LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA: A STATE-WISE ANALYSIS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA: A STATE-WISE ANALYSIS"

Transcription

1 The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2006 LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA: A STATE-WISE ANALYSIS R.K. Sharma and Abinash Dash* Based on the latest available NSS (56th round) and ASI data for , this paper examines the structure and composition of Small Scale Industry (SSI) and the productivity differences between the small and large scale enterprises. The paper also explores the correlates of labour productivity in the SSI sector. Morever, it discovers strong inter-linkages between SSI and large scale manufacturing. Labour productivity in the unorganised manufacturing sector is seen to have an inverse relationship with poverty; implying that measures to raise labour productivity can bring about poverty reduction. Therefore, there is a need for capital investment and technological upgradation in the SSI sector. Analysis reveals that a large number of enterprises in this sector are technologically backward and a substantial number of workers underemployed. Availability of credit has been found to have significant positive impact on labour productivity, especially in urban areas. The paper also finds that the existence of sub-contracting phenomenon does not have much impact on labour productivity; and therefore it is only a short-term measure to raise employment and number of enterprises. Hence, a sustainable level of employment and productivity could be achieved if the state initiates policies to provide social security, marketing facility, technological upgradation, training and skills to workers and above all the infrastructural support to the millions of tiny enterprises in the SSI sector.. I. INTRODUCTION The Small Scale Industries (SSI) sector has always been an important area of concern for the planners because of the prominent place it has acquired in the socio-economic development of the country in the last five decades. It has contributed to the overall growth of the gross domestic product as well as employment generation and export. Performance of the small-scale sector, which forms a significant part of the industrial sector, has a direct impact on the growth of the national economy. The manufacturing sector in India (of which SSI is a major component) has a vital role to play in the overall economic development of the country. Table 1 shows that percentage share of manufacturing sector in terms of employment has varied between 11 to 12 per cent from to whereas its contribution to GDP has steadily increased over the years from 14.9 per cent in to 16.8 per cent in at prices (GoI, 2004). But, increase in jobs in the manufacturing sector has not kept pace with the overall growth in the sector which raises some concern. There is a need to devise some strategies, which can reverse the slowdown in growth of employment in the manufacturing sector. Such a strategy becomes more relevant at a time when one of the main challenges before the country is the problem of unemployment, particularly disguised unemployment. Sandesara (1988) suggests * Professor and Research Scholar, respectively, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Comments and suggestions by an anonymous referee of the Journal and P.P. Sahu were extremely useful.

2 408 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS that for increasing employment, modern small scale industries based in medium-sized towns should be promoted. Table 1 Percentage Share of Manufacturing Sector in Employment and Gross Domestic Product Year Percentage share in employment Percentage share in GDP Source: GoI, National Accounts Statistics and Economic Survey (Various Issues). It is because of the role of SSI in employment generation and rural development that this sector has continued to attract attention of the policy makers from the heydays of planning. The role of SSI has been production focused because of the policy makers pre-occupation with employment generation. In the era of liberalisation and WTO regime, it is the quality production and efficiency rather than mass production that matters. Promotional and protection oriented measures regarding the SSI have always targeted augmenting employment regardless of productivity of the workers. In terms of industrial safety, pollution control and labour laws, the unorganised sector is doing miserably as compared to the organised sector. The country s industrialisation process, however, still has a long way to go before the budding entrepreneurs of today get transformed into big industrialists of tomorrow. Does this mean that there is an employment-productivity trade off? The answer is no. If the underemployed and disguised unemployed in agriculture sector are taken care of by providing them adequate training, credit facility, latest technology and better environment to work, then productivity and employment can grow simultaneously. In the backdrop of the above discussion, this study reflects on some of the issues relating to labour productivity in the unorganised manufacturing sector. Huge size coupled with impressive growth in this sector is clear from Table 2. In the year , 34 lakh units were engaged in SSI activity, generating employment for 186 lakh workers and contributing Rs. 60,000 crore to exports. Contribution of SSI in all these dimensions has steadily increased. Number of units has increased from 19 lakh units in to 34 lakh units in , thus registering an average annual compound growth rate of around 6 per cent per annum. On the employment front, while it was generating employment for 125 lakh workers in , it increased to 186 lakh workers in Its contribution to exports increased from Rs. 10,000 crore to Rs. 60,000 crore during the period to Further, the SSI s share in national value added and exports is 39 per cent and 34 per cent respectively. SSI units in India produce over 8000 items and 675 items have been reserved for them, in which they can undertake production exclusively. Having a glance at the performance, contribution, size and growth of the SSI is enough to reassure the attention it deserves. But the wide range of availability of data with varying definitions makes a meaningful study difficult, though not impossible. The small scale industries are wide ranging in production lines and are also spread across vast geographical area. Thus, it has caused problems for the enumerators to enlist each one of them. According to the definition, the SSI is spread across both the organised and unorganised manufacturing. There is no criterion available on the basis of which the ASI data can be meaningfully classified to sieve the SSI part from it. Data for small scale industries in India is collected by a number of Institutions/Ministries.

3 LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 409 Table 2 Performance of Small Scale Industrial Sector Production (in Rs crores) Year No. of Units At current At Employment Exports (in lakhs) price) price) (in lakhs) (in Rs crores) (6.88) (3.1) (3.59) (43.65) (7.88) (5.6) (3.59) (28.11) (6.32) (7.1) (3.97) (42.29) (7.66) (10.1) (5.15) (14.86) (3.38) (11.4) (4.13) (25.46) (5.46) (11.32) (4.84) (7.61) (5.03) (8.43) (4.5) (13.23) (4.62) (7.7) (2.62) (10.21) (8.16) (4.03) (10.66) (4.29) $ (P) ** (4.92) (8.09) (4.0) (10.66) Note: (P) for Provisional; Figures in the parentheses give the percentage increase over the previous year; $= Revised; ** = figures are on the price at the end of January Source: Handbook of Industrial Policy and Statistics ( ). Small Industrial Development Organisation (SIDO) and National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) have provided estimates of key parameters at different points of time with varying time gaps. The data provided by SIDO suffers from serious methodological problems. Saluja (2004) points out that there are a number of limitations in the data produced by the Development Commissioner Small Scale Industries (DC-SSI). Firstly, the annual data on key parameters like number of units, production and employment at all India level may not be realistic as it is based on a mere two per cent sample of working units. Secondly, the investment limit on plant and machinery to classify an industry has undergone constant upward revision, which makes inter-temporal comparison difficult. And finally, the mortality rate of SSI is very high. Due to these problems it is difficult to rely on DC-SSI data. It is, however, plausible to argue that the unorganised sector is a better representative of SSI. There are two problems in such an argument. Firstly, some DME 1 enterprises may not come under SSI and secondly, NSSO does not classify enterprises on the basis of investment in plant and machinery. But the number of enterprises in DME sector, which may not fall under SSI, would be small as the number of enterprises in this sector itself is very low as compared to the number of enterprises in the entire unorganised manufacturing. As far as classifying SSI on the basis of investment in plant and machinery is concerned, even the DC-SSI (as mentioned above) had been altering the investment level very often for definitional purpose of SSI. Therefore, this study takes the unorganised manufacturing as a representative for SSI and the organised sector represents medium and large scale enterprises. Throughout the paper the Unorganised Manufacturing Sector (UMS) will be

