2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study

Transcription

1 CALLAN INSTITUTE Study 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study NDT Fund Balances, Annual Contributions, and Decommissioning Cost Estimates as of December 31, 2015

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3 Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Methodology 4 Investor-Owned Utilities 5 Public Power Utilities 6 Fund Balances 7 Contributions 8 Cost Estimates 9 Funding Status 10 Pro Forma vs. Actual Contributions 12 Cost Comparisons 14 Escalation Rates 15 Asset Allocations 16 Investment Returns of Investor-Owned Utilities 17 Global Nuclear Power Generation 19 Endnotes 20 Certain information herein has been compiled by Callan and is based on information provided by a variety of sources believed to be reliable for which Callan has not necessarily verified the accuracy or completeness of or updated. This report is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal or tax advice on any matter. Any investment decision you make on the basis of this report is your sole responsibility. You should consult with legal and tax advisers before applying any of this information to your particular situation. Reference in this report to any product, service or entity should not be construed as a recommendation, approval, affiliation or endorsement of such product, service or entity by Callan. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. This report may consist of statements of opinion, which are made as of the date they are expressed and are not statements of fact. The Callan Institute (the Institute ) is, and will be, the sole owner and copyright holder of all material prepared or developed by the Institute. No party has the right to reproduce, revise, resell, disseminate externally, disseminate to subsidiaries or parents, or post on internal websites any part of any material prepared or developed by the Institute, without the Institute s permission. Institute clients only have the right to utilize such material internally in their business Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 1

4 Executive Summary 99 Operating Nuclear Power Reactors in the U.S. (Number of Reactors per State) 2 West of the Mississippi 1 3 Source: Nuclear Energy Institute East of the Mississippi Callan s annual Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study offers key insights into the status of nuclear decommissioning funding in the U.S. to make peer comparisons more accurate and relevant. The 2016 study covers 27 investor-owned and 27 public power utilities (excluding public power owners with small shares) 1 with an ownership interest in the 99 operating nuclear reactors and 10 of the non-operating reactors in the U.S. The number of utilities with an ownership interest declined steadily in the early- to mid-2000s, due primarily to mergers/acquisitions and the sale of nuclear-generating facilities. However, in recent years the number of these utilities has remained fairly steady. What Is Nuclear Decommissioning? After a nuclear power plant is closed, the facility must be decommissioned by safely removing it from service and reducing residual radioactivity to a level that permits release of the property and termination of the operating license. Decommissioning involves removing spent fuel from the reactor vessel, dismantling and disposing of radioactive components and materials such as the reactor and piping, and cleaning up any radioactive or hazardous contamination that remains on site. Investor-owned vs. Public Power NDT Funds 87% 85% Cost Estimates 13% 15% Decommissioning Funding and Reporting The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) oversees the decommissioning of nuclear facilities and requires owners to set aside funds for the work. Approximately 70% of licensees are authorized to accumulate decommissioning funds over the operating life of their plants. These owners generally traditional, rate-regulated utilities gradually build up money for decommissioning over the plant s operating life by collecting money from customers through rates which are then placed in a nuclear decommissioning trust (NDT). The remaining licensees (approximately 30%) must provide financial assurance through other methods, such as prepaid decommissioning funds and/or a surety method or guarantee. 1 Public power owners excluded: Dalton Utilities (Edwin Hatch 1 & 2 and Vogtle 1 & 2), Hudson Light and Power Department (Seabrook 1), Seminole Electric Cooperative (Crystal River 3), Taunton Municipal Lighting Plant (Seabrook 1), and seven municipalities in Florida (Crystal River 3) Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 2

5 Executive Summary Decommissioning Costs Include: Labor Energy Waste material transportation & disposal Each year, owners must review the decommissioning cost requirements and the status of their decommissioning funding for each reactor or share of a reactor they own. The findings must be reported to the NRC every two years, or annually within five years of shutdown or once the plant ceases operation. Labor, energy, and waste material transportation and disposal are the primary components of decommissioning costs. Costs can be based on either the NRC minimum cost formula or a site-specific cost estimate calculated by an engineering firm as long as that amount is greater than the NRC cost figure. Site-specific engineering studies provide the most reliable decommissioning cost estimates. These studies often include costs beyond the NRC s scope of decommissioning, such as spent fuel management and site restoration (also known as green fielding ), which together can run into the hundreds of millions of dollars. Key Findings Decrease in funds 1.5% 2.0% Increase in costs The gap between assets and liabilities widened in 2015 resulting in a decline in the funding level from 69% in 2014 to 67% in 2015 See pages 7, 9, and 11 for details. $60 billion in total NDT funds See page 7 for details. In 2015 NDT contributions fell $7 million See page 8 for details. Cost Estimates of Decommissioning (2008 v. 2015) 2008: $55 billion 2015: $90 billion = $10 billion See page 9 for details Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 3

