was completed from the entries contained in Establishments Schedule. The schedules were designed Page 50

51 and printed in ICR acceptable format and in consultation with the office of the Registrar General, India. Like Forth Economic Census Report, 5 th Economic Census Report was prepared in two volumes. Volume-I of the report was based on data collected through establishment list. Volume- II of the report would contain list of the units classified by various characteristics like type of structure, address of the establishments employing 10 or more workers. Volume-I of 5 th Economic Census at national level had been released besides some states/uts also released this volume. The Directorate of Economics & Statistics, J&K also released Volume-I of Economic Census Report it is mentioned here that at the instance of the State Government, Provisional Report of Economic Census 2005, was published much in advance and ahead of the release of Provisional Reports by the Central Government and other State Governments. Reflection of Economic Census results All India The Fifth Economic Census-2005 posted a number of million establishments located within the geographical boundaries of the country of which million establishments are Rural establishments and million are Urban establishments. While the non-agricultural establishments accounted for million the agricultural establishments (excluding those engaged in crop production and plantation) accounted for 6.08 million. Around million persons were working in these million establishments. Out of these workers, 52.1 million were in Rural establishments and 48.8 million were in Urban establishments million persons were observed working in non-agricultural establishments and the agricultural establishments provided employment to around 10.9 million persons. At country level establishments grew at 4.69% per annum during The growth rate in the employment during the same period was 2.78% for the country. Jammu & Kashmir Key Indicators of 5th Economic Census (based on 14 districts) for J&K State S.No. Indicators 1. Establishments (in numbers) EC EC AAGR during a. Rural Number of Establishments b. Urban c. Combined a. Rural Number of Agricultural 1.2 b. Urban Establishments c. Combined Number of Non-Agricultural a. Rural Page 51

52 Establishments b. Urban c. Combined Employment (in number) a. Rural Number of persons employed b. Urban c. Combined Number of persons engaged a. Rural in Agricultural b. Urban Establishments c. Combined Number of persons engaged a. Rural in Non-Agricultural b. Urban Establishments c. Combined Selected Characteristics (in numbers) a. Rural Number of Establishments 3.1 b. Urban without power Number of Non-Perennial Establishments Number of Establishments without Premises c. Combined a. Rural b. Urban c. Combined a. Rural b. Urban c. Combined a. SC b. ST Number of Establishments under the Social Group of Owner c. OBC Number of persons employed 3.6 Number of Hired persons employed a. Female b. Child Male c. Child Female a. All b. Female c. Child Male d. Child Female Number of Establishments with 10 or more workers a. Rural Number of Establishments 4.1 b. Urban with 10 or more workers c. Combined AAGR : Average Annual Growth Rate Page 52

53 Past Experience and suggestions The Directorates of Economics & Statistics of all states/uts acted as nodal agencies in their respective states/uts and launched 5 Economic Censuses under the technical guidance of CSO. All the successive Economic Censuses were launched and completed by and large successfully. The following observation and suggestions based on past experience, are made for coordination of the 17 th COCSSO:- 1. Arrangements regarding field work I. At the instance of CSO, field operations of the Economic Census is being done by the VLWs of Rural Development Department in Rural areas and teachers of Education department in the Urban areas. The field work of the Economic Census at the hands of aforesaid staff gets casual treatment and at times delay in field work is caused because of their being deeply involved in own legitimate assignments. It has been observed that VLWs are not educationally so sound to handle the field operations. Besides VLWs have to perform multifarious jobs related to rural development and employment generation and as such, their participation in the conduct of Economic Census needs to be reviewed. Sometimes deployment orders are changed at the peak census operations thereby disturbing the whole activity. II. It is worthwhile to mention here that the state government, has issued strict orders for not associating teachers in any other activity except teaching of students and their performances have been linked to the achievement in the examination results. As such engagement of teachers of government schools for Economic Census operation has become a difficult task. Instead the job of field operation needs to be given to the educated un-employed youth on honorarium basis as highly qualified persons are available in the country/state/ut. Devotion of full attention to the job by them is expected, ensuring collection of reliable/timely information relating to this important subject. 2. Address slips for establishments having 5 or more workers Since Economic Census is the sole source for collecting establishment statistics and provides detailed information like address, employment strength, entrepreneurial activity of establishments employing 10 or more workers. This kind of information needs to be collected for all establishments having five or more workers as these commercial units are being brought under the purview of Provident Fund Act as desired by the State Government of our state. Besides group activities particularly of self-help groups run by the cooperatives and industry departments, recognize an establishments of 5 members as a group for financing. This has necessiatated capturing data on employment in the group establishments employing 5 workers or more and has accordingly to be covered under Economic Census. Page 53