4 410 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS used as synonym for SSI and Organised Manufacturing Sector (OMS) for large scale industries. For the organised sector the data has been collected from the ASI (Summary Results) Factory Sector ( ) and that of unorganised from the NSSO (56th Round, ) at current prices. The study also makes use of SIDO, National Accounts Statistics (NAS) and Economic Survey data to supplement the data of ASI and NSSO. The study attempts to present a state level analysis of SSI in terms of its structure and composition in rural and urban areas separately and for different categories of enterprises (i.e. OAME, NDME, and DME). Further, the paper works out various structural ratios at state level, which provide insight into the state of affairs of the SSI. These structural ratios are labour productivity (O/L), capital productivity (O/K), and capital-labour ratio (K/L). The paper intends to decipher the factors affecting the labour productivity and works out relative productivities, thereby, helping to compare the efficiency of small and large scale industries. The states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh are taken as undivided, that is they include Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Uttaranchal respectively. The paper is divided into seven sections. The second section is devoted to the structure of the SSI sector in the industrial sector as a whole; the third section presents the composition of the SSI sector vis-à-vis the large and medium scale sector; the fourth section deliberates on state-wise analysis of labour productivity vis-à-vis the large and medium scale sector; the fifth section explores the existence of inter-linkages between the two sectors and that of labour productivity and poverty; the sixth section tries to find out the factors affecting the labour productivity in the SSI sector as a whole and in rural and urban areas separately; and finally, the seventh section summarizes the findings of the previous sections and discusses some policy options. II. STRUCTURE OF THE UNORGANISED MANUFACTURING SECTOR This section deals with the structure of the unorganised manufacturing sector in India. It looks at the share of the unorganised manufacturing sector (UMS) in the Indian manufacturing sector as a whole (organised plus unorganised). Further, the share of UMS in the manufacturing sector is also found out at the state level for a number of variables like number of units, number of workers, gross value added, fixed capital and output. 1. All-India Level Scenario At the all-india level about 99 per cent of enterprises in the manufacturing sector account for 86 per cent of workers, 25 per cent of gross value added, 21 per cent of fixed capital and 17 per cent of the output in UMS. Table 3 shows that while the unorganised manufacturing sector continues to absorb a large chunk of labour force, its contribution to the total output and value added is not substantial. This may be attributed to the sector s smaller share in the capital stock implying that the production process in UMS is labour intensive. Within the UMS there is a preponderance of OAME in terms of number of enterprises and workers. In the OAME 68 per cent of the workers of the unorganised manufacturing are employed, contributing 42 per cent to value added whereas the DME with a share of 17 per cent of workers is contributing 33 per cent to value added. It, therefore, seems that OAME is absorbing the workers who are displaced from the agricultural sector. The analysis of UMS by location (rural and urban) adds strength to the above argument. The rural manufacturing has 92.7, 5.3 and 2.1 per cent of its units in OAME, NDME and DME respectively as compared to 70.9, 21.3 and 7.9 per cent respectively in the urban areas. 80 per cent of the workers engaged in

5 LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 411 Table 3 Percentage Share of Unorganised Manufacturing in Total Manufacturing Sector and that of Various Enterprise Types within the Unorganised Manufacturing at all-india Level for Sector Units Workers G.V.A. F.C. Output Unorganised manufacturing sector to total manufacturing sector Within unorganised manufacturing (combined) OAME NDME DME Within unorganised manufacturing (rural) OAME NDME DME Within unorganised manufacturing (urban) OAME NDME DME Note: G.V.A. = Gross Value Added; F.C. = Fixed Capital. Source: ASI (Summary Results) Factory Sector and NSS (56th Round), OAME contribute 63 per cent to the value added in rural area as compared to the DME that is contributing 23 per cent to the value added by employing 12 per cent of workers in the rural area. However, the differences are not so glaring in the urban area. The DME with 27 per cent of workforce contributes 40 per cent to value added whereas OAME contributes only 26 per cent to value added by employing 45 per cent of workers. An interesting observation is that while in the rural area the workforce and value addition in UMS come from OAME, in the urban area the same comes from NDME and DME combined. Further, the share of NDME in both workforce and value addition is considerably higher in urban area in comparison with rural area. Thus, the NDME in the urban area is growing rapidly in comparison with its counterpart in the rural area because of the ancillarisation of enterprises and the availability of infrastructure. 2. State Level Scenario All states except that of Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu have more than 99 per cent of their manufacturing sector in the unorganised sector. However, there are variations among these states in terms of other variables. West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh account for 99 per cent units and employ 90 per cent of the labour force in unorganised manufacturing but their percentage share in terms of value added is only 40 to 50 per cent and that in output of about 25 to 35 per cent, implying labour intensive production approach and the dependence of these states economy on the SSI sector. On the other hand, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan also have sizeable number of units and employment in the unorganised manufacturing, but they account for a meagre share in the total manufacturing in terms of value added (16-30 per cent) and output (10-20 per cent). The state of Jammu & Kashmir shows exceptionally high share for UMS across variables and this may be attributed to its relatively less developed manufacturing sector (see Table 4).

6 412 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS Table 4 Structure of Unorganised Manufacturing Sector across States (Unorganised Sector as a Ratio to Manufacturing Sector as a Whole) State Units Workers G.V.A F.C Output Andhra Pradesh Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal All- India Note and Source: Same as in Table 3. III. COMPOSITION OF UNORGANISED MANUFACTURING SECTOR ACROSS STATES The composition of the unorganised manufacturing sector is studied for different states, classifying the sector by different categories of enterprises (i.e. OAME, NDME and DME) and their area of operation (rural or urban) and also at the combined level for different variables. To take care of the size effect, percentage share of population (as percentage of total population in India) is also presented in the table for rural, urban and combined for different states. Looking at the composition of the UMS in terms of enterprises and the composition of population in various states at the combined level (rural plus urban) it appears that the UMS is doing well in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. This is because the percentage of enterprises set up in each of these states is more than the percentage share of population it inhabits. Further, the above six states combined together have a share of about 50 per cent of enterprises in the UMS. While Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir have most of the enterprises in the OAME sector, enterprises in Andhra Pradesh are mostly in OAME and NDME sector. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal are doing well in all the enterprise types. But Tamil Nadu has most of its enterprises in the DME sector and West Bengal s UMS is dominated by OAME sector. The composition at separate rural and urban classification does not change much from the scenario at combined level. Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal are the states that have a greater percentage share of enterprises in the rural UMS as compared to their share in India s rural population. Thus, these are the states that are performing well in terms of putting up enterprises more than proportionately to their population. Similarly, in the urban UMS, states showing better performance are Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Table 5).

7 Table 5 Percentage Share of Number of Enterprises in Unorganised Manufacturing Sector and Population in Major States Rural Urban Combined State OAME NDME DME All %Pop. OAME NDME DME All %Pop. OAME NDME DME All %Pop. Andhra Pradesh Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source: NSSO (56th Round), and Census of India (2001). LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 413

8 414 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS Comparing the number of enterprises in the organised manufacturing sector and population it is found that the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu account for higher share of enterprises relative to its population (Table 6). Further, if we take the unorganised manufacturing sector (small scale industries) and the organised manufacturing (large scale industries) it is seen that the three states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are progressively putting up relatively more enterprises. It brings forth the issue of how the states where organised manufacturing is well established proliferates the unorganised manufacturing sector. The inter-linkages between the two sectors of manufacturing and externalities provided by the organised manufacturing sector can work in favour of the unorganised manufacturing sector. The SSI in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu seem to be reaping the benefits of a well-established organised manufacturing sector. 2 Table 6 Percentage Share of Some Variables in the Organised Manufacturing Sector and Population in Major States State Number of enterprises Number of workers Percentage of population Andhra Pradesh Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source: ASI (Summary Results) Factory Sector, and Census of India (2001). The above analysis becomes more meaningful if we compare the composition of workers in the unorganised manufacturing and that of population in various states (Table 7). It is the same six states (Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) having more enterprises in proportion to their population that are found to be providing employment more than proportionately to the population of the state concerned. The percentage share of workers in UMS at combined level is more than the percentag share of population in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, though the composition differs at enterprise level. While Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Orissa are doing better in providing employment in the OAME enterprise, Karnataka has a higher share in employment in the NDME and DME enterprise type. It is only in the states of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal that the people are getting absorbed in all the enterprise types of the unorganised manufacturing sector. The composition of workers in rural-urban classification throws more light on this issue. Employment is found to be more than proportionate to its labour force in the rural unorganised

9 Table 7 Percentage Share of Number of Workers in the Unorganised Manufacturing Sector and Population in Major States Rural Urban Combined State OAME NDME DME All %Pop. OAME NDME DME All %Pop. OAME NDME DME All %Pop. Andhra Pradesh Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source: NSSO (56th Round), and Census of India (2001). LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 415