6 Methodology Lic Exp [Avg Yrs] [27] Ca [12] [18] [18] [12] 1, [28] tiy 1 Cost Est Am 2043 [27] 252 $139 $ [29] 413 $359 $ $200 $1,616 d Balance ($mm) Pro Forma Fund Shortfall ($mm) Annua Current Amount $115 $113 $0 $205 $167 $0 $105 $95 $0 $42 $34 $0 $514 $417 $1 $260 $761 $1 69 $10 62 $76 $1,228 1,032 $897 $869 1,132 $584 $51 87 $63 $7 1 $46 $1 $44 Annual Contribution ($mm) Current Amount Pro Forma Amount Shortfall/Avg Yrs $0 $4 $0 $14 $0 $5 $0 $2 $ This Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study covers two types of utilities: 1. Investor-owned utilities, which are publicly traded companies that provide for-profit electric service, and 2. Public power utilities, which are operated by local governments to provide not-for-profit electric service. We list these companies in alphabetical order in two separate tables (pages 5 and 6). For each table, the first column provides the range of the years of license expiration (Lic Exp) for each unit owned along with the average years to expiration in brackets. 1 We collected the decommissioning cost estimates, NDT fund balances, and annual contributions from sources including (but not limited to): company 10-K filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), company decommissioning report filings with the NRC in accordance with 10 CFR 50.75, and company annual reports. The NRC and Nuclear Energy Institute s websites were also valuable resources in collecting and verifying information in this report. Unless otherwise noted, cost estimates are in 2015 dollars and based on site-specific studies representing the total cost (license termination, spent fuel management, and site restoration) to decommission the facility. In order to make the data comparable, we have calculated a pro forma decommissioning cost estimate, which is the higher of either the company cost estimate of decommissioning or $902/kilowatt (KW). We arrived at $902/KW by taking the average cost per KW reported for all investor-owned utilities. Trust fund balances represent liquidation values and include any internal reserves dedicated to decommissioning unless otherwise noted. Contributions include those to both external trust funds and any internal reserves dedicated to decommissioning. Pro forma fund shortfall is the difference between the pro forma cost estimate of decommissioning and the fund balance. Pro forma contribution is the pro forma fund shortfall divided by the average years until license expiration as represented in brackets under the license expiration column. The average years until license expiration weights each unit s license by its percent of the total megawatts owned by that particular utility, and takes into account license extensions granted by the NRC as of December 31, Non-operating units are included in all figures except the range of license expiration years Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 4