54 3. Scanning of Census Schedules The scanning of the census schedules was done centrally. Difficulties were observed in shifting/lifting the whole census data to the data processing centres involving huge costs. The data processing facility needs to be explored in the respective State/UT. Besides the staff was deployed twice to the data processing centre for rectifying the variations and the expert staff got transferred/retired in between the data processing activity. 4. Empowering Nodal Agencies The nodal agencies i.e. the Directorates of Economics & Statistics at State/UT level need to be empowered suitably in case of various arrangements required for the successful conduct of Economic Census like engagement of staff on honorarium etc. to handle this gigantic exercise smoothly. In the broader interest of census work, Directors, of State Directorates of Economics & Statistics need to be designated as Census Commissioners for the successful conduct of Economic Census in respective States/UTs. 5. Updating Urban Frame Formation of enumeration blocks in urban areas poses difficulties in absence of updated urban frame. The unit of survey in urban areas i.e. block is carved out by NSSO FOD under Urban Frame Survey. Every Urban Frame Survey block was treated as one enumeration block for urban areas. Rapid urbanization and creation of new administrative units like districts, blocks, tehsils etc. especially in J&K together with newly notified urban areas after 2001 need updation of urban frame. 6. Coverage of New districts created in the State The earlier Economic Censuses were conducted in J&K based on 14 districts. However, in by re-organizing administrative units, additional 8 districts were carved out making the total number of districts to 22 in the State. For the forthcoming 6 th Economic Census, 22 district of the J&K State are to be considered for coverage. 7. Constitution of SLCC/DLCC I. Standing Committee at the Central level should be made broad-based by giving more representation to the states. Particularly the states suffering from disturbances, should be given special consideration. II. In both SLCC and DLCC especially in case of Border States and violence hit states, Director General of Police of the said States in SLCC and SSPs of the districts in DLCC are required to be included in the respective coordination committees for providing security and assistance as and when required during the period of field operations. Page 54

55 4.6 Economic Census in Karnataka Sri K.V. Subramanyam, Joint Director, DES, Karnataka Introduction Reliable and timely data base is the basic necessity for any sound and systematic planning. Moreover, the availability of detailed information, preferably at Micro level is the key for effective planning. Though a fairly adequate system of agricultural statistics has already been developed in the country, such an information system has not yet been built up for the Non-Agricultural Sector, especially in un-organized sector though it assumes greater importance due to its significant contribution towards Gross Domestic Product and also in generation of employment in developing economy. But this data relating to this segment which would facilitate fair assessment of its share in the National/State Income and also its impact on the growth of income and employment are either scarce or not available at regular intervals. In the organized sector, data on registered factories, mines, railways, civil aviation, State transport undertakings, major ports, banks, insurance companies, registered educational institutions, hospitals, etc., are being collected on a regular basis. To over come this problem the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) has been conducting Economic Censuses (EC) periodically since 1977; the latest, a fifth in this series, has been conducted in Normally, these censuses cover all states and UTs. Definition The Economic Census (EC) is the official count of all entrepreneurial units located within the geographical boundaries of any country or a region and involved in any economic activity either in agriculture (excluding crop production and plantation) or in non-agricultural sectors of the economy. The units should be engaged in either production of goods or their distribution or in delivery of services or a combination of these, but not for the sole purpose of own consumption. Objective The important objectives and benefits of Economic Census are It provides a fine, comprehensive sampling frame for undertaking large or small sample surveys on the status and activities of establishments in the un-organized sector. Bridges essential data gaps on all units of economic activity such as their number, the type of ownership, the nature of their operations, the kind of power or fuel used etc. Advantages Page 55