10 416 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS manufacturing sector in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. In the urban area, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal are doing particularly well in terms of providing employment. Thus, it could be deduced that employment in SSI in Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Orissa is relatively more in rural areas and in the OAME enterprise type. In Karnataka people are employed in rural areas but they are working in NDME and DME enterprise types. Tamil Nadu and West Bengal are seen to be absorbing labour in both rural and urban areas and in every enterprise type. But there is more concentration of employment in OAME enterprises and in rural area in West Bengal whereas the concentration of employment in Tamil Nadu is towards urban area and in the DME sector. Further, in the organised manufacturing sector it is found that Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu are employing more than proportionately to their share in population. A comparison of these states with the states doing well in terms of employment in the unorganised manufacturing sector brings out that the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are performing very well in both the sectors of manufacturing. 3 The policy option in such a situation would be to encourage the unemployed, especially the skilled youth, to establish small scale units and provide employment opportunities to the people in the states of Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Punjab. In these states the organised sector is well established and also employs a large number of workers. These states have a potential to generate employment in the unorganised manufacturing sector through subcontracting of product lines, ancillarisation of industries and by the transfer of technology. Finally, the structure, development and concentration (rural/urban) of UMS seem to be dependent on the overall economic development of the state as a whole and the industrial sector in particular. The UMS in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal are rural in character and concentrated in the OAME enterprises. It shows a situation of distressed occupation; that is, after getting relieved from agriculture these people have started their own business for the sake of being employed. This sector of UMS is particularly large and growing in these poor states and needs immediate attention of the policy makers. On the other hand, the UMS in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu are mostly concentrated either in the NDME or in DME or in both the sectors because of the availability of infrastructure, banking, and other facilities of a well developed township. Although it is true that to improve the existing situation there is a need for long-term planning and concrete measures, some short-term measures could be taken to enhance the labour productivity, which, in turn, can raise their living standard and work efficiency. Social security measures, imparting skills to take up these occupations willingly and not as a distressed occupation and finally, assured, timely and sufficient loans to individuals or to groups are some of the measures which once initiated will show their impact on productivity level. IV. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY, CAPITAL PRDUCTIVITY, CAPITAL INTENSITY IN THE ORGANISED AND UNORGANISED MANUFACTURING SECTORS It can be seen from Tables 8 and 9 that labour productivity in UMS is far below the OMS. Labour productivity is measured as gross value added per worker. Capital productivity is measured as the ratio of gross value added to fixed capital and capital intensity as the ratio of capital to labour. Labour productivity in organised manufacturing is Rs 3.05 lakh at the all India

11 LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 417 level whereas in unorganised manufacturing it is only Rs lakh which is a little less than one-twentieth of the OMS. Labour productivity in OMS varies from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 10 lakh as compared to UMS where it varies from Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 55,000. Table 8 Labour Productivity, Capital-Labour Ratio and Capital Productivity in the Organised Manufacturing Sector a Labour productivity Capital intensity Capital (in Rs.) (in Rs.) productivity State O/L K/L O/K Andhra Pradesh (16) (14) (11) Bihar (9) (6) (15) Goa (2) (2) (1) Gujarat (5) (3) (16) Haryana (8) (11) (7) Himachal Pradesh (3) (5) (10) Jammu & Kashmir (17) (17) (4) Karnataka (11) (10) (13) Kerala (14) (16) (3) Madhya Pradesh (6) (8) (8) Maharashtra (4) (7) (5) Orissa (10) (4) (17) Punjab (13) (15) (1) Rajasthan (7) (9) (9) Tamil Nadu (12) (12) (6) Uttar Pradesh (1) (1) (14) West Bengal (15) (13) (12) All-India Note: a. Figures in the parentheses represent rank of the state. Source: ASI (Summary Results) Factory Sector, From Table 9 it can be seen that Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Maharastra and Gujarat are the top five states in terms of labour productivity. An apparent reason for these states having higher labour productivity is that UMS in these states are highly capital intensive. Further, the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, which show very

12 418 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS low labour productivity, are the less capital intensive (or labour intensive) states. Thus, the more capital intensive UMS of a state is, the more productive its labour becomes. In the unorganised manufacturing sector, Table 9 shows that Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana, and Maharastra have the highest labour productivity of more than Rs. 25,000 followed by the states like Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir and Rajasthan having labour productivity in the range of Rs. 20,000 to 25,000. Kerala and Tamil Nadu also have higher labour productivity as compared to the all India average. The remaining states have lower productivity with Orissa being the lowest at only Rs which is even less than one fifth of Punjab. At enterprise level, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat and Rajasthan are the states, which have higher labour productivity in OAME enterprise type. But states of Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Maharastra and Jammu & Kashmir have higher labour productivity in the NDME enterprise. In case of DME sector Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Punjab, Maharashtra, and Jammu & Kashmir have higher labour productivity. Orissa is having the lowest labour productivity in all types of enterprises. If we look at the rural-urban classification in labour productivity it is seen that labour productivity is higher in urban areas as compared to rural areas in all the three types of enterprises across the states, barring a few exceptions. In rural areas, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir and Haryana have the highest labour productivity, whereas in the urban area it is the states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat that are at the top. However, labour productivity is lowest in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh with Orissa at the bottom in both rural and urban area. Capital productivity in the unorganised industries as a whole is higher (0.58) than that of organised industries (0.45). It is because in UMS the stock of fixed capital is far smaller in comparison with that of OMS. The states showing capital productivity of nearly one and over are Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal and these are also the states with lower labour productivity. It becomes clearer if we look at the relative ranking of these states. While West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar rank first, second and third in terms of capital productivity, their rank in terms of labour productivity is fourteenth, seventeenth and thirteenth respectively out of the seventeen states considered under this study. Further, the states of Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh which rank seventeenth, sixteenth and fifteenth in terms of capital productivity correspondingly rank third, first and fifth in terms of labour productivity. In comparison with rural areas, urban areas have lower capital productivity across states and in all enterprises (Table 10). In the OMS the capital intensity is Rs lakh per worker and in UMS it is only Rs. 27,000 per worker. The variation in capital intensity in OMS is from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 28 lakh and in the UMS it varies between Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 1 lakh (Tables 10 and 11). Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh are highly capital intensive in the UMS. But Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh show labour intensiveness in their production process as shown from their ranking with Orissa ranking last among all the states. Further, the urban area, as expected, is more capital intensive than the rural area in all enterprises across states. For each state, relative labour and capital productivities are obtained by dividing labour and capital productivities in unorganised manufacturing units by those in the organised manufacturing units. It is seen from Table 12, that the relative labour productivity is less than unity in all states. It implies that the labour productivity in the unorganised manufacturing is less than that in organised manufacturing. On the other hand, relative capital productivity is greater than unity, that is capital productivity in unorganised manufacturing is higher as compared to organised manufacturing in ten states. Further, relative capital productivity exceeds relative

13 Table 9 Labour Productivity (in Rs.) by Enterprise Type in Major States in the UMS a Rural Urban Combined State OAME NDME DME All OAME NDME DME All OAME NDME DME All Andhra Pradesh (13) (16) (15) (15) (11) (14) (14) (15) (12) (16) (14) (15) Bihar (9) (10) (6) (11) (8) (11) (16) (13) (9) (12) (10) (13) Goa (15) (2) (2) (7) (12) (8) (2) (6) (15) (7) (2) (6) Gujarat (5) (5) (10) (6) (4) (3) (7) (3) (4) (2) (8) (2) Haryana (2) (6) (9) (3) (3) (9) (4) (5) (1) (8) (4) (3) Himachal Pradesh (7) (1) (1) (4) (1) (1) (1) (1) (7) (1) (1) (5) Jammu & Kashmir (1) (3) (5) (2) (5) (7) (6) (10) (2) (5) (7) (7) Karnataka (10) (11) (16) (12) (10) (10) (11) (11) (10) (11) (16) (11) Kerala (8) (9) (8) (8) (9) (4) (12) (7) (8) (9) (12) (9) Madhya Pradesh (16) (12) (17) (16) (16) (16) (9) (16) (16) (13) (13) (16) Maharashtra (6) (8) (11) (9) (7) (5) (5) (4) (6) (4) (5) (4) Orissa (17) (17) (14) (17) (17) (15) (17) (17) (17) (17) (17) (17) Punjab (4) (7) (3) (1) (2) (2) (3) (2) (3) (3) (3) (1) Rajasthan (3) (4) (4) (5) (6) (6) (8) (8) (5) (6) (6) (8) Tamil Nadu (11) (13) (12) (10) (15) (12) (10) (9) (11) (10) (9) (10) Uttar Pradesh (14) (15) (13) (14) (13) (13) (15) (14) (13) (14) (15) (12) West Bengal (12) (14) (7) (13) (14) (17) (13) (12) (14) (15) (11) (14) All-India Note: a. Figures in the parentheses represent rank of the state (i.e. Rank 1 represents state with highest labour productivity). Source: NSSO (56th Round), LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 419