7 Investor-Owned Utilities MW Nuclear Decommissioning Cost Estimate ($mm) Cost or Company Lic Exp [Avg Yrs] Capacity Cost Est Amt/KW $902/KW Fund Balance ($mm) Pro Forma Fund Shortfall ($mm) Annual Contribution ($mm) Current Amount Pro Forma Amount Shortfall/Avg Yrs 1 Ameren Corporation 1, 2, [29] 1,190 $865 $727 $1,073 $556 $517 $7 $18 2 American Electric Power Company [20] 2,069 $1,961 $948 $1,961 $1,984 -$23 $9 -$1 3 Constellation Energy Nuclear Group 2, [20] 3,873 $3,677 $949 $3,677 $2,036 $1,641 $0 $80 4 Dominion Resources 2, 5, [20] 6,575 $4,298 $654 $5,929 $4,183 $1,746 $2 $87 5 DTE Energy Company 1, 2, [9] 1,085 $1,700 $1,567 $1,700 $1,211 $489 $13 $53 6 Duke Energy Corporation [20] 9,515 $8,130 $854 $8,580 $5,475 $3,105 $39 $154 7 El Paso Electric Company [31] 622 $381 $612 $561 $232 $329 $5 $11 8 Energy Future Holdings Corporation [16] 2,400 $1,798 $749 $2,164 $918 $1,246 $17 $80 9 Entergy Corporation [11] 8,132 $6,899 $848 $7,333 $4,620 $2,713 $39 $ Exelon Corporation 2, [18] 17,243 $13,100 $760 $15,549 $8,255 $7,294 $23 $ FirstEnergy Corporation [17] 4,726 $5,434 $1,150 $5,434 $2,272 $3,162 $15 $ Great Plains Energy [29] 552 $360 $651 $498 $191 $307 $3 $10 13 Green Mountain Power Corporation 2, [30] 21 $12 $590 $19 $9 $10 $0 $0 14 MidAmerican Energy Company 2, [17] 455 $326 $716 $410 $429 -$19 $2 -$1 15 NextEra Energy 2, [18] 6,031 $4,797 $795 $5,439 $5,039 $400 $0 $22 16 NRG Energy 2, 3, [12] 1,136 $986 $868 $1,024 $561 $463 $1 $38 17 Pacific Gas and Electric Company [9] 2,363 $3,566 $1,509 $3,566 $2,503 $1,063 $96 $ Pinnacle West Capital Corporation [31] 1,145 $701 $612 $1,033 $688 $345 $17 $11 19 Public Service Company of New Mexico [31] 401 $271 $676 $362 $246 $115 $5 $4 20 Public Service Enterprise Group 1, [24] 3,635 $3,436 $945 $3,436 $1,754 $1,682 $0 $71 21 San Diego Gas and Electric Company 16 [0] 430 $917 $2,133 $917 $848 $69 $8 N/A 22 SCANA Corporation 2, [27] 648 $831 $1,283 $831 $115 $716 $3 $27 23 Southern California Edison [8] 2,303 $3,978 $1,727 $3,978 $3,659 $319 $0 $39 24 Southern Company [25] 3,667 $3,148 $858 $3,307 $1,471 $1,836 $6 $73 25 Talen Energy Corporation 2, 3, [27] 2,268 $1,249 $551 $2,045 $951 $1,094 $0 $40 26 Westar Energy [29] 552 $360 $651 $498 $184 $314 $3 $11 27 Xcel Energy [17] 1,594 $3,139 $1,969 $3,139 $1,724 $1,415 $21 $83 See page 20 for endnotes. Investor-Owned Utilities Totals 84,631 $76,318 $902 $84,464 $52,114 $32,350 $335 $1, Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 5

8 Public Power Utilities MW Nuclear Decommissioning Cost Estimate ($mm) Cost or Company Lic Exp [Avg Yrs] Capacity Cost Est Amt/KW $902/KW Fund Balance ($mm) Pro Forma Fund Shortfall ($mm) Annual Contribution ($mm) Current Amount Pro Forma Amount Shortfall/Avg Yrs 1 Allegheny Electric Cooperative [27] 252 $139 $551 $227 $115 $113 $0 $4 2 Austin Energy (City of Austin, TX) 2, 3, [12] 413 $359 $868 $372 $205 $167 $0 $14 3 Central Iowa Power Cooperative 2034 [18] 124 $200 $1,616 $200 $105 $95 $0 $5 4 Corn Belt Power Cooperative [18] 62 $76 $1,228 $76 $42 $34 $0 $2 5 CPS Energy (City of San Antonio, TX) [12] 1,032 $897 $869 $931 $514 $417 $1 $34 6 Energy Northwest 4, [28] 1,132 $584 $516 $1,021 $260 $761 $1 $27 7 Florida Municipal Power Agency 3, [27] 87 $63 $720 $78 $69 $10 $0 $0 8 Kansas Electric Power Cooperative [29] 71 $46 $647 $64 $20 $44 $0 $2 9 Long Island Power Authority [31] 206 $177 $859 $186 $110 $75 $0 $2 10 Los Angeles Dept of Water and Power [31] 224 $137 $613 $202 $131 $71 $0 $2 11 Massachusetts Muni Wholesale Elec Co [19] 204 $127 $624 $184 $100 $84 $1 $4 12 Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia [28] 834 $718 $861 $752 $414 $339 $0 $12 13 Nebraska Public Power District [18] 766 $633 $827 $691 $567 $123 $0 $7 14 New York Power Authority [8] 1,893 $1,169 $617 $1,707 $1,430 $277 $0 $33 15 N Carolina Electric Membership Corp 4,10, [28] 694 $434 $625 $626 $191 $435 $3 $16 16 N Carolina Muni Power Agency No [28] 863 $529 $613 $778 $316 $462 $2 $17 17 Oglethorpe Power Corporation [27] 1,218 $1,068 $877 $1,098 $427 $671 $5 $25 18 Old Dominion Electric Cooperative [23] 219 $122 $559 $197 $146 $52 $0 $2 19 Omaha Public Power District 2033 [18] 478 $884 $1,849 $884 $373 $511 $5 $29 20 Orlando Utilities Commission 2043 [27] 60 $53 $882 $54 $41 $13 $0 $0 21 Piedmont Municipal Power Agency [28] 288 $176 $612 $260 $65 $195 $1 $7 22 Riverside Public Utilities 8, 16 [0] 38 $79 $2,078 $79 $84 -$5 $2 N/A 23 Salt River Project [31] 688 $641 $931 $641 $337 $304 $0 $10 24 South Carolina Public Service Authority [27] 323 $415 $1,285 $415 $210 $205 $2 $8 25 South Mississippi Electric Power Assoc 2024 [9] 119 $131 $1,101 $131 $57 $74 $3 $8 26 Southern Calif. Public Power Authority [31] 233 $142 $611 $210 $173 $37 $0 $1 27 Tennessee Valley Authority [21] 6,711 $3,542 $528 $6,052 $1,536 $4,516 $0 $212 Public Power Utilities Totals 19,232 $13,542 $704 $18,117 $8,038 $10,079 $27 $484 See page 21 for endnotes Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 6