56 The economic census furnishes an important part of the framework for such composite measures as the gross domestic product estimates, input/output measures, production and price indices and other statistical series that measure short-term changes in economic conditions. Specific uses of economic census data include the following: Policymaking agencies of the government may use the data to monitor economic activity and to assess the effectiveness of policies. State, Central and local governments may use the data to assess business activities and tax bases within their jurisdictions and to develop labour laws, base for commercial tax etc. Trade associations and Individual businessmen may use the data to locate potential markets and to study market trends. Data Limitations The limitations of data generated under the Fifth Economic Census are discussed below, keeping in view, the interest of users of this data. (i) The First economic Censuses conducted in 1977 included turn over (both production and value) particulars. In the Second Economic Census these items have been dropped. Reasons for this may be explored to plug the data gaps and to be revived since it is very valuable information for multi-purposes. Hence, it is vital to correlate the census data with that of production results. (ii) The term Private Non-Profit institutions shall be clearly defined. All the societies registered under societies Registration Act 1960 should be covered and suitable space may be provided in the data sheets. At present, institutions which are financed and controlled by households Eg: Dharmashala, Trust or Temple etc., are treated as Non- Profit Institutions (NPI). This definition does not cover the Sports Institutions, Education Societies etc. Economic Census 2005 gives about units of establishment under NPI, whereas NPI first phase survey has identified societies in Karnataka registered under Societies Registration Act (iii)less than 10 employees are employed in nearly 68% of the establishments. Information regarding these institutions will be of much value for analyzing their contribution in terms of employment, GSDP and formation of labour safety laws in un-organized sector. Name and address slips of the enterprises having less than 10 employees may be collected and published and the Directory of establishment with location details should be published on the website providing dynamic mechanism and proper publicity must be made to utilize the data by the public as like yellow pages. Page 56

57 (iv) The gap between the commencement of Economic Census and the publication of its results should be minimized to 10 months. Since delay makes the statistics less useful. An experience and well known Agency to be entrusted with this task to get qualitative and timely data. (v) Once in five years, the list of Urban Frame Survey(UFS) blocks have to be updated by deleting the defunct enterprises. Unique ID to be given to each enterprise based on category wise, location wise and type of registration. This will help to track the status of the establishment. (vi) NGO`s and enumerators to be trained in census operations. Intensive theoretical training combined with field demonstration has to be imparted. (vii) Supply of information under economic census is purely voluntary and there is no statutory sanction behind it. Despite wide publicity through mass media some degree of non-co-operation on the part of informants is apprehended. (viii) The method of collection of data under economic census is not record based information but only oral information provided by the informants. In this method there is likelihood of under reporting of employment, unintended inaccuracy, recall lapse and casual approach on the part of the informants to some extent. (ix) The data analysis has to be carried-out to know the trends. Thus mere data entry software or table generating software need not suffice; as such a methodology and software are to be developed to know the trend of the different industries across the census has to be developed. Analysis of Economic Census in Karnataka: Establishments, Employment verses Gross State Domestic Production Establishment and employment status with each activity and their proportion to total in Economic Census , and is compared with the Gross State Domestic Product of respective year to know whether that the variation in GSDP is in line with the variation in Economic Census. Following are the statistics on Establishments, Employment and GSDP. Page 57

58 Establishment Figures in brackets indicate percentage of sectoral contribution to the total Sl. No Major Activity Group 1 Agricultural Activities 2 Mining and Quarrying 3 Manufacturing 4 Electricity, Gas & Water 5 Construction Trade, Restaurants and Hotels Transport, Storage, Warehousing & Communications Financial, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services Community, Social and Personal services and other unspecified activities No. of establish ments EC (12.33) 6024 (0.36) (18.11) 2198 (0.13) (1.14) (37.68) (2.18) (2.01) (26.06) Non-Agricultural Activities (87.67) Total Agricultural & Non Agricultural Activities (100.00) No. of establish ments EC (13.56) 4675 (0.25) (20.31) 727 (0.04) (0.84) (38.11) (2.22) (3.03) (21.64) (86.44) No. of establish ments EC (15.38) 8634 (0.34) (25.03) 3466 (0.14) (0.72) (36.26) (3.47) (4.54) (14.12) (84.62) % Variation over its share (9.98) (-33.33) (12.15) (-69.23) (-26.32) ( (1.83) (50.75) (-16.96) (-1.40) (100.00) (100.00) (0.00) Trade=Sales, Maintenance, Repairs + Wholesale Trade + Retail Trade % Variation over its share (13.42) (41.67) (23.24) (250.00) (-14.29) (-11.69) (56.31) (49.83) (-34.75) (-2.11) (0.00) Page 58