14 Table 10 Capital Productivity by Enterprise Type in Major States b Rural Urban Combined State OAME NDME DME All OAME NDME DME All OAME NDME DME All Andhra Pradesh (5) (9) (8) (7) (5) (4) (5) (3) (5) (5) (4) (5) Bihar (4) (2) (1) (3) (1) (1) (2) (1) (4) (1) (1) (3) Goa (17) (12) (14) (15) (13) (16) (3) (12) (16) (12) (9) (14) Gujarat (7) (7) (5) (5) (10) (6) (4) (7) (11) (8) (5) (9) Haryana (16) (17) (14) (17) (17) (17) (16) (17) (17) (17) (16) (17) Himachal Pradesh (15) (14) (16) (15) (15) (11) (13) (15) (15) (10) (15) (15) Jammu & Kashmir (3) (9) (10) (4) (4) (14) (14) (7) (3) (14) (10) (4) Karnataka (8) (3) (7) (6) (6) (9) (14) (9) (6) (3) (12) (7) Kerala (14) (13) (12) (13) (8) (3) (9) (5) (9) (4) (10) (10) Madhya Pradesh (6) (5) (6) (7) (9) (10) (8) (10) (7) (11) (8) (7) Maharashtra (9) (6) (13) (11) (13) (13) (10) (14) (13) (15) (13) (13) Orissa (2) (15) (4) (2) (3) (7) (6) (4) (2) (9) (3) (2) Punjab (11) (16) (17) (14) (15) (15) (16) (16) (14) (16) (16) (16) Rajasthan (13) (4) (3) (9) (12) (7) (10) (11) (11) (7) (7) (11) Tamil Nadu (10) (11) (11) (12) (10) (11) (12) (12) (10) (12) (13) (12) Uttar Pradesh (12) (8) (9) (10) (7) (5) (6) (6) (8) (6) (6) (6) West Bengal (1) (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (1) All-India Note: b. figures in the parentheses represent rank of the state (i.e. Rank 1 represents state with highest capital productivity). Source: NSSO (56th Round), THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS

15 Table 11 Capital-Labour Ratio (in Rs.) by Enterprise Type in Seventeen Major States c Rural Urban Combined State OAME NDME DME All OAME NDME DME All OAME NDME DME All Andhra Pradesh (14) (14) (12) (13) (14) (15) (14) (14) (14) (15) (14) (14) Bihar (13) (16) (13) (14) (15) (16) (16) (17) (15) (16) (17) (15) Goa (5) (3) (2) (4) (7) (3) (7) (5) (7) (7) (4) (6) Gujarat (8) (6) (11) (8) (4) (7) (11) (6) (3) (6) (10) (4) Haryana (1) (2) (4) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (3) (1) Himachal Pradesh (3) (1) (1) (2) (1) (4) (3) (3) (6) (4) (2) (5) Jammu & Kashmir (9) (5) (7) (9) (10) (6) (4) (11) (9) (5) (6) (10) Karnataka (11) (15) (16) (12) (11) (11) (6) (10) (11) (12) (12) (11) Kerala (6) (9) (5) (5) (8) (10) (12) (8) (8) (11) (9) (9) Madhya Pradesh (15) (12) (17) (15) (13) (12) (10) (12) (13) (10) (11) (13) Maharashtra (7) (8) (6) (7) (5) (5) (5) (4) (5) (3) (5) (3) Orissa (17) (11) (15) (17) (17) (13) (15) (15) (17) (14) (16) (17) Punjab (4) (4) (3) (3) (3) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2) Rajasthan (2) (7) (9) (6) (6) (8) (8) (7) (4) (8) (7) (7) Tamil Nadu (10) (10) (8) (10) (9) (9) (9) (9) (10) (9) (8) (8) Uttar Pradesh (12) (13) (10) (11) (12) (14) (13) (13) (12) (13) (13) (12) West Bengal (16) (17) (14) (16) (16) (17) (17) (16) (16) (17) (15) (16) All-India Note: c. Figures in the parentheses represent rank of the state (i.e. Rank 1 represents state with highest capital-labour ratio). Source: NSSO (56th Round), LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 421

16 422 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS labour productivity, in almost all cases. The states have been classified into three sub-groups of low, medium and high relative labour productivity (Table 13). The states of Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh fall in low relative labour productivity, that is labour productivity in the unorganised sector is far less than that of labour productivity in organised sector. On the other hand, states of Punjab, Kerala, and Jammu & Kashmir fall under the category of high relative labour productivity; that is, the labour productivity in the unorganised sector is lower than the organised sector, but the gap is relatively small. Table 12 Relative Labour and Capital Productivities (Ratio of Productivities in Unorganised and Organised Manufacturing) State Relative labour productivity Relative capital productivity Andhra Pradesh Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source: NSSO (56th Round) and ASI (SR) Factory Sector, Table 13 Classification of States Based on Their Relative Productivities Relative labour productivity range States Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, (Low) Orissa and Uttar Pradeh Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, (Medium) Maharastra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Union Territories and North Eastern States and above Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala and Punjab. (High) Source: Same as for Table 12. From the foregoing analysis it is clear that unorganised manufacturing industries, in comparison with organised manufacturing industries, generally have low labour productivity, high capital productivity and low capital intensity. These findings are in consonance with the findings of Goldar (1988). In the SSI sector, the states with higher capital intensity are found to have lower capital productivity but higher labour productivity. Whereas states that are labour intensive in their production process in the UMS sector have higher capital productivity and

17 LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 423 lower labour productivity. It may be said, therefore, that labour productivity varies directly with capital intensity and inversely with capital productivity. Although these are only partial productivities, which cannot give the entire productivity scenario, yet they act as important indicators. V. EXPLORING SOME INTER-LINKAGES It is apparent from the above discussion that the states where organised manufacturing is well established, the unorganised manufacturing proliferates in every respect. It shows that the externalities of an established organised sector are working in favour of UMS in these states. Also, the states where the UMS are heavily concentrated provide them the extra advantage of working in cluster and as a result they do well in terms of value addition. To lend strength to this argument rank correlation between organised and unorganised manufacturing sector (in terms of number of enterprises) has been calculated to establish inter-linkages between organised and unorganised manufacturing sector. It has been found that there exists a positive and significant correlation of 0.6 between the two sectors (See Table 14). Rank correlation between the organised and urban unorganised manufacturing shows a similar trend as rho is equal to Hence, the presence of strong inter-linkages between the two sectors is evident. On the other hand, the inter-linkages do not exist between rural unorganised and organised manufacturing sector as rank correlation between them is weak at 0.37, which is insignificant. However, there is a positive and significant correlation between rural and urban unorganised manufacturing. From the above findings it follows that the rural unorganised industries are lacking in terms of credit facility, infrastructural advantage, and technological know-how, and therefore, they are not able to reap the benefits of externalities from the organised sector. There are glaring differences in the scale and mode of production between organised and rural unorganised industries. To bridge this yawning infrastructure gap, extending some urban amenities in the rural areas seems indispensable. Table 14 Rank Correlation between Organised and Unorganised Manufacturing (In Terms of Number of Enterprises) A Search for Inter-linkages Rank correlation between Correlation coefficient (RHO) Organised and unorganised manufacturing 0.600** Organised and rural unorganised manufacturing Organised and urban unorganised manufacturing 0.867** Rural unorganised and urban unorganised 0.619** Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Source: NSSO (56th Round) and ASI (SR) Factory Sector, Mitra (1998) using state level data did not find any distinct positive association between informal sector employment and incidence of poverty. However, from the discussion so far, it emerges that relatively poorer states show low levels of labour productivity whereas economically better off states are doing well in terms of productivity. To verify these findings Rank correlation between labour productivity and poverty ratios at state level has been worked out (see Table 14). It is found that a negative and significant correlation of 0.56 exists between labour productivity and poverty which means higher labour productivity does lead to poverty reduction. To pull these people out from below the poverty line, productivity in these enterprises must

18 424 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS increase. Further, a negative and significant correlation exists between labour productivity and rural as well as urban poverty. Therefore, besides upgradation of technology, policy measures pertaining to job security, minimum wages, etc. applicable in organised sector can have a positive bearing on labour productivity if applied to the unorganised manufacturing sector, which in turn could be instrumental in poverty reduction. Table 14 Rank Correlation between Labour Productivity and Poverty Rank correlation between Correlation coefficient (RHO) Labour productivity and poverty (Combined) * Labour productivity and poverty (Rural) * Labour productivity and poverty (Urban) ** Note: *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed); **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed). Source: NSSO (56th Round), and GoI ( ). VI. CORRELATES OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE UNORGANISED MANUFACTURING SECTOR Correlation exercise has been performed to ascertain the factors that tend to have an impact on labour productivity favourably or unfavaourably. The results of the correlation exercise are presented in Table 15. Labour productivity is found to be positively and significantly correlated with the size of the enterprise defined as gross value added per enterprise and fixed capital per enterprise. It means that as size increases, labour productivity goes up and capital-intensive production process enhances efficiency of the labour force. Although outstanding loans and percentage of enterprises working under contract are not significantly related yet they show a positive relationship with labour productivity. The correlation between employment per enterprise and labour productivity is very low and insignificant, thereby, indicating the presence of disguised unemployment in the unorganised manufacturing sector. However, meaningful inference can be drawn only after looking at the relationship between the two segments separately; that is for the rural and urban areas. Further, fixed capital per enterprise has positive and significant correlation with gross value added per enterprise. The correlation exercise has also been performed for rural and urban areas separately (Table 15, Panel b and c). In the rural area correlation coefficient between labour productivity and size of enterprise is positive and significant, showing a direct relationship between size and labour productivity. On the other hand, employment per enterprise is negatively correlated with labour productivity at 5 per cent level of significance. It implies that in the rural areas the unorganised manufacturing sector is employing workers whose marginal productivity is insignificant. As argued earlier, it is because a lot of workers are absorbed in OAME enterprise in rural areas as an alternative occupation to agriculture for the sake of employment. Further, it is seen that labour productivity is positively and significantly correlated with fixed capital per enterprise. Thus, it can be inferred that there is a need for increasing investment per enterprise, which in turn can lead to increase in labour productivity. In the urban area, labour productivity is positively and significantly correlated with size of enterprise, outstanding loans per enterprise (i.e. availability of banking facilities), employment per enterprise and fixed capital per enterprise. It is an interesting situation where if we increase the scale of operation by increasing both employment and fixed capital per enterprise there is