9 Fund Balances NDT fund balances have risen substantially since a sharp decline in The NDT funds covered in this study totaled over $60 billion in The $0.9 billion (1.5%) decrease from a year earlier can be attributed to a combination of essentially flat capital market performance in 2015, a greater use of liquidation asset values, and outflows to cover decommissioning costs for some non-operating units. Investor-owned funds have accounted for approximately 87% of total NDT fund balances over the past nine years, with public power funds accounting for the remaining 13%. Did You Know? 2015 U.S. Electricity Generation by Source NDT Fund Balances Investor-Owned Public Power Total $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 ($ millions) $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 33% 33% 20% $ Coal Natural Gas Nuclear 1% 1% 7% 6% Investor-Owned ($m) 38,012 29,960 35,659 39,091 40,865 44,553 50,475 52,798 52,114 Public Power ($m) 5,778 4,926 5,462 6,107 6,449 7,010 7,551 8,242 8,038 Total ($m) 43,790 34,886 41,121 45,198 47,314 51,563 58,025 61,040 60,152 Other Renewables Hydroelectric Petroleum Liquids Other Energy Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 7

10 Contributions After rising in 2014, total contributions fell almost $7 million in 2015 despite a $1.6 million increase in public power contributions. In 2015, investor-owned contributions were 75% of their 2007 level while public power contributions were just 25% of their 2007 level. Annual Contributions to NDT Funds $600 Investor-Owned Public Power Total $500 $400 ($ millions) $300 $200 $100 Did You Know? The top five U.S. states in terms of number of operating nuclear power reactors: $ Illinois (11) 2. Pennsylvania (9) 3. South Carolina (7) 4. New York (6) 5. Alabama and North Carolina (tie 5 each) Investor-Owned ($m) Public Power ($m) Total ($m) Source: Nuclear Energy Institute 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 8

11 Cost Estimates Total decommissioning cost estimates have risen since a low of $55 billion in Decommissioning cost estimates totaled almost $90 billion in The $1.8 billion (2%) increase from 2014 ($88 billion) is largely due to the use of updated site-specific cost studies by several owners. Cost Estimates of Decommissioning in Current Dollars $100,000 Investor-Owned Public Power Total Similar to NDT fund balances, investor-owned costs have accounted for over four-fifths of total costs over the past nine years, with public power costs accounting for less than one-fifth of the total cost. ($ millions) $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 Did You Know? Of the U.S. operating nuclear power plants: $ Largest: Palo Verde in Arizona Smallest: Fort Calhoun in Nebraska Newest: Watts Bar in Tennessee Investor-Owned ($m) 49,170 45,142 50,831 57,657 59,346 64,028 66,558 74,442 76,318 Public Power ($m) 9,484 9,959 10,620 11,695 11,163 12,146 12,831 13,647 13,542 Total ($m) 58,654 55,101 61,451 69,352 70,509 76,174 79,389 88,089 89,860 Oldest: Oyster Creek in New Jersey Source: Nuclear Energy Institute 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 9

12 Funding Status Investor-owned assets have lagged behind costs by approximately $11 $24 billion over the past nine years. Public power assets have lagged behind costs by approximately $3 $6 billion over the same period. The total deficit reached a nine-year high of almost $30 billion in The increase in the deficit is partly due to a greater percentage of utilities reporting liquidation fund values and updated site-specific estimates for several owners. Decommissioning Funding Status (Assets Less Costs) Investor-Owned Public Power Total $0 -$5,000 -$10,000 ($ millions) -$15,000 -$20,000 -$25,000 -$30, Investor-Owned ($m) -11,158-15,182-15,172-18,566-18,481-19,475-16,083-21,644-24,204 Public Power ($m) -3,706-5,033-5,158-5,588-4,714-5,136-5,281-5,404-5,503 Total ($m) -14,864-20,215-20,330-24,154-23,195-24,611-21,363-27,048-29, Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 10

13 Funding Status Assets as a percentage of costs averaged approximately 71% for investor-owned utilities over the past nine years versus just 56% for public power utilities. Total funding stood at approximately 67% in 2015, a decline from the previous year (69%). The decline in the funding status is partly due to a greater percentage of utilities reporting liquidation fund values and updated site-specific estimates for several owners. Decommissioning Funding Status (Assets as Percentage of Costs) Investor-Owned Public Power Total 80% 70% Did You Know? 60% There are currently 99 nuclear power reactors operating in the U.S. in 30 states. 50% 65 are pressurized water reactors 34 are boiling water reactors 4 reactors are currently under construction (Virgil C. Summer 2 & 3 and Vogtle 3 & 4) 40% Watts Bar 2 was issued an operating license by the NRC in October 2015 and is expected to begin commercial operation in the summer of This is the first nuclear power plant to come online since Watts Bar 1 began operation in Investor-Owned ($m) 77.3% 66.4% 70.2% 67.8% 68.9% 69.6% 75.8% 70.9% 68.3% Public Power ($m) 60.9% 49.5% 51.4% 52.2% 57.8% 57.7% 58.8% 60.4% 59.4% Total ($m) 74.7% 63.3% 66.9% 65.2% 67.1% 67.7% 73.1% 69.3% 66.9% Source: Nuclear Energy Institute 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 11

14 Pro Forma vs. Actual Contributions: Investor-Owned Utilities Actual investor-owned contributions outpaced the pro forma estimate in the late 1990s before falling behind in In 2015, actual contributions were $1.5 billion lower than the pro forma estimate. Actual contributions were less than one-fifth of the pro forma estimate in 2015, the lowest percentage in the 18-year period. Investor-Owned Utilities ($ millions) $2,000 $1,600 $1,200 $800 $400 1,056 1,252 Pro Forma 1,051 1,281 1,123 1,015 1, , Actual 1, , , , , , , , , , , , $ In order to make the data among companies more comparable, we have calculated a pro forma decommissioning cost estimate, which is the higher of either the company cost estimate of decommissioning or the product of the company KW times the average cost per KW reported for all investor-owned utilities. In 2015, this average cost was $902/KW. Pro forma contribution is the pro forma fund shortfall (the difference between the pro forma cost estimate of decommissioning and the fund balance) divided by the average years until license expiration. The average years until license expiration weights each unit s license by its percent of the total megawatts owned by that particular utility and takes into account license extensions granted by the NRC as of the end of each year listed Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 12

15 Pro Forma vs. Actual Contributions: Public Power Utilities Actual public power contributions have lagged well behind the pro forma estimate from 1998 to While pro forma contributions grew from $339 million in 1998 to $484 million in 2015, actual contributions fell from $145 million to just $27 million. Actual contributions as a percentage of the pro forma estimate were at a high of 43% in 1998, but have fallen to less than 6% in Did You Know? Public vs. Investor-Owned Generation Capacity Public power 19% Investor-owned 81% Public Power Utilities ($ millions) $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 339 Pro Forma Actual Source: Data from tables on pages 5-6. In order to make the data among companies more comparable, we have calculated a pro forma decommissioning cost estimate, which is the higher of either the company cost estimate of decommissioning or the product of the company KW times the average cost per KW reported for all investor-owned utilities. In 2015, this average cost was $902/KW. Pro forma contribution is the pro forma fund shortfall (the difference between the pro forma cost estimate of decommissioning and the fund balance) divided by the average years until license expiration. The average years until license expiration weights each unit s license by its percent of the total megawatts owned by that particular utility and takes into account license extensions granted by the NRC as of the end of each year listed Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 13