FOREWORD. Shri A.B. Chakraborty, Officer-in-charge, and Dr.Goutam Chatterjee, Adviser, provided guidance in bringing out the publication.

FOREWORD. Shri A.B. Chakraborty, Officer-in-charge, and Dr.Goutam Chatterjee, Adviser, provided guidance in bringing out the publication. FOREWORD The publication, Basic Statistical Returns of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India, provides granular data on a number of key parameters of banks. The information is collected from bank branches

More information

Banking Sector Liberalization in India: Some Disturbing Trends

Banking Sector Liberalization in India: Some Disturbing Trends SPECIAL REPORT Banking Sector Liberalization in India: Some Disturbing Trends Kavaljit Singh In the first week of August 2005, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), country s central bank, issued a list of 391

More information

In the estimation of the State level subsidies, the interest rates that have been

In the estimation of the State level subsidies, the interest rates that have been Subsidies of the State Governments s ubsidies provided by the State governments have been estimated for 15 major States for 1993-94. As explained earlier, the major data source is the Finance Accounts

More information

IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 9 ISSN:

IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 9 ISSN: REGIONAL DISPARITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT DR.S.GANDHIMATHI* DR.P.AMBIGADEVI** V.SHOBANA*** _ ABSTRACT The Eleventh Five year plan makes specific focus on the inclusive growth of the

More information

Employment and Inequalities

Employment and Inequalities Employment and Inequalities Preet Rustagi Professor, IHD, New Delhi. Round Table on Addressing Economic Inequality in India Bengaluru, 8 th January 2015 Introduction the context Impressive GDP growth over

More information

POPULATION PROJECTIONS Figures Maps Tables/Statements Notes

POPULATION PROJECTIONS Figures Maps Tables/Statements Notes 8 POPULATION PROJECTIONS Figures Maps Tables/Statements 8 Population projections It is of interest to examine the variation of the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011 with the figures projected

More information

Indian Regional Rural Banks Growth and Performance

Indian Regional Rural Banks Growth and Performance Indian Regional Rural Banks Growth and Performance Syed Mahammad Ghouse ghouse.marium@gmail.com Narayana Reddy tnreddy.jntua@gmail JNTU College of Engineering Regional rural Banks play a vital role for

More information

IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN:

IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: Liberalisation and Job Creation in Unorganised Manufacturing Sector of India Dr. Neeru Garg* _ Abstract: The unorganised manufacturing sector has been a major sector in the Indian economy, which provides

More information

Trends and Structure of Employment and Productivity in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector of India in Post-reform Period

Trends and Structure of Employment and Productivity in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector of India in Post-reform Period Trends and Structure of Employment and Productivity in Unorganized Manufacturing Secr of India in Post-reform Period Anupama Uppal (Punjabi University, India) Paper prepared for the 34 th IARIW General

More information

Dependence of States on Central Transfers: State-wise Analysis

Dependence of States on Central Transfers: State-wise Analysis Dependence of States on Central : State-wise Analysis C. Bhujanga Rao and D. K. Srivastava Working Paper No. 2014-137 May 2014 National Institute of Public Finance and Policy New Delhi http://www.nipfp.org.in

More information

Forthcoming in Yojana, May Composite Development Index: An Explanatory Note

Forthcoming in Yojana, May Composite Development Index: An Explanatory Note 1. Introduction Forthcoming in Yojana, May 2014 Composite Development Index: An Explanatory Note Bharat Ramaswami Economics & Planning Unit Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi Centre In May 2013, the Government

More information

Chapter 12 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

Chapter 12 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Chapter 12 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT INTRODUCTION No doubt Punjab has made tremendous progress since independence and has been a leading state in per capita income and food production in the country. However,

More information

Dr. Najmi Shabbir Lecturer Shia P.G. College, Lucknow

Dr. Najmi Shabbir Lecturer Shia P.G. College, Lucknow Banking Development after Nationalization and Social Control in India (1967 To 1991) Dr. Najmi Shabbir Lecturer Shia P.G. College, Lucknow Abstract: This paper mainly analyses the impact of Nationalisation

More information

REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT, 1961 FOR THE YEAR 2010

REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT, 1961 FOR THE YEAR 2010 REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT, 1961 FOR THE YEAR 2010 1. Scope and Objective 1.1 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 extends to the whole of the Indian Union and applies to every factory,

More information

Bihar: What is holding back growth in Bihar? Bihar Development Strategy Workshop, Patna. June 18

Bihar: What is holding back growth in Bihar? Bihar Development Strategy Workshop, Patna. June 18 Bihar: What is holding back growth in Bihar? Bihar Development Strategy Workshop, Patna. June 18 Ejaz Ghani World Bank. Structure of Presentation How does Bihar compare with other states? What is constraining

More information

Study-IQ education, All rights reserved

Study-IQ education, All rights reserved Copyright @ Study-IQ education, All rights reserved TIRELESSSOUL GauravGarg888 Q1) The File cover chosen for 2018 economic survey report was pink because A) To support human rights B) To highlight gender

More information

UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG SC's AND ST's IN INDIA: NEED FOR SPECIAL CARE

UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG SC's AND ST's IN INDIA: NEED FOR SPECIAL CARE UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG SC's AND ST's IN INDIA: NEED FOR SPECIAL CARE Shivanna T 1 Dr. Ravindranath N.Kadam 2 1 Research Scholar Dept. of Studies and Research in Economics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta,

More information

Creating Jobs in India s Organised Manufacturing Sector

Creating Jobs in India s Organised Manufacturing Sector Creating Jobs in India s Organised Manufacturing Sector Come, Make in India. Sell anywhere but come and manufacture here. Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, 15 th August, 2014 Stagnant Contribution of the

More information

ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION

ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION 270 ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION ABSTRACT DR. BIMAL ANJUM*; RAJESHTIWARI** *Professor and Head, Department of Business Administration, RIMT-IET, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab. **Assistant

More information

ECONOMIC REFORMS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR AN INTERSTATE ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC REFORMS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR AN INTERSTATE ANALYSIS Chapter IV ECONOMIC REFORMS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR AN INTERSTATE ANALYSIS The basic objective of economic reforms was to improve productivity growth and competitiveness in

More information

CHAPTER - 4 MEASUREMENT OF INCOME INEQUALITY BY GINI, MODIFIED GINI COEFFICIENT AND OTHER METHODS.