16 Cost Comparisons Last year we gathered both NRC and site-specific total cost estimates where possible in order to capture the relative magnitude of the two figures. Decommissioning Cost Comparisons (Site-Specific Total/NRC Minimum) Total Investor-Owned Public Power Site-specific cost estimates total approximately $53.0 billion versus $34.5 billion under the NRC minimum formula in 2014, a difference of $18.5 billion. The median site-specific total cost estimate was just over 1.5 times the NRC minimum formula amount for all plants regardless of ownership. Assuming license termination costs (the NRC portion of decommissioning) represent approximately 60 70% of total site-specific costs, the NRC formula amounts are roughly in line with the site-specific estimates for license termination. Taking the assumption one step further, if the license termination portions of the site-specific estimates are roughly in line with the NRC formula amounts, then spent fuel management and site restoration costs are what account for most if not all of the additional $18.5 billion in decommissioning costs. The distributions are positively skewed, which results in average cost comparison figures that are approximately 10% 20% greater in absolute terms than the medians. The range between the 25th and 75th percentiles for public power cost comparisons is much greater than that of the investor-owned cost estimates, though this could be the result of a much smaller public power sample size % 300% 200% 100% 0% All Investor- Owned Public Power 75th Percentile 195% 181% 211% Median 153% 152% 155% 25th Percentile 137% 140% 136% Dataset Breakdown Average 166% 161% 176% Utilities Plants* Reactors* *Not necessarily distinct or wholly-owned plants/reactors. Total Public Power Investor-Owned Notes This page will be updated biennially to coincide with the NRC s filing schedule. Bars depict the full range of cost comparisons (site-specific total/ NRC minimum) while the darker shading represents the 25th to 75th percentiles. The percentages to the left show site-specific cost estimates as a percentage of the NRC minimum formula amounts. The data set includes 2014 cost estimates for 58 plants not necessarily distinct or whollyowned owned by 35 utilities Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 14

17 Escalation Rates This year we continued to gather escalation rates, which the utilities use to forecast future decommissioning expenditures given current dollar cost estimates. The escalation rates shown to the right are a blend of escalation rates specific to the different cost categories such as labor, energy, and burial. The data set includes escalation rates for 58 plants not necessarily distinct or wholly-owned owned by 32 utilities. The median escalation rate for all plants is 3.00% with an average of 3.25%. Public power plant escalation rates tend to be approximately basis points above those of investor-owned plants. The median public power plant rate is 4.00% and average is 3.63%, contrasted with the median investor-owned plant escalation rate of 2.60% and average of 3.01%. From an owner perspective, we see the same trend of greater escalation rates for public power. The median public power utility rate is 4.00% and the average is 3.64%, versus a median investor-owned utility escalation rate of 3.15% and average of 3.27%. The median escalation rate for all owners is 3.28% with an average of 3.46%. Decommissioning Escalation Rates 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Total Escalation Rates by Plant* All Investor-Owned Investor- Owned Public Power Public Power Escalation Rates by Owner All Investor- Owned Public Power 75th Percentile 4.00% 3.43% 4.00% 4.00% 3.57% 4.00% Median 3.00% 2.60% 4.00% 3.28% 3.15% 4.00% 25th Percentile 2.50% 2.50% 2.79% 2.51% 2.51% 2.72% Average 3.25% 3.01% 3.63% 3.46% 3.27% 3.64% Count *Not necessarily distinct or wholly-owned plants. Note: Bars depict the full range of cost comparisons (site-specific total/nrc minimum) while the darker shading represents the 25th to 75th percentiles Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 15