CHAPTER - 4 MEASUREMENT OF INCOME INEQUALITY BY GINI, MODIFIED GINI COEFFICIENT AND OTHER METHODS. CHAPTER - 4 MEASUREMENT OF INCOME INEQUALITY BY GINI, MODIFIED GINI COEFFICIENT AND OTHER METHODS. CHAPTER-4. MESUREMENT OF INCOME INEQUALITY BY GINI, MODIFIED GINI COEFFICIENT AND OTHER METHODS 4.1 Income

More information

Trends and Structure of Employment and Productivity in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector of India in Post-reform Period

Trends and Structure of Employment and Productivity in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector of India in Post-reform Period Trends and Structure of Employment and Productivity in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector of India in Post-reform Period Author: Anupama Uppal Discussant: Deb Kusum Das Summary Introduction Data and Method

More information

Note on ICP-CPI Synergies: an Indian Perspective and Experience

Note on ICP-CPI Synergies: an Indian Perspective and Experience 2 nd Meeting of the Country Operational Guidelines Task Force March 12, 2018 World Bank, Washington, DC Note on ICP-CPI Synergies: an Indian Perspective and Experience 1. Meaning and Scope 1.1 International

More information

State level fiscal policy choices and their impacts

State level fiscal policy choices and their impacts State level fiscal policy choices and their impacts Analysis using a regional social accounting matrix for India, 2011-12 A. Ganesh-Kumar 1 and Manoj Panda 2 1 Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development

More information

Impact of VAT in Central and State Finances. An Assessment

Impact of VAT in Central and State Finances. An Assessment Impact of VAT in Central and State Finances An Assessment R. Kavita Rao Fellow, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi 1. Introduction After the 1994 report on the Reform of Domestic

More information

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Status of Urban Co-Operative Banks in India

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Status of Urban Co-Operative Banks in India Status of Urban Co-Operative Banks in India Siddhartha S Vishwam 1, Dr. B. S. Chandrashekar 2 1 Research Scholar, DOS in Economics and Co-operation, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 2 Assistant

More information

Analysis of State Budgets :

Analysis of State Budgets : Analysis of State Budgets 2017-18: Emerging Issues policy brief on state finances 2017 Pinaki Chakraborty Manish Gupta Lekha Chakraborty Amandeep Kaur 1 Introduction While the Union Government finances

More information

Total Sanitation Campaign GOI,

Total Sanitation Campaign GOI, Total Sanitation Campaign GOI, 2012-13 Launched in 1999, the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is the Government of India's (GOI) flagship programme for providing universal access to sanitation facilities.

More information

Inclusive Development in Bihar: The Role of Fiscal Policy. M. Govinda Rao

Inclusive Development in Bihar: The Role of Fiscal Policy. M. Govinda Rao Inclusive Development in Bihar: The Role of Fiscal Policy M. Govinda Rao Introduction Fiscal policy is a means to achieving inclusive growth. Despite impressive growth performance, uneven regional spread.

More information

JOINT STOCK COMPANIES

JOINT STOCK COMPANIES This section contains statistics relating to joint stock companies which are based on returns received from Registrars of Joint Stock Companies. Tables 25.1 (A) (B) to 25.4 These tables present data regarding

More information

STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT

STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT CHAPTER 4 STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT The State Domestic Product (SDP) commonly known as State Income is one of the important indicators to measure the economic development of the State. In the context of planned

More information

Performance of RRBs Before and after Amalgamation

Performance of RRBs Before and after Amalgamation Performance of RRBs Before and after Amalgamation DR. MINAXI M. JARIWALA Lecturer, Vivekanand College for B.Ed. Gujarat (India) DR. MARTINA R. NORONHA Vice-Principle S.P.B. English Medium College of Commerce

More information

Issues in Health Care Financing and Provision in India. Peter Berman The World Bank New Delhi

Issues in Health Care Financing and Provision in India. Peter Berman The World Bank New Delhi Issues in Health Care Financing and Provision in India Peter Berman The World Bank New Delhi Financing and Provision of Health Care: Some Introductory Concepts Consider whole system Government and non-government,

More information

State Government Borrowing: April September 2015

State Government Borrowing: April September 2015 November 5, 2015 Economics State Government Borrowing: April September 2015 State Development Loans (SDL) are debt issued by state governments to fund their fiscal deficit. States in India like the centre,

More information

1,07,758 cr GoI allocations for Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in FY

1,07,758 cr GoI allocations for Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in FY BUDGET BRIEFS Vol 10/ Issue 8 Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Gramin (PMAY G) GoI, 2017-18 Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY - G) ) is Government of India s (GoI) flagship Housing for All scheme.

More information

Growth of Unorganized Manufacturing Sector in India Analysis of National Sample Survey Studies

Growth of Unorganized Manufacturing Sector in India Analysis of National Sample Survey Studies IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-issn: 2278-487X, p-issn: 2319-7668. Volume 18, Issue 11. Ver. II (November. 2016), PP 01-07 www.iosrjournals.org Growth of Unorganized Manufacturing

More information

TAMILNADU STATE FINANCES

TAMILNADU STATE FINANCES TAMILNADU STATE FINANCES Prof.K.R.Shanmugam 1 Dr.G.S.Ganesh Prasad 2 Dr. L. Venkatachalam 3 Report Submitted to The Fourteenth Finance Commission, New Delhi MADRAS INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Chennai

More information

14 th Finance Commission: Review and Outcomes. Economics. February 25, 2015

14 th Finance Commission: Review and Outcomes. Economics. February 25, 2015 February 25, 2015 Economics 14 th Finance Commission: Review and Outcomes The 14th Finance Commission (FFC) was constituted on 2nd January, 2013 and submitted its report on 15 th December, 2014. The recommendations

More information

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RURAL LABOUR MARKET AND EMPLOYMENT IN POST REFORM INDIA

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RURAL LABOUR MARKET AND EMPLOYMENT IN POST REFORM INDIA Research Paper IC Value 2016 : 61.33 SJIF Impact Factor(2017) : 7.144 ISI Impact Factor (2013): 1.259(Dubai) UGC J No :47335 Volume - 6, Issue- 1,January 2018 e-issn : 2347-9671 p- ISSN : 2349-0187 EPRA

More information

West Bengal Budget Analysis

West Bengal Budget Analysis 0.3% 3. 2.3% 6.4% 5.9% 8.8% 8. 8. 11.4% 10.2% 11. 15. West Bengal Budget Analysis The Finance Minister of West Bengal, Dr. Amit Mitra presented the Budget for financial year on January 31, 2018. Budget

More information

Labour Regulations: Coverage in North East India

Labour Regulations: Coverage in North East India Labour Regulations: Coverage in North East India Jesim Pais Institute for Studies in Industrial Development New Delhi Presentation at the Conference on India s Look East Policy Challenges for Sub-Regional

More information

Post and Telecommunications

Post and Telecommunications Post and Telecommunications This section presents operating and financial data relating to the different branches of the Department of Posts including the Post Office Savings Banks. It comprises statistics

More information

INDICATORS DATA SOURCE REMARKS Demographics. Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

INDICATORS DATA SOURCE REMARKS Demographics. Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Public Disclosure Authorized Technical Demographics Public Disclosure Authorized Population Urban Share Child Sex Ratio Adults Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Population

More information

Employment and Unemployment Scenario of Jammu and Kashmir

Employment and Unemployment Scenario of Jammu and Kashmir 2015 IJSRST Volume 1 Issue 3 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science Employment and Unemployment Scenario of Jammu and Kashmir Aasif Hussain Nengroo Assistant Professor Department

More information

The Critical Role of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises in Employment Generation: An Indian Experience

The Critical Role of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises in Employment Generation: An Indian Experience Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 24; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Critical Role of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises in Employment Generation:

More information

Microfinance Industry Penetration in India: A State - wise Analysis in Context of Micro Credit

Microfinance Industry Penetration in India: A State - wise Analysis in Context of Micro Credit 24 Microfinance Industry Penetration in India: A State - wise Analysis in Context of Micro Credit Laxmi Devi, Assistant Professor, Gargi College, University of Delhi Umed Yadav, Student, Dept. of Commerce,

More information

Creating Jobs in Manufacturing

Creating Jobs in Manufacturing Creating Jobs in Bishwanath Goldar Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi For the 70-80 million youth who will enter the labour market in the next ten years, the creation of a large number of industrial jobs

More information

POVERTY TRENDS IN INDIA: A STATE WISE ANALYSIS. Kailasam Guduri. M.A. Economics. Kakatiya University

POVERTY TRENDS IN INDIA: A STATE WISE ANALYSIS. Kailasam Guduri. M.A. Economics. Kakatiya University Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org, pp. 348~355 POVERTY TRENDS IN INDIA: A STATE WISE ANALYSIS Abstract Kailasam Guduri M.A. Economics Kakatiya University First Millennium Development Goal (MDG

More information

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY IN INDIA: AN INTER STATE ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY IN INDIA: AN INTER STATE ANALYSIS International Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 4, No. 2 (July-December, 2011): 343-356 International Science Press ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY IN INDIA: AN INTER STATE ANALYSIS MANJIT SINGH Lecturer

More information

CHAPTER VII INTER STATE COMPARISON OF REVENUE FROM TAXES ON INCOME

CHAPTER VII INTER STATE COMPARISON OF REVENUE FROM TAXES ON INCOME CHAPTER VII INTER STATE COMPARISON OF REVENUE FROM TAXES ON INCOME In this chapter we discuss the growth of total revenue from taxes on income. We also examine the growth of revenue from agricultural income