18 Asset Allocations We gathered NDT asset allocation information for all owners this year. Unfortunately, the public power dataset is too limited to be meaningful so only investor-owned utility asset allocation data is displayed here. The dataset represents 25 of the 27 investorowned utilities. All 25 NDTs are invested in equity and fixed income securities with a median allocation of approximately 60% equity and 40% fixed income. Three-fifths of the owners reported a cash equivalent allocation which tended to range in the low single digits. Four of the utilities reported allocations to real estate, private equity, and/or hedge funds with almost a quarter indicating an other allocation. The other allocations could represent cash, alternatives, or other securities. Investor-Owned Utilities Asset Allocations (as of 12/31/2015) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Equity Fixed Cash Alternatives Other 75th Percentile 62% 43% 3% 20% 4% Median 56% 40% 2% 9% 2% 25th Percentile 50% 34% 1% 2% 2% Percent Invested 100% 100% 60% 16% 24% Count Note: Bars depict the full range of cost comparisons (site-specific total/nrc minimum) while the darker shading represents the 25th to 75th percentiles Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 16

19 Investment Returns of Investor-Owned Utilities We show the range of returns for 23 of the 27 investorowned utilities for periods ended December 31, Investor-owned utilities with nuclear power reactors outperformed the S&P 500 Utilities Index over the past quarter, 1-, 3-, and 5-year periods, but underperformed the broad market S&P 500 Index. Over the past 10 years, investor-owned utilities outperformed both the S&P 500 Utilities and S&P 500 Indices. Investor-Owned Utilities Returns (Periods ended 12/31/2015) 40% 0% -40% -80% Last Quarter Last Year Last 3 Years Last 5 Years Last 10 Years 75th Percentile Median th Percentile S&P S&P 500 Utilities Count Note: Bars depict the full range of cost comparisons (site-specific total/nrc minimum) while the darker shading represents the 25th to 75th percentiles Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 17

20 Investment Returns of Investor-Owned Utilities (Continued) This chart shows the 10-year return and standard deviation, ended Dec. 31, 2015, for the 23 investorowned utilities along with the S&P 500 Utilities and S&P 500 Indices. A majority of investor-owned utilities had a more volatile (greater standard deviation) return pattern than both the S&P 500 Utilities and S&P 500 Indices over the past 10 years. It is important to note that nuclear power generation accounts for varying degrees of the utilities overall businesses. Annualized Return vs. Standard Deviation (10 years ended 12/31/2015) Annualized Return 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Investor-Owned Utilities S&P 500 Utilities S&P 500-5% -10% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Standard Deviation 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 18

21 Global Nuclear Power Generation Top 10 Nuclear Generating Countries in 2015 Top 10 Countries by Nuclear Power as a Percent of Total Electricity Generation Country Share of Total Electricity France Ukraine Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Belgium Armenia Sweden Finland Switzerland 76.3% 56.5% 55.9% 52.7% 38.0% 37.5% 34.5% 34.3% 33.7% 33.5% #1 United States #4 China #2 France #5 South Korea #7 Germany #9 United Kingdom #3 Russia #6 Canada #8 Ukraine #10 Spain bn kwh 19.5% total electricity 99 operating units bn kwh 76.3% total electricity 58 operating units bn kwh 18.6% total electricity 35 operating units bn kwh 3.0% total electricity 33 operating units bn kwh 31.7% total electricity 25 operating units 95.6 bn kwh 16.6% total electricity 19 operating units 86.8 bn kwh 14.1% total electricity 8 operating units 82.4 bn kwh 56.5% total electricity 15 operating units 63.9 bn kwh 18.9% total electricity 15 operating units 54.8 bn kwh 20.3% total electricity 7 operating units Source: Nuclear Energy Institute 2016 Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 19