More information

POVERTY ESTIMATES IN INDIA: SOME KEY ISSUES

POVERTY ESTIMATES IN INDIA: SOME KEY ISSUES ERD Working Paper No. 51 POVERTY ESTIMATES IN INDIA: SOME KEY ISSUES SAVITA SHARMA May 2004 Savita Sharma is Director of the Perspective Planning Division, Planning Commission, India. This paper was prepared

More information

Informality in the Formal Sector Evidence from India s manufacturing sector. Radhicka Kapoor and P.P. Krishnapriya May 11, 2018

Informality in the Formal Sector Evidence from India s manufacturing sector. Radhicka Kapoor and P.P. Krishnapriya May 11, 2018 Informality in the Formal Sector Evidence from India s manufacturing sector Radhicka Kapoor and P.P. Krishnapriya May 11, 2018 Dualism India s manufacturing sector is characterized by its dualistic structure

More information

TRENDS IN SOCIAL SECTOR EXPENDITURE - AN INTER STATE COMPARISON

TRENDS IN SOCIAL SECTOR EXPENDITURE - AN INTER STATE COMPARISON TRENDS IN SOCIAL SECTOR EXPENDITURE - AN INTER STATE COMPARISON Mercy W.J Social sector public outlay and social development An inter state comparison Thesis. Department of Economics, Dr. John Matthai

More information

Social Security Provisioning in Bihar: A Case for Universal Old Age Pension

Social Security Provisioning in Bihar: A Case for Universal Old Age Pension Social Security Provisioning in Bihar: A Case for Universal Old Age Pension First Author: Dr. Manjur Ali (Research Officer) Second Author: Nilachala Acharya Authors Organisation: Centre for Budget and

More information

GST Concept and Design

GST Concept and Design GST Concept and Design GST Understanding from the First discussion paper released by the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers on November 10, 2009 1 Understanding GST Brief History Need for GST

More information

79,686 cr GoI allocations for the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) in FY

79,686 cr GoI allocations for the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) in FY BUDGET BRIEFS Vol 10/ Issue 1 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) GoI, 2017-18 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is the Government of India s (GoI) flagship elementary education programme. Launched in 2001, it aims

More information

CHAPTER FOUR PROFILING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN ASSAM: EVIDENCE FROM SECONDARY LEVEL DATA

CHAPTER FOUR PROFILING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN ASSAM: EVIDENCE FROM SECONDARY LEVEL DATA CHAPTER FOUR PROFILING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN ASSAM: EVIDENCE FROM SECONDARY LEVEL DATA 4.1 This chapter makes an attempt to present a brief profile of financial inclusion in Assam, especially rural Assam

More information

Financial Inclusion: Role of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna and Progress in India

Financial Inclusion: Role of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna and Progress in India Financial Inclusion: Role of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna and Progress in India Pramahender 1, Narender Singh 2 1 (Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra) 2 (Chairperson,

More information

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, GOI

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, GOI Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, GOI 2012-13 The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is the Government of India's (GOI) flagship elementary education programme. Launched in 2001, it aims to provide universal primary education

More information

CHAPTER-3 DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIA

CHAPTER-3 DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIA CHAPTER-3 DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIA Indian economy has changed a lot over the past 60 years. Over the next 40 years the changes could be dramatic. Using the latest demographic projection

More information

Karnataka Budget Analysis

Karnataka Budget Analysis -4. 3. 8.9% 7.7% 8.6% 7. 8. 10.3% 14. 19.7% 19.8% 15. 13.4% 13.6% 13.4% 11.8% 11. 11.8% 12. 17.4% Karnataka Budget Analysis The Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Mr. H. D. Kumaraswamy presented the

More information

Micro Finance and Poverty Alleviation: An Analysis with SHGS Contribution

Micro Finance and Poverty Alleviation: An Analysis with SHGS Contribution Micro Finance and Poverty Alleviation: An Analysis with SHGS Contribution P.BALAMURUGAN Research Staff, ICSSR Sponsored Major Research Project, Gobi Arts & Science College, Gobichettipalayam Tamil Nadu

More information

THE INDIAN HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS LANDSCAPE

THE INDIAN HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS LANDSCAPE THE INDIAN HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS LANDSCAPE Cristian Badarinza National University of Singapore Vimal Balasubramaniam University of Oxford Tarun Ramadorai University of Oxford, CEPR and NCAER July 2016 Savings

More information

Did Gujarat s Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi? Maitreesh Ghatak. Sanchari Roy. April 7, 2014.

Did Gujarat s Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi? Maitreesh Ghatak. Sanchari Roy. April 7, 2014. Did Gujarat s Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi? Maitreesh Ghatak Sanchari Roy April 7, 2014. The Gujarat economic model under Narendra Modi continues to dominate the media and public discussions as the

More information

Mending Power Sector Finances PPP as the Way Forward. Energy Market Forum

Mending Power Sector Finances PPP as the Way Forward. Energy Market Forum Mending Power Sector Finances PPP as the Way Forward Energy Market Forum AF Mercados EMI 11 th February 2011 Structure of the Presentation Current Status of Power Sector Generation Transmission Distribution

More information

1,14,915 cr GoI allocations for Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in FY

1,14,915 cr GoI allocations for Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in FY BUDGET BRIEFS Vol 1/ Issue 9 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), GoI, 218-19 HIGHLIGHTS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is a flagship

More information

Two Decades of Geographical Targeting in Food Distribution: Drawing Lessons from an Indian State

Two Decades of Geographical Targeting in Food Distribution: Drawing Lessons from an Indian State Global Conference on Prosperity, Equality and Sustainability Perspective and Policies for a Better World Two Decades of Geographical Targeting in Food Distribution: Drawing Lessons from an Indian State

More information

Measuring Outreach of Microfinance in India Towards A Comprehensive Index

Measuring Outreach of Microfinance in India Towards A Comprehensive Index From the SelectedWorks of Dr. Arindam Laha January, 2012 Measuring Outreach of Microfinance in India Towards A Comprehensive Index Dr. Arindam Laha Prof. Pravat Kumar Kuri Available at: https://works.bepress.com/arindam_laha/8/

More information

CHAPTER IV INTER STATE COMPARISON OF TOTAL REVENUE. and its components namely, tax revenue and non-tax revenue. We also

CHAPTER IV INTER STATE COMPARISON OF TOTAL REVENUE. and its components namely, tax revenue and non-tax revenue. We also CHAPTER IV INTER STATE COMPARISON OF TOTAL REVENUE This chapter deals with the inter state comparison of total revenue and its components namely, tax revenue and non-tax revenue. We also examine the growth

More information

The Indian Labour Market : An Overview

The Indian Labour Market : An Overview The Indian Labour Market : An Overview Arup Mitra Institute of Economic Growth Delhi University Enclave Delhi-110007 e-mail:arup@iegindia.org fax:91-11-27667410 1. Introduction The concept of pro-poor

More information

Financial Innovation in Indian Agricultural Credit Market: Progress and Performance of Kisan Credit Card

Financial Innovation in Indian Agricultural Credit Market: Progress and Performance of Kisan Credit Card Ind. Jn. of Agri.Econ. Vol.66, No.3, July-Sept. 2011 SUBJECT III INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL CREDIT MARKET - RATIONALISATION OF POLICY RESPONSE Financial Innovation in Indian Agricultural Credit Market:

More information

Dynamics of Access to Rural Credit in India: Patterns and Determinants

Dynamics of Access to Rural Credit in India: Patterns and Determinants Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 28 (Conference Number) 2015 pp 151-166 DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2015.00030.0 Dynamics of Access to Rural Credit in India: Patterns and Determinants Anjani Kumar

More information

Credit Penetration in Odisha Economy: A Comparative Analysis

Credit Penetration in Odisha Economy: A Comparative Analysis Credit Penetration in Odisha Economy: A Comparative Analysis 1. Backdrop Bank Credit plays a vital role in the economic development. Bank credit is the major source of financing in India. More than 60%

More information

All households across the country - both rural and urban are to be covered under the scheme. Bank accounts will be opened for 15 crore poor persons.