22 Endnotes Endnotes from page 5: 1 Cost estimate in 2014 dollars. 2 Fair market value of the fund balance contribution. 4 Cost estimate in 2012 dollars and represents license termination costs only. 5 Includes 641 MW Millstone Unit 1 and 566 MW Kewaunee which have been shut down permanently. Millstone Unit 1 is assumed to be decommissioned upon the license expiration of Millstone Unit 2 in July 2035 while Kewaunee is transitioning to SAFSTOR. 6 Total cost less certain spent fuel costs expected to be recovered from the Department of Energy. 7 Includes 860 MW Crystal River Unit 3, which has been shut down permanently and is transitioning to SAFS- TOR. Cost estimate in 2013 and 2014 dollars. 8 Cost estimate in 2013 dollars. 9 Includes 620 MW Vermont Yankee, which has been shut down permanently and is in SAFSTOR. Excludes Indian Point Unit 3 and James A. Fitzpatrick (trust funds retained by New York Power Authority). Combination of site-specific total cost estimates and NRC minimums. Cost estimates for all but two units (2013 and 2014 dollars) are in 2015 dollars. 10 Includes 210 MW Dresden Unit 1 and 115 MW Peach Bottom Unit 1 which have been shut down permanently. Dresden Unit 1 is assumed to be decommissionined upon the license expiration of Dresden Unit 2 in December 2029 and Peach Bottom Unit 1 is assumed to be decommissioned upon the license expiration of Peach Bottom Unit 3 in July Combination of site-specific total cost estimates and NRC minimums in 2014 dollars. 11 Includes 786 MW Three Mile Island Unit 2, which has been shut down permanently and is assumed to be decommissioned upon the license expiration of Three Mile Island Unit 1 in April Three Mile Island Unit 1 is owned and operated by Exelon. 12 NRC mininum cost estimate. 13 Combination of site-specific total cost estimates in 2010 dollars and NRC minimums in 2014 dollars. 14 Cost estimate in 2012 dollars. 15 Includes 63 MW Humboldt Bay Unit 3, which has been shut down permanently and is in decommissioning. 16 Includes 1,070 MW San Onofre Unit 2 and 1,080 MW San Onofre Unit 3 which shut down permanently in 2013 and are decommissioning. 17 Cost estimate in 2016 dollars. 18 NRC mininum cost estimate in 2014 dollars Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 20

23 Endnotes Endnotes from page 6: 1 NRC mininum cost estimate in 2014 dollars. 2 Cost estimate in 2012 dollars. 3 Fund balance as of September 30, contribution. 5 Cost estimate in 2008 dollars. 6 Fund balance as of June 30, Cost estimate in 2010 dollars. 8 Cost estimate in 2014 dollars. 9 Cost estimate in 2012 dollars and represents license termination costs only. 10 Cost estimate in 2013 dollars. 11 Cost estimate in 2010 and 2015 dollars. 12 NRC mininum cost estimate in 2012 dollars. 13 Sold its interest in Indian Point Unit 3 and James A. Fitzpatrick to Entergy but retained the NDT funds until license expiration. 14 Fund balance as of December 31, Total cost less certain spent fuel costs expected to be recovered from the Department of Energy. 16 Includes 1,070 MW San Onofre Unit 2 and 1,080 MW San Onofre Unit 3 which shut down permanently in 2013 and are decommissioning. 17 Cost estimate in 2016 dollars. 18 NRC mininum cost estimate Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 21

24 About the Author Julia A. Moriarty, CFA, is a Senior Vice President and a consultant in the Capital Markets Research group. She is responsible for assisting plan sponsor clients with their strategic planning, conducting asset/liability studies, developing optimal investment manager structures, and providing custom research on a variety of investment topics. Julia joined Callan in 1990 as an analyst in the Client Report Services group, working on the production of comprehensive performance measurement reports and the implementation and testing of new products. Prior to joining the Capital Markets Research group, she was a Software Solutions Consultant in the Client Software Department. Julia is a shareholder of the firm. Julia earned a BS in Finance from California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo and an MBA in Finance from the University of California at Berkeley s Haas School of Business. She earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designation and is a member of the CFA Society of San Francisco and CFA Institute Nuclear Decommissioning Funding Study 22

25 About Callan Callan was founded as an employee-owned investment consulting firm in Ever since, we have empowered institutional clients with creative, customized investment solutions that are uniquely backed by proprietary research, exclusive data, ongoing education and decision support. Today, Callan advises on $2 trillion in total assets, which makes us among the largest independently owned investment consulting firms in the U.S. We use a client-focused consulting model to serve public and private pension plan sponsors, endowments, foundations, operating funds, smaller investment consulting firms, investment managers, and financial intermediaries. For more information, please visit About the Callan Institute The Callan Institute, established in 1980, is a source of continuing education for those in the institutional investment community. The Institute conducts conferences and workshops and provides published research, surveys, and newsletters. The Institute strives to present the most timely and relevant research and education available so our clients and our associates stay abreast of important trends in the investments industry. For more information about this report, please contact: Your Callan consultant or Julia Moriarty at moriarty@callan.com 2015 Callan Associates Inc.

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