All households across the country - both rural and urban are to be covered under the scheme. Bank accounts will be opened for 15 crore poor persons. A Critical Review of Progress of Prdhaan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojnaa (PMJDY) : State Level Variation (Yogesh Kumar, Joint Director, Institute of Applied Manpower Research, Planning Commission, Govt of India)

More information

A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF THE PROGRESS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN MICROFINANCE THROUGH SELF HELP GROUP BANK LINKAGE MODEL

A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF THE PROGRESS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN MICROFINANCE THROUGH SELF HELP GROUP BANK LINKAGE MODEL A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF THE PROGRESS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN MICROFINANCE THROUGH SELF HELP GROUP BANK LINKAGE MODEL 1 Subha.K 2 Dr. R.Thangaprashath 1 Research scholar, Bharathidasan University, Trichy

More information

Fiscal Imbalances and Indebtedness across Indian States: Recent Trends

Fiscal Imbalances and Indebtedness across Indian States: Recent Trends Fiscal Imbalances and Indebtedness across Indian States: Recent Trends Tapas K. Sen and Santosh K. Dash Working Paper No. 2013-119 February 2013 National Institute of Public Finance and Policy New Delhi

More information

10+ Years of PETS What We Have Learned. Ritva Reinikka The World Bank June 19, 2008

10+ Years of PETS What We Have Learned. Ritva Reinikka The World Bank June 19, 2008 10+ Years of PETS What We Have Learned Ritva Reinikka The World Bank June 19, 2008 Principal Agent: Relationships of accountability have five features Delegating Actors (principals) including clients,

More information

BUDGET BRIEFS Vol 9/Issue 3 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) GOI, ,07,758 cr

BUDGET BRIEFS Vol 9/Issue 3 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) GOI, ,07,758 cr BUDGET BRIEFS Vol 9/Issue 3 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) GOI, 2017- HIGHLIGHTS 1,07,758 cr Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is

More information

Employment Perspective and Labour Policy

Employment Perspective and Labour Policy Employment Perspective and Labour Policy 63 4 Employment Perspective and Labour Policy 4.1. The generation of productive and gainful employment, with decent working conditions, on a sufficient scale to

More information

Bihar Budget Analysis

Bihar Budget Analysis -1. -0. 1.6% 4. 6.6% 5. 4.9% 8. 7. 10. 10. 14. Bihar Budget Analysis The Finance Minister of Bihar, Mr. Sushil Kumar Modi, presented the Budget for financial year on February 27, 2018. Budget Highlights

More information

MICRO FINANCE: A TOOL FOR SELF EMPLOYMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RURAL POOR

MICRO FINANCE: A TOOL FOR SELF EMPLOYMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RURAL POOR MICRO FINANCE: A TOOL FOR SELF EMPLOYMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE Dr. Babaraju K. Bhatt* Ronak A. Mehta** TO RURAL POOR Abstract: Indian population comprises roughly one sixth of the world s population.

More information

An Analysis of Growth of MSMEs in India and Their contribution in Employment and GDP of the Country

An Analysis of Growth of MSMEs in India and Their contribution in Employment and GDP of the Country International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2017, Vol 4, No.2,187-191. 187 Available online at http://www.ijims.com ISSN - (Print): 2519 7908 ; ISSN - (Electronic):

More information

6. COMPOSITION OF REGISTERED DEALERS AND ASSESSEES IN TAMIL NADU

6. COMPOSITION OF REGISTERED DEALERS AND ASSESSEES IN TAMIL NADU 6. COMPOSITION OF REGISTERED DEALERS AND ASSESSEES IN TAMIL NADU Trends in_ Sale_s_ T_ax_R.egi strati on The total number of registered dealers in the State under the Tamil Nadu General Sales Tax Act (TNGST

More information

Fiscal Responsibility Legislation in Indian States

Fiscal Responsibility Legislation in Indian States Fiscal Responsibility Legislation in Indian States State Perspectives-Kerala Experience Presentation by K. Jose Cyriac Principal Secretary (Finance) Government of Kerala 1 Revenue Expenditure Prelim BE

More information

The Revenue Impact of VAT in Madhya Pradesh: Empirical Evidence from India

The Revenue Impact of VAT in Madhya Pradesh: Empirical Evidence from India International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 8, No. 5; 2016 ISSN 1916-971X E-ISSN 1916-9728 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Revenue Impact of VAT in Madhya Pradesh: Empirical

More information

Commercial Banks, Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in India

Commercial Banks, Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in India International Journal of Business and Management Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 801X Volume 2 Issue 5 ǁ May. 2013ǁ PP.01-06 Commercial Banks, Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth

More information

Civil Service Pension Reform: Time to Act By Mukul Asher and Deepa Vasudevan 1

Civil Service Pension Reform: Time to Act By Mukul Asher and Deepa Vasudevan 1 Civil Service Pension Reform: Time to Act By Mukul Asher and Deepa Vasudevan 1 (Published in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.39, No.51, December 18-24, 2004, pp 5363-5365) The urgency of implementing

More information

Update April Indian Economy ECONOMY JK HR. Center

Update April Indian Economy ECONOMY JK HR. Center Update April 217 Indian Economy ECONOMY WB TN OR TG RJ MP KL MH JH KA JK HR HP GJ BH CG AP Center Is fiscal policy reaching limits? Nikhil Gupta (Nikhil.Gupta@MotilalOswal.com); +91 22 3982 545 Madhurima

More information

Sharing of Union Tax Revenues

Sharing of Union Tax Revenues CHAPTER 8 Sharing of Union Tax Revenues 8.1 One of the core tasks of a Finance Commission as stipulated in Article 280 (3) (a) of the Constitution is to make recommendations regarding the distribution

More information

Growth of Himachal Pradesh Economy

Growth of Himachal Pradesh Economy Growth of Himachal Pradesh Economy 1. State Income is the single most common and comprehensive economic indicator used to measure the economic health of a State economy. In Himachal Pradesh, first estimates

More information

Economic Growth and Social Development - Synergic or Contradictory?

Economic Growth and Social Development - Synergic or Contradictory? CESS Foundation Day Lecture 2 Economic Growth and Social Development - Synergic or Contradictory? by Dr. C. Rangarajan Chairman Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL

More information

2011: Annexure I. Guidelines/Norms for Utilization of Funds for conducting Soeio-Economic and Caste Census

2011: Annexure I. Guidelines/Norms for Utilization of Funds for conducting Soeio-Economic and Caste Census Annexure I I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Guidelines/Norms for Utilization of Funds for conducting Soeio-Economic and Caste Census 2011: State wise Number of s may be taken as per population

More information

3, 1, 2017 A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TAMILNADU INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT CORPORATION LIMITED

3, 1, 2017 A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TAMILNADU INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT CORPORATION LIMITED A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TAMILNADU INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT CORPORATION LIMITED Dr. M. Thamaraikannan* & V. Yuvarani** * Associate Professor and Head, PG and Research Department of Commerce, Sri

More information

Rich-Poor Differences in Health Care Financing

Rich-Poor Differences in Health Care Financing Rich-Poor Differences in Health Care Financing Role of Communities and the Private Sector Alexander S. Preker World Bank October 28, 2003 Flow of Funds Through the System Revenue Pooling Resource Allocation

More information

CRISIL SME Ratings: Facilitating Growth and Access to Finance for MSMEs

CRISIL SME Ratings: Facilitating Growth and Access to Finance for MSMEs Presentation to ICAI Western India Regional Council, Mumbai CRISIL SME Ratings: Facilitating Growth and Access to Finance for MSMEs Yogesh Dixit Director-SME Ratings, CRISIL Somasekhar Vemuri Director-Criteria

More information

FY Ends with Lower Business Sentiments. Re-assessing the Macroeconomic Scene for

FY Ends with Lower Business Sentiments. Re-assessing the Macroeconomic Scene for APRIL 2013 MONTHLY REPORT VOL. XV NO. 4 HIGHLIGHTS Business Expectations FY 2012 13 Ends with Lower Business Sentiments Charu Jain and Purna Chandra Parida The 84th round of the BES carried out in March

More information

Regional Rural Banks- Sustainability through Outreach. Amarendra Sahoo Chief General Manager RBI, Mumbai

Regional Rural Banks- Sustainability through Outreach. Amarendra Sahoo Chief General Manager RBI, Mumbai Regional Rural Banks- Sustainability through Outreach Amarendra Sahoo Chief General Manager RBI, Mumbai Scheme of Presentation I. RRBs mandate and to what extent fulfilled II. Perceived tension between

More information

India s CSR reporting survey 2018

India s CSR reporting survey 2018 India s CSR reporting survey 2018 December 2018 kpmg.com/in 1 Foreword Contents The combination of a forward thinking corporate sector and the propulsion generated by Section 135 of the Companies Act,

More information

Investor Presentation March-2014

Investor Presentation March-2014 Investor Presentation March-2014 1 IMPORTANT NOTICE No representation or warranty, express or implied is made as to, and no reliance should be placed on, the fairness, accuracy, completeness or correctness

More information

Services Growth in India

Services Growth in India C H A P T E R 4 Services Growth in India A Look Inside the Black Box RAJEEV DEHEJIA AND ARVIND PANAGARIYA INTRODUCTION It is now widely recognized that the pattern of growth in India in recent years has

